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YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

Gift of

Brothers in Unity

1871

THE GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONAEY,
A NEW EDITION,

VOL. XIX.

Printed by Nichols, Son, and Bbntlby,
lUd Lion Fmh^c, FUet Street| jLionaisn

THE GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY:
CONTAINING
AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL ACCOUNT
OF TBE
LIVES AND WRITINGS
OF IHS
MOST EMINENT PERSONS
IN EVERY NATION;
PARTICULARLY THE BRITISH AND IRISH?
FKOM THE EARLIEST ACCOUNTS TO THE PRESENT TIME.
I
A NEW EDITION,
REVISED AND ENLARGED BY
ALEXANDER CHALMERS, F. S. A.

VOL. XIX.

LONDON:
fHINTED FOE J. NICHOLS AND SON ; F. C. AND t. RIVINGTON ; T. TAYNC )
OTRIDGE AND SON ; G. AND W. NICOL ; G. WILIJIE j j. WALKER ; R. LEA ;
W. LOWNDES ; WHITE, COCHRANE, AND CO. j T. EGERTON ; LACKINGTON,
ALLEN, AND CO.; J. CARPENTER; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND
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AND SONS; J. AND A. ARCH; J. HARRIS; BLACK, PARRY, AND CO.; J. BOOTH;
J. MAWMAN; GALE, CURTIS, AND FENNER; R. H. EVANS; J. HATCHARD ;
I. MURRAY) R. BALDWIN; CRADOCK AND JOY ; E. BENTLEY j J. FAULDER j
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A«D CO. EOINBUBGBi ANl^WJtSON AND SON, YORK.
1815.

A NEW, AND GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.

«J EPHSON (Robert), the author of some dran\as and
poems of considerable merit, was a native of Ireland, where
he was born in 1736. He appears to have profited by a
liberal education, but entered early into the army, and
attained the rank of captain in the 73d regiment of foot
on the Irish establishment. When that regiment was
reduced in 1763, he was put on the half-pay list. In 1763
he became acquainted with the late William Gerard Ha
milton, esq. who was charmed with his liveliness of fancy
and uncommon talents, and for about five years they lived
together in the greatest and most unreserved intimacy;
Mr. Jephson usually spending the summer with- Mr. Hamil
ton at his house at Hampton-court, and also giving him
much of his company in town during the winter. In 1767,
Mr. Jephson married^ one of the daughters of Sir Edward
Barry, hart, a celebrated physician, and author of various
medical works; and was obliged to bid a long farewell to
his friends in London, Dr. Johnson, Mr. Burke, Mr. Charles
Townsend, Garrick, Goldsmith, &c. in conseij^uence of
having accepted the office of master of the horse to lord
viscount Townsend, then appointed lord lieutenant of -Ire
land. Mr. Hamilton also used his influtince to procure
Mr. Jephson a permanent provision on the Irish establish
ment, of 300/. a year, which the duke of Rutland, from
personal regard, and a high admiration of Mr. Jephson's
talents, increased to 600/. per annum, for the joint lives
of himseif and Mrs. Jephson. In aJdition to this proof of
his kindness and esteem, Mr. Hamilton never ceased, with
out any kind of solicitation, to watch over Mr. Jephsgn's
interest with the most lively solicitude ; constantly apply-
Vot. XIX. B

2 JEPHSON.
ing in person, in his behalf, to every new lord lieutenant,
if he were acquainted with him; or, if that we'e not the
case, contriving by some circuitous means to procure Mr.
Jephson's re-appointment to the office originally conferred
upon him by lord Townsend ; and by these means chiefly
he was continued for a long series of years, under twelve
successive governors of Ireland, in the same station, which
always before had been considered a temporary office. In
IMr. Jephson's case, this office vvas accompanied by a seat
in the house of commons, where he occasionally amused
the house by his wir, but does not at any time appear to
have been a profound pohtician. His natural inclination
was for literary pursuits; and he supported lord Townsend's
government with more effect in the " Bachelor," a set of
periodical essays which he wrote in conjunction with
Mr. Courtenay, the Rev. Mr. Burroughs, and others. He
died at his house at Blackrock, near Dublin, of a paralytic
disorder, May 31, 1803.
As a dramatic writer, his claims seem to be founded
chiefly on his tragedies of " Braganza," and " The Count
of Narbonne." " Braganza" was very successful on its
original appearance, but fell into neglect after the first
season, in 1775. Horace Wal pole, whose admiration of it
is expressed in the most extravagant terms, addressed to
the author " Thoughts on Tragedy," in three letters,
¦which are included in his printed works. In return, Mr.
Jephson took the story of his " Count of >3arbonne" from
'VValpole's " Castle of Otranto," and few tragedies in our
times have been more successful. It was produced in
1781, and continued to be acted until the death of Mr.
Henderson, the principal performer. Of IMr. Jephson's
other dramas it may be sufficient to give the names : " The
Law of Lombardy," a tragedy, 1779; "The Hotel," a
farce, 1783 ; "The Campaign," an opera, 1785 ; "Julia,"
a tragedy, 1787; "Love and War," 1787, and "Two
Strings to your Bow," 1791, both farces; and "The Con
spiracy," a tragedy. Mr. Jephson afterwards acquired a
considerable share of poetical fame from his " Roman
Portraits," a quarto poem, or rather collection of poems,
characteristic of the Roman heroes, published in 1794,
which exhibited much taste and elegance of versification.
About the same time he published anonymously, " The
Confession of James Baptiste Couteau," 2 vols."l2mo, a
kind of satire on the perpetrators of the revolutionary

JEREMIAH. 3
atrocities in France, and principally the wretched duke of
Orleans.' JEREMIAH, metropolitan of Larissa, was raised to the
patriarchal chair of Constantinople in 1572, when only in
the thirty-sixth year of his age. The Lutherans presented
to him the confession of Augsburg, in hopes of his appro
bation ; but he opposed it, both in his speeches and writ
ings. He seemed even not far from uniting the Greek
to the Roman church, and had adopted the reformation of
Gregory XIII. in the calendar ; but some persons, who
were envious of him, taking occasion from theuce to accuse
him of corresponding with the pope, procured his banish
ment in 1585. Two years after he was recalled and re
stored to his dignity, but from that time we find no ac
count of him. His correspondence with the Lutherans was
printed at Witteinberg, in Greek and Latin, 1584, folio.
It had previously been published by a Catholic, in Latin,
1581.' JERNINGHAM (Edward), ao elegant English poet,
descended from an ancient Roman catholic family in Nor
folk, was the youngest brother of the late sir William Jer-
hingham, bart. and was born in 1727. He was educated
in the English college at Douay, and from thence removed
to Paris, where he improved himself in classical attainments,
becoming a good Latin scholar, and tolerably well ac
quainted with the Greek, while the French and Italian lan
guages, particularly the former, were nearly as familiar to
him as that of his native country. In his mind, benevo
lence and poetry had' always a mingled operation. His
taste was founded upon the best models of literature, which,
however, he did not always follow, with respect to style, iu
his latter performances. The first production which raised
him into public notice, was a poem in recommendation of
the Magdalen hospital ; and Mr. Jonas Hanway, one of its
most active patrons, often declared, that its success was
very much promoted by this poem. He continued occa
sionally to afford proofs of his poetical genius ; and his
works, which passed through many editions, are uniformly
marked by taste, elegance, and a pensive character, that
always excites tender and pleasing emotions ; and in some
of his works, as in " The Shakspeare Gallery," " Enthu-
> Malone's Life of the Hon. W. G. Hamilton. — Blog, Dram. — Lord Orford's
Wotlis, vol. H. p. 305.— Davies's Life of Garrick, vol. II. p. 286.
» Moreri.— Diet, Hist. B 2

4 JERNINGHAM.
siasm," and " The Rise and Fall of Scandinavian Poetry,"
he displays great vigour, and even sublimity. The fir^t of
these poems had an elegant and spirited coinplimeht from
Mr. Burke, in the following passage:—-"! have not for a
long time seen any thing so well-finished. He has caught
new fire by approaching in his perihelium so near to the
Sun of our poetical system." — His last work, published a
few months before his death, was entitled " The Old Bard's
Farewell." It is not unworthy of his best days, and
breathes an air of benevolence and grateful piety for the
lot in life which Providence had assigned him. — In his later
writings it has beein objected that he evinces a species of
liberal spirit in matters of religion, which seems to consider
all religions ahke, provided the believer is a man of meek
ness and forbearance. With this view in his " Essay on
the mild Tenour of Christianity" he traces historically the
efforts to give an anchorite-cast to the Christian profession,
and gives many interesting anecdotes derived from the page
of Ecclesiastical history, but not always very happily ap-
pUed. His " Essay on the Eloquence of the Pulpit in
England," (prefixed to bishop Bossuet's Select Sermons
and Orations) was very favourably received by the public,
but his notions of pulpit eloquence are rather French than
English. Mr. Jerningham had, during the course of a
long life, enjoyed an intimacy with the most eminent lite
rary characters in the higher ranks, particularly the cele
brated earl of Chesterfield, and the present earl of Carlisle.
The illness which occasioned his death, had continued for
some months, and was at times very severe ; but his suf
ferings were much alleviated by a course of theological
study he had imposed on himself, and which he considered
most congenial to a closing life. He died Nov. 17, 1812.
He bequeathed all his manuscripts to Mr. Clarke, New
Bond-street. Mr. Jerningham's productions are as follow:
1. " Poems and Plays," 4 vols. 9th edition, 1806. 2. "Se
lect Sermons and Funeral Orations, translated from the
French of Bossuet, bishop of Meaux," third edition, 1801.
3. " The mild Tenour of Christianity, an Essay, (eluci
dated from Scripture and History ; containing a nevf illus
tration of the characters of several eminent personages,)"
second edition, 1807. 4. "The Dignity of Human Na
ture, an Essay," 1805. 5. "The Alexandrian School;
or, a narrative of the first Christian Professors in Alexan
dria," third edition, 1810. 6. "The Old Bard's Fare.-

JERNINGHAM. 5
vvell," a Poeni, second edition, with additionE^l passages,
1812. His dramatic pieces, " The Siege of Be^-wick," the
" Welsh Heiress," and " The Peckham Frolic," have not
been remarkably successful. '
JEROM, or HIERONYMUS, a very celebrated father
of the church, was born of Christian parents at Stridon, a
town situated upon the confines of Pannonia and Dalmatia,
in the year 331. His father Eusebius, who was a man of
rank and substance, took the greatest care of his edu
cation ; and, after grounding him well in the language of
his own country, sent him to Rome, where he was placed
under tht- best masters in every branch of literature. Do-
natus, well known for hjs " Commentaries upon Virgil and
Terence," was his master in gramniar, as Jerom himself
tells us : and under this master hp made a prodigious pro
gress in every thing relating to the belles lettres. He had
also masters in rhetoric, Hebrew, and in divinity, who-
conducted him through all yjarts of learning, sacred and
profanp ; through history, antiquity, the knowledge of lan
guages, and of the discipline and doctrines of the various
sects in philosophy ; so that he might say of himself, as
he afterwards did, with some reason, '^ Ego philosophus,
rhetor, grammaticus, dialecticus, Hebrseus, Grseciis, La-
tinus, &c." He was particularly careful to accomplish
himself in rhetoric, or the art of speaking, because, as
Erasmus says in the life which he prefixed to his works, he
had observed, that the generality of Christians were de
spised as a rude illiterate spt of people ; on which account
he thought, that the unconverted part of the world would
sooner be drawn over to Christianity, if it were but set off
and enforced in a manner suitable to the dignity and ma
jesty of it. But though be was so conversant with profane
learning in his youth, he renounced it entirely afterwards,
and did all he could to make others renounce it also ; for
he relates a vision, which he pretended was given to him,
" in which he was dragged to the tribunal of Christ, and
terribly threatened, and even scourged, for the griev
ous sin of reading secular and profane writers, Cicero,
Virgil, and Horace, whom for that reason he resolved nevqi;
to take into his hands any more."
When he had finished his education at Rome, and reaped
all the fruits which books and good masters could afford,
1 Gent. Mag. vol. LXXXIII.

6 JEROM.
he resolved, for his further improvement, to travel. After-
being baptized therefore at Rome, when an adult, he went
Into France with Bonosus, a fellow-student, and remained
a considerable time in every city through which he passed,
that he might have opportunity and leisure to examine the
public libraries, and to visit the men of letters, with which
that country then abounded. He staid so long at Treveris,
that he transcribed with his own hand a large volume of
Hilary's concerning Synods, which some time after he
ordered to be sent to him in the deserts of Syria. From hence
he went to Aquileia^ where he became first acquainted
with Ruffinus, who was a presbyter in that town, and with
whom he contracted an intimate friendship. When he had
travelled as long as he thought expedient, and seen every
thing that was curious and worth his notice, he returned
to Rome ; where he began to deliberate with himself, what
course of life he should take. Study and retirement were
what he most desired, and he had collected an excellent
library of books ; but Rome, he thought, would not be a
proper place to reside in : it was not only too noisy and tu
multuous for him, but as yet bad too much of the old
leaven of Paganism in it. He had objections likewise
against his own country, Dalmatia, whose inhabitants he
represents, in one of his epistles, as entirely sunk in sen
suality and luxury, regardless of every thing that was good
and praise-worthy, and gradually approaching to a state of
barbarism. After a consultation therefore with his friends,
he determined to retire into some very remote region ; and
therefore leaving his country, parents, substance, and tak
ing nothing with bim but his books, and money sufficient
for his journey, he set off from Itah- for the eastern parts
of the world. Having passed through Dalmatia, Thrace,
and some provinces of Asia Minor, his first care was to pay
a visit to Jerusalem, which was then considered as a neces
sary act of religion. From Jerusalem he went to Antioch,
where he fell into a dangerous fit of illness ; but having the
good fortune to recover from it, he left Antioch, and set
forward in quest of some more retired habitation ; and after
rambling over several cities and countries, with all which
^le vyas dissatisfied on account of the customs and manners
of the people, he settled at last in a most frightful desert
of Syria, which was scarcely inhabited by any thing but
wild beasts. This however was no o^bjection to Jerom : it
was rather a, recommendation qf the place to him ; for,

JEROM. 7
says Erasmus, " he thought it better to cohabit with wild
beasts and wild men, than with such sort of Christians as
were usually found in great cities ; men half Pagan, half
Christian ; Christians in nothing more than in name."
He was in his 31st year, when he entered upon this mo
nastic course of life; and he carried it, by his own prac
tice, to that height of perfection, which he ever after en
forced upon others so zealously by precept. He divided
all his time between devotion and study : he exercised
himself much in watchings and fastings ; slept little, ate
less, and hardly allowed himself any recreation. He ap
plied himself very severely to the study of the Holy
Scriptures, which he is said to have gotten by heart,
as well as to the study of the Oriental languages, which
he considered as the only keys that could let him into
their true sense and meaning, and which he learned
from a Jew who visited him privately lest he should offend
his brethren. After he had spent four years in this labo
rious way of life, his health grew so impaired, that he
was obliged to return to Antioch : where the church at that
time was divided by factions, Meletiijs, Pauliniis, and Vi-
talis all claiming a right to the bishopric of that place.
Jerom being a son of the church of Rome, where he was
baptized, would not espouse any part^', till he knew the
sense' of his own church upon this contested right. Ac
cordingly, he wrote to Damasus, then bishop of Rome, to
know whom he must consider as the lawful bishop of Anti
och ; and upon Damasus's naming Paulinas, Jerom acknow
ledged him as such, and was ordained a presbyter by him in
578, but would never proceed any farther in ecclesiastical
dignity. From this time his reputation for piety and learn
ing began to spread abroad, and be known in the world. He
went soon after to Constantinople, where he spent a con
siderable time with Gregory Nazianzen ; whom he did not
disdain to call his master, and owned, that of him he
learned the right method of expounding the Holy Scrip
tures. Afterwards, in the year 382, he went to Rome
with Paulinns, bishop of Antioch, and Epiphanius, bishop
of Salamis in the isle of Cyprus ; where he soon became
known to Damasus, and was made his secretary. He ac
quitted himself in this post very well, and yet foimd time
to compose several works. Upon the death of Damasus,
which happened in the year 385, he began to entertain
thoughts of travelling again tq the East ; to which he waa

S JEROM.
moved chiefly by the distu chances and vexations he met;
with from the followers of Origen, at Rome. For these,
iivhen ihry had in vain endeavoured, says Cave, to draw
him over to their party, raised inlamous reports and ca
lumnies against him. They charged him, among other
things, with a criminal passion for one Paula, an eminent
matron, in whose house he had lodged during his residence
at Rome, and who was as illustrious for her piety as for
the splendor of her birth, and the dignity of ber rank.
For these and other reasons he was determined to quit
Rome, and accordingly embarked for the East in August in
the year 385, attended by a great number of monks and
ladies, whom he had persuaded to embrace the ascetic way
of life. He sailed to Cyprus, where he paid a visit to
Epiphanius; and arrived afterwards at Antioch, where he
was kindly received by his friend Paulinus. From An
tioch he went to Jerusalem ; and the year following from
Jerusalem into Egypt. Here he visited several monaste
ries : but finding to his great grief the monks every where
infatuated with the errors of Origen, he returned to Beth
lehem, a town near Jerusalem, that he might be at liberty
to cherish and propagate his own opinions, without any
disturbance or interruption from abroad. This whole pe
regrination is particularly related by himself, in one of his
pieces against Ruffinus ; and is very characteristic, and
shews much of his spirit and manner of writing.
He had now fixed upon Bethlehem, as the properest
place of abode for him, and best accommodated to that
course of life which he intended to pursue; and was no
sooner arrived here, than he met with Paula, and other
ladies of quality, who had followed him from Rome, with
the same view of devoting themselves to a monastic life.
His fame for learning and piety was indeed so very exten
sive, that numbers of b(nh sexes flocked from all parts and
distances, to be trained np under him, and to form their
manner of living according lo his instructions. This moved
the pious Paula to found four monasteries ; three for the
use of females, over which she herself presided, and one
for males, which was committed to Jerom. Here he en
joyed all that repose which he had long desired ; and he
laboured abundantly, as well for the souls committed to
his care, as in composing great and useful works. He had
enjo^ed this repose probably to the end of his life, if Ori-
gemsm had not prevailed so mightily in those parts: but,

JEROM. 9
as Jerom had an abhorrence for every thing that looked
hke heresy, it was impossible for him to continue passive,
while these asps, as he calls them, were insinuating their
deadly poison into all who had the misfortune to fall in
their way. fhis engaged him in violent controversies with
John bishop of Jerusalem, and Ruffinus of Aquileia,
wnich lasted many years. Ruffinus and Jerom had of old
b<r-en intimate friends; but Ruffinus having of late yeafrs
settled in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem, and espoused
the part of the Origenists, the enmity between them was
on that account the more bitter, and is a reproach to both
their memciries. Jerom had also several other controver
sies, particularly with Jovinian, an Italian monk, whom he
mentions in his works with the utmost intemperance of
language, without exactly informing us what his errors were.
In the year 410, when Rome was besieged by the Goths,
many fled from thence to Jerusalem and the Holy Land,
and were kindly received by Jerom into his monastery. He
died in 422, in the ninety-first year of his age ; and is
said to have preserved his vivacity and vigour to the last.
Erasmus, who wrote his life, and gave the first edition
of his works in I 526, says, that he was " undoubtedly the
greatest scholar, the greatest orator, and the greatest di
vine that Christianity had then produced." But Cave, who
never yet was charged with want of justice to the fathers,
says, that Jerom " was, with Erasmus's leave, a hot and furi
ous man, who had no command at all over his passions. When
he was once provoked, he treated his adversaries in the
roughest manner, and did not even abstain from invective
and satire : witness what he has written against Ruffinus,
who was formerly his friend ; against John, bishop of
Jerusalem, Jt)viiiian, Vigiluntius, and others. Upon the
slightest provocation, he grew excessively abusive, and
threw out all the ill language he could rake together,
without the least regard to the situation, rank, learning,
and other circumstances, of the persons he had to do with.
And what wonder," says Cave, " when it is common with
him to treat even St. Paul himself in very harsh and inso
lent terms .' charging him, as he does, with solecisms in
language, false expressions, and a vulgar use of words?"
We do not quote this with any view of detracting from the
real merit of lerom, but only to note the partiality of
Erasmus, in defending, as he does very strenuously, this
most exceptionable part of his character, his want of can-

10 J E R O M.
dour and spirit of persecution; to which Erasmus him.seif
was so averse, that he has ever been highly praised by pro-
testants, and as highly dispraised by papists, for placing
all his glory in moderation.
Jerom was as exceptionable in many parts of his literary
character, as he was in his moral, whatever Erasmus or his
panegyrists may have said to the contrary : instead of an
orator, he was rather a declaimer ; and, though he under
took to translate so many things out of Greek and Hebrew,
he was not accurately skilled in either of those languages ;
and did not reason clearly, consistently, and precisely,
upon any subject. This has been shewn in part already
by Le Clerc, in a book entitled " Quaestiones Hierony-
miauffi," printed at Amsterdam in 1700, by way of critique
upon the Benedictine edition of his works. In the mean
time we are ready to acknowledge, that the writings of
Jerom are useful, and deserve to be read by all who have
any regard for sacred antiquity. They have many uses in
common with other writings of ecclesiastical authors, and
many peculiar to themselves. The writings of Jerom teach
lis the doctrines, the rites, the manners, and the learning
of the age in which he lived ; and these also we learn from
the writings of other fathers. But the peculiar use of
Jerom's works is, 1. Their exhibiting to us more fragments
of the ancient Greek translators of the Bible, than the
works of any other father; 2. Their informing us of the
opinions which the Jews of that age had of the significa
tion of many Hebrew words, and of the sense and meaning
they put upon many passages in the Old Testament ; and,
3. Their conveying to us the opinion of Jerom himself;
who, though he must always be read with caution, on ac
count of his declamatory and hyperbolical style, and the
liberties he allowed himself of feigning and prevaricating
upon certain occasions, will perhaps, upon the whole, be
found to have had more judgment as well as more learnin"-
than any father who went before him.
The principal of his works, which are enumerated by
Cave and Dupin, are, a new Latin version of the whole
" Old Testament," from the Hebrew, accompanied with a
corrected edition of the ancient version of the "New
Testament," which, after having been at first much op
posed, was adopted by the Catholic church, and is com
monly distinguished by the appellation of "Vulgate;"
" Commentaries" on most of the books of the Old and

JEROM. 11
New Testament ; " A Treatise on the Lives and Writ
ings of Ecclesiastical Authors ;" " A continuation of the
Chronicle of Eusebius;" moral, critical, historical, and
miscellaneous " Letters." The first printed edition of his
works was that at Basil, under the care of Erasmus, 1516
— 1526, in six vols, folio, of which there have been several
subsequent impressions at Lyons, Rome, Paris, and Ant
werp. The most correct edition is that of Paris, by father
Martianay, a Benedictine monk of the congregation of St.
Maur, and Anthony Pouget, 1693 — 1706, in 5 vols, folio.
There is, however, a more recent edition, with notes by
Vallarsius, printed at Verona in 1734 — 42, in eleven vo
lumes, folio. The eleventh contains the life of Jerom,
certain pieces attributed to him on doubtful authority, ami
an Index. Of his " Letters, or Epistles," there are many
editions executed about the infancy of printing, which are
of great beauty, rarity, and value.'
JEROME of Prague, so called from the place of his
birth, where he is held to be a Protestant martyr. It does
hot appear in what year he was born, but it is certain that
he was neither a monk nor an ecclesiastic : but that, being
endowed with excellent natural parts, he had a learned
education, -and studied at Paris, Heidelberg, Cologne, and
perhaps at Oxford. The degree of M. A. was conferred
on him in the three first-mentioned universities, and he
commenced D. D. in 1396. He began to publish the doc
trine of the Hussites in 1408, and it is said he had a greater
share of learning and eloquence than John Huss himself.
In the mean time, the council of Constance kept a watch
ful eye over him ; and, looking upon him as a dangerous
person, cited him before them April 17, 1415, to give an
account of his faith. In pursuance of the citation, he went
to Constance, in order to defend the doctrine of Huss, as
he had promised ; but, on his arrival, April 24, finding his
master Huss in prison, he withdrew immediately to Uber-
lingen, whence he sent to the emperor for a safe conduct,
which was refused. The council, very artfully, were
willing to grant him a safe-conduct to come to Constance,
but not for his return to Bohemia. Upon this he caused
to be fixed upon all the churches of Constance, and upon
the gates of the cardinal's house, a paper, declaring that
1 Life by Erasmus. — Dupin. — Cave,— Lardner'a Works.^— Moih'jim ajid Mi\-
lier's Cliurch Uist.-<-S^ii Oiiomast,

1'2 JEROME.
he was ready to come to Constance, to give an account of
his faith, and to answer, not only in pi.vate and under the
seal, but in full council, all the calumnies of his accusers,
offering tp suffer the |,unisliment due to heretics, li he
should be convinceu of any errors ; fpr which reason he bad
desired a safe-conduct both from the emperor and the
council; but that if, notwithstanding such a pass^ any vio
lence should be done to him, by imprisonment or other
wise, all the worid might be a witness of the injustice of
the council. No notice being taken of this declaration,
he resolved to return into his own country : but the coun
cil dispatched a safe-conduct to him, importing, that as
they had the extirpation of heresy above all things at
heart, tliey summoned him to appear in the space of fif
teen days, to be heard in the first session that should be
held after his arrival ; that for this purpose they had sent
him, by those presents, a safe-conduct so far as to secure
him from any violence, but they did not mean to exempt
him from justice, as far as it depended upon the council,
and as the catholic faith required. This pass and sum
mons came to his hands, yet he was arrested in bis way
homewards, April 25, and put into the hands of the prince
of Sultzbach ; and, as he had not answered the citation
of April 17, he was cited again May 2, and the prince of
Sultzbach, sending to Constance in pursuance of an order
of the copncil, he arrived there on the 2Sd, bound in
chains. Upon his examination, he denied receiving of the
citation, and protested his ignorance of it. He was after
wards carried to a tower of St. Paul's church, there fast
ened to a post, and his hands tied to his neck with the
same chains. He continued in this posture two days,
without receiving any kind of nourishment ; upon which
he fell dangerously ill, and desired a confessor might be
allowed, which being granted, he obtained a little more li
berty. On July 19, he v\ as interrogated afresh, when he
explained himself upon the subject of the Eucharist to the
following effect : That, in the sacrament of the altar, the
particular substance of that piece of bread which is there,
is transubstantiated into the body of Christ, but that the
universal siibstance of bread remains *. Thus, with John
* It is not easy for a person, iin- ing to the doctrine of tlie schools, uni-
skilled in logic, to compreheud the versals have a proper and real existence
meaning of this visionary distinction, of their own, independent of, and in
It IB enough to observe, that, accord- the nature of things prior to the txis-

JEROME, i3>
Huss, he maintained the " universalia ex parte rei." It
is true, on a third examination, Sept. 1 1, he retracted this
opinion, and approved the condemnation of Wickliff' and
John Huss ; but, on May 26, 1416, he condemned that re
cantation in these terms : " I am not ashamed to confess
here publicly my weakness. Yes, with horror, I confess
my base cowardice. It was only the dread of the punish
ment by fire, which drew me to consent, against my con
science, to the condemnation of the doctrine of Wickliff
and John Huss." This was decisive, and accordingly, in
the 21st session, sentence was passed on him ; in pursu
ance of which, he was delivered to the secular arm, May 30.
As the executioner led hitn to the stake, Jerome, with
gieat steadiness, testified his perseverance in his faith, by
repeating his creeti with a loud voice, and singing litanies
and a hymn to the blessed Virgin ; and, being burnt to
death, his ashes, like those of Huss, were thrown into the
Rhine. In common with many of the early martyrs, his consis
tency has been attacked by the Romish writers ; but one
of their number, the celebrated Poggio Bracciolini, in a
letter he wrote to Leonard Aretin, has delineated his cha
racter in language of the highest admiration. Poggio was
present at the council when Jerome made his defence, and
immediately wrdte the letter we speak of, which has been
translated by Mr. Gilpin with an elegance corresponding
to the fervent "glow of the orisfinal. We shall transcribe
only one passage which respects the eloquence of this
martyr, and the impression it made on the liberal and-
learned Poggio : " His voice vvas sweet, distinct, and full :
his action every way the most proper, either to express in
dignation, or to raise pity : though he made no affected
application to the passions of his audience. Firm and in
trepid, he stood be'fore the council ; collected in himself;
and not only contemning, but seeming even desirous of
death. The greatest character in ancient story could not
possibly go beyond him. If there is any justice in history,
this man will be admired by all posterity — I speak not of
his errors: let these rest with him. What I admired was
his learning, his eloquence, and amazing acuteness. God
knows whether these things were not the ground-work of
tence of the individuals, wlfose genera be nothing else but abstract ideas, ex-
and species they constituted. But isting only in the mind, which is their
tjifse nniversals arc now well known to sole creator.

!4 JEROME.

his ruin." After giving an account of his death, Poggio
adds, "Thus died this prodigious man. The epithet is
not extravagant. I was myself an eye-witness of his whole
behaviour. Whatever his life may have been, his death,
without doubt, is a lesson of philosophy." — Of his recanta-
uon it may be remarked, that like Cranmer, and a few
others, who in their first terror offered to exchange prin
ciples for life, they became afterwards, and almost im
mediately afterwards, more confident in the goodness
of their cause, and more willing to suffer in defence
of it. '
JEllVAS (Charles), a painter of this country, more
known from the praises of Pope, who took instructions from
him in the art of painting, and other wits, who were in
fluenced probably by the friendship of Pope, than for
any merits of his own, was a native of Ireland, and stu
died for a year under sir Godfrey Kneller. Norris, fra-
mer and keeper of the pictures to king William and queen
Anne, was the first friend who essentially served him, by
allowing him to study from the pictures in the royal collec
tion, and to copy them. At Hampton-cour the made small
copies of the cartoons, and these he sold to Dr. George
Clark of Oxford, who then became his protector, and fur
nished him with money to visit France and Italy. In the
eighth number of the Tatler, (April 18, 1709), he is men
tioned as " the last great painter Italy has sent us." Pope
speaks of him with more enthusiasm than felicity, and ra
ther as if he was determined to praise, than as if he felt
the subject. Perhaps some of the unhappiest lines in the
works of that poet are in the short epistle to Jervas. Speak
ing of the families of some ladies, he says,
" Oh, lasting as thy colours may they shine,
Free as thy stroke, yet faultless as thy line j
New graces yearly, like thy works, Jdisplay,
Soft without weakness, without glaring' gay.
Led by some rule, that guides, but not constrauis.
And finish'dniore through happiness than pains."
In this passage the whole is obscure, the connection with
the preceding part particularly so ; and part is parodied
from Denham. It is no wonder that Jervas did not better
inspire his friend to praise him, if the judgment of lord
Orford be accurate, on which we may surely rely. He says,
j[ Gave.— Freheri Theatriun.— Life by Gilpin.— Shepherd's Life of Poggio.

JERVAS. 1 S-
that " he was defective in drawing, colouring, and com
position, and even iu that most necessary, and perhaps
most easy talent of a portrait-painter, likeness. In gene
ral, his pictures are a light, flimsy kind of fan-painting,
as large as life." His vanity, inflamed perhaps by the un
deserved praises he received from wits and poets, was ex
cessive. He affected to be violently in love with lady Bridge-
water ; j-et, after dispraising the form of her ear, as the
only faulty part about her face, he ventured to display his
own as the complete model of perfection. Jervas appeared
as an author in his translation of Don Quixote, which he
produced, as Pope used to say of him, without under
standing Spanish. Warburton added a supplement to the
preface of Jervas's translation, on the origin of romances .
of chivalry, which was praised at the time, but has since
been totally extinguished by the acute criticisms of Mr.
Tyrwhitt. Jervas died about 1740. '
JERUS7\,LEM (John- Frederick William), an eminent
German divine, was born at Osnaburgh, in 1709, and
died in 1789. Of his life we have no farther account than
that his talents raised him to the offices of vice-president
of the consistory of Brunswick, abbot of Marienthal, court
preacher, and director of the Caroline-college at Bruns
wick, of which, in 1745, he wrote an account. He was
reckoned in his country one of the most original and most
excellent defenders of religion that the eighteenth century
had produced. His principal works were, 1. Two volumes
of " Sermons," Brunswick, 1756 — 69. 2. " Letters on
the Mosaic Religion and Philosophy," 1773. This work
contains a demonstration that Moses really wrote the books
attributed to him : and observations on his being the author
of the book of Genesis, and of the style of that book, &c'.
3. " Life of prince Albert-Henry of Brunswick Lunen-
burgh." 4, " Thoughts on the principal Truths of Reli
gion," Brunswick, 1768, &c. in several volumes, reckoned
a very capital performance. The abbot Jerusalem had been
tutor to the late duke of Brunswick, and his highness
desired him to digest the instructions he had given him
on the Christian religion in a regular form ; and after
wards gave him leave to publish them. 5. " Character of
prince William- Adolphus of Brunswick," Beriin, 1771.
• Bowles's edition of Pope, see index. — Ruffhead's Life of Pope, p. 147,
4to edit. — Walpole's Anecdotes.

16 JERUSALEM.
6. " Thoughts on the Union of the Church ;" and 7. a very
elegant and judicious letter " concerning German litera
ture," addressed to her royal highness the duchess dowager
of Brunswick- Wolfenbuttel, ! 78 I.'
JESUA (Levita), a learned Spanish rabbi in the fif
teenth century, is the autlior of a book, entitled " Halicoth
olam," " The Ways of Eternity ;" a very useful piece for
understanding the Talmud. It was translated into Latin
by Constantin I'Empereur; and Bashuysen printed a good
edition of it in Hebrew and Latin, at Hanover, 1714, 4to.^
JEUNE (John Le), a celebrated French divine, was born
in 1592, at Poligni in Franche-Comte. His father was a
counsellor in the parliament at Dole. The piety of Le
Jeune was of the most exemplary kind. He delighted in
the most arduous offices of his profession ; and refused a
canonry of Arbois, to enter into the then rising, bur strict
society of the oratory. His patience and humility were no
less remarkable than his piety. He lost his sight at the age
of thirty-five, yet did not suffer that great misfortune to
depress his spirits. He was twice cut for the stone, with
out uttering a single murmur of impatience. As a preacher
be was highly celebrated, but totally free from all ostenta
tion. As a converter of persons estranged from religion,
or those esteemed heretical, he is said to have possessed
wonderful powers of persuasion. Many dignitaries of tlie
church were highly sensible of his merits; particularly car
dinal Berulle, who regarded him as a son, and La Fayette
bishop of Limoges, who finally persuaded him to settle in
his diocese. Le Jeune died Aug. 19, 1672, at tlie age of
eighty. There aVe extant ten large volumes of his sermons,
in 8vo, which were studied and admired by Massillon, and
have been also translated into L.itin. His style is simple,
insinuating, and affecting, though now .a little antiquated.
He published also a translation of Grotius's tract " De
Veriiate Religionis Christianae.'"
JEWEL (John), a learned prelate, and deservedly re
puted one of the fathers of the English church, was de
scended from an ancient family at Buden in Devonshire,
where he was born May 24, 1522. After learning the ru
diments of grammar under his maternal uncle Mr. Bellamy,
rector of Hamton, and being put to school at Barnstaple, h«
' Maty's Review, vol. Vlll. — Saxii Onomast.
« IMoreri.— Diet. Hist. — Wutton's Misc. Discourses, vol. I ch iii
a Moreri.— Diet. Hist.

JEWEL. 17
was sent to Oxford, and admitted a postmaster of Merton
college, in July 1 535, under the tuition of Parkhurst, after
wards bishop pf Norwich, who entertained a very high opi
nion of him from the beginning, and had great pleasure in
cultivating his talents. After studying four years at this
college, he was, in August 1539, chosen scholar of Corpus
Christi college, where he pursued his studies with indefa
tigable industry, usually rising at four in the morning, and
studying till ten at night ; by which means he acquired a
masterly knowledge in most branches of learning : but,
taking too little care of his health, he contracted such a
cold as fixed a lameness in one of his legs, which accom
panied him to his grave. In Oct. 1540, he proceeded B.A.
became a celebrated tutor, and was soon after chosen
reader of humanity and rhetoric in his college. In Feb. 1 544,
he commenced M. A. the expence of taking which degree
was borne by his tutor Parkhurst.
He had early imbibed Protestant principles, and incul
cated them among his pupils ; but this was carried on pri
vately till the accession of Edward VI. in 1546, when he
made a public declaration of his faith, and entered into a
close friendship with Peter Martyr, who was professor of
divinity at Oxford. Mr. Jewel was one of his most con
stant hearers, and used to take down his lectures, by means
of a kind of short-hand invented by himself, with so much
accuracy, that he was frequently afterwards employed in
taking down the substance of public debates on religion,
which were then common. In 1551 he took the degree of
B. D. and frequently preached before the university with
great applause. At the same time he preached and cate
chised every other Sunday at Sunningwell in Berkshire, of
which church he was rector. Thus he zealously promoted
the Reformation during this reign, and, in a proper sense,
became a confessor for it in the succeeding* ; so early, as
to be expelled the college by the fellows, upon their pri
vate authority, before any law was made, or order given by
* In the primitive church, the title vonshire," tells us, that Mr. Jewel's
of Confessor was given not only to Jife, during his residence in college,
those who actually suffered torture for was so exemplary, that Moren, the dean
the faith, but to such as were impri- of it, used to say to him, " I shouI4
soned in order to suffer torture or death, love thee, Jewel, if thou wert not a
See Cyprian " de unitate eceles." And Zuinglian ; in thy faith I hold thee an
perhaps Jewel was not inferior to heretic, but surely in thy life thou art
any of tlie ancients in point of piety, an angel j thou art very good and ho-
and much superior iri regard to learn- nest, but a Lutheran."
ing. Prince, in his " Won hies of De-
Vol. XIX. C

1& JEWEL.
queen Mary, On this occasion, they had nothing to ob
ject against him, but, 1. His following of Peter Martyr.
2. His preaching some doctrines contrary to popery. 3.
His taking orders according to the laws then in force. 4.
And, according to Fuller, his refusal to be present at mass,
and other popish solemnities. At his departure he took
leave of the college in a Latin speech, full of pathetic elo
quence. Unwilling, however, to leave the university, he
took chambers in Broadgate-hall, now Pembroke college,
where many of his pupils followed him, besides other gen
tlemen, who were induced by the fame of his learning to
attend his lectures. But the strongest testimony to his
literary merit was given by the university, who made him
their orator, and employed him to write their first congra
tulatory address to her majesty. Wood indeed observes,
that this task was evidently imposed upon him by those
who meant him no kindness ; it being taken for granted,
that he must either provoke the Roman catholics, or lose
the good opinion of his party. If this be true, which is
probable enough, he had the dexterity to escape the snare;
for the address, being both respectful and guarded, passed
the approbation of Tresham the commissary, and some
other doctors, and was well received by the queen ; but
his latest biographer attributes the appointment solely to
the opinion the university had of him as an elegant writer,
and therefore the most fit to pen an address on such an
occasion. Burnet informs us, that her majesty declared, at her
accession, that she would force no man's conscience, nor
make any change in religion. These specious promises,
joined to Jewel's fondness for the university, seem to
have been the motives which disposed him to entertain a
more favourable opinion of popery than before. In this
state of his mind, he went to Clive, to consult his old tutor
Dr. Parkhurst, who was rector of that parish ; but Parkhurst,
upon the re-establishment of popery, having fled to Lon
don, Jewel returned to Oxford, where he lingered and
waited, till, being called upon in St. Mary's church to
subscribe some of the popish doctrines under the several
penalties, he took his pen and subscribed with great reluct
ance. Yet this compliance, of which his conscience se
verely accused him, was of no avail ; for the dean of Christ
church. Dr. Martial, alleging his subscription, to be in
sincere, laid a plot to deliver him into the hands of bishop

JEWEL. 19
Bonner; and would certainly have caught him in the snare,
bad he not set out the very night in which he was sent for,
by a bye-way to London. He walked till he was forced to
lay himself on the ground, quite spent and almost breath
less : where being found by one Augustine Berner, a Swiss,
first a servant of bishop Latimer, and afterwards a minister,
this person provided him a horse, and conveyed him to lady
Warcup, by whom he was entertained for some time, and
then sent safely to the metropolis. Here he lay concealed,
changing his lodgings twice or thrice for that purpose, till
a ship was provided for him to go abroad, together with
money for the journey, by sir Nicholas Throgmorton, a
person of great distinction, and at that time in considerable
offices. His escape was managed by one Giles Lawrence,
who had been his fellow-collegian, and was at this time
tutor to sir Arthur Darcy's children, living near the Tower
of London. Upon his arrival at Francfort, in 1554, he
made a public confession of his sorrow for his late subscrip
tion to popery ; and soon afterwards went to Strasburgh,
at the invitation of Peter Martyr, who kept a kind of col
lege for learned men in his own house, of which he made
Jewel his vice-master : he likewise attended this friend to
Zurich, and assisted him in his theological lectures. It
was probably about this time that he made an excursion to
Padua, where he contracted a frieijdship with Sig. Scipio,
a Venetian gentleman, to whom he afterwards addressed
his " Epistle concerning the Council of Trent." During
all the time of his exile, which was about four years, he
studied hard, and spent the rest of his time in consoling
and confirming his friends, frequently telling them that
when their brethren endured such " bitter tortures and
horrible martyrdoms at home, it was not reasonable the}^
should expect to fare deliciously in banishment," always
concluding with "These things will not last an age," which
he repeated so often as to impress their minds with a firm
belief that their deliverance was not far off. This, how
ever, was not peculiar to Jewel. Fox was likewise re
marked for using the same language, and there was among
these exiles in general a very firm persuasion that the do
minion of popery and cruelty, under queen Mary, would
not be of long duration.
The much wished-for event at length was made known,
and upon the accession of the new queen, or rather the
year after, 1559, Jewel returned to England ; and we find
C 2

20 JEWEL.
his name, soon after, among the sixteen divines appointet!
by queen Elizabeth tp hold a disputation in Westminster-
abbey against the papists. In July 1559, he was in the
commission constituted by her majesty to visit the dioceses
of Sarum, Exeter, Bristol, Bath and Wells, and Gloucester,
in order to exterminate popery in the west of England;
and he was consecrated bishop of Salisbury on Jan. 21 fol--
lowing, and had the restitution of the temporalities April
6, 1560, This promotion was presented to him as a re^
ward for his great merit and learnitig ; and another attesta
tion of these was given him by the university of Oxford,
who, in 1565, conferred on him, in his absence, the de
gree of D. D. in which character he attended the queen to
Oxford the following year, and presided at the divinity
disputations held before her majesty on that occasion. He
batj, before, greatly distinguished himself, by a sermon
preached at St. Paul's- cross, soon after he had been made
a bishop, in which he gave a public challenge to all the
Roman catholics in the world, to produce but one clear
and evident testimony out of any father or fanaous writer
" who flourished within 600 years after Christ, of the exist
ence of any one of the articles which the Romanists main
tain against the church of England ; and two years after
wards he published his famous "Apology" for that church.
In the mean time he gave a particular attention to his dio
cese, where he began in his first visitation, and completed
in his last, a great reformation, not only in his cathedral
and parochial churches, but in all the courts of his juris
diction. He watched so narrowlj' the proceedings of his
eiiancellor and archdeacons, and of his stewards and re
ceivers, that they had no opportunities of being guilty of
oppression, injustice, or extortion, nor of being a burden
to the people, or a scandal to himself. To prevent these,
and the like abuses, for which the ecclesiastical courts are
often censured, he sat in his consistory court, and there
saw that all things were conducted rightly : he also sat
often as an assistant on the bench of civil justice, beino-
himself a justice of the peace.
Amidst these important employments, the care of his
health was too much neglected. He rose at four o'clock
in the morning ; and after prayers with his family at five,
and in the cathedral about six, he was so intent on his stu
dies all the morning, that he could not, without great vio-
knce, be drawn from them. After dinner, bis doors and

JEWEL. SI
ears were open to all suitors ; and it was observed of him,
as of Titus, that he never sent any sad from him. Suitors
being thus dismissed,, he heard, with great impartiaUty and
patience, such causes debated before him, as either de
volved on him as a judge, or were referred to him as an
arbitrator ; and, if he could spare any time from these, he
reckoned it as clear gain to his study. About nine at night,
he called all his servants to an account how they had spent
the day, and then went to prayers with them : from the
chapel he withdrew again to his study, till near midnight,
and from thence to his bed ; in whi«h when he was laid,
the gentleman of his bed-chamber read to him till he fell
asleep. Mr. Humfrey, who relates, this, observes, that this
watchful and laborious life, without any recreation at all,
except what his necessary refreshment at meals, and a
very few hours of rest, afforded him, wasted his life too
fast, and undoubtedly hastened his end. In his fiftieth
year, he fell into a disorder which carried him off in Sept.
1571. He died at Monkton Farley, in his diocese, and
was buried in his cathedra], where there is an inscription
over his grave, written by Dr. Laurence Humfrey, who
also wrote an account of his life, to which are prefixed se
veral copies of verses in honour of him. Dr. Jewel was of
a thin habit of body, which he exhausted by intense .appli
cation to his studies. In his temper he was pleasant and
affable, modest, meek, temperate, and perfectly master of
his passions. In his morals he was pious and charitable ;
and when bishop, became most remarkable for his apos
tolic doctrine, holy life, prudent government, incorrupt in
tegrity, unspotted chastity, and bountiful liberality. He
L'ad naturally a very strong memory, which he greatly im
proved by art ; so that he could exactly repeat whatever
he had written after once reading; and therefore gene
rally at the ringing of the bell, he began to commit hfs ser
mons to his memory ; which was so firm, that he used to
say, that " if he were to deliver a premeditated speech
before a thousand auditors, shouting or fighting all the
while, yet he could say all that be had provided to speak."
On one occasion, when the bishop of Norwich proposed
to him many barbarous words out of a Kalendar, and
Hooper bishop of Gloucester forty strange words, Welsh,
Irish, and foreign terms, he after once or twice reading at^
the most, and a little recollection, repeated them all by
Jieart backward and forward. Another time, when sir

^2 J E W E L.
Nicholas Bacon, lord keeper of the great seal, read to him
only the last clauses of ten lines in Erasmus's Paraphrase,
confused and dismembered on purpose, he, sitting silent a
while, and covering his face with his hand, on the sudden
rehearsed all those broken parcels of sentences the right
w^y, and the contrary, without any hesitation. He pro
fessed to teach others this art, and taught it his tutor Park
hurst beyond the seas ; and in a short time learned all the
Gospel forward and backward. He was also a great master
of the ancient languages, and skilled in the German and
Italian. Dr. Humfrey, in the Life of our bishop, has endeavoured
to represent him a favourer of the nonconformists. But it
is certain, that he opposed them in his exile, when they
began their disputes at Francfort ; and in a sermon of his
preached at Paul's Cross, not long before his death, and
printed among his Works in 1609, he defended the rites
and ceremonies of the church against them. He had like
wise a conference with some of them concerning the cere
monies of the present state of the church, which he men
tioned with such vigour, that though upon his death-bed
he professed that neither his sermon nor conference were
undertaken to please any mortal man, or to trouble tho^e
who thought differently from him ; yet the puritans could
not forbear shewing their resentments against him. " It
was strange to me," says Dr. Whitgift, " to hear so nota
ble a bishop, so learned a man, so stout a champion of
true religion, so painful a prelate, as bishop Jewel, so un
gratefully and spightfully used by a sort of wavering wicked
tongues," He is supposed likewise to have been the au
thor of a paper, entitled " A brief and lamentable Coa-
sideration of the Apparel now used by the Clergy of Eng
land," written in 1566, in which he addresses the noncon
formists in a style which evidently shews his dislike of their
obstinacy in matters of trivial importance, and his dread of
what might be the consequences to the church in future
times. Dr. Jewel's writings, which have rendered his name
celebrated over all Europe, are : 1. " Exliortatio ad Oxon-
ienses." The substance printed in Humfrey's Life of him,
p. 35, 1573, 4to. 2. " Exhortatio in collegio CC. sive
concio in fundatoris Foxi commemorationem," p. 45, &c.
3. " Concio in templo B. M. Virginis," Oxon. 1550,
preached for his degree of B. D. reprinted in. Humfrey,

JEWEL. a3
p. 49. 4. " Oratio in aula collegii CC." His farewell
speech on 'his expulsion in 1554, printed by Humfrey, p.
74, &c. 5. A short tract, " De Usura," ibid. p. 217, &c.
6. " Epistola ad Scipionein Patritium Venetum," &c. 1559,
and reprinted in the appendix to father Paul's " History
of the Council of Trent," in English, by Brent, third edi
tion, 1629, folio. 7. "A Letter to Henry BuUinger at
Zurich, concerning the State of Religion in England,"
dated May 22, 1559, printed in the appendix to Strype's
" Annals," No. xx. 8. Another letter to the same, dated
Feb. 8, 1566, concerning his controversy with Hardynge,
ibid. No. 36, 37. 9. " Letters between him and Dr. Henry
Cole, &c. 1560," 8 vo. 10. "A Sermon preached at St.
Paul's Cross, the second Sunday before Easter, anno 1560,"
Svo. Dr. Cole wrote several letters to him on this subject.
11. "A Reply to Mr. Hardynge's Answer, &c." 1566, fol.
and again in Latin, by Will. Whitaker, fellow of Trinity
college, Cambridge, at Geneva, 1578, 4to ; and again in
1585, in folio, with our author's "Apologia Ecclesise An-
glicanse." 12. " Apologia Ecclesise Anglicanse," 1562,
Svo ; several times printed in England, and translated into
German, Italian, French, Spanish, and Dutch ; and a Greek
translation of it was printed at Oxford, in 1614, Svo. It
was likewise translated into Welsh, Oxford, 1571. The Eng
lish translation by the lady Bacon, wife to sir Nicolas Ba
con, was entitled " An Apology or Answer in Defence of
the Church of England, &c." 1562, 4to. This " Apology"
was approved by the queen, and set forth with the consent
of the bishops. 13. " A Defence of the Apology, &c."
1564, 1567, folio; again in Latin, by Tho. Braddock, fellow
of Christ's college, Cambridge, at Geneva, 1600, fol. The
" Apology" was ordered by queen Elizabeth, king James,
kingCharles,and four successive archbishops, to be read and
chaiiied up in all parish churches throughout England and
Wales. 14. " An Answer to a book written by Mr; Har
dynge, entitled ' A Detection of sundry foul Errors,' &c."
1568 and 1570, folio. 15. '" A View of a seditious Bull
sent into England from Pius V. &c." 1582, 8vo. 16, " A
Treatise of the Holy Scriptures," Svo. 17. "Exposition
on the two Epistles to the Thessalonians," 1594, Svo. 18.
« A Treatise of the Sacraments, &c." 1583. 19. " Cer
tain Sermons preached before the queen's majesty at Paul's
Cross, and elsewhere.'- All these books (except the first
eight), with the " Sermons" and "Apology," were printed

24 JEWEL.
at London, 1609, in one volume, folio, with an abstract of
the author's life, by Dan. Featly ; but full of faults, as
Wood says. There is a better life prefixed to the octavo
edition of the Apology, 1685. 20. "An Answer to cer
tain frivolous Objections against the Government of the
Church of England," 1641, 4to, a single sheet. 21. Many
letters in the collection of records in Part III. of Burnet's
" History of the Reformation."'
JOACHIM, abbot of Corazzo, and afterwards of Flora
in Calabria, distinguished for his pretended prophecies
and remarkable opinions, was born at Celico near Cosenza,
in 1130. He was of the Cistertian order, and had several
monasteries subject to his jurisdiction, which he directed
with the utmost wisdom and regularity. He was revered
by the multitude as a person divinely inspired, and even
equal to the most illustrious of the ancient prophets. Many
of his predictions were formerly circulated, and indeed are
still extant, having passed through several editions, and
received illustration from several commentators. He taught
erroneous notions respecting the holy Trinity, which
amounted fully to tritheism ; but what is more extraor
dinary, he taught that the morality of the Gospel is im
perfect, and that a better and more complete law is to be
given by the Holy Ghost, which is to he everlasting. These
reveries gave birth to a book attributed to Joachim, enti
tled " The Everlasting Gospel," or " The Gospel of the
Holy Ghost." " It is not to be doubted," says Mosheim,
" that Joachim was the author of various predictions, and
that he, in a particular manner, foretold the reformation of
the church, of which he might see the absolute necessity.
It is, however, certain, that the greater part of the predic
tions and writings which were formerly attributed to him,
were composed by others. This we may affirm even of
the " Everlasting Gospel," the work undoubtedly of some
obscure, silly, and visionary monk, who thought proper to
adorn his reveries with the celebrated name of Joachim, in
order to gain them credit, and render them more at^ree-
able to the multitude- The title of this senseless produc
tion is taken from Rev, xiv. 6 ; and it contained three books^,
' Life prefixed to the octavo edition of the Apology, 1685, reprinted by Dr.
Wordsworth in his Ecclesiastical Biography. — Ath. Ox. voL I.— Fuller's Abel
Kedivivus.— Biog. Brit.— Strype's Life of Cranmer, pp. 337, 357 :— of Parker,
pp. 53, 76, 99, in, 178, 180, 185, 863, 317, 368, 369, 460.— Prince's Wqr-,
tbies of Devon,

JOACHIM. 25
The first was entitled " Liber concordise veritatis," or the
book of the harmony of truth ; the second, " Apocalypsis
Nova," or new revelation ; and the third, " Psalterium de
cern Chordarum." This account was taken from a MS. of
that work in the library of the Sorbonne." It is necessary,
we should observe, to distinguish this book from the " In
troduction to the Everlasting Gospel," written by a friar
named Gerhard, and published in 1250. Joachim died in
1202, leaving a number of followers," who were called
Joachimites. His works have been published in Venice,
1516, folio, &c. and contain propositions which have been
condemned by several councils. The part of his works
most esteemed is his commentaries on Isaiah, Jeremiah,
and the Apocalypse. His life was written by a Dominican
named Gervaise, and published in 1745, in 2 vols. 12mo.*
JOACHIM, George. See RHETICUS.
JOAN (Pope), called by Platina John VIII. seems to
require some notice in this work, although her history is
involved in much doubt, and even her existence is thought
by some uncertain. This subject has been treated with as
much animosity on both sides, between the papists and the
protestants, as if the whole pf religion depended on it. There
are reckoned upwards of sixty of the Romish communion,
and among them several monks and canonized saints, by
whom the story is related thus ;
About the middle of the ninth century, viz. between the
pontificates of Leo IV. and Benedict HI. * a woman, called
Joan, was promoted to the pontificate, by the name of
John ; whom Platina, and almost all other historians, have
reckoned as the Vlllth of that name, and others as the
Vllth ; some call her only John. This female pope was
born at Mentz, where she went by the name of English
John-t ; whether because she was of English extraction, or
for what other reason, is not known : some modern histo
rians say she was called Agnes, that is, the chaste, by way
of irony, perhaps, before her pontificate. She had from
her infancy an extraordinary passion for learning and tra
velling, and in order to satisfy this inclination, put on the
• See Moreri. N. B. Blondel, Des- f Her true name was Gilberta, and
maretz, and Bayle, are the chief of it is said she took the name of English,
those who absolutely denied it. Span- or Anglus, from Anglus, a monk of the
heim, L'Enfant des Vignelles, among abbey of Fulda, whom she loved, and
|tl)ose who have affirmed it. who was her instructor, and tiavelled
with her. Crespio's L'etat de I'Englisb.
! Mosheim.— Cave, vol. II,— Dupin, — Moreri,

25 J O A N.
male habit, and went to Athens, in company with one of
her friends, who was called her favourite lover. From
Athens she went to Rome, where she taught divinity ; and,
in the garb of a doctor, acquired so great reputation for
understanding, learning, and probity, that she was unani
mously electetl pope in the room of Leo IV.
To this story several modern historians add many par
ticulars of a more delicate nature, and assert that she
formed an improper connexion with the friend to whose
assistance she owed her advancement in learning. This
commerce, however, might have remained a secret, had
not Joan, mistaken without doubt in her reckoning, ven
tured to go to a procession, where she had the misfortune
to be brought to bed in the middle of the street, between
the Colosseum and the church of St. Clement; and it is
added that she died there in labour, after having held the
pontifical see about two years.
Such is the story, as related in the history of the popes,
which was certainly received and avowed as a truth for
some' centuries. Since it became a matter of dispute,
some writers of the Romish church have denied it; some
have apologized for it absurdly enough ; others in a way
that might be admitted, did 'not that church claim to be
infallible : for it was ^hat claim which first brought the
truth of this history under examination. The protestants
alleged it as a clear proof against the claim ; since it could
not be denied that in this instance the church was deceived
by a woman in disguise. This induced the Roman
catholics to search more narrowly than before into the
affair ; and the result of that inquiiy was, first a doubt, and
next an improbability, of Joan's real existeuce. This led
to a further inquiry into the origin of the story ; whence it
appeared, that there were no footsteps of its being known
in the church for near 200 years after it was said to have
happened*. jEneas Sylvius, who was pope in the fifteenth
century under the name of Pius II. was the first who
called it in question, and he touched it but slightly, ob
serving, that in the election of that woman there was no
error in a matter of faith, but only an igtiorance as to a
matter of fact ; and also that the story was not certain.
Yet this very Sylvius suffered Joan's' name to be placed
* Marianus is the first who mentions it, and he lived 200 years after. Blondel's
Eclaireissem, de la question : Si une femme a este assise au siege papal, p. 17.

JOAN. 27
among those of the other popes in the register of Siena,
and transcribed the story in his historical work printed at
Nuremburg in 1493. The example of Sylvius embold
ened others to search more freely into the matter, who,
finding it to have no good foundation, thought proper to
give it up.
But the protestants thought themselves the more obliged
to labour in support of it, as an indelible blot and reproach
upon their adversaries ; and to aggravate the matter, se
veral circumstances were mentioned with the view of ex
posing the credulity and weakness of that church, which,
it was maintained, had authorized them. In this spirit it
was observed, that Joan, being installed in her office,
admitted others into orders, after the manner of other
popes ; made priests and deacons, ordained bishops
and abbots, sung mass, consecrated churches and altars,
administered the sacraments, presented her feet to be
kissed, and performed all other actions which the popes of
Rome are wont to do, with other particulars not now worth
reciting, as the best informed historians seem to give the
whole up as a fable.'
JOAN of ARC, commonly called the Maid of Orleans,
one of the most remarkable heroines in history, was the
daughter of James d'Arc, and of Isabella Rome his wife,
two persons of low rank, in the village of Domremi, near
Vaucouleurs, on the borders of LoiTaine, where she was born
in 1402. The instructions she received during her child
hood and youth, were suited to her humble condition. She
quitted her parents at an early age, as they were ill able
to maintain her, and engaged herself as a servant at a small
inn. In this situation she employed herself in attending
the horses of the guests, and in riding them to the water
ing-place, and by these exercises she acquired a robust
and hardy frame. At this time the affairs of France were
in a desperate condition, and the city of Orleans, the
most important place in the kingdom, was besieged by the
English regent, the duke of Bedford, as a step to prepare
the way for the conquest of all France. The French king
used every expedient to supply the city with a garrison
and provisions ; and the English left no method unem
ployed for reducing it. The eyes of all Europe were
' Gen. Diet.— Platina de vitis Pontificum,— Bower's Hist, of the Popes,—
Mosheim's Ch. Hist.

23 JOAN.
turned towards this scene of action, and after numberless
feats of valour on both sides, the attack was so vigorously
pushed by the English, that the king (Charies VIL) gave
up the city as lost, when relief was brought from a very
unexpected quarter. Joan, influenced by the frequent
accounts of the rencounters at this memorable siege, and
affected with the distresses of her country and king, was
seized with a wild desire of relieving him ; and as her in
experienced mind worked day and night on this favourite
object, she fancied she saw visions, and heard voices, ex
horting her to re-establish the throne of France, and expel
the English invaders. Enthusiastic in these notions, she
went to Vaucouleurs, and informed Baudricourt, the go
vernor, of her inspirations and intentions, who sent her to
the French court, then at Chinon. Here, on being intro
duced to the king, she offered, in the name of the Supreme
Being, to raise the siege of Orleans, and conduct his ma
jesty to Rheims, to be there crowned and anointed ; and
she demanded, as the instrument of her future victories, a
particular sword which was kept in the church of St. Ca
therine de Fierbois. The king and his ministers at first
either hesitated or pretended to hesitate ; but after an as
sembly of grave and learned divines had pronounced her
mission to be real and supernatural, her request was
granted, and she was exhibited to the whole people, on
horseback in military habiliments. On this sight, her dex
terity in managing her steed, though acquired in her for
mer station, was regarded as a fresh proof of her mission ;
her former occupation was even denied ; she vvas con
verted into a shepherdess, an employment more agreeable
to the fancy. Some years were subtracted from her age,
in order to excite still more admiration ; and she was re
ceived with the loudest acclamations, by persons of all
ranks. The English at first affected to speak with derision of the
maid and her heavenly mission ; but were secretly struck
with the strong persuasion which prevailed in all around
them. They found their courage datinted by degrees, and
thence began to infer a divine vengeance hanging over
them. A silent astonishment reigned among those troops
formerly so elated with victory, and so fierce for the com
bat. The maid entered the city of Orleans at the head of
a convoy, arrayed in her military garb, and displaying her
consecrated standard. She was received as a celestial

JOAN. 29
deliverer by the garrison and its inhabitants; and with the
instructions of count Dunois, commonly called the Bastard
of Orleans, who commanded in that place, she actually
obliged the English to raise the siege of that city, after
driving them from their entrenchments, and defeating
them in several desperate attacks.
Raising the siege of Orleans was one part of the maid's
promise to Charles; crowning him at Rheims was the
other ; and she now vehemently insisted that he should set
out immediately on that journey. A few weeks before,
such a proposal would have appeared altogether extrava
gant. Rheims lay in a distant quarter of the kingdom ;
was then in the hands of a victorious enemy ; the whole
road that led to it was occupied by their garrisons ; and
no imagination could have been so sanguine as to hope
that such an attempt could possibly be carried into exe
cution. But, as it was the interest of the king of France
to maintain the belief of something extraordinary and di
vine in these events, he resolved to comply with her ex
hortations, and avail himself of the present consternation
of the English. He accordingly set out for Rheims, at the
head of 12,000 men, and scarcely perceived as he passed
along, that he was marching through an enemy's country.
Every place opened its gates to hitn ; Rheims sent him its
keys, and the ceremony of his inauguration was performed
with the holy oil, which a pigeon is said to have brought
from heaven to Clovis, on the first establishment of the
French monarchy.
As a mark of his gratitude, Charles had a medal struck
in her honour. On one side was her portrait, on the other
a hand holding a sword with these words, Consilio confirmaia
Dei. " Sustained by the assistance of God." The king
also ennobled all her family, as well in the male as in the
female line ; the former became extinct in 1760. In 1614
the latter, at the request of the procurator-ge'neral, were
deprived of their privilege of ennobling their children, in
dependent of their husband. The town of Domremi, also,
where she was born, was exempted from all taxes, aids,
and subsidies for ever.
The Maid of Orleans, as she is called, declared after
this coronation, that her mission was now accomplished ;
and expressed her inclination to retire to the occupations
and course of life which became her sex. But Dunois,
sensible of the great advantages which might still be reaped

so J O A N.
from her presence in the army, exhorted her to persevere
till the final expulsion of the English. In pursuance of
this advice, she threw herself into the town of Compiegne,
at that time besieged by the duke of Burgundy, assisted
by the earis of Arundel and Suffolk. The garrison, on
her appearance, believed themselves invincible ; but Joan,
after performing prodigies of valour, was taken prisoner
in a sally, and no efforts having been made by the French
court to deliver her, was condemned by the English to be
burnt alive, which sentence she sustained with great cou
rage in the nineteenth year of her age, 1431. Such are
the outlines of the history of this extraordinary heroine,
which however is involved in many doubts and difficulties,
and has too many of the features of romance for serious
belief. It has lately even been doubted whether she was
actually put to death ; and some plausible evidence has
been brought forward to prove that the judges appointed
by the duke of Bedford to try her, passed a sentence from
which they saved her on the day of execution by a trick,
and that she afterwards made her appearance, was married
to a gentleman of the house of Amboise in 1436, and her
sentence was annulled in 1456. Be this as it may, her
memory has long been consecrated by her countrymen,
none of whom, however, have done her so much honour
as our present poet-laureat, in his admirable poem of
« Joan of Arc." '
JOBERT (Louis), a pious and learned Jesuit, was a
native of Paris, where he was born in 1647. He taught
polite literature in his own order, and distinguished him
self as a preacher. He died at Paris in 1719. There are
several tracts of piety of his writing, besides a piece en
titled " La Science des Medailles," of which the' best
edition is that of Paris, in 1739, 2 vols. 12mo, hut this
superiority it owes to the editor, M. le Baron Bimard de
la Bastie; and even of this edition, the second volume is a
mere farrago of useless lumber. Pinkerton, who expresses
a very low opinion of this work, affirms that Jobert bor
rowed much from Charles Patiu's "Introduction to the
History of Medals," without any acknowledgment.'
JOCONDUS, or JUCUNDUS (John), an eminent an
tiquary, architect, and critic, was probably a native of
' Histories of Kngland and France. — Soutbey's Joan of Arc. — Glei j's Supple-
Blent to the Encyclopaedia Briannica.
2 Moreri,— Diet, Hist.— Pinkerton's Medals, preface.

JOCONDUS. 31
Verona, and flourished in the sixteenth century. He was
of the order of the Dominicans, but in his travels, and du
ring his scientific labours, wore the habit of a secular priest.
When at Rome, where he was first known as an architect,
he began to apply to the study of classical antiquities, and
made a judicious collection of inscriptions, which he dedi
cated to Lorenzo de Medici. He was some time at the
court of the emperor Maximilian I. and thence went to
France about 1'500, where Louis X. appointed him royai
architect. He built at Paris two bridges over the Seine",
that of Notre Dame, and the little bridge. In the mean
time, while he had leisure, he employed it in examining
ancient manuscripts, and had the felicity to recover all the
letters of Pliny the younger, and the work of Julius Obse-
quens on prodigies. These he arranged for publication,
and sent them to Aldus Manutius, by whom they were
both printed in 1508, Svo. He also collated several other
classics, and illustrated Caesar's Commentaries by useful
notes and figures, and was the first to give a design of the
famous bridge which Caesar built across the Rhine. On
his return to Italy, he edited the fine edition of Vitruvius,
printed by Aldus in 1511, and enriched it with designs.
When the famous bridge the Rialto was burnt down in
1513, he gave a magnificent design for a new one; but
that of an inferior architect being preferred, he quitted
Venice, and went to Rome, whire, after the death of
Bramante, he was employed on St. Peter's church. His
last work was the bridge over the Adige, at Verona, which
he built in 1520. He died about 1530, at a very advanced
age.' JODELLE(St£PHE>;), a celebrated French poet, was born
of a noble family at Paris, in 15 32. He was esteemed bv
Henry II. and Charles IX. but so entirely devoted to poeiry
and luxury, that he reaped no advantage from their pa
tronage, but lived in poverty. He was one of the earliest'
tragic poets of France, but abused the uncommon facility
be had in writing verses ; so that though his French poems
were much admired when their author was living, it now'
requires great patience to read them. The same cannot,-
however, be said of his Latin poetiy, which is written in a
more pure and easy style, and in a better- taste. Jodelle
wjks well acquainted with Greek and Latin, had a genius
' Tiraboschi. — Mttreri. — Nioeroti,. vol. XXX. — Saxii Oaoraas!.

32 JODELLE.
for the arts, and is said to have understood architecture,
painting, and sculpture ; he was one of the poets in the
Pleiades fancied by Ronsard, and is considered as the in
ventor of the Vers rapportds. This author died very poor,
July 1573. The collecUon of his poems was published at
Paris, 1574, 4to, and at Lyons, 1597, 12mo. It contains
two tragedies, Cleopatra, and Dido ; Eugene, a comedy ; son*
nets, songs, odes, elegies, &c. Cardinal du Perron valued
this poet's talents so little, that he used to say Jodelle's
verses were hat pois piles. ^
JOHN of SALISBURY. See SALISBURY.
JOHNSON (Charles), a dramatic writer, was origi
nally bred to the law, and a member of the Middle temple,
but being a great admirer of the muses, and finding' iu
himself a strong propensity to dramatic writing, he quitted
his profession, and by contracting an intimacy with Mr,
Wilks, the manager of the theatre, found means, through
that gentleman's interest, to get his plays on the stage
without much difficulty. Some of them met with very
good success, and being a constant frequenter of the
meetings of the wits at Will's and Button's coffee-houses,
he, by a polite and inoffensive behaviour, formed so ex
tensive an acquaintance and intimacy, as constantly in
sured him great emoluments on his benefit night ; by which
means, being a man of oeconomy, he was enabled to sub
sist very genteelly. He at length married a young widow,
with a tolerable fortune, on which he set up a tavern in
Bow-street, Covent-garden, but quitted business at his
wife's death, and lived privately on an easy competence
which he had saved. At what time he was born we know
not, but he lived in the reigns of queen Anne, king
George I. and part of George II. and died March 11, 1748.
As a dramatic writer, he is far from deserving to be placed
amongst the lowest class ; for though his plots are seldom
original, yet he has given them so many additions, and
has clothed the designs of others in so pleasing a dress,
that a great share of the merit they possess ought to be at
tributed to him.
Though, as we have observed, he was a man of a very
inoffensive behaviour, he could not escape the satire of
Pope, who, too ready to resent even any supposed offence,
has, on some trivial pique, immortalized him in the " Dun-
' fien. Diet.— Niceron, vol. XXVIU.— Moreri.— .Diet. Hist.

JOHNSON. 33
clad ;" and in one of the notes to that poem has quoted
from another piece, called " The Characters of the Times,"
the following account of him : " Charles Johnson, famous
for writing a play every year, and for being at Button's
every day. He had probably thriven better in his voca
tion, had he been a small matter leaner; he may be justly
called a martyr to obesity, and be said to have fallen a
victim to the rotundity of his parts." The friends of John
son knew that part of this account was false, and' probably
did not think very ill of a man of whom nothing mole de-r
grading could be said than that he was fat. The dramatic
pieces this author produced, nineteen in all, are enume
rated in the Biographia Dramatica. '
JOHNSON (John), an eminent divine among the non
jurors, the only son of the rev. Thomas Johnson, vicar of
Frindsbury, near Rochester, was born Dec. 30, 1662, and
was educated in the king's school in Canterbury, where
he made such progress in the three learned languages,
Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, under Mr. Lovejoy, then mas
ter of that school, that when he was very little more than
fifteen years of age, he was sent to the university of Cam
bridge, where he was admitted in the college of St. Mary
Magdalen, under the tuition of Mr. Turner, fellow of that
house, March the 4th, 1677-8. In Lent term 1631-2,
he took the degree of B. A. and soon after was nominated
by the dean and chapter of Canterbury to a scholarship in
Corpus Christi college in that university, of the founda
tion of archbishop Parker, to which he was admitted April
the 29th, 1682, under the tuirion of Mr. Beck, fellow of that
house. He took the degree of M. A. at the commence
ment 1685. Soon after he entered into deacon's orders, and
became curate to the rector of Upper and Lower Hardres,
near Canterbury. He was ordained priest by the right rev.
Dr. Thomas Sprat, lord bishop of Rochester and dean of
Westminster, December the 19th, 1686 ; and July the 9th,
1687, he was collated to the vicarage of Boughton under the
Blean, by Dr. Sancroft, archbishop of Canterbury, and at the
same time he was allowed by the same archbishop to hold the
adjoining vicarage of Hern-hill by sequestration ; both which
churches he supplied himself. About 1689 one Sale,
a man who had counterfeited holy orders, having forged
' Cibber's Lires, vol. V. — Biog, Dramatica,
Vol. XIX. D

34 JOHNSON.
letters of ordination both for himself and his father,
came into this diocese, and taking occasion from the con
fusion occasioned by the revolution during the time arch
bishop Sancroft was under suspension, and before. Dr. Til-
lotson was consecrated to the archbishopric, made it his
business to find out what livings were held by sequestration
only, and procured the broad seal for one of these for him
self, and another for his father. On this Mr. Johnson
thought it necessary to secure his vicarage of Hern -hill,
that he might prevent Sale from depriving him of that be?
nefice ; and archbishop Sancroft being then deprived ab
officio only, but not a beneficio, presented him to Hern-hill,
to which he was instituted October the 16th, 1689, by Dr.
George Oxenden, vicar-general to the archbishop, but. at
that time to the dean and chapter of Canterbury, guardians
of the spiritualities during the suspension of the archbishop.
But as the living had been so long held by sequestration,
that it was lapsed to the crown, he found it necessary to
corroborate his title with the broad seal, which was given
him April the 12th, 1690. In 1697 the vicarage of St.
John in the Isle of Thanet, to which the town of Margate
belongs, becoming void, archbishop Tenison, the patron,,
considering the largeness of the cure, was desirous to place
there a person better qualified than ordinary to supply it,
and could think of no man in his diocese more fit than
Mr. Johnson, and therefore entreated him to undertake
the pastoral care of that large and populous parish. And
because the benefice was but small, and the cure very
great, the archbishop, to induce him to accept of it, collated^
him to the vicarage of Appledore (a good benefice) on the
borders of Romney Marsh, on the 1st of May, 1697 : but
Mr. Johnson chose to hold Margate by sequestration only,.
And having now two sons ready to be instructed in learn
ing, he would not send them to school, but taught them
himself; saying tliat he thought it as much the duty of a
father to teach his own children, if he was capable of doing
it, as it was of the mother to suckle and nurse thera in
their ipfancy, if she was able ; and because he bdieved
they would learn better in company than alone, he took
tuo or three boarders to teach with them, the Sons of some
(articular friends. He was much importuned by several
others of his acquaintance to take their sons, but he
J d used. At length, finding he could not attend the pupiU

JOHNSON. 35
he had, his great cure, and his studies, in such a manner
as he was desirous to do, he entreated his patron the arch
bishop, to give him leave entirely to quit Margate, and
to retire to his cure of Appledore, which, with some diffi
culty, was at last granted him ; but not till his grace bad
made inquiry throughout his diocese and the university of
Cambridge for one who might be thought qualified to suc
ceed him. He settled at Appledore in 1703, and as soon
as his eldest son was fit for the university (which was in
1705) he sent him to Cambridge, and his other son to
school till he was of age to be put out apprentice ; and
dismissed all the rest of his scholars. He seemed much
pleased with Appledore at his first retirement thither, as a
place where he could follow his studies without interrup
tion. But this satisfaction was not of long continuance ;
for that marshy air, in a year or two, brought a severe sick
ness on himself and all his family, and his constitution (which
till then had been very good) was so broken, that he never
afterwards recovered the health he had before enjoyed.
This made him desirous to remove from thence as soon as
he could ; and the vicarage of Cranbrook becoming void,
he asked the archbishop to bestow it ou him, which his
grace readily did, and accordingly collated him to it April
the 13tb, 1707, where he continued till his death, holding
Appledore with it, In l1\0, and again in 1713, he was
chosen by the clergy of the diocese of Canterbury to be
one of their proctors for the convocation summoned to
meet with the parliament in those years. And as the first
of these convocations was permitted to sit and act, and to
treat of matters of religion (though they brought no busi
ness to any perfection, owing to the differences that had
been raised between the two houses) he constantly attended
the house of which he was a member whilst any matter was
there under debate ; and his parts and learning came to
be known and esteemed by the most eminent clergy of the
province, as they had been before by those of the diocese
where he lived ; so that from this time he was frequently
resorted to for his opinion in particular cases, and had let
ters sent to him from the remotest parts of the province of
Canterbury, and sometimes from the other province also,
requiring his opinion in matters of learning, especially as
to what concerned our religion arid ecclesiastical laws. He
continued at Cranbrook about eighteen years ; and as he
D 2

36 JOHNSON.
had been highly valued, esteemed, and beloved at al!
other places where he had resided, so was he here also by
all that were true friends, says his biographer, " to the pure
catholic religion of Jesus Christ, as professed and estab
lished in the church of England. But as there were many
dissenters of all denominauons in that place, and some
others, who (though they frequented the church, yet)
seemed to like the Dissenters better, and to side with them
-upon all occasions, except going to their meerings for re
ligious worship, I cannot say how they loved and esteemed
him. However, he was so remarkably upright in his life
and conversation, that even they could accuse him of Bo
other fault, except his known hearty zeal for the church
of England, which all impartial persons would have judged
p, virtue. For certainly those that have not an hearty
affection for a church ought not to be made priests of it.
Some of those favourers of the dissenters studied to make
him uneasy, by endeavouring to raise a party in his parish
against him, merely because they could not make him,
like themselves, a latitudinarian in matters of religion ; but
they failed in their design, and his friends were too many
for them *." A little before he left Appledore, he began
to discover that learning to the world, which till this time
was little known beyond the diocese where he Hved, ex
cept to some particular acquaintance, by printing several
tracts; though- his modesty was such, that he would not
put his name to them, till they had at least a second edi
tion. The first of these was a " Paraphrase with Notes
on the Book of Psalms according to the Translation re-
tained in our Common Prayer-Book," published in 1706.
The next book he wrote was the " Clergyman's Vade-Me-
cum," 1708, which went through five editions, and was
followed, in 1709, by a second part. In 1710 he published
the " Propitiatory Oblation in the Eucharist;" in 1714,
" The Unbloody Sacrifice," part I.; and in 1717, part II.;
in 1720, " A Collection of Ecclesiastical Laws."
In 1728, Mary his daughter and only surviving child,
being his executrix, published some posthumous dis
courses of his which he had designed for the press ; and as
no man was more careful and diligent to instruct those
* It was in his latter years that be prayers enjoined on the accession of
(probably from his intimacy with Dr. George I. This occasioned hrm some
Hiekes) became a nonjuror in principle trouble, and he was forced to submit,
and practice, denying the king's su- which he )lid very reluctantly,
premacy, and refusing to read the

JOHNSON. 37
Committed to his care in the knowledge of their duty by
his sermons and discourses, so was he no less careful to
instruct them by his example in a regular Christian life ;
and therefore none was better beloved by his parishioners
in general. This learned divine, of whom his biographer.
Dr. Brett, has given a very high, although perhaps some
what partial character, died Dec. 15, 1725, and was buried
in Cranbrook church-yard.
In 1689 he married Margaret, the daughter of Thomas
Jenkin, gent, of the isle of Thanet, and half-sister of Dr.
Robert Jenkin, master of St. John's college in Cambridge.
He had some children ; and among them a son, who died
in 1723, after having been fellow of the above college, and
rector of Standish in Lancashire.
In 1748 was published " The Life of the late Rev. J.
Johnson, &c. by the late Rev. Thomas Brett," with three
of Mr. Johnson's posthumous tracts, and part of his cor
respondence with Dr. Hickes, Mr. Nelson, and Dr. Brett.'
JOHNSON (Maurice), an excellent antiquary, and
founder of the Gentleman's Society at Spalding, was de
scended from a family much distinguished iu the last cen
tury. At Berkhamstead, the seat of one of his relations,
were half-length portraits of his grandfather, old Henry
Johnson and his lady, and sir Charles and lady Bickerstaff,
and their daughter, who was mother to sir Henry Johnson,
and to Benjamin Johnson, poet-laureat to James I. who,
agreeably to the orthography of that age, spelt his name
Jonson. Sir Henry was painted half-length, by Frederick
Zucchero ; and the picture was esteemed capital. The
family of Johnson were also allied to many other families of
consideration. Mr. Johnson, born at Spalding, a member
of the Inner Temple, London, and steward of the soke or
manor of Spalding, married early in life a daughter of
Joshua Ambler, esq. of that place. She was the grand
daughter of Sir Anthony Oldfield, and lineally descended
from Sir Thomas Gresham, the founder of Gresham-col-
lege, and of the Royal Exchange, London. By this lady
he had twenty-six children, of whom sixteen sat down to
gether to his table.
Mr. Johnson in the latter part of his life was attacked
with a vertiginous disorder in his head, which frequently
interrupted his studies, and at last put a period to his life,
> Life by Dr. Brett.— Gen. Diet.— Biog. Brit.

S8 JOHNSON.
Feb. 6, 1755. He acquired a general esteem from the
frankness andbenevolence of his character, which displayed
itself not less in social life than in the communication of
his literary researches. Strangers who applied to him for
information, though without any introduction except what
arose from a genuine thirst for knowledge congenial with
bis own, failed not to experience the hospitality of his
board. While their spirit of curiosity was feasted by the
liberal Conversation of the man of letters, their social
powers were at the same time gratified by the hospitable
frankness of the benevolent Englishman. The following
eulogium on him by Dr. Stukeley, is transcribed from the
original in the " Minutes of the Society of Antiquaries:"
"Maurice Johnson, esq. of Spalding in Lincolnshire, coun
sellor at law, a fluent orator, and of eminence in his profes
sion ; one of the last of the founders of the Society of
Antiquaries, 1717, except Br. Willis and W. Stukeley;
founder of the literary society at Spalding, Nov. 3, 1712,
which, by his unwearied endeavours, interest, and applica
tion in every kind, infinite labours in writing, collecting,
methodizing, has now [1755]. subsisted forty years in great
reputation, and excited a great spirit of learning and curi
osity in South Holland [in Lincolnshire]. They have a
public library, and all conveniences for their weekly meet-
ing. Mr. Johnson was a great lover of gardening, and had
a fine collection of plants, and an excellent cabinet of
medals. He collected large memoirs for the ' History of
Carausius,' all which, with his coins of that prince, he
sent to me, particularly a brass one which he supposed his
son, resembling those of young Tetricus. A good radiated
CAES spfa. Rev. a womar> holds a cornucopiae, resting her
right hand on a pillar or rudder, LOCis or ciSLO. In ge
neral the antiquities of the great mitred priory of Spalding,
and of this part of Lincolnshire, are for ever obliged to the
care and diligence of Maurice Johnson, who has rescued
them from oblivion."
An accurate account of his many learned communications
to the Society of Antiquaries of London, as well as of those
which he made to the society he founded at Spalding, may
be seen in the curious work which furnishes this article.'
JOHNSON (Samuel), an English divine of remarkable
learning and steadiness in suffering for the principles of th^
' History of the Spalding Society — Nichols's Bowyer.

JOHNSON. 39
Revolution in 1688, was born in 1649, in Warwickshire ;
and being put to St. Paul's school in London, studied with
(Buch success and reputation, that as soon as he was fit for
the university, he was made keeper of the library to that
school. In this station he applied himself to the Oriental
languages, in which he made great progress. He was of
Trinity- college, Cambridge, but left the university with
out taking a degree. He entered into orders, and was
presented by a friend, Mr. Robert Biddulpli, in 1669-70,
to the rectory of Corringham in Essex! This living, worth
only 80/. a year, was the only church preferment he ever
had ; and, as the air of the place did not agree with him,
he placed a curate upon the spot, and settled himself at
London ; a situation so much themore agreeable m him, as
he had a strong disposition for politics, and had even made
some progress in that study before he was presented to
this living.
The times were turbulent ; the duke of York declaring
himself a Papist, his succession to the crown began to be
warmly opposed ; and this brought the doctrine of inde
feasible hereditary right into dispute, which was strongly
disrelished by Johnson, who was naturally of no submissive
temper *. This inclination was early observed by his pa
tron, who warned him against the danger of it to one of
his profession, and advised him, if he would turn his
thoughts to that subject, to read Bracton and Fortescue
" de laudibus legum Angliae," &c. that so he might be
acquainted with the old English constitution ; but by no
means to make politics the subject of his sermons, for that
matters of faith and practice formed more suitable admo-
liitions from the pulpit. Johnson, it is said, religiously
* Of this truth we cannot have a would make nothing of lifting a coach-
stronger evidence than from himself, man off his box, and beating him, and
In a piece printed 1689, .ipeaking of throwing him into his box again. I hava
bishop Burnet's Pastoral Letter, pub- several times looked up at this tall mas-
lished a little before, in order to place tering fellow, and put the case: Sup-
king William's right to the crown upon pose this conqueror should take me up
conquest, he expresses himself thus : under his arm, like a gizzard, and run
"I will presently join issue with this away with me ; am I his subject? No,
conquering bishop, for I have not been thought I, I am my own, and not his :
afraid of a conqueror these 18 years ; and, having thus invaded me, if I could
far long since I used to walk by the not otherwise rescue myself from him,
New Exchange gate, where stood an I would smite him under the fifth rib.
overgrown porter with his gown and The application is easy." Tract con-
staff, giv ing him a resemblance of au- cerning king James's Abrogation, in
hority.w hose business it was to regulate oHr authojr'a works, p. 207, 268.
ke «oac hmcu befer« the entrance ; and

40 JOHNSON.
observed this advice ; and though, by applying hiraself td
the study of the books recommended to him, he became
well versed in the English constitution, yet he never intro
duced it in his sermons, bat employed these, with zeal,
to expose the absurdity and mischief of the Popish reli
gion, which was then too much encouraged, and would,
he thought, unavoidably be established if the next heir to
the crown was not set aside. This point he laboured inces
santly in his private conversation, and became so good a
master of the arguments for it, that the opposers of the
court gave him suitable encouragement to proceed. The
earl of Essex admitted him into his company ; and lord
William Russel, respecting hi| parts and probity, made him
his domestic chaplain. This preferment placed him in a
conspicuous point of view; and in 1679 he was appointed
to preach before the mayor and aldermen at Guildhall.
chapel, on Palm-Sunday. He took that opportunity of
preaching against Popery ; and from this time, he tells us
himself, " he threw away his liberty with both hands, and
with his eyes open, for his country's service." In short,
he began to be regarded by his party as their immoveable
bulwark; and to make good that character, while the bill
of exclusion was carried on by his patron at the head of
that party in the House of Commons, his chaplain, to pro
mote the same cause, engaged the ecclesiastical champion
of passive obedience. Dr. Hickes *, in a book entitled
" Julian the Apostate,, &c." published in 1682. This
tract being written to expose the doctrine, then generally
received, of passive obedience, was answered by Dr. Hickes,
in a piece entitled '^Jovian, &c." to which Johnson drew
up a reply, under the title of " Julian's arts to undermine
:and extirpate Christianit}'," &c. This was printed and
entered at Stationers'-hall, 1683, in order to be published;
but, seeing his patron lord Russel seized and imprisoned,
Johnson thought proper to check his zeal, and take the
advice of his friends in suppressing it.
The court, however, having information of it, he was
summoned, about two months after lord Russel was be
headed, to appear before the king and council, where the
lord keeper North examined him upon these points : 1.
" Whether he was the author of a book called ' Juhan's
? Dr. Hickes's production here attacked, was a seripon preached before Hie
ford taayoi in 1681, and published ^n 1632,

JOHNSON. 41
Arts and Methods to undermine and extirpate Christi-
ahity' .? " To which having answered in the affirmative, he
was asked, " Why, after the book had been so long entered
at Stationers'-hall, it was not published ?" To which he
replied, " That the nation was in too great a ferment to
have the matter further debated at that time." Upon this he
was commanded to produce one of those books to the coun
cil, being told that it should be published if they approved
it; but he answered, "he had suppressed them himself,
so that they were now his own private thoughts, for which
he was not accountable to any power upon earth." The
council then dismissed him ; but he was sent for twice
afterwards, and the same questions urged, to which he
returned the same answers, and was then sent prisoner to
the Gatehouse, by a warrant of commitment^dated Aug. 3,
1683, and signed by sir Leoline Jenkins, one of the privy
council, and principal secretary of state. He was bailed
out of prison by two friends, and the court used all possible
means to discover the book ; but, being disappointed in the
search, recourse was had to promises, and a considerable
sum, besides the favour of the court, was offered for one
of the copies, to the person in whose hands theywere
supposed to be lodged. This was refused ; and, as neither
threats nor promises prevailed, the court was obliged to
drop the prosecution upon that book, and an information
against Johnson was lodged in the King' s-bench, for writing
*' Julian the Apostate," &c. The prosecution was begun
and carried on by the interest of the duke of York. The
following was one of the first of the passages on which the
information was founded : "And therefore, I much wonder
at those men who trouble the nation at this time of day,
with the unseasonable prescription of pirayers and tears,
and the passive obedience of the Thebean legion, and
such-like last remedies, which are proper only at such a
time as the laws of our country are armed against our reli
gion." The attack of this apparently innocent sentence
gives a strong idea of the violence of the times.
When Mr. Johnson was brought to trial, he employed
Mr. Wallop as his counsel, who urged for his client, that
he had offended against no law of the land ; that the book,
taken together, was innocent; but that any treatise might
be made criminal, if treated as those who drew up the
information had treated this. I'he judges, however, had
order? to proceed in the cause, and the chief justice Jef-.

43 JOHNSON.
fries upbraided Johnson for meddling with tvhat did not
belong to him, and scoffingly told him, that he would
give him a text, which was, " Let every man Istudy to be
quiet, and mind his own business ;" to which Johnson re
plied, that he did mind his business as an Englishman when
he wrote that book. He was condemned, however, in a
fine of 500 marks, and committed prisoner to the King's-
bench till he should pay it. Here he lay in very neces
sitous circumstances, it being reckoned criminal to visit or
shew him any kindness ; so that few had the courage to
come near him, or give him any relief; by which means he
was reduced very low. Notwithstanding which, when his
mother, whom he had maintained for many years, sent to
him for subsistence, such was his filial affection, that though
he knew not how to supply his own wants, and those of his
wife and children, and was told on this occasion, that
" charity begins at home," he sent her forty shillings,
though he had but fifty in the world, saying, he would do
his duty, and trust Providence for his own supply. The
event shewed that his hopes were not vain ; for the next
morning he received 10/. by an unknown hand, which he
discovered at a distant period to have been sent by Dr.
Fowler, afterwards bishop of Gloucester.
Having, by the bonds of himself and two friends, obtained
the liberty of the rules, he was enabled to incur still further
dangers, by printing some pieces against Popery in 1685,
and dispersing several of them about the country at his own
expence. These being answered in three " Observators,"
by sir Roger L'Estrange, who also, discovering the printer,
seized all the copies that were in his hands, Johnson caused
a paper to be posted up everywhere, entitled " A Parcel
of wry Reasons and wrong Inferences, but right Observa-
tor." Upon the encampment of the army the following
year, 1686, on Hounslow-heath, he drew up "An humble
and hearty Address to all the Protestants in the" present
Army," &c. He had dispersed about 1000 copies of this
paper, when the rest of the impression was seized, and
himself committed to close custody, to undergo a second
trial at the King's-bench ; where he was condemned te
stand in the pillory in Palace-yard, Westminster, Charing-
cross, and the Old Exchange, to pay a fine of 500 marks,
and to be whipped from Newgate to Tyburn, after he had
been degraded from the .priesthood. This last ought ta
have been done, according to the canons, by his own dio-

JOHNSON. 43
cesan, the bishop of London, Dr. Compton ; but that pre
late being then under suspension himself (for not obeying
the king's order to suspend Dr. Sharp, afterwards arch
bishop of York, for preaching against Popery in his own
parish church of St. Giles's in the Fields), Dr. Crewe, bishop
of Durham, Dr. Sprat, bishop of Rochester, and Dr. White,
bishop of Peterborough, who were then commissioners for
the diocese of London, were appointed to degrade Mr.
Johnson. This they performed in the chapter-house of
St. Paul's, where Dr. Sherlock, and other clergymen,
attended ; but Dr. Stillingfleet, then dean of St. Paul's,
refused to be present. Johnson's behaviour on this occa
sion was observed to be so becoming that character of
which his enemies would have deprived him, that it melted
some of their hearts, and forced them to acknowledge,
that there was something very valuable in him. Among
other things which he said to the divines then present, ha
told them, in the most pathetic manner, " It could not but
grieve him to think, that, since all he had wrote was de
signed tp keep their gowns on their backs, they should be
made the unhappy instruments to pull off his ; and he
begged thera to consider whether they were not making
rods for themselves." When they came to the formality
of putting a Bible in his hand and taking it from him again,
he was much affected, and parted from it with difficulty,
kissed it, and said, with tears, " That they could not,
however, deprive him of the use and benefit of that sacred
depositum." It happened, that they were guilty of an
omission, in not stripping him of his cassock ; which,
slight as such a circumstance may seem, rendered his
degradation imperfect, and afterwards saved him his
living *.
A Popish priest made an offer for 200/. to get the
whipping part of the sentence remitted : the money was
accordingly lodged, by one of Johnson's friends, in a third
hand, for the priest, if he performed what he undertook ;
but to no purpose ; the king was deaf to all intreaties : the
answer was, " That since Mr. Johnson had the^ spirit of
martyrdom, it was St he should suffer." Accordingly, Dec.
1, 1686, the sentence was rigorously put in execution;
which yet he bore with great firmness, and went through
* He came with it on to the pillory, where Mr. Kouse, the imder-sheriff, tore it
uff, and put a frize coat upon him. Report ef the committee in 1689.

44 JOHNSON.
even with alacrity. He observed afterwards to an intimate
friend, that this text of Scripture which came suddenly
into his mind, " He endured the cross, despising the
shame," so much animated and supported him in his bitter
journey, that, had he not thought it would have looked
"like vain-glory, he could have sung a psalm while the
executioner was doing his office, with as much composure
and cheerfulness as ever he bad done in the church ; though
at the same time he had a quick sense of every stripe
which was given hira, to the number of 317, with a whip
of nine cords knotted. This was the more remarkable in
him, because he had not the least tincture of enthusiasm *.
The truth is, he was endued with a natural hardiness of
temper to a great degree ; and being inspirited by au
eager desire to suffer for the cause he had espoused, he
was enabled to support himself with the firmness of a
martyr. After the execution of this sentence, the king
gave away his living ; and the clerg3'man who had the
grant of it, made application to the three bishops above-
mentioned for institution ; but they, being sensible of his
imperfect degradation, would not grant it without a bond
of indemnity ; after which, when he went to Corringham
for induction, the parishioners opposed him, so that he
could never obtain entrance, but was obliged to return re
irifectd. Mr. Johnson thus kept his living, and with it, his
resolution also to oppose the measures of the court ; in
somuch tlidt, before he was out of the surgeon's hands, he
reprinted 3000 copies of his " Comparison between Popery
and Paganism." These, however, were not then piiblished;
but not long after, about the time of the general tolera
tion, he published "The Trial and Examination of ,a late
Libel," &c. which was followed by others every year till
the Revolution. The parliament afterwards, taking his
case into consideration, resolved, June 11, 1689, that the
judgement against him in the King's-bench, upon an in
formation for a misdemeanor, was cruel and illesal ;
and a committee was at the same time appointed to
bring in a bill for reversing that judgement. Being also
ordered to inquire how Mr. Johnson came to be degraded,
and by what authority it was done, Mr. Christy, the chair
man, some days after reported his case, by which it ap-
* Excepting this, he seems to have semblance, both in the hardiness of bis
been cast in much such a mould as John temper, and in the quari«lsomeneiS
Wburn, to whom he bote a great re- of it.

JOHNSON. 45
pears, that a libel was then exhibited against him, charging
him with great misdemeanors, though none were specified
or proved ; that he demanded a copy of the libel, and an
advocate, both which were denied ; that he protested against
the proceedings, as contrary to law and the 132d canon,
not being done by his own diocesan ; but his protestation
was refused, as was also his appeal to the king in chancery ;
and that Mrs. Johnson had also an information exhibited
against her, for the like matter as that against her hus
band. The committee came to the following resolutions,
which were all agreed to by the house : "That the judge
ment against Mr. Johnson was illegal and cruel : that the
ercclesiastical commission was illegal, and consequently, the
suspension of the bishop of London, and the authority
committed to three bishops, null and illegal: that Mr.
Johnson's not being degraded by his own diocesan, if he had
deserved it, was illegal : that a bill be brought in to reverse
the judgement, and to declare all the proceedings before
the three bishops null and illegfl.1 : and that an address be
made to his majesty, to recommend Mr. Johnson to some
ecclesiastical preferment, suitable to his services and suf
ferings." The house presented two addresses to the king,
in behalf of Mr. Johnson : and, accordingly, the deanery
of Durham was offered him, which however he refused, as
an unequal reward for his services.
The truth is, he was his own chief enemy ; and his dis
appointment, in his expectations of preferment, was the
effect of his own temper and conduct. For, with very
good abilities, considerable learning, and great clearness,
strength, and vivacity of sentiment and expression, of which
his writings are a sufficient evidence ; and with a firmness
of mind capable of supporting the severest trials, for any
cause which he considered as important, he was passionate,
impatient of contradiction, conceited in his own opinions,
haughty, apt to overrate his own services, and undervalue
those of others, whose advancement above himself was an
insupportable mortification to him. The roughness of his
temper, and turbulency of his genius, rendered him also
unfit for the higher stations of the church, of which he was
immoderately ambitious. Not being able to obtain a
bishopric, lady Russel made use of the influence she had
with Dr. Tillotson, to solicit a pension for him * ; and in
consequence of this application, king William granted him
• Tillotson laboured the matter very abusing him and reviling him all the
Jicartily, though Johnson oontinued time. While he was in prison also,

46 JOHNSON.
300/. a year out of the post-office, for his ovm and his son's
life, with 1000/. in money, and a place of 100/. a year for
his son.
Violence produces violence ; and his enemies were so
much exasperated against him, that his life was frequently
endangered. After publishing his famous tract, entitled
" An Argument proving that the Abrogation of King
James," &c. which was levelled against all those who com
plied with the Revolution upon any other principles than
his own, in 1692, a remarkable attempt was actually made
upon him. Seven assassins broke into his house in Bond-
street, Nov, 27, very early in the morning; and five of
them, with a lantern, got into his chamber, where he, with
his wife and young son, were in bed. Mr. Johnsorv was
fast asleep ; but his wife, being awaked by their opening
the door, cried out. Thieves ; and endeavoured to awaken
her husband : the villains in the mean time threw open the
curtains, three of them placed themselves on that side of
the bed where he lay, with drawn swords and clubs, and
two stood at the bed's feet with pistols. Mr. Johnson
started up ; and, endeavouring to defend himself from
their assaults, received a blow on the head, which knocked
him backwards. His wife cried out with great earnestness,
and begged them not to treat a sick man with such barba
rity; upon which they paused a little, and one of the
miscreants called to Mr. Johnson to hold up his face, which
his wife begged him to do, thinking they only designed
to gag him, and that they would rifle the house and be
gone. Upon this he sat upright; when one of the rogues
cried, " Pistol him for the book he wi-ote ;" which disco
vered their design ; for it was just after the publishing of
the book last mentioned. Whilst he sat upright in his bed,
one of them cut him with a sword over the eye-brow, and
the rest presented their pistols at him ; but, upon Mrs.
Johnson's passionate intreaties, they went off without doing
him further mischief, or rifling the house. A surgeon was
immediately sent for, who found two wounds in his head,
and his body much bruised. With due care, however, he
recovered ; and though his health was much impaired and
broken by this and 6ther troubles, yet he handled his pen
with the same unbroken spirit as before. He died in Maf
1703.
Tillotson had sent- him SOI. which, utmost contempt. EireU'! Lifi of Tik
though his necessities obliged him to lotson, p. 201.
accept, yet hj did it with an air of the

JOHNSON. 47
In 1710 all his treatises were collected, and published
in one folio volunae ; to which were prefixed some memo
rials of his life. The second edition came out in 1713,
folio.' JOHNSON (Samuel), one of the most eminent and
highly-distinguished writers of the eighteenth century, was
born on the 18th of September, 1709, at Lichfield in Staf
fordshire, where his father, Michael Johnson, a native of
Derbyshire, of obscure extraction, was at that time a
bookseller and stationer. His mother, Sarah Ford, was a
native of Warwickshire, and sister to Dr. Ford, physician,
who was father to Cornelius Ford, a clergyman of loose
character, whom Hogarth has satirized in the print of
Modern Midnight Conversation. Our author was the
eldest of two sons. Nathaniel, the youngest, died in
1737 in his twenty-fifth year. The father was a man of
robust body and active mind, yet occasionally depressed
by melancholy, which Samuel inherited, and, with the aid
of a stronger mind, was not always able to shake off. He
was also a steady high-churchman, and an adherent of the
house of Stuart, a prejudice which his son outlived in the
nation at large, without entirely conquering in himself. Mrs.
Johnson was a woman of good natural understanding, un
improved by education ; and our author acknowledged with
gratitude, that she endeavoured to instil sentiments of
piety as soon as his mind was capable of any instruction.
There is little else in his family history worthy of notice,
nor had he much pleasure in tracing his pedigree. He
venerated others, however, who could produce a recorded
ancestry, and used to say, that in him this was disinterested,
for he could scarcely tell who was his grandfather. That
he was remarkable in his early years has been supposed,
but many proofs have not been advanced by his biographers.
He had, indeed, a retentive memory, and soon discovered
symptoms of an impetuous temper ; but these circum
stances are not enough to distinguish him from hundreds
of children who never attain eminence. In his infancy he
was afflicted with the scrophula, which injured his sight,
and he was carried to London to receive the royal touch
from the hand of queen Anne, the last of our sovereigns
who encouraged that popular superstition.
' Biog. Brit. — Gen. Diet. — Life prefixed to his Works. — Birch's Life of Til
lotson.— Knight's Life of Golet.— Kettlewell's Life, p. 331.- Cgmljer's Life of
Conber, p. m.

48 JOHNSON.
He was first taught to read English by a woman who
kept a school for young children at Lichfield ; and after
wards by one Brown. Latin he learned at Lichfield school,
under Mr. Hunter, a man of severe discipline, but an
attentive teacher. Johnson owned that he needed correc
tion, and that his master did not spare him ; but thii, in
stead of being the cause of unpleasant recollections in his
advanced life, served only to convince him that severity in
school-education is necessary ; and in all his conversations
on the subject, he persisted in pleading for a liberal use of
the rod. At this school his superiority was soon acknow
ledged by his companions, who could not refuse submis
sion to the ascendancy which he acquired. His proficiency,
however, as in every part of his life, exceeded his appa
rent diligence. He could learn more than others in the
same allotted time : and he was learniner when he seemed
to be idle. He betrayed an early aversion to stated tasks,
but, if roused, he could recover the time he appeared to
have lost with great facility. Yet he seems afterwards to
have been conscious that much depends on regularity of
study, and we find him often prescribing to himself stated
portions of reading, and recommending the same to others.
No man perhaps was ever more sensible of his failings, or
avowed them with more candour ; nor, indeed, would many
of thera have been known, if he had not exhibited them
as warnings. His memory was uncommonly tenacious, and
tp his last days he prided himself on it, considering a
defect of memory as the prelude of total decay. Perhaps
he carried this doctrine rather too far when he asserted,
that the occasional failure of memory in a man of seventy
must imply something radically wrong ; but it may be in
general allowed, that the memory is a pretty accurate
standard of mental strength. Although his weak sight
prevented him from joining in the amusements of his
schoolfellows, for which he was otherwise well qualified by
personal courage and an ambition to excel, he found an
equivalent pleasure in sauntering in the fields, or reading
such books as came in his wav, particularly old romances.
For these he retained a fondness throughout life ; but was
wise and candid enough to attribute to them, in some de
gree, that unsettled turn of mind which prevented his fixing
in any profession.
¦About the age of fifteen he paid a long visit to his uncle
Cornelius Ford; but on his return, his master, Hunter,

JOHNSON. 49
refused to receive him again on the foundation of Lichfield
school. What his reasons were is not known. He was
now removed to the school of Stourbridge in Worcester
shire, where he remained about a year, with very little
acquisition of knowledge; but here, as well as at Lichfield,
he gave several proofs of his inclination to poetry, and
afterwards published some of these juvenile productions
in the Gentleman's Magazine. From Stourbridge he re
turned home, where he remained about two years without
any regular application. His time, however, was not
entirely wasted, as he employed it in reading many of the
ancient writers, and stored his mind with so much various
information, that when, he went to Oxford, Dr. Adams said
he " was the best qualified for the university that he had
ever known come there."
By what means his father was enabled to defray the
expence of an university education has not been very
accurately told. It is generally reported that he went to
assist the studies of a young gentleman of the name of
Corbet. His friend. Dr. Taylor, assured Mr. Boswell
that he never could have gone to college, had not a gen
tleman of Shropshire, one of his schoolfellows, sponta
neously undertaken to support him at Oxford, in the cha
racter of his companion, though, in fact, he never re
ceived any assistance whatever from that gentleman. He
was, however, entered a commoner of Pembroke college
on the Slst.October, 1728. His tutor was Mr. Jordan, a
fellow of Pembroke, a man whom Johnson mentioned with
respect many years after, but to whose instructions he did
not pay much regard, except that he formally attended his
lectures, as well as those in the college hall. It was at
Jordan's request that he translated Pope's Messiah into
Latin verse, as a Christmas exercise. Pope is said to have
expressed his high approbation of it ; but critics in that
language, among whom Pope could never be ranked, have
not considered Johnson's Latin poems as the happiest of his
compositions. When Jordan left college to accept of a
living, Johnson became the scholar of Dr. Adams, who
walS afterwards the head of Pembroke, and with whom
Johnson maintained a strict friendship to the last hour
of hb life. ,
During the vacation in the following year, he suffered se
verely by an attack of his constitutional melancholy, acdom-
panied by alternate irritation, fretfulness, and languor. It
Vol. XIX. E

so JOHNSON.
appears, however, that he resisted his disorder by every
effort of a great mind, and proved that it did not arise from
want of mental resources, or weakness of understanding.
On his return to the university, he probably continued his
desultory manner of reading, and occasionally formed reso
lutions of regular study, in which he seldom persisted.
Among his companions he was looked up to as a young man
of wit and spirit, singular and unequal in temper, impa
tient of college rules, and not over-respectful to his
seniors. Such at least seems to be the result of Mr. Bos-
well's inquiries, but little is known with certainty, except
what is painful to relate, that he either put on an air of
gaiety to conceal his anxious cares, or secluded himself
from company that that poverty might not be known,
which at length compelled him to leave college without a
degree. He now (1731) returned to Lichfield, with very gloomy
prospects. His father died a few months after his return,
and the little he left behind him was barely sufficient for
the temporary support of his widow. In the following
year he accepted the place of usher of the school of
Market Bosworth in Leicestershire, an employment which
the pride of Sir V/olstan Dixie, the pati-on, soon rendered
irksome, and he threw it up in a disgust which recurred
whenever he recollected this part of his history. For six
months after he resided at Birmingham as the guest of
Mr. Hector, an eminent surgeon, and is supposed during
that time to have furnished some periodical- essays for a
newspaper printed by Warren, a bookseller in Birming
ham. Here, too, he abridged and translated Father Lobo's
Voyage to Abyssinia, which was published in 1735 by
Bettesworth and Hitch in Paternoster-row, London. For
this, his first literary performance, he received the small
sum of five guineas. In the translation there is little that
marks the hand of Johnson ; but in the preface and dedi
cation are a few passages in the same energetic and manly
style which he may be said to have invented, and to have
taught to his counttymen.
In 1734 he returned to Lichfield, and issued proposals
for. an edition of the Latin poems of Politian, with the
history of Latin poetry, from the sra of Petrarch to the
time of Politian, and also the life of Politian ; the book tt)
be printed in thirty octavo sheets, price five shillings!
Those who have not attended to the literary history of this

JOHNSON. 51
country will be surprized that such a work could not be
undertaken without the precaution of a subscription ; and
they will regret that in this case the subscription was so
inadequate to the expence of printing, as to deter our au
thor from executing what probably would have made him
known and patronized by the learned world.
Disappointed in this scheme, he offered his services to
Mr. Cave, the proprietor and editor of the Gentleman's
Magazine, who had given some proofs of a liberg,l spirit of
enterprize, in caUing forth the talents of imknown and in
genious writers. On this occasion he suggested some im
provements in the management of the Magazine, and spe
cified the articles which he was ready to supply. Cave
answered his letter, but it does not appear that any agree
ment was formed at this time. He soon, however, en
tered into a connection of a more tender kind, which ended
in marriage. His wife, who was about twenty years older
than himself, was the widow of Mr. Porter, a mercer, of
Birmingham, a lady whose character has been variously re
presented, but seldom to her discredit. She was, however,
the object of his first passion, and although they did not
pass the whole time of their union in uninterrupted har
mony, he lamented her death with unfeigned sorrow, and
retained an enthusiastic veneration for her memory.
She had a fortune of eight hundred pounds, and with
part of this, he hired a large house at Edial near Lichfield,
which he fitted up as an academy where young gentlemen
were to be boarded and taught the Latin and Greek lan
guages. Gilbert Walmsley, a man of learning and worth,
whom he has celebrated by a character drawn with un
paralleled elegance, endeavoured to promote this plan, but
it proved abortive. Three pupils only appeared, one of
whom was David Garrick. With these he made a shift to
keep the school open for about a year and a half, and was
then obliged to discontinue it, perhaps not much against
his inclination. No man knew better than Johnson what
ought to be taught, but the business of education was con
fessedly repugnant to his habits and his temper. During
this short residence at Edial, he wrote a considerable part
of his " Irene," which Mr. Walmsley advised him to pre
pare for the stage, and it was probably by this gentleman's
advice that he determined to try his fortune in London.
His pupil Garrick had formed the same resolution ; and ia
March. 1737, they arrived in London together. Garrick,
E 2

52 JOHNSON.
after some farther preparatory education, was designed for
the study of the law, but in three or four years went on the
stage, and obtained the highest honours that dramatic fame
could confer, with a fortune splendid beyond all prece
dent. The difference in the lot of these two young men
might lead to many reflections oj) the taste of the age, and
the value of its patronage; but they are too obvious to be
¦obtruded on any reader of feeling or judgment, and to
others they would be unintelligible.
In what manner Johnson was employed for some time
after his arrival in London, is not known. He brought a
small sum of money with him, and he husbanded it with
frugality, while he mixed in such society as was accessible
to a friendless and uncourtly scholar, and amused himself
in contemplating the manners of the metropolis. It ap
pears that at one time he took lodgings at Greenwich,
and proceeded by fits to complete his tragedy. He re
newed his application also to Cave, sending him a speci
men of a translation of the " History of the Council of
Trent," and desiring to know if Cave would join in the
publication of it. Cave appears to have consented, for
twelve sheets were printed, for which our author received
forty-nine pounds ; but another translation being announced
about the same period (1738) bj' a rival whose name was
also Samuel Johnson, librarian of St. Martin's in the
Fields, our author desisted, and this other design was also
dropped. In the course of the summer he went to Lichfield,
where he had left Mrs. Johnson, and there, during a resi
dence of three months, finished his tragedy for the stage.
On his return to Lonclon with Mrs. Johnson, he endea-
%'oured to' prevail on Fleetwood, the patentee of Drury-
Jane theatre, to accept " Irene," but in this was unsuccess
ful, and having no interest with any other manager, he
laid aside his play in pursuit of literary employment. He
had now become personally known to Cave, and began to
contribute to the Magazine original poetry, Latin and
English, translations, biographical sketches, and other mis
cellaneous articles, particulariy the debates in parliament,
under the name of the Senate of Lilliput. At that time
the debates were not allowed to be published, as now, the
morning after the day of meeting, and the only safe mode
of conveying the substance of them to the pubhc was by
adopting a historical form at more distant periods. At first

JOHNSON. 53
Johnson merely revised the manuscript as written by
Guthrie *, who then supplied this department of the Maga
zine ; but when he had attained a higher rank among au
thors, the whole devolved on his coadjutor. His only ma
terials were a few notes supplied by persons who attended
the houses of parliament, from which, and sometimes from
information even more scanty, he compiled a series of
speeches, of which the sentiments as well as the style were
often his own. In his latter days he disapproved of this
practice, and desisted from writing the speeches as soon as
he found they were thought genuine.
The value of his contributions to this Magazine must
have been soon acknowledged. It was then in its infancy,
and there is a visible improvement from the time he began
to write for it. Cave had a contriving head, but with too
much of literary quackery. Johnson, by recommending
original or selected pieces calculated to improve the taste
and judgment of the public, raised the dignity of the Ma
gazine above its contemporaries ; and to him we certainly
owe, in a great measure, the various information and lite
rary history for which that miscellany has ever been distin
guished, and in which it has never been interrupted by a
successful rival. By some manuscript memorandums con
cerning Dr. Johnson, written by the late Dr. Farmer, and
obhgingly given to the writer of this life by Mr. Nichols,
it appears that he was considered as the conductor or edi
tor of the Magazine for some time, and received an hun
dred pounds per annum from Cave.
In 1738 he made his name at once known and highly
respected among the eminent men of his time, by the pub
lication of " London," a poem in imitation of the third
satire of Juvenal. The history of this publication is not
uninteresting. Young authors did not then present them
selves to the public without much cautious preparation.
Johnson conveyed his poem to Cave as the production of
another, of one who was " under very disadvantageous
circumstances of fortune ;" and as some small encourage
ment to the printer, he not only offered to correct the
press, but even to alter any stroke of satire which he might
dislike. Cave, whose heart appears to more advantage in
this than in some other of his transactions with authors,
* Guthr'e composed the parliamentary speeches from July 1^36, and John-
son succeeded hira November 1140, and continued them to February 1742-3,

54 JOHNSON.
sent a present to Johnson for the use of his poor friend,
and afterwards, it appears, recommended Dodsley as a
purchaser. Dodsley had just begun business, and had spe
culated but on a few publications of no great consequence.
He had, however, judgment enough to discern the merit
of the poem now submitted to him, and bargained for the
whole property. The sum Johnson received was ten gui
neas, and such were his circumstauces, or such the state of
literary property at that time, that he was fully content,
and was ever ready to acknowledge Dodsley's useful pa
tronage. The poem was accordingly published in May
1738, and on the same morning with Pope's satire of
" Seventeen hundred and thirty-eight." Johnson's was so
eagerly bought up, that a second edition became necessary
in less than a week. Pope behaved on this occasion with
great liberality. He bestowed high praise on the " Lon
don," and intimated that the author, whose name had not
yet appeared, could not be long concealed. — In this poem
may be observed some of those political prejudices for
which Johnson frequently contended afterwards. He
thought proper to join in the popular clamour against the
administration of sir Robert Walpole ; but lived to reflect
with more complacency on the conduct of that minister,
when compared with some of his successors.
His " London" procured him fame, and Cave was not
sorry to have engaged the services of a man whose talents
had now the stamp of public approbation. Whether he
had offers of patronage, or was thought a formidable eneiiiy
to the minister, is not certain ; but, having leisure to cal
culate how little his labours were likely to produce, he
soon began to wish for some establishment of a more per
manent kind. With this view an offer was made to him of
the mastership of the school of Appleby in Leicestershire,
the salary of which was about sixty pounds, but the laws
of the school required that the candidate should be a master
of arts. The university of Oxford, when applied to, re
fused to grant this favour. Earl GoweV was then solicited,
in behalf of Johnson, by Pope, who knew him only as the
aut|ior of " London." His lordship accordingly wrote tc)
Swift, soliciting a diploma from the university of Dublin,
but, for what reason we are not told, this application, too,
was unsuccessful. Mr. Murphy says, " There is reason to
think, that Swift declined to meddle in the business ; and
to that circumstance Johnson's known dislike of Swift has

JOHNSON. 55
been often imputed." That Swift declined to meddle in
the business is not improbable, for it appears by his letters
of this date (August 1738) that he was incapable of attend
ing to any business; but Johnson's Life of Swift proves
that his dislike had a more honourable foundation.
About this time Johnson formed a design of studying the
civil law, in order to practise in the Commons, yet this
also was rendered impossible for want of a degree, and he
was obliged to resume his labours in the Gentleman's Ma
gazine. The various articles which came from his pen are
enumerated in chronological series by Mr. Boswell. It
will be sufficient for our purpose to notice only his more
important productions, or such as were of sufficient conse
quence to be published separately. In 1739, he wrote
" A Complete Vindication of the Licensers of the Stage,
from the malicious and scandalous aspersions of Mr. Brooke,
author of Gustavus Vasa;" and a political tract entitled
" Marmor Norfolciense, or an Essay on an ancient pro
phetical inscription, in monkish rhyme, lately discovered
near ^Lynne in Norfolk, by Probus Britannicus." These
pieces, it is almost needless to add, were ironical, a mode I
of writing in which our author was not eminently success- /
ful. Some notice has already been taken of " Gustavus
Vasa" in the Life of Brooke. The " Marmor Norfolciense"
was a severe attack on the Walpole administration, and on
the reigning family ; but whether it was not well under
stood, or when understood, considered as feeble, it cer
tainly was not much attended to by the friends of govern
ment, nor procured to the author the reputation of a dan
gerous opponent. Sir John Hawkins indeed says that a
prosecution was ordered, but of this no traces can be found
in any of the public oflaces. One of his political enemies
reprinted it in 1775, to shew what a change had been
effected in his principles by a pension ; but the publisher
does not seem to have known what a very small change was
really effected, and how little was necessary to render
Johnson a loyal,subject to his munificent sovereign, and a
determined enemy of the popular politics of that time.
His next publication of any note was his " Life of Sa
vage," which he afterwards prefixed to that poet's works
when admitted into his collection. With Savage he had
been for some time intimately acquainted, but how long is
not known. They met at Cave's house. Johnson admired
his abilities, and while he sympathized with the very sin-

56 JOHNSON.
gular train of misfortunes which placed him among the in
digent, was not less touched by his pride of spirit, and
the lofty demeanour with which he treated those who neg
lected him.- In all Savage's virtues, there was much in
common with Johnson, but his narrative shows with what
nicety he could separate his virtues from his vices, and
blame even firmness and independence when they degene
rated into obstinacy and misanthropy. He has concealed
none of Savage's failings ; and what appears of the excul-
pator3r kind is merely an endeavour to present a just view
of that unfortunate combination of circumstances, by which
Savage was driven from the paths of decent and moral life ;
and to incite every reflecting person to put the important
question " who made me to differ ?" This Life, of which
two editions were very speedily sold, affords an extraor
dinary proof of the facihty with which Johnson composed.
He wrote forty-eight pages of the printed copy in the
course of a day or night, for it is not very clear which.
His biographer, who records this, enters at the same time
into a long discussion intended to prove that Savage was
not fKe son of the countess of Macclesfield ; but had this
been possible, it would surely have been accomplished-
when the proof might have been rendered unanswerable.
In 1745 he published " Miscellaneous Observations on
the Tragedy of Macbeth, with remarks on sir Thomas Han-
mer's edition of Shakspeare," to which he affixed propo
sals for a new edition of that poet ; and it is probable that
he was now devoting his whole time to this undertaking,
as we find a suspension of his periodical contributions
during the years 1745 and 1746. It is perhaps too rash to
conclude that he declined writing in the Magazine, because
be would not join in the support of government during the
rebellion in Scotland ; but there are abundant proofs in Mr.
Bosuell's Life, that his sentiments were favourable to that
attempt. As to his plan of an edition of Shakspeare, he
had many difficulties to encounter. Little notice was taken
of his proposals, and Warburton was known to be- engaged
in a similar undertaking. Warburton, however, had the
liberality to praise his " Observations on Macbeth," as the
production of a man of parts and genius ; and Johnson
never forgot the favour. Warburton, he said, praised him;
when praise was of value.
In 1747 he resumed his labours in the Gentleman's
Miigazine, and although many entire pieces cannot be

JOHNSON. 57
ascertained to have come from his pen, he was frequently,
if not constantly, employed to superintend the materials of
the Magazine, and several introductory passages may be
pointed out which bear evident marks of his composition.
In this year his old pupil and friend, Garrick, became
manager of Drury-lane theatre, and obtained from Johtison
a prologue, which is generally esteemed one of the finest
productions of that kind in our language. In this year also
be issued his plan for a " Dictionary of the English lan
guage." The design of this great work was at first suggested by
Dodsley; and Johnson, having consented to undertake it,
entered into an agreement Cvith the booksellers for the sum
of fifteen hundred guineas, which he was to receive in
small payments proportioned to the quantity of manuscript
sent to the press. The plan was addressed to the cele
brated earl of Chesterfieltl, who had discovered an inclina
tion to be the patron of the author ; and Johnson, having
made suitable preparations, hired a house in Gough-square,
engaged amanuenses, and began a task which he carried
on by fits, as inclination and health permitted, for nearly
eight years. His amanuenses were six in number, and
employed upon what may be termed the mechanical part
of the work, but their expences and his own were so con
siderable, that before the work was concluded he had re
ceived the whole of the money stipulated for iu his agree
ment with the proprietors. In what time it might have
been completed, had he, to use his own phrase, " set dog
gedly about it,", it is useless to conjecture, and it would
perhaps have been hurtful to try. Whoever has been em
ployed on any great literary work knows, not only the
pleasure, but the necessity of occasional relaxation ; and
Johnson's mind, stored with various knowledge, and a rich
fund of sentiment, afforded him many opportunities of this
kind, in addition to the love of society, which was his pre
dominant passion. We find accordingly that during the
years in which his Dictionary was on hand, he accepted
some inferior employment from the booksellers, and pro
duced some of the most valuable of his original works.
In 1749 he published his second imitation of Juvenal,
under the title of the " Vanity of Human Wishes," for
which, with all the fame he had now acquired, he received
only fifteen guineas. In his " London," we have the
manners of common life ; in the " Vanity of Human

.*S JOHNSON.
Wishes," he has given us more of his own mind, more of
that train of sentiment, e-xcited sometimes by poverty, and
sometimes by disappointinent, which always inclined him
to view the gloomy side of human affairs. In the same
year Garrick offered to produce his " Irene" on the Drury-
lane theatre, but presumed at the same time to suggest
such alterations as his superior knowledge of stage efi'ect
might be supposed to justify. Johnson did not much like
that his labours should be revised and amended at the
pleasure of an actor, and with some difficulty was persuaded
to yield to Garrick's advice. The play, however, was at
length performed, but without much success ; although
the manager contrived to have it played long enough to
entitle the author to the profits of his three nights, and
Dodsley bought the copyright for one hundred pounds. It
has ever been admired in the closet, for the propriety of
its sentiments and the elegance of its language.
In 1750 he commenced a work which raised his fame
higher than it had ever yet reached, and will probably
convey his name to the latest posterity. He appears to
have entered on "The Rambler" without any communica
tion with his friends, or desire of assistance. Whether he
proposed the scheme himself, is uncertain, but he was
fortunate in fdrming a connexion with Mr. John Payne, a
bookseller in Paternoster-row, and afterwards chief ac
countant in the Bank of England, a man with whom he
lived many years in habits of friendship, and who on the
present occasion treated him with great liberality. He
engaged to pay him two guineas for each paper, or four
guineas per week, which at that time must have been to
Johnson a very considerable sum; and he admitted him to
a share of the future profits of the work, when it should
be collected into volumes ; this share Johnson afterwards
sold. As a full history of this paper has been given in
another work *, it may suffice to add, that it began Tues
day, March 20, 1749-50, and closed on Saturday, March
14, 1752. So conscious was Johnson that his fame would
in a great measure rest on this production, that he cor
rected the first two editions with the most scrupulous care,
of which specimens are given in the volume referred to in
the note.
In 1751 he was carrying on his " Dictionary" and "The
* British Essayists, vol. XIX. Preface to the Rambler.

JOHNSON. S9
Rambler;" and besides some occasional contributions to
the Magazine, assisted in the detection of Lauder, who had
imposed on him and on the world by advancing forged
evidence that Milton was a gross plagiary. Dr. Douglas,
the late bishop of Salisbury, was the first who refuted this
nnprincipled impostor ; and Johnson, whom Lauder's inge
nuity had induced to write a preface and postscript to his
work, now dictated a letter addressed to Dr. Douglas, ac
knowledging his fraud in terms of contrition, which Lau
der subscribed. The candour of Johnson on this occasion
was as readily acknowledged at that time, as it has since
been misrepresented by the bigotted adherents to Milton's
politics. Lauder, however, returned to his " dirty work,"
and published in 1754, a pamphlet entitled "The Grand
Impostor detected, or Milton convicted of forgery against
Charles 1." which was reviewed, with censure, in the
Gentleman's Magazine of that year, and probably by
Johnson. " The Rambler" was concluded on March 14, 1752 ; and
three days after, the author's wife died, a loss which he
long deplored, and never, at the latest period of his life,
recollected without emotion. Many instances of his affec
tion for her occur in the collection of " Prayers and Me
ditations" published after his death, which, however they
may expose him to ridicule, combine to prove that his at
tachment to her was uniformly sincere. She was buried at
Bromley, and Johnson placed a Latin inscription on her
tomb. She left a daughter by her former husband, and by
her means our author became acquainted with Mrs. Anne
Williams, the daughter of Zachary Williams, a physician
who died about this time. Mrs. Williams was a woman of
eonsiderable talents, and her conversation was interesting.
She was left in poverty by her father, and had the addi
tional affliction of being totally blind. To relieve his me
lancholy reflections, Johnson took her home to his house
in Gough-square, procured her a benefit play from Gar
rick, and assisted her in publishing a volume of poems, by
both of which schemes she raised about three hundred
founds. With this fund she became an inmate in John-
Son's house, where she passed the remainder of her days,
protected and cheered by every act of kindness and ten
derness which he could have showed to the nearest relation.
When he had in some measure recovered from the shock
of Mrs. Johnson's death, he contributed several papers to

60 JOHNSON.
the " Adventurer," which was carried on by Dr. Hawkes-
worth and Dr. Warton.' The profit of these papers he is
said to have given to Dr, Bathurst, a physician of little
practice, but a very amiable man, whom he highly re
spected. Mr. Boswell thinks he endeavoured to make them
pass for Bathurst's, which is highly improbable *. In 1754
we find him approaching to the completion of his "Dic
tionary." Lord Chesterfield, to ifhom he once looked up
as to a liberal patron, had treated him with neglect, of
which, after Johnson declined to pay court to such a man,
he became sensible, and, as an effort at reconciliation,
wrote two papers in the " World," recommending the
Dictionary, and soothing the author by some ingenious
compliments. Had there been no previous offence, it is
probable this end would have answered, and Johnson would
have dedicated the work to him. He loved praise, and
from lord Chesterfield, the M^cenas of the age, and the
most elegant of noble writers, praise was at this time va-.
luable. But Johnson never departed from exacting the
just respect due to a man of letters, and was not to be
appeased by the artifice of these protracted compliments.
He could not even brook that his lordship should for a
moment suppose him reconciled by his flattery, but imme
diately wrote that celebrated letter which has been so much
admired as a model of dignified contempt. The allusion
to the loss of his wife, and to his present situation, is ex
quisitely beautiful. — " The notice which you have been
pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been
kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and
cannot enjoy it ; till I am solitary, and cannot impart
it ; till I am known, and do not want it." Lord Chester
field is said to have concealed his feelings on this occasion
with his usual art, conscious, perhaps, that they were not
to be envied.
In 1755 the degree of M. A. was conferred upon him by
the university of Oxford, after which (in May) his " Dic
tionary" was published in two large volumes, folio. Of a
work so well known it is unnecessary to say more in this
place, than that after the lapse of half a century, neither
envy has injured, nor industry rivalled its usefulness or
popularity. In the following year he abridged his " Dig-
* See this matter explained in the preface to the Adventurer, British EssayistSj
vol. XXI n.

J O H N S O'N. 61
tionary into an octavo size, and engaged to superintend a
monthly publication entitled " The Literary Magazine, or
Universal Register." To this he contributed a great many
articles enumerated by Mr. Boswell, and several reviews
of new books. The most celebrated of his reviews, and
one of his most finished compositions, both in point of
style, argument, and wit, was that of Soame Jenyns's ">Free
Inquiry into the nature and origin of Evil." This attracted
so much notice that the bookseller was encouraged to pub
lish it separately, and two editions were rapidly sold. The
Magazine continued about two years, after which it was
dropped for want of encouragement. He wrote also in
1756 some essays in the. " Universal Visitor," another
magazine, which lasted only a year. His friend Cave died
in 1754, and, for whatever reason, Johnson's regular con
tributions appear no more in the Gentleman's Magazine.
But he wrote a very elegant life of Cave, and was after
wards an occasional contributor. This, it would appear,
was one of his worst years as to pecuniary matters. We
-find him, in the month of March, arrested for the sum of
five pounds eighteen shillings ! and relieved by Mr. Ri
chardson. His proposal for an edition of Shakspeare was
again revived, and subscription tickets issued out, but it
did not go to press for many years after.
In 1758 the worthy John Newbery, bookseller, who fre
quently employed Johnson in his literary projects, began
a news-paper called the " Universal Chronicle, or Weekly
Gazette," in conjunction with Mr. John Payne. To give
it an air of novelty, Johnson was engaged to write a short
periodical paper, which he entitled "The Idler." Most of
these papers were written in haste, in various places where
he happened to be, on the eve of publication, and with
very little preparation. A few of them exhibit the train of
thought which prevails in the " Rambler,"- but in general
they have more vivacity, and exhibit a species of grave
humour in which Johnson excelled. When the "Universal
Chronicle" was discontinued, these papers were collected
into two small volumes, which he corrected for the press,
making a few alterations, and omitting one whole paper,
which has since been restored. No. 41 of the "Idler al
ludes to the death of his mother, which took place in 1759.
He had ever loved her with anxious affection *, and had
* See his very tender letters on this referred to, as they are not to be found
subject in Boswell's Life, vol. I. p. 315 before the edition of 1607,
et seqq, which are thus particularly

62 JOHNSON.
contributed hberally to her support, often when be knew
not where to recruit his finances. On this event he wrote
his Rasselas, with a view to raise a sum sufficient to defray
the expences of her funeral, and pay some little debts she
had left. His mind appears to have been powerfully ex
cited and enriched both with the subject and the motive,
for he wrote the whole of this elegant and philosophical
fiction during the evenings of one week, and sent it to
press in portions as it was written. He received one hun
dred pounds from Messrs. Strahan, Johnston, and Dodsley,
for the copy, and twenty-five more when it came, as it
soon did, to a second edition. Few works of the kind have
been more generally or more extensively diffused by means
of translation. Yet the author, perhaps from the pain he
felt in recollecting the melancholy occasion which called
forth his pen, appears to have dismissed it with some de
gree of indifference, as soon as published ; for from that
time to 1781, when he found it accidentally in a chaise
while travelling with Mr. Boswell, he declared he had never
looked into it.' His translation of " Lobo" probably sug
gested his placing the scene in Abyssinia, but there is a
little scarce volume, unnoticed by his biographers, from
which it may be suspected he took some hints. It is en
titled " The late Travels of S. Giacomo Baratti, an Italian
gentleman, into the remotest countries of the Abyssins, or
of Ethiopia Interior," London, 1670, 12mo.
Among his occasional productions about this time were
his translation of a " Dissertation on the Greek Comedy,"
for Mrs. Lennox's English version of Brumo}-, the general
conclusion of the book, and an introduction to the " World
Displayed," a collection of voyages and travels, projected
by his friend Newber3^ — When a new bridge was about to
be built over the Thames at Blackfriars, he wrote some
papers against the plan of the architect, Mr. Mylne. His
principal motive appears to have been his friendship for
Mr. Gwyn, who had given in a plan ; and probably he only
cloathed Gwyn's arguments in his own stately language.
Such a contest was certainly not within his province, and
he could derive little other advantage than the pleasure of
serving his friend. He appeared more in character when
he assisted his contemporaries with prefaces and dedica
tions, which were very frequently solicited from him. Poor
as he was at this time, he taught how dedications might ba
written without servile submission or flattery, and yet with

JOHNSON. 63
all the courtesy, compliment, and elegance which a liberal
mind could expect.
But an end was now approaching to his pecuniary em
barrassments. In 1762, while he was proceeding with his
edition of Shakspeare, he was surprised by the information
that his present majesty had been pleased to grant him a
pension of three hundred pounds a year, not, as has been
invidiously asserted, in order to induce him to write for
administration, but as the reward of his literary merit. Had
it been otherwise, he had surely the strongest inducement
to have exerted his talents in favour of lord Bute, by whose
recommendation the pension was granted, and who at this
time wanted much abler support than the hired writers of
government could supply. But it is well known that he
wrote no political tract for nearly eight years afterwards.
He now took a house in Johnson's court. Fleet-street, and
allotted an apartment for Mrs. Williams. In 1765 he was
introduced to the late Mr. Thrale and family, a circum
stance which contributed much to alleviate the solicitudes
of life, and furnished him with the enjoyment of an elegant
table and elegant society. Here an apartment was fitted
up for him, which he occupied when he pleased, and he
accompanied the family in their various summer excursions,
which tended to exhilarate his mind and render the return
of his constitutional melancholy less frequent.
In the same year he received a diploma from Trinity
college, Dublin, complimenting him with the title of doc
tor of laws; and after many delays, his edition of Shak-'
speare was published in eight volumes octavo. The pre
face is universally acknowledged to be one of the most
elegant and acute of all his compositions. But as arf illus
trator of the obscurities of Shakspeare, it must be allowed
he has not done miich, nor was this a study for which he
was eminently qualified. He was never happy when obliged
to borrow from others, and he had none of that useful in
dustry which indulges in research. Yet his criticisms have
rarely been suqaassed, and it is no small praise that he was
the precursor of Steevens and Malone. The success of the
Shakspeare was not great, although upon the whole it in
creased the resfJect with which the literary world viewed
his talents. Kenrick made the principal attack on this
work, which was answered by an Oxford student named
Barclay. But neither the attack nor the answer attracted
much notice.

64 JOHNSON.
tn 1766 he furnished the preface, and some of the pieces
which compose a volume of poetical " Miscellanies" by
Mrs. Anna Williams. This lady was still an inmate in his
house, and was indeed absolute mistress. Although her
temper was far from pleasant, and she had now gained an
ascendancy over him which she often maintained in a fret
ful and peevish manner, he forgot every thing in her dis
tresses, and was indeed in all his charities, which were
numerous, the most remote that can be conceived from the
hope of gratitude or reward. His house was filled by de
pendants whose perverse tempers frequently drove him out
of it, yet nothing of this kind could induce him to relieve
himself at their expence. His noble expression was, " If
I dismiss them, who will receive them.'"' Abroad, his
society was now very extensive, and included almost every
man of the age distinguished for learning, and many per
sons of considerable rank, who delighted in his company
and conversation.
In 1767, he had the honour to be admitted to a per
sonal interview with his majesty, in the library of the
queen's palace. Of the conversation which passed, Mr.
Boswell has given a very interesting and authentic ac
count, which, it may here be mentioned, he prized at so
high a rate, as to print it separately in a quarto sheet,
and enter it in that form at Stationers'-hall, a few days be
fore the publication of his " Life of Johnson." He at
tempted in the same manner to secure Johnson's letter to
lord Chesterfield. — In 1767, on the institution of the royal
academy of arts, Johnson was appointed professor in an
cient literature, and there probably was at that time some
design of giving a course of lectures. But this, and the
professorship of ancient history, are as yet mere sinecures.
In 1770, his first political pamphlet made its appear
ance, in order to justify the conduct of the ministry and
the House of Commons in expeUing Mr. Wilkes, and af
terwards declaring col. Luttrell to be duly elected repre
sentative for the county of Middlesex, notwithstanding
Mr. Wilkes had the majority of votes. The vivacity and
pointed sarcasm of this pamphlet formed its chief recom
mendation, and it continues to be read ag an elegant po
litical declamation ; but it failed in its main object, It
made no converts to the right of incapacitating Mr. Wilkes
by the act of expulsion, and the ministry had not the cou
rage to try the question of absolute incapacitation, Wilkes

JOHNSON. 6i
lived to see the offensive resolutions expunged from the
Journals of the House of Commons ; and what seemed yet
more improbable, to be reconciled to Johnson, who, with
unabated dislike of his moral character, could not help ad
miring his classical learning and social talents. His pam
phlet, which was entitled the " False Alarm," was answered
by two or three anonymous writers of no great note.
In 1771, he appeared to more advantage as the author
of " Thoughts on the late Transactions respecting Falk
land Islands," from materials partly furnished by the mi
nistry, but highly enriched by his vigorous style and pe
culiar train of thought. The object of this pamphlet was
to represent the dispute, respecting a barren island, as an
insufficient cause for war ; and in the course of his reason
ing, he has taken an opportunity to depict the miseries as
well as the absurdity of unnecessary war, in a burst of ani
mated and appropriate language which will probably never
be exceeded. His character of Junius in this pamphlet,
is scarcely inferior. The sale of the first edition was stopped
for a while by lord North, and a few alterations made be-*
fore it appeared in a second. Johnson's opinion of these
two pamphlets was, that " there is a subtlety of disquisi
tion in the ' False Alarm,' which is worth all the fire of the
other." About this time, an ineffectual attempt was made by bis
steady friend Mr. Strahan, his majesty's printer, to pro
cure him a seat in parliament. His biographers have
amused their readers by conjectures on the probable figure
he would make in that assembly, and he owned frequently
that he should not have been sorry to try. Why the in
terference of his friends were ineffectual, the minister only
could tell, but he was probably not ill advised. It is not
improbable that Johnson would have proved an able assist
ant on some occasions, where a nervous and manly speech
was \yanted to silence the inferiors in opposition, but it
may be doubted whether he would have given that uniform
and open consent which is expected from a party man.
Whatever aid he might be induced to give by his pen on
certain subjects, which accorded with his own sentiments,
aivd of which he thought himself master, he by no means
approved of many parts of the conduct of those ministers
who carried on the American war ; and he was ever de
cidedly against the principle (if it may be so called), that
a man should go along with his party right or wrong.
Vol. XIX. F

66 JOHNSON.
" This," he once said, " is so remote from native virtiiejf
from scholastic virtue, that a good man must have under
gone a great change before he can reconcile himself to
such a doctrine. It is maintaining that you may lie to the
public, for you do lie when you call that right which you
think wrong, or the reverse."
In 1773, he carried into execution a design which he
had long meditated, of visiting the western isles of Scotland.
He arrived at Edinburgh on the 18th of August, and
finished his journey on the 22d of November. During this
time he passed some days at Edinburgh, and then went by
St. Andrew's, Aberdeen, Inverness, and Fort Augustus,
to the Hebrides, visiting the isles of Sky, Rasay, Col, Mull,
Inchkenneth, and Icolmkill. He then travelled through
Argyleshire by Inverary, and thence by Lochlomond and
Dumbarton to Glasgow and Edinburgh. The popularity
of his own account, which has perhaps been more gene-
, rally read than any book of travels in modern times, and
the " Journal" of his pleasant companion Mr. Boswell, ren
der any farther notice of this journey unnecessary. The
censure he met with is now remembered with indifference,
and his " Tour" continues to be read without any of the
unpleasant emotions which it first excited in those who
contended that he had not stated the truth, or were unwill
ing; that the truth should be stated.
During his absence, his humble friend and admirer,
Thomas Davies, bookseller, ventured to publish two vo
lumes,, entitled " Miscellaneous and Fugitive Pieces,"
which he advertised in the newspapers, as the productions
of the " Author of the Rambler." Johnson was inclined
to resent this liberty, until he recollected Davies's narrow
circumstances, when he cordially forgave him, and con
tinued his kindness to him as usual. A third volume ap
peared soon after, but all its contents are not from Dr. John
son's pen. On the dissolution of parliament in 1774, he
published a short political pamphlet entitled " The Pa
triot," the principal object of which appears to have been
to repress the spirit of faction which at that time was too
prevalent, especially in the metropolis. It was a hasty
composition, called for, as he informed Mr. Boswell, on
one day, and written the next. The success, since his
days, of those mock-patriots whom he has so ably deli
neated, is too decisive a proof that the reign of political
delusion is not to be shortened by eloquence or argumenu

JOHNSON. 61
During his tour in Scotland, he made frequent inquiries
respecting the authenticity of " Ossian's Poems," and re
ceived answers so unsatisfactory that both in his book of
travels and in conversation, he did not hesitate to treat the
whole as an imposture. This excited the resentment of
Macpherson, the editor, to such a degree that he wrote a
threatening letter to Johnson, who answered it in a compo
sition, which in the expression of firm and unalterable
contempt, is perhaps superior to that he wrote to lord
Chesterfield. In it he mixed somewhat of courtesy; but
Macpherson he despised both as a man and a writer, and
treated him as a ruffian.
The rupture bgtween Great Britain and America once
more roused our author's political energies, and produced
his " Taxation no Tyranny;" in which he endeavoured to
prove that distant colonies which had in their assemblies a
legislature of their own, were notwithstanding liable to be
taxed in a British, parliament, where they had no repre
sentatives, and he thought that this country was strong
enough to enforce obedience. This pamphlet, which ap
peared in 1775, produced a controversy, which was carried
On for some time with considerable spirit, although John
son took no share in- it ; but the right of taxation was no
longer a question for discussion ; the Americans were in
arms, blood had been spilt, and " successful rebellion be
came revolution." No censure was more generally ad-^
vanced at this time against our author, than that his opi
nions were regulated by his pension, and none could be
more void of foundation. His opinion, whether just or
not, of the Ameiicans, was uniform throughout his life j
and he continued to maintain them, when in strict prudence
they might as well have been softened to the measure of
changed times.
It is not improbable, however, that he felt the force of
some of the replies made to his pamphlet, seconded as
they were by the popular voice, and by the discomfiture
of the measures of administration. It is certain that he
complained, and perhaps about this time, of being called
upon to write political pamphlets, and threatened to give
up his pension. Whether this complaint was carried to
the proper quarter, Mr. Boswell has not informed us; but
he wrote no more in defence of the ministry, and he re
ceived no kind of reward for what he had done. His
pension, neither he or his friends ever 9onsidered iin
F 2

68 JOHNSON.
that light, although it might make him acquiesce more
readily in what the minister required. He was wiUing to
do something for gratitude, but nothing for hire.
A few months after the publication of his last pamphlet,
he received his diploma of LL. D. from the university of Ox
ford, in consequence of a recommendation from the chan-
cellor, lord North. It is remarkable, however, that he
never assumed this title in writing notes or cards. In the
autumn of this year, he went on a tour to France with Mr.
and Mrs. Thrale. Of this tour Mr. Boswell has printed a
few memorandums, which were probably intended as the
foundation of a more regular narrative, but this he does
not appear to have ever begun. As th|^ tour lasted only
about two months, it would probably have produced more
sentiment than description.
In 1777, he was engaged by the London booksellers to
write short lives or prefaces to an edition of the English
Poets ; and this being one of the most important of his
literary undertakings, some account of its origin is neces
sary, especially as the precise share which belongs to him
has been frequently misrepresented. It is perhaps too
late now to inquire into the propriety of the decision of
the House of Lords respecting literary property. It had
not, however, taken place many months before some of
the predicted consequences appeared. Among other in
stances, an edition of the English Poets was published at
Edinburgh, in direct violation of that honourable compact
by which the booksellers of London had agreed to respect
each others' property, notwithstanding their being de
prived of the more effectual support of the law. Ttiis,
therefore, induced the latter to undertake an edition of the
Poets in a more commodious form, and with suitable ac
curacy of text. A meeting was called of about forty of
the most respectable booksellers of London, the proprie
tors, or the successors and descendants of the proprietors,
of copyrights in these works; and it was agreed that an
elegant and uniform edition of " The English Poets"
should be printed, with a concise account of the life of
each author, by Dr. Samuel Johnson, and that Messrs.
Strahan, Cadell, and T. Davies, should wait upon hiin
with their proposals.
Johnson was delighted with the task, the utility of which
had probably occurred to his mind long before, and he had
certainly more acquaintance than any man then living

JOHNSON. 69
with the poetical biography of his country, and appeared
to be best qualified to illustrate it by judicious criticism.
Whether we consider what he undertook, or what he per
formed, the sum of two hundred guineas, which he de
manded, will appear a very trivial recompense. His ori
ginal intention, and all indeed that was expected from
him, was a very concise biographical and critical account
of each poet ; but he had not proceeded far before he be
gan to enlarge the lives to the present extent, and at last
presented the world with such a body of criticism as was
scarcely to be expected from one man, and still less from
one now verging on his seventieth year.
Of this edition it is yet necessary to say, that Dr, John
son was not in all respects to be considered as the editor.
He had not the choice of the poets to be admitted, although
in addition to the list prepared by his employers, he re
commended Blackmore, Watts, Pomfret, and Yalden.
The selection was made by the booksellers, who appear
to have been guided partly by the acknowledged merit of
the poet, and partly by his popularity, a quality which
is sometimes independent of the former. Our author,
however, felt himself under no restraint in accepting the
list offered, nor did he in any instance consider himself
bound to lean with partiality to any author merely that the
admission of his works might be justified. This absurd
species of prejudice which has coutaminated so many'single
lives and critical prefaces, was repugnant to his, as it must
ever be to the opinion of every man who considers truth as
essential to biography, and tliat the possession of talents,
however brilliant, ought to be no excuse for the abuse of
them. Every preliminary having been settled in the month
of April, 1777, the new edition of the Poets was sent to
press, and Johnson was informed that his lives might be
written in the mean time, so as to be ready to accompany
the publication.
Not long after he undertook this work, he was invited
to contribute the aid of his eloquent pen in saving the for
feited life of Dr. William Dodd, a clergyman who was con
victed of forgery. This unhappy man had long been a
popular preacher in the metropolis ; and the public senti
ment was almost universal in deprecating so shameful a
sight as that of a clergyman of the church of England suf
fering by a public execution. Whether there was much
in Dodd's character to justify this sentiment, or to demand

70 JOHNSON.
the interference of the corporation of London, backed by
the petitions of thousands of the most distinguished and
wealthy citizens, . may perhaps be doubted. Johnson,
however, could not resist what put every other considera
tion out of the question, " a call for mercy," and accord
ingly contributed every thing that the friends of Dodd
could suggest in his favour. He wrote his " Speech to
the Recorder of London," delivered at the Old Bail«y
when sentence of death was about to be passed on him :
" The Convict's Address to his unhappy brethren," a ser
mon delivered by Dodd in the chapel of Newgate : Two
Letters, one to the Lord Chancellor Bathurst, and one to
Lord Chief Justice Mansfield : A petition from Dr. Dodd
to the King ; another from Mrs. Dodd to the Queen ; Ob'
servations inserted in the newspapers, on occasion of Earl
Percy's having presented to his Majesty a petition for
mercy to Dodd, signed by twenty thousand persons; a pe
tition from the city of London ; and Dr. Dodd's last solemn
declaration, which he left with the sheriff at the place of
execution. All these have been printed in Dr. Johnson's
Works, with some additional correspondence which Mr.
Boswell inserted in his Life. Every thing is written in a
style of pathetic eloquence ; but, as the author could not
be concealed, it was impossible to impress a stronger sense
of the value tjf Dodd's talents than had already been enter
tained. The papers, however, contributed to heighten
the clamour, which was at that time raised against the exe
cution of the sentence, and which was confounded with
what was then thought more censurable, the .conduct of
those by whom the unhappy man might have been saved
before the process of law had been begun.
In 1779 the first four volumes of his Lives of the Poets
were published, and the remainder in 17S1, which he wrote
by his own confession, " dilatorily and hastily, unwilling
to work, and working with vigour and haste." He had,
however, performed so much more than was expected,
that his employers presented him with an hundred pounds
in addition to the stipulated sum. As he never was in^
sensible to the pleasure or value of fame, it is not impro
bable that he was yet more substantially gratified by the
eagerness with which his Lives of the Poets were read and
praised. He enjoyed likewise another satisfaction, which
it appears he thought not unnecessary to the reputation of
51 great writer. He was attacked on all sides for his con*

J O H N S O NJ ' 71
tempt for Milton's politics, and the sparing praise or di
rect censure he had bestowed on the poetry of Prior, Ham
mond, Collins, Gray, and a few others. The errors, in
deed, which on any other subject might have passed for
errors of judgment, were by the irascible tempers of his
adversaries, magnified into high treason against the ma-
jesty of poetic genius. During his life, these attacks were
not few, nor very respectful, to a veteran whom common
consent had placed at the head of the literature of his
country; but the courage of his. adversaries was observed
to rise very considerably after his death, and the name
which public opinion had consecrated, was now reviled
with the utmost malignity. Even some who during his life
were glad to conceal their hostility, now took an oppor
tunity to retract the admiration in which they had joined
with apparent cordiality ; and to discover faults in a body
of criticism which, after all reasonable exceptions are ad
mitted, was never equalled, and perhaps never will be
equalled for justice, acuteness, and elegance. Where can
we hope to find discussions that can be compared with
those introduced in the lives of Cowley, Milton, Dryden,
and Pope .¦' His abhorrence, indeed, of Milton's political
conduct, led him to details and observations which can
never be acceptable to a certain class of politicians ; but
when he comes to analyze his poetry, and to fix his repu
tation on its proper basis, it must surely be confessed that
no man, since the first appearance of Paradise Lost, has
ever bestowed praise with a more munificent hand. He
appears to have collected his whole energy to immortalize
the genius of Milton ; nor has any advocate for Milton's
democracy appeared, who has not been glad to surrender
the guardianship of his poetical fame to Johnson.
In 1781, the public demand rendered it necessary to
print an edition of the Lives in four Svo volumes, and in
1783, another edition of the same number, but considerably
enlarged, altered, and corrected by the author. We can
not here suppress a circumstance communicated by our
worthy friend Mr. Nichols, which may check the murmurs
of the public, respecting improved editions. Although the
corrections and alterations of the edition of 1783 were
printed separately and offered gratis to the purchasers of
the former, scarcely a single copy was called for!
With this work the public labours of Johnson ended ;
and when we consider his advanced time of life, and the

72 JOHNSON.
almost unabated vigour of his mind, it may be surely
added, that his sun set with unrivalled splendour. But
the infirmities of age were now underraining a constitution
that had kept perpetual war with hereditary disease, and
his most valued friends were dropping into the grave be
fore him. He lost Mr. Thrale and Mrs. Williams; his
home became cheerless, and much visiting, was no longer
convenient. His health began to decline more visibly
from the month of June 1783, when he had a paralytic
Stroke ; and although he recovered so far as to be able to
take another journey to Lichfield and Oxford, towards the
close of the year, symptoms of a dropsy indicated the pro
bability of his dissolution at no distant period. Some re
lief, however, having been administered, he rejoined the
society of his friends, and with a mind still curious, intel
ligent, and active, renewed his attention to the concerns
of literature, dictating information whenever it was wanted,
and trying his faculties by Latin translations from the
Greek poets. Nothing was so much the subject of alarm
with him, as the decay of memory and judgment, of which,
however, to the last he never betrayed the least symptom.
In Midsummer 1784, he acquired sufficient strength to
go for the last time into Derbyshire. During his absence,
his friends, who were anxious for the preservation of so
valuable a life, endeavoured to procure some addition to
his pension, that he might be enabled to try the eflScacy
of a tour to the southern part of the continent. Applica
tion was accordingly made to the lord chancellor, who se
conded it in the proper quarter, but without success. He
evinced, however, his high respect for Johnson, by of
fering to advance the sum of five hundred pounds; and
Johnson, when the circumstance was communicated,
thanked his lordship in a letter elevated beyond the com
mon expressions of gratitude, by a dignity of sentiment
congenial to the feelings of his noble and liberal corre
spondent. Dr. Brocklesby also made a similar offer, al
though of a lesser sum ; and such indeed was the estima^
tion in which Johnson was held, that nothing would have
been wanting which money or affection could procure,
either to protract his days, or to make them comfortable.
But these offers were not accepted. The scheme of a
continental tour, which he once thought necessary, was
never much encouraged by his physicians, and had it pro
mised greater effects, was now beyond his strength. The

JOHNSON. n
dropsy and asthma were making hasty approaches, and
although he longed for life, and was anxiously desirous that
every means might be used to gain another day, he soon
became convinced that no hopes were left. During this
period, he was alternately resigned to die, and tenacious
of life, tranquil in the views of eternity, and disturbed by
gloomy apprehensions ; but at last his mind was soothed
with the consolatory hopes of religion, and although the
love of life occasionally recurred, he adjusted his worldly
concerns with composure and exactness, as one who was
conscious that he was soon to give an account. On Mon
day the 1 3th of December, he tried to obtain a temporary
relief by puncturing his legs, as had been before per
formed by the surgeon, but no discharge followed the
operation, and about seven o'clock in the evening, he
breathed his last, so gently that some time elapsed before
his death was perceived.
On the 20th, his body was interred with great solemnity
in Westminster-abbey, close to the grave of his friend
Garrick*. Of the other honours paid to his memory, it
may suffice to say that they were more in number and
quality than were ever paid to any man of literature. It
was his singular fate that the age, which he contributed to
improve, repaid him by a veneration of which we have no
example in the annals of literature ; and that when his
failings as well as his virtues were exhibited without dis
guise and without partiality, he continued to be revered
by the majority of the nation, and is now, after scrutiny
and censure have done their worst, enrolled among the
greatest names in the history of English genius.
But to delineate the character of Johnson is a task which
the present writer wishes to decline. Five large editions
of Mr. Boswell's Life have familiarized Johnson to the
knowledge of the public so intimately, that it would be
impossible to advance any thing with which every reader
is not already acquainted. The suffrages of the nation
have been taken, and the question is finally decided. On
mature consideration, there appears no reason to depart
* His monument was reserved for sculpture was designed and finely exe-
St Paul's church ; and the expences cuted by Bacon. The epitaph is the
having been defrayed by a liberal and copposition of Dr. Parr, and is con-
voluntary contribution, it stands with cise, but strongly appropriated. The
that of Howard, one of the first tributes monument was completed early in
of national admiratioii and gratitude 11$6.
Admitted iato that «»Ui|^ral, The

74 JOHNSON.
fi'om the generally received opinions as to the rank John
son holds among men of genius and virtue, a rank which
those who yet capriciously dwell on bis failings, will find
it difficult to disturb. His errors have been brought for
ward with no sparing hand both by bis friends and his
enemies, yet when every fair deduction' is made from
the reputed excellence of his character as a man and a
writer, enough in our opinion will remain to gratify the
partiality of his admirers, and to perpetuate the public
esteem. It is unpleasant, however, to quit a subject, which, the
more it is revolved, serves to gladden the mind with
pleasing recollections. There are surely circumstances in
the history of Johnson which compel admiration in defiance
of prejudice or envy. That a man of obscure birth, of
manners by no means prepossessing, whose person was for
bidding, whose voice was rough, inharmonious, and ter
rifying, whose temper was frequently harsh and over
bearing ; that such a man should have forced his way into
the society of a greater number of eminent characters than
perhaps ever gathered round an individual ; that he should
not only have gained but increased their respect to a de
gree of enthusiasm, and preserved it unabated for so long
a series of years ; that men of all ranks in life, and of the
highest degrees of mental excellence, should have thought
it a duty, and found it a pleasure, not only to tolerate his '
occasional roughness, but to study his humour, and sub
mit to his controul, to listen to him with the submission of
a Scholar, and consult him with the hopes of a client — All
this surely affords the strongest presumption that such a
man was remarkable beyond the usual standard of human
excellence. Nor is this inference inconsistent with the
truth, for it appears that whatever merit may be attributed
to his works, he was perhaps yet more to be envied in con
versation, where he exhibited an inexhaustible fertility of
imagination, an elegance and acuteness of argument, and
a ready wit, such as never appear to have been combined
in one man. And it is not too much to say that whatever
opinion was entertained by those who knew him only in
his writings, it never could have risen to that pitch of ad
miration which has been excited by the labours of his inr
dustrious biographer.
His death formed a very remarkable sera in the literary
world. For a considerable time the p^ifiodieal journals, as

JOHNSON. 75
Well as general conversation, were eagerly occupied on an
event which was the subject of universal regret ; and every
man hastened with such contributions as memory supplied,
to illustrate a character in which all took a lively interest.
Numerous anecdotes were published, some authentic and
some imaginary, and the ' general wish to know more of
Johnson was for some years insatiable. At length the pro
prietors of his printed works met to consider of a complete
and uniform etiition, but as it was feared that the curiosity
which follows departed genius might soon abate, some
doubt was entertained of the policy of a collection of pieces,
the best of which were already in the hands of the public
in various forms ; but this was fortunately overruled, and
these collected Works have very recently been printed for
the fifth time, and will probably be long considered as a
standard book in every library. Less fortunately, however,
sir John Hawkins, who was one of Johnson's executors,
and professed to be in possession of materials for his Life,
was engaged to write that Life, as well as to collect his
Works. They accordingly appeared in 1787, in 11 vols.
Svo. Of the Life it is unnecessary to add any thing to
the censure so generally passed. Sir John spoke his
mind, perhaps honestly ; but his judgment must have
been as defective as his memory, wheri he decided with
so much prejudice and so little taste or candour, on
the merits of his author, and of other eminent persons,
whom, as a critic humorously said, " he brought to be
tried at the Middlesex quarter sessions." In collecting
the Works, he inserted some which no man could suspect
to be Johnson's, while he omitted other pieces that had
been acknowledged. A more correct arrangement, how
ever, has been since adopted.
Two years before this edition appeared, Mr. Boswell
published his Tour to the Hebrides, and exhibited such a
sample of Dr. Johnson's conversation-talents as raised very
high expectations from the Life which he then announced
to be in a state of preparation. Mr. Boswell's acquaintance
with Dr. Johnson commenced in 1763 ; and from that time
he appears to have meditated what he at length executed,
the most complete and striking portrait ever exhibited of
any human being. His " Tour" having shown the manner
iu which he was to proceed, Johnson's friends willingly
contributed every document they could collect from me-
faory pr writing; -tind Mr. Boswell, who meditated one

76 JOHNSON.
volume only, was soon obliged to extend his work to two
bulky quartos. These were published in 1791, and bought
np with an avidity which their wonderful variety of enter
tainment, vivacity, anecdote, and sentiment, amply jus
tified. Five or six very large editions have since appeared,
and it seems to be one of those very fortunate and fusci-
Bating books of which the public is not likely to tire.
Mr. Boswell, indeed, has proved, contrary to the com
mon opinion, and by means which will not soon be re
peated, that the life of a mere scholar may be rendered
piore instructive, more entertaining, and more interesting,
than than that of any other human being. And although
the " confidence of private conversation" has been thought
to be sometimes violated in this work, for which no apology
is here intended, yet the world seems agreed to forgive
this failing in consideration of the pleasure it has afforded;
that wonderful variety of subjects, of wit, sentiment, and
anecdote, with which it abounds; and above all, the va
luable instruction it presents on many of the most impor
tant duties of life. It must be allowed that it created some
enemies to Dr. Johnson among those who were not ene
mies before this disclosure of his sentiments. Vanity has
been sometimes hurt, and vanity has taken its usual re
venge. It is generally agreed, however, that Mr. Boswell's
account of his illustrious friend is impartial : he conceals
no failing that revenge or animosity has since been able to
discover ; all his foibles of manner and conversation are
faithfully recorded, and recorded so frequently that it is
easier to form a just estimate of Dr. Johnson than of any
eminent character in the whole range of biography.
One singular effect was produced by this extraordinary
book. When it was determined to discard sir John Haw
kins's Life of Johnson, application was made to Mr. Miir-
phy to furnish another, to be prefixed to the second edi
tion of the works published in 1793. This Mr. Murphy
executed under the title (which he had used in the case of
Fielding) of " An Essay on the Life and Genius of Dr.
Johnson ;" but he had conceived a prejudice of jealousy of
Mr. Boswell's fame, and notwithstanding the latter has
strengthened his narrative by every possible proof. Mur
phy persisted in taking his facts from the very inaccurate
narrative of sir John Hawkins, and the more flippant anec
dotes published by Mrs. Piozzi. In his Essay, therefore,
it is not wonderful that many circumstances are grossly.

JOHNSON, 77
and considering that proofs were within his reach, we may
add, wilfully misrepresented.'
JOHNSON (Thoivias), an English botanist, of the
seventeenth century, was born at Selby, in Yorkshire, and
bred an apothecary in London. He afterwards kept a shop
on Snow-hill, where, says Wood, by his unwearied pains
and good natural parts, he attained to be the best herbalist
of his age in England. He was first known to the public
by a small piece under the title of " Iter in agrum Can-
tianum," 1620; and " Ericetum Hamstedianum," 1632;
which were the first local catalogues of plants published ia
England. He soon after acquired great credit by his new
edition and emendation of Gerard's " Herbal." In the
rebellion, his zeal for the royal cause led him into the
army, in which he greatly distinguished himself ; and the
university of Oxford, in consideration of his merit, learning,
and loyalty, conferred upon him the degree of M. D. May
9, 1643. In the army he had the rank of lieutenant-
colonel to sir Marmaduke Rawdon, governor of Basing-
house. Near 'this place, in a skirmish with the enemy, in
Sept 1644, he received a shot in the shoulder, of which
he died in a fortnight after, and, as there is reason to
think, in the meridian of life. Besides the works above-
mentioned, and his improved edition of Gerard's " Herbal,"
which was twice printed in his life-time, in 1633 and m
1636, fol. he published in 1634, " Mercurius Botanicus,
sive plantarum gratia suscepti Itineris, anno 1634, de-
scriptio," Lond. 8vo. This was the result of a journey,
with some associates of the company of apothecaries,
through Oxford, to Bath and Bristol, and back by South
ampton, the Isle of Wight, and Guildford, with the pro-.
fessed design to investigate rare plants. To this was
added his small tract, " De Thermis Bathonicis," with
plans of the baths, and one of the city, which, to antiqua
ries, are now interesting. This was followed by a second
part of his excursion, " Pars altera," which extends to
Wales. He was among the earliest botanists who visited
Wales and Snowdon, with the sole intention of discover-
' The principal of these are corrected in notes appended to the last edition of
Johnson's Works. Murphy's narrative was in truth little more than what was
compiled in 1787, from sir John Hawkins, by the Monthly Reviewers, whose
stvie and reflections be has in general copied verbatim, without a word nf acknow
ledgment. — Boswell's Life of Johnson— Hawkins's. — (ohnson and Chalmers's
English Poets, 1810, 21 vols, for which edition this sketch was originally pre
pared.

?S JOHNSON.
ing the rarities of that country in the vegetable kingdomt^.
He also translated the works of Ambrose Parey, the cele
brated French surgeon, published at London in 1643, and
reprinted in 1678. Miller consecrated the name of John
son by assigning it to a berry-bearing shrub of Carolina,'
belonging to the tetrandrous class, but it has not been re
tained in the Linnsean system, where the plant is called
callicarpa. '
JOHNSON (Thomas), an excellent classical scholar
and editor, was born at Stadhampton, in Oxfordshire, and
educated at King's-coUege, Cambridge, as Mr. Colesays,but
according to others, at Magdalen-college, of which he was
afterwards a fellow. He took his bachelor's degree in 1688^
and that of M. A. in 1692, after which he left the univer
sity, and married. He had also an Eton fellowship, and
was assistant at the school. He was likewise usher of Ips"
wich school, and taught school once at Brentford, and in
other places. Little else is known of his history, nor have
we been able to ascertain the time of his death. Cole says
his character is represented as having been dissolute, but
he was an excellent scholar. He is best known as the
editor of " Sophocles," Oxon, and London, 1705, and
1746, 3 vols. He published also " Gratius, de Vena-
tione, cum notis," Lond. 1699, 8vo ; " Cebetis Tabula,"
Lond. 1720, Svo ; " Novum Graecorum Epigrammatum,
delectus," for the use of Eton school, repeatedly printed
from 1699, &c. ; " The Iliad of Homer made English from
theFrenchversion of Madame Dacier; revised and compared
with the Greek ;" " Questiones Philosophicae in usum
juventutis academicsR," 173.5, 8vo, at that time a most
useful manual ; and an edition of " Puffendorff de Officio
hominis et civis," 4to. To these may be added, " An
Essay on Moral Obligation, with a view towards settling
the controversy concerning moral and positive duties,"
Cambridge, 1731 ; " A letter to Mr. Chandler, in vindi
cation of a passage in the bishop of London's second Pas
toral Letter," I734,''8vo. In this last-mentioned year ap
peared the new edition of Stephens's " Thesaurus Lingua?
LatinsE," of which our author was one of the editors.^
JOHNSTON (ARTHUii), was born at Caskieben, near
Aberdeen, the seat of his ancestors, in 1587, and probably
' Ath. Ox. vol. II. — Lloyd's Memoii-s, fol. — Pulteney's Sketches.
' Cole's MS Athense, in Brit. Mus. — Harwood's Alumni Etonenses,—
Nichols's Bowyer.

JOHNSTON. 79
was educated at Aberdeen, as he was afterwards advanced
to the highest dignity in that university. The study to
which he chiefly applied, was that of physic ; and to im
prove himself in that science^ he travelled into foreign
countries. He was twice at Rome, but the chief place of
his residence was at Padua, in which university the degree
of M. D. was conferred on him in 1610, as appears by a
MS copy of verses in the advocates' library in Edinburgh.
After leaving Padua, he travelled through the rest of Italy,
and over Germany, Denmark, England, Halland, and
other countries, and at last settled in France, where he
met with great applause as a Latin poet. He lived there
twenty years, and by two wives had thirteen children. At
last, after twenty-four years absence, he returned into
Scotland, as some say in 1632, but probably much sooner,
as there is an edition of his " Epigrainmata," printed at
Aberdeen in 1632, in which he is styled the king's physi
cian. It appears by the council-books at Edinburgh, that
the doctor had a suit at law before that court about the
same time. In the year following, Charles I. went into
Scotland, and made bishop Laud, then with him, a mem
ber of that council ; and by this accident it is probable the
acquaintance began between the doctor and that prelate,
which produced his " Psalmorum Davidis Paraphrasis
Poetica." We find, that in the same year the doctor
printed a specimen of his Psalms at London, and dedicated
them to his lordship, which is considered as a proof that
the bishop prevailed upon Johnston to remove to London
from Scotland, and then set him upon this work ; neither
can it be doubted but, after he had seen this sample, he
also engaged him to perfect the whole, which took him up
four years; for the first edition of all the Psalms was pub
lished at Aberdeen in 1637, and at London in the same
year. In 1641, Dr. Johnston being at Oxford on a visit
to one of his daughters, who was married to a divine of
the church of England in that place, was seized with a
violent diarrhoea, of which he died in a few days, in the
fifty-fourth year of his age, not without having seen the
beginning of those troubles which proved so fatal to his
patron. He was buried in the place where he died,
which gave occasion to the following lines of his learned
friend Wedderburn in his " Suspiria," on the doctor's
death :

80 JOHNSTON.
" Scotia mcesta, dole, tanti viduata sepulchro
Vatis ; is Angligenis contigit alius hones."
In 1 632, as already remarked, was published at Aberdeen
" Epigrammata Arturi Johnstoni ;" and in 1633, he trans
lated Solomon's Song into Latin elegiac verse, and dedi
cated it to his majesty; in 1637, he edited the " Delicise
Poetarum Scoticorum," to which he was himself a large
contributor, and which, says Dr. Johnson, would have
done honour to any country. His Psalms were reprinted
at Middleburg, 1642; London, 1657; Cambridge, . . . .;
Amsterdam, 1706 ; Edinburgh, by William Lauder, 1739;
and at last on the plan of the Delphin classics, at London,
1741, Svo, at the expence of auditor Benson, who dedi
cated them to his late majesty, and prefixed to this edition
memoirs of Dr. Johnston, with the testimonies of various
learned persons. A laboured, but partial and injudicious
comparison between the two translations of Buchanan and
Johnston, was printed the same year by Benson, in Eng
lish, in Svo, entitled " A Prefatory Discourse to Dr. John
ston's Psalms," &c. and " A Conclusion to it." This was
ably answered by the learned Ruddiman in " A Vindica
tion of Mr. George Buchanan's Paraphrase of the Book of
Psalms," 1745, Svo. Johnston's translations of the " Te
Deum, Creed, Decalogue," &c. were subjoined to the
Psalms. His other poetical works are his " Parerga," and
his " Musae Aulicse," or commendatory verses upon per
sons of rank in church and state at that time. Johnston is
evidently entitled to very high praise as a Latin poet; and
the late lord Woodhouselee seems to admit that from his
days the Latin muses have deserted the northern part of
our island : Benson's comparison between Buchanan and
Johnston was absurd enough, but it is not fair that John
ston should suffer by his editor's want of taste. The abler
«ritic we have just mentioned, does not think Johnston's
attempt to emulate Buchanan as a translator of the Psalms,
greatly beyond his powers ; for, although taken as a whole^
his version is certainly inferior (as indeed what modern has,
in Latin poetry, equalled Buchanan }) yet there are a few
of his Psalms^ such as the 24th, 30th, 74th, 81st, 82d,
102d, and above all, the 137th, which, on comparison,
lord Woodhouselee says, will be found to excel the cor
responding paraphrase of his rival. And Dr. Beattie seems
to speak in one respect more decidedly. Johnston, he
says, " is not so verbose as Buchanan, and has of course

JOHNSTON. 81
tnore vigour;" but he very justly censures the radical evil
of Johnston's Psalms, his choice of a couplet, which keeps
the reader always in mind of the puerile epistles of Ovid.'
JOHNSTON, or JOHNSON (Charles), author of
" Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea," and other works
of a similar kind, was a native of Ireland, and descended
from a branch of the Johnstons of Annandale. He was
born in the early part of the last century, but in what year
we have not been able to discover. After receiving a good
classical education, he was called to the bar, and came
over to England for practice in that profession, but being
unfortunately prevented by deafness from attending the
courts, he confined himself to the employment of a cham
ber counsel. It does not appear that his success was great,
and embarrassed circumstances rendered him glad to em
brace any other employment, in which his talents might
have a chance to succeed. His " Chrysal" is said to have
been his first literary attempt, two volumes of which he
wrote while on a visit to Mount Edgecumbe, the seat of the
late earl of Mount Edgecumbe. He appears to have had
recourse to some degree of art, .in order to apprize the'
public of what they were to expect from it. In the news
papers for April 1760, it is announced that " there will be
speedily published, under the emblematical title of the
* Adventures of a Guinea,' a dispassionate, distinct account
©f the most remarkable transactions of the present times all
over Europe, with curious and interesting anecdotes of
the public and private characters of the parties principally
concerned in these scenes, especially in England; the
whole interspersed with several most whimsical and enter
taining instances of the intimate connection between high
and low life, and the power of little causes to produce great
events." This, while it has the air of a puff, is not an un
faithful summary of the contents of these volumes, which
were published in May of the same year, and read with
such avidity, that the author was encouraged to add two
more volumes in 1765, not inferior to the former, in merit
or success ; and the work has often been reprinted since.
The secret springs of some political intrigues on the con
tinent, are perhaps unfolded in these volumes, but it was
the personal characters of many distinguished statesmen,
' Memoirs by Benson. — Chalmers's Life of Ruddiman, p. 43, 176, &o.— •
Tytler's Life of Kames. — Beattie's Dissertatians,. ito, p. 645.
Vol. XIX. G '-"

82 JOHNSTON.
women of quality, and citizens, which rendered the work
palatable. A few of these were depicted in such striking
colours as not to be mistaken ; and the rest, being sup
posed to be equally faithful, although less obvious, the
public were long amused in conjecturing the originals.
With some truth, however, there is so much fiction, and in
a few instances so much of what deserves a worse epithet,
that " Chrysal" does not appear entitled to much higher
praise than that of the best " scandalous chronicle of the
day." In one case, it may be remembered, the author
occasioned no little confusion among the guilty parties, by
unfolding the secrets of a club of profligates of rank, who
used to assemble at a nobleman's villa in Buckinghamshire.
In this, as well as other instances, it must be allowed, that
although he describes his bad characters as worse than they
were, he everywhere expresses the noblest sentiments of
indignation against vice and meanness.
Mr. Johnston's other publications, of the same kind,
delineating in caricature the striking outlines of popular
characters and public vices, were, "The Reverie; or a
Flight to the Paradise of Fools," 1762, 2 vols. 12mo; "The
History of Arbases, prince of Betlisi" 1774, 2 vols. ; "The
Pilgrim, or a Picture of Life," 1775, 2 vols. ; and " The
History of John Juniper, esq. alias Juniper Jack," 1781,
3 vols. None of these, however, attracted the attention of
the public in any considerable degree. In 1783, he had
some prospect of passing his days in comfort, if not in opu
lence, in India, and accordingly embarked for Bengal, with
capt. Charles Mears, in the Brilhant, which was wrecked
off Johanna, an island situated between Madagascar and the
continent of Africa; but capt. Mears, with his son and
daughter, and Mr. Johnston, and some others, were saved,
and ultimately reached India. Here he employed his ta
lents in writing essays for the Bengal newspapers, under
the signature of " Oneiropolos," and at length became a
joint proprietor of a paper, and by this and some other
speculations, acquired considerable property. He died
there about 1800. These memoirs of a man, certainly de
serving of some notice, have been derived from various
anonymous authorities, and are therefore given with diffi
dence.' JOHNSTONE (.Iames), an eminent physician at Wor
cester, was the fourth son of John Johnstone, esq. of Gala-
• Gent. Mag, LXIV. p, 591, 780j LXXVIL p. 631; LXXX. Sll."

JOHNSTONE. 83
bankj one of the most ancient branches of the family of
Johnstone of Johnstone; he was born at Annan in 1730,
and received the rudiments of his classical education under
the rev. Dr. Henry, author of the History, of Great Britain.
In the school of Edinburgh, under Whytt, Plummer,
Monro, and Rutherford, he learned the science of medicine ;
and in Paris, under Ferrein and Rouelle, he studied ana
tomy and chemistry. In 17 50, before he had completed
twenty-one years, he took the degree of doctor of medi
cine, publishing a thesis " De Aeris factitii iraperio in
corpore humane," which gained him much credit, and
some valuable friends. The following year he seated him
self at Kidderminster, in Worcestershire ; which at that
time, and some years afterwards, was subject to a putrid
fever of such peculiar malignity, as to be called the Kid
derminster fever. His name first became known by the
successful treatment he adopted for the cure of this dread
ful disorder. Instead of bleeding and purging, means then
in common use, he recommended bark, wine, mineral acids,
free ventilation of air, and the affusion of water and vine
gar ; and so prominent was his success, that he was imme
diately introduced into considerable practice. Of this fe-
ver, as it appeared in 1756, he published an account in
1758, which proves him to be the discoverer of the powelr
of mineral acid vapours to correct or destroy putrid febrile
contagion : He orders for this purpose, vitriolic acid to be
poured upon common salt, in a convenient vessel, over a
proper heat. It is not a little singular, that the same means
should be recommended by the celebrated Guyton de
Morveaii for the same purpose, more than twenty years
after they were published by Dr. Johnstone, and be then
Cried up as a great discov!?ry.
The first sketches of Dr. Johnstone's physiological in
quiry into the uses of the ganglions of the nerves, were
published in the 54th, 57th, and 60th vols, of the Phil^
Trans. They were afterwards enlarged, and printed sepa
rately. In this inquiry, he considers ganglions as " little
brains, subordinate springs and reservoirs of nervous power,
the immediate sources of the nerves sent to organs moved
involuntarily, and the check or cause which hinders our
volitions from extending to them. In a word, ganglions
limit the exercise of the soul's authority in the animal tieeo'-
nomy, and put it out of our power, by a single "Folition,
to stop the motions of the heart, and in one capricious
G 2

84 JOHNSTONE.
moment irrecoverably to end our lives." But his physio
logical researches did not stop here : — In a treatise on the
Walton water, which in quality strongly resembles the
Cheltenham, he has pointed out the probable function of
the lymphatic glands, supposing them to be organs destined
to purify, digest, and anlmalize the matters selected and
absorbed by the lacteals and other lymphatics ; thus fitting
them for their union with the blood, and the nutrition of
the body.
At Kidderminster D^. Johnstone continued to act in a
wide sphere of country practice, till the death of his eldest
son, a physician fast rising into eminence, who fell a martyr
to humanity in attending the prisoners at Worcester in
fected with jail-fever; and the coincidence of the death of
his dearest friend the rev. Job Orton, induced him to re
move to Worcester. In this city, famous from the days of
Dr. Cole, the friend of Sydenham, for its physicians, he
continued, vigorous, active, and sprightly, useful to the com
munity, and beloved by his friends, to practise till a few
days previous to his death. He had been subject to pul-
mdnary complaints in his youth, which had been averted
by temperance and caution. In his later years they re
curred, and during the last spring he had bled himself ra
ther too profusely. . In the last attack, which was aggra
vated by excessive fatigue and exertion, his weakness was
such as to forbid the repetition of more than one bleeding;
and his strength gradually decayed, leaving his intellect
cUar and unimpaired. His death was a perfect eutha-
vasia : he expired April 28, 1802, after a short and in no
•vise painful struggle, having sat up and conversed witli
his family, till within a few hours of the awful change^
cheerful, patient, and resigned. He survived his wife,
with whom he lived fifty years, only two months.
Dr. Johnstone was the correspondent and friend of Hair
ler, Whytt, Cullen, and Fothergill ; the bosom-friend of
the virtuous Lyttelton and the pious Orton, and of many
other wise and learned men, who stdl improve and adoni
society : — the active and humane physician, the sagacious
physiologist, the recondite antiquary ; and few men have
occupied a larger space of professional utility and private
reo-ard, than Dr. Johnstone. Firm and undeviating in his
own moral carriage, his vigorous and manly mind was per
haps, on some occasions, too little accommodating" to cha
racters and circumstances. I a his temper he was cheeiflili

JOHNSTONE. 85
though sometimes hasty — in his conversation lively and in
structive — in his affections warm and attached — in his do
mestic relations, he was the best of fathers, his whole life
was a sacrifice to the advantage of his children- — in fine,
although the memory of his personal services cannot be
soon forgotten, yet has he erected a still more durable
monument to his fame, in those various practical improve
ments of the medical art, which rank his name among the
benefactors of mankind.'
JOHNSTON (John), an eminent naturalist, was born
at Sambter, in Great Poland, in 1603 : he received the
greater part of his education in his own country ; but in
1622, he came to England, and from thence he went to
Scotland, where he studied with great diligence in the
university of St. Andrew's till 1625. He afterwards studied
at Leyden and Cambridge. He undertook the education
of the two sons of the count de Kurtzbach, and accompa
nied them to Holland. While he resided with his pupils
at Leyden, he took his degree as doctor of physic ; and
when he went a third time to England, the same honour
was conferred on him by the university of Cambridge. He
died in June 1675, in the seventy-second year of his age.
He is known in the literary world by a number of works in
the different departments of natural history, particularly
" Thaumatographia naturalis in classes decern divisa,"
Amst. 1632, 12mo; " Historia naturalis de Piscibus et
Cetis, &c." Francfort, 1649, folio ; " Historia naturalis de
Quadrupedibus," ibid. 1652, folio; "Hist. nat. de Insecti-
bus," ibid. 1653, folio ; " Hist. nat. de Avibus," ibid, folio;
" Syntagma Dendrologicum," and "Dendrographia," folio.
He published also some historical works, and some on
ethics, &c. enumerated in our authorities.^
JOINVILLE (John, Sire de), an eminent French states
man, vyho flourished about 1260, was descended from one
of the noblest and most ancient families at Champagne.
He was seneschal, or high-steward, of Champagne, and one
of the principal lords of the court of Louis IX. whom he
attended in all his military expeditions ; and was greatly
beloved and esteemed for his valour, his wit, and the
frankness of his manners. That monarch placed sp much
confidence in him, that all matters of justice, in the palace,
1 Gent, and IVIonth. Magazines, 1802. — Doddridge's Letters, p. 354.
.* Chaufepie, — .Morevi. — Saxii Onomast.

86 JOINVILLE.
were referred to his decision ; and his majesty under
took nothing of importance without consulting him. He
died about 1318, at not much less than ninety years of age.
Joinville is known as an author by his " History of St.
Louis," in French, which he composed in 1305: a very
curious and interesting work. The best edition is that of
Du Cange, in 1668, folio, with learned remarks. On per--
using this edition, however, it is easily seen, that the lan
guage of the Sire de Joinville has been altered. But an
authentic MS. of the original was found in 1748, and was
published without alteration, in 1761, by Melot, keeper of
the royal library at Paris. This edition is also in folio.'
JOLY (Claude), a French writer, was born at Paris in
1607, and obtained a canonry in the cathedral there in
1631. Discovering also a capacity for state affairs, he was
appointed to attend a plenipotentiary to Munster; and,
during the commotions at Paris, he took ajourney to Rome.
In 1671, he was made precentor of his church, and several
times official. He lived to the great age of ninety-three,
without experiencing the usual infirmities of it; when, go
ing one morning to matins, he fell into a trench, which had
been dug for the foundation of the high altar. He died of
this fall in 1700, after bequeathing a very fine library to
his church. He was the author of many works iu both
Latin and French, and as well upon civil as religious sub
jects. One of them in French, 1652, in 12mo, is entitled
" A Collection of true and important Maxims for the Edu
cation of a Prince, against the false and pernicious politics
of cardinal Mazarine;" which, being reprinted in 1663,
with two " Apologetical Letters," was burnt in 1665 by
the hands of the common hangman. The same year, how
ever, 1665, he published a tract called " Codicil d'Or, or
the Golden Codicil," which relates to the former ; being a
further collection of maxims for the education of a prince,
taken chiefly from Erasmus, whose works he is said to have
read seven times over.°
JOLY (Guy), king's counsellor at the Ch&.telet, and
syndic of the annuitants of the Hotel de Ville at Paris,
attached himself to cardinal de Retz, whom he attended a
long time as secretary in his troubles and adventures, but
quitted his eminence when he returned to Rome. There
are some " Memoirs" by him, from 1648 to 1665, designed
' Moreri. — Diet. Hist. ' Gen. Diet, — Niceron, vol. IX. and X. — JWoreri.

JOLY. 87
as an explanation and supplement to those of cardinal de
Retz, with which they were printed in 2 vols. 12mo. These
memoirs contain some very curious particulars. He also
left some tracts, written by order of the court, in defence
of the queen's rights, against Peter Stockmans, an emi
nent lawyer; particularly " The Intrigues of the Peace,"
and the " Negociations" made at court by the friends of
M. the prince, after his retreat to Guienne, folio, with a
sequel of the same " Intrigues," 4to.'
JOMELLI (Nicolo), one of the most intelligent, learn
ed, and affecting dramatic composers of modern times, vi^as
born at Avellino, a town about twenty-five miles from Na
ples, in which city he had his musical education under Leo
and Durante. The first opera to which we find his name,
is " Riccimero Re de' Goti," composed for the Argentina
theatre at Rome, 1740 : and between that period and 1758,
he composed for that city fourteen operas, besides others
for Venice and different Italian theatres.
From 1758 to about 1768, he resided in Germany, being
engaged in the service of the duke of Wurtemburg, at
Stutgardt, or rather at Ludwigsburg, his new capital,
where Jomelli's works were performed. Here he produced
a great number of operas and other compositions, by which
he acquired great reputation, and totally changed the taste
of vocal music in Germany. On his return to Italy, he
left all these productions behind him, upon a supposition
that he should again resume his' station at Ludwigsburg,
after visiting his native country. But as he never returned
thither to claim these compositions, they fell into the hands
of his patron, the duke of Wurtemburg, who preserved
them as precious relics of this great master. Very few of
his entire operas were ever performed in England. The
first was " Attilio Regulo," in 1753, and the second, in
1755, " Andromaca." The operas of Jomelli will be al
ways valuable to professors and curious collectors, for the
excellence of the composition, though it has been thought
necessary, in compliance with the general rage for novelty,
to lay them aside and to have the same dramas new set for
the stage, in order to display the talents, or hide the de
fects, of new singers.
As Jomelli was a great harmonist, and naturally grave
and majestic in his style, he seems to have manifested
> Moreri. — Diet. Hist,

«8 J O M E L L L
abilities in writing for the church superior even to those
for the stage. Dr. Burney speaks of three, the only ones
he had seen, all written by Metastasio, and all admirably
set. Dr. Burney had also a " Te Deum," and a " Re
quiem" of his composition, which show him to have been
a great master of the church style, although he appears
not to have tried that species before 1751, when he, Pe
rez, and Durante were employed to compose some music
at Rome for passion week. But though he acquired con
siderable fame on this occasion, yet he was so far from
being intoxicated by it, that in a visit to father Martini, at
Bologna soon after, he told this learned contrapuntist that
he had a scholar to introduce to him. Martini assured him
that he should be glad to instruct any one so well recom
mended ; and, a few days after. Martini asking who and
where was the disciple he had talked of.' Jomelli answered
that it was himself ; and pulling a studio of paper out of
his pocket, on which he had been trying his strength in
modulation and fugue upon canto Jermo, begged of him to
examine and point out his errors.
From this period he produced many admirable compo
sitions 'for the church, in which he united elegance with
learning, and grace with bold design. Among other pro
ductions of this kind, the two following merit commemo
ration. An " Offertorio," or motet, for five voices with
out instruments, followed by an Alleluja of four parts in
chorus ; and a " Missa pro defunctis," or burial service,
which he composed at Stutgardt for the obsequies of a
lady of high rank and favour at the court of his patron, the
duke of Wurtemburg. These compositions, which are
learned without pedantry, and grave without dulness, will
be lasting monuments of his abilities as a contrapuntist.
But the most elaborate of all his compositions is the
" Miserere," or fifty- first psalm, translated into Italian
verse, by his friend Saverio Mattel, which he set for two
voices, accompanied with instruments, in 1773, the year
before his decease. In this production, which breathes
a pious gravity, and compunction of heart suited to the
contrite sentiments of the psalmist, there is a mani
fest struggle at extraneous modulation and new effects,
perhaps too much at the expence of facility and grace.
There are, however, admirable strokes of passion as vvell
as science in it, which, though above the comprehension
•f common hearers, will afford great pleasure to those that

JOMELLI. 89
are able to read the score, or to follow the performers
through the labyrinths of art. This admirable composer
had, in genei-al, such a facility in writing, that he seldom
courted the muse at an instrument; and so tenacious a
memory, that Sacchini said he- frequently composed an air
on opening a book of lyric poetry, while, like a peripa
tetic, he has been walking about a room, which he re
membered a year after, and then committed it to paper
as fast as he could write a letter.
As Raphael had three manners pf painting, Jomelli had
three styles of composirion. Before he went to Germany
the easy and graceful flow of Vinci and Pergolesi pervaded
all his productions ; but when he was in the service of the
duke of Wurtemburg, finding the Germans were fond of
learning and complication, he changed his style in com
pliance with the taste and expectations of his audience ;
and on his return to Italy he tried to thin and simplify his
dramatic muse, which, however, was still so much too
operose for Italian ears, that in 1770, upon a Neapolitan
being asked how he liked Jomelli's new opera of " Demo-
foonte," he cried out with vehemence, " e scelerata, Sig-
nore !" The health of Jomelli began to decline in 1770,
and in 1771 he had a stroke of the palsy, which, however,
did not impair his intellects, as he composed " Achille in
Sciro" for the Roman theatre, and a cantata for the safe
delivery of the queen of Naples, in 1772 ; and in 1773 his
Italian " Miserere," the most elaborate and studied of all
his works. He died in Sept. 1774.
His learned friend. Signer Saverio Mattel, the translator
of the Psalms into Italian verse, from whose admirable ver
sion Jomelli had taken the " Miserere," or fifty-first psalm,
drew up a very interesting account of the works and public
funeral of the great musician, and printed it in his " Sag-
gio di Poesia Latine et Italiane," published at Naples im
mediately after his decease. '
JONAS (Anagrimus), a learned Icelander, who ac
quired a great reputation for astronomy and the sciences,
was coadjutor to Gundebrand of Thorbac, bishop of Ho-
lum in Iceland, who was also of that nation, a man of great
learning and probity, had been a disciple of Tycho Brahe,
and understood astronomy very well. After his death, the
§ee of Holum was offered by the king of Denmark to Ana-
' By Dr. Burney, in Rees's Cyclopedia— and History of Music.

so JONAS.
grimus, who begged to be excused ; desiring to avoid the
envy that might attend him in that high office, and to be
at leisure to prosecute his studies. He chose therefore to
continue as he was, pastor of the church of Melstadt, and
intendant of the neighbouring churches of the last-men
tioned diocese. He died in 1640, at the age of ninety-five.
He wrote several books in honour of his country, against
the calumnies of Blefkenius and others, which are well
esteemed; the titler- whereof are, " Ideaveri magistratus,"
Copenhagen, 1589, Svo. " Brevis commentarius de Islan-
dii, ibid. 1593," Svo. " Anatome Blefkeniana*. HoUin
Iceland, 1612," 8vo, and at Hamburgh, 1618, 4to. "Epis
tola pro patria defensoria," ibid. 1618. " 'A7roTpi€n calum
nies," ibid. 1622, 4to. " Crymogasa, sen rerum Islandi-
carum libri tres, ibid. 1630," 4to. This was written in
1603, and printed at Hamburgh in 1609, with a map of
Denmark, and, in 1710, without the map. "Specimen
Islandiae historicum et magna ex parte chorographicum,"
Amstelod. 1634, 4to. This piece is a vindication of the
author's opinion against the argumints of John Isaacus Pon-
tanus. Anagrimus maintained that Iceland was not peo
pled till about the year 874, and therefore cannot be the
ancient Thule. " Vita Gundebrandi Thorlacii," Lugd.
Bat. 1630, 4to. '
JONAS (Justus), an eminent German divine, and one
of the first reformers, was born at Northausen, in Thurin-
gia, June 5, 1493, where his father was chief magistrate.
He first made considerable progress in the study of civil
law, but relinquishing that, devoted his whole attention to
theology, in which faculty he took his doctor's degree.
This was about the time that the reformation was begun ;
and Jonas having been present at various disputations on
the subject, espoused the principles of the reformers with
great zeal, and, from his knowledge of civil law as well as
divinity, was enabled to contribute very important assist
ance to their efforts, particularly Luther antl Melancthon,
with whom he became early acquainted. In 1521 he was
made a canon of the collegiate church at Wittemberg, and
appointed principal of the college and professor; and,
with Spalatinus and Amsdorft^, was employed by the elector
of Saxony to reform the church in Misnia and Thuringia.
* This book is a refutation of one ** Islandia, seu descriptio populorum
printed at Leyden in 16U7, entitled et memorabilium hujus insula)."
I Moreri. — Diet. Hist. — Gen. Diet.

JONAS. 91
From thence he was called to Halle in Saxony, where he
greatly promoted the reformation. Luther sometimes re
sorted thither to him, and took him with him in his last
journey to Isleben, where he died in his arms. After Lu
ther's death he continued for some time in the duke of
Saxony's court, and was at length appointed pastor of the
church at Eisfield, where he died Oct. 9, 1555. Jonas has
been ranked among the moderate reformers, being desirous
of making no further alteration in the established modes of
worship and even doctrine, than he thought absolutely
necessary for the introduction of piety and truth. His
death was therefore a serious loss to his brethren, whose
cause suffered by the intemperate zeal of some of its sup
porters. Among his writings are enumerated a treatise in
defence of the marriage of priests, against Faber ; printed
at Helmstadt, 1651, fol. ; another upon the study of divi
nity ; and notes upon the Acts of the Apostles ; but of
these his biographers have given very imperfect accounts. *
JONES (Griffith), a pious divine and great benefactor
to his country, Wales, was born in 1684, in the parish of
Kilredin in the county of Carmarthen, and educated at
Carmarthen school, where he made great proficiency in
Greek, Latin, and other studies, but does not appear to
have been at either university. Having, however, quali
fied himself for the ministry, he received deacon's orders
from bishop Bull in Sept. 1708, and priest's orders from
the same prelate in Sept. 1709. His learning and piety
having recommended him to sir John Phillips, of Picton
castle, bart. he was preferred by that gentleman to the
rectory of Llanddowror, in Carmarthenshire. He was soon
after fixed upon by the " Society for propagating the gospel
in foreign parts," as a person every way qualified to be
sent as a missionary amongst the Indians, and at first gave
his consent, but circumstances occurred which prevented
his country from being deprived of his services. In his
parish he soon became popular by his fervent and well
digested discourses, delivered with a voice and action
tranquil, easy, yet strongly impressive ; and by his affec
tionate discharge of the other duties of his station in
visiting, catechizing, &c. But he was principally distin
guished for his zeal in procuring subscriptions for the sup
port of what weie called circulating Welsh schools, to
' Melchior Adam, — Verheiden Effigies,— Sasii Onomast,

93 JONES.
teach poor Welsh men, women, and children to read their
native language; and such was his diligence, and the
effect of his superintendence of these schools, that he could
enumerate 158,000 poor ignorant persons who had been
taught to read ; and equal care was taken to catechize and
instruct young people in the principles of the Christian
religion. Having applied to the " Society for promoting
Christian knowledge," of which he was a corresponding
member, that body caused to be printed tvi»o large editions
of the Welsh Bible, of 15,000 copies each, which were sold
cheap for the benefit of the poor in Wales. He likewise
wrote and published several instructive treatises in the
Welsh as well as the English language ; and was enabled
by the assistance of some charitable friends to print editions
of from 8000 to 12,000 of these useful manuals, which were
distributed throughout all Wales. His own charitable ex
ertions were extensive, and having studied medicine in a
certain degree, he laid in' a large stock of drugs, which he
made up and dispensed to the poor gratis, taking that op
portunity also to give them spiritual advice. This truly
good man died April 8, 1761, lamented as a father to his
flock, and a general benefactor to the whole country. '
JONES (Griffith), who deserves a place in the ca
talogue of English writers for having first introduced
the numerous and popular little books for the amusement
and instruction of children, which have been received with
universal approbation, was born in 1721, and served his
apprenticeship to Mr. Bowyer, the learned printer. His
education was probably not neglected, or at least it was very
much improved by his own efforts. He was many years
editor of the London Chronicle and Public Ledger. He
was also associated with Dr. Johnson in the " Literary
Magazine," and with Smollett and Goldsmith in " The
British Magazine," and pubjished a great number of trans
lations from the French, to none of which, however, was
his name prefixed. One little publication, entitled " Great
events from little causes," was his composition, and met
with a rapid and extensive sale. In conjunction with Mr.
John Newbery, and a brother of his own, Mr. Giles Jones,
be wrote many of those little books or Lilliputian histories
which were the delight of the youth of many yet living,
Mr. Jones, who was a very amiable man, died Sept. 12, 1786,
• Sketch of his Life and Character, 1763, Svo.

JONES. 93
Mr. Giles Jones, his brother (who was more than five-and-
forty years secretary to the York Buildings Water company)
left a son, Mr. Stephen Jones, who, among other literary
productions, was editor of the last edition of the " Biogra
phia Dramatica," which was consigned to his care by the
late Mr. Isaac Reed. '
JONES (HiiNRY), a dramatic writer, was a native of
Drogheda, in Ii-eland, and was bred a bricklayer; but,
having a natural inclination for the muses, pursued his de
votions to them even during the labours of his mere mecha
nical avocations, and composing a line of brick and a line
of verse alternately, his walls and poems rose in growth
together, but not with equal degrees of durability. His
turn, as is iTiost generally the case with mean poets, or
bards of humble origin, was panegyric. This procured
him some friends ; and, in 1745, when the earl of Chester
field went over to Ireland as lord-lieutenant, Mr. Jones was
recommended to the notice of that nobleman, who, de
lighted with the discovery of this mechanic muse, not only
favoured him with his own notice and generous munificence,
but also thought proper to transplant this opening flower
into a warmer and more thriving climate. He brought him
with him to England, recommended hira to many of the
nobility there, and not only procured him a large subscrip
tion for the publishing a collection of his " Poems," but
it is said, even took on himself the alteration and correction
of his tragedy, and also the care of prevailing on the ma
nagers of Covent-garden theatre to bring it^on the stage.
This nobleman also recommended him in the warmest
manner to CoUey Cibber, whose friendly and humane dis
position induced him to shew him a thousand acts of friedd-
ship, and even made strong efforts by his interest at court;
to have secured to him the succession of the laurel after
his death. With these favourable prospects it might have
been expected that Jones would have passed through life
with so much decency as to have ensured his own hap
piness, and done credit to the partiality of his friends ; but
this was not the case. " His temper," says one, who
seems to have known him, " was, in consequence of the
dominion of his passions, uncertain and capricious; easily
engaged, and easily disgusted ; and, as ceconomy was iv
virtue which could never be taken into his catalogue, h«
1 Nithols's Bowyer.

94 J O N, E S.
appeared to think himself born rather to be supported by
others than under a duty to secure to himself the profits
which his writings and the munificence of his patrons from
time to time afforded." After experiencing many reverses
of fortune, which an overbearing spirit, and an imprudence
in regard to pecuniary concerns, consequently drew on
him, he died in great want, in April 1770, in a garret
belonging to the master of the Bedford coffee-house, by
whose charity he had been some time supported, leaving
>n example to those of superior capacities and attainihents,
who, despising the common maxims of life, often feel the
want of not pursuing them when it is too late. His princi
pal performance, " The Earl of Essex," appeared in 1753,
and he also left a tragedy unfinished, called " The Cave
of Idra," which falling into the hands of Dr. Hiffernan, he
enlarged it to five acts, and brought it out under the title
of " The Heroine of the Cave." His last publications
were, " Merit;" " The Relief;" and " Vectis, or the Isle
of Wight," poems ; but his poetical worth, though not
contemptible, was far from being of the first-rate kind. '
JONES (Jeremiah), a learned dissenting divine, was
born in 16^3, and received his academical learning under
his uncle, the rev. Samuel Jones, first of Gloucester, then
of Tewksbury, the tutor of Chandler, Butler, and Seeker.
He was fellow-student with the latter in 1711, and was
a distinguished scholar, when he entered upon acade
mical studies. It is apprehended, that he was a native of
the North of England, and that his father was a gentleman
in affluent circumstances. There was with him, at the above
seminary, a younger brother, a youth of quick parts, who
afterwards settled as a dissenting: minister at Manchester.
Mr. Jones, soon after he had finished his course of prepa
ratory studies, became the minister of the congregatioft
ofv Protestant dissenters, who assembled for worship in
Forest Green, Avening, Gloucestershire, and resided at
Nailswortb, where he also kept an academy. He bad the
character of being an eminent linguist He was popular
as a preacher ; for the place of worship was considerably
enlarged in his time. His discourses met with the appro- .
bation of the more judicious, for his salary amounted to
one hundred pounds per annum, and the whole subscrip
tion came from persons of superior rank in life. Though
¦ Bio;, Dram.

JONES. 93
a deep scholar and hard student, he was not a man of se
vere manners ; but of an open and social disposition, and
one of a bowling party at a place still called the Lodge,
on Hampton common, at which healthy exercise he relaxed
from his studies, and by his presence and influence pre
served decorum in the company. His character secured
him the marked respect of a neighbouring clergyman. His
anxiety to fulfil an engagement, which he had made, to
perform some ministerial service at a place on the other
side of the Severn, hastened his death. It escaped his
recollection, till the time drew near ; to prevent disap
pointment, he made so much speed, that his tender con
stitution was injured by it, and a complaint contracted,
from which he never recovered. He died in 1724,
aged 31.
Mr. Jones's first publication was " A Vindication of the
former part of Saint Matthew's Gospel, from Mr. Whis-
ton's charge of Dislocations, or an attempt to prove that
our present Greek copies of that Gospel are in the same
order wherein they were originally written by that Evan
gelist ; in which are contained many things relating to the
harmony and history of the Four Gospels, 1719." This
work, says Dr. Harwood, is very valuable ; it abounds
with ingenious reraarks, and displays the critical acumen
of the author. He prepared for the press before his death
another excellent performance, entitled " A New and Full
Method of settling the Canonical Authority of the New
Testaraent," which was published in 1726, in two volumes,
Svo. Thej' were followed by a third volume. In drawing
up these works, he took care, it seems, to consult and ex
amine the originals, instead of satisfying himself with the
quotations of other learned men. They remain, as monu
ments of his learning, ingenuity, and indefatigable indus
try; and would have done credit, it has been observed, to
the assiduity and ability of a literary man of sixty. They
were become very scarce, and bore a high price, when,
with the liberality and zeal which reflects honour on them,
the conductors of the Clarendon press lately republished
them at Oxford. B»Ir., Jones, observes Dr. Maltby, has
brought together, with uncommon diligence and judg
ment, the external evidence for the authenticity and ge
nuineness of the canonical books ; and he has, with equal
ability and fairness, stated his reasons for deciding against
the authority of the apocryphal. In the prosecution of this

9S JONES.
important design, he has not only quoted, but tran.slated,
the greater part of the contents of Fabricius's two first
volumes. Mr. Jones intended another and distinct volum?
on the apostolical fathers. '
JONES (Inigo), a celebrated English architect, was born
about 1572, in the neighbourhood of St. Pauj's, London,
where his father, Mr. Ignatius Jones, was a clothworker.
At a proper age, it is said, be put his son apprentice to a
joiner, a business that requires some skill in drawing : and
in that respect suited well with our architect's inclination,
which naturallv led him to the art of desienino-. It is not
probable, however, that he attended long to the mecha
nical part of his business ; for we are told that he dis
tinguished himself early by the extraordinaiy progress he
made with his pencil, and was particularly noticed for his
skill in landscape-painting, of which there is a specimen
at Chiswick-house. These talents recommended him to the
earl of Arundel, or, as some say, to ^V'illiam earl of Pem
broke. It is certain, however, that at the expence of one
or other of these lords he travelled over Italy,, and the po
liter parts of Europe ; saw whatever was recommended by
its antiquity or value; and from these plans formed his
own observations, which, upon his return home, he per
fected by study. He was no sooner at Rome, says Wal
pole, than he found himself in his sphere, and acquired
so much reputation that Christian IV. king of Denmark
sent for him from Venice, which was the chief place of his
residence, and where he had studied the works of Palladio,
and made him his architect, but on what buildings he vvas
employed in that countiy we are yet to learn. He had
been some time possessed of this honourable post when
that prince, whose sister Anne had married James I. made
a visit to England in 1606 ; and our architect, being de
sirous to return to his native country, took that opportu
nity of coming home in the train of his Danish majesty.
The magnificence of James's reign, in dress, buildings, &c.
furnishel Jones with an opportunity of exercising his ta
lents, which ultimately proved an honour to his country.
Mr. Seward says, we know not upon what authority, that
the first work he executed after his return from Italy, was
the decoration of the inside of the church of St. Catharine
Cree, Leadenhall-street. We know, however, that the
> Gent, Mag. LXXIII. p. 501.

JONES. 97
queen appointed him her architect, presently after his ar
rival ; and he was soon taken, in the same character, into
the service of prince Henry, under whom he discharged
his trust with so much fidelity and judgment, that the king
gave him the reversion of the place of surveyor-general of
his majesty's works.
Prince Henry dying in 1612, Mr. Jones made a second
visit to Italy ; and continued some years there, improving
himself farther in his favourite art, till the surveyor's place
fell to him ; on his entrance upon which he shewed an un
common degree of generosity. The office of his majesty's
works having, through extraordinary occasions, in the time
of his predecessor, contracted a great debt, the privy-
council sent for the surveyor, to give his opinion what
course might be taken to ease his majesty of it; when
Jones not only voluntarily offered to serve without pay
himself, in whatever kind due, until the debt was fully
discharged, but also persuaded his fellow-officers to do the
like, by which means the whole arrears were soon cleared.
It is to the interval between the first and second of Jones's
travels abroad, that Walpole is inclined to assign those
buildings of his which are less pure, and border too much
on a bastard style of Gothic, which he reformed in his
grander designs.
The king, in his progress 1620, calling a^ Wilton, the
seat of the earl of Pembroke, among other subjects, fell
into a discourse about that surprising group of stones called
Stonehenge, upon Salisbury plain, near Wilton. Our ar
chitect was immediately sent for by lord Pembroke, and
received his majesty's commands to make observations and
deliver his sentiments on the origin of Stone-henge. In
obedience to this command, he presently set about the
work ; and having, with no little pains and expence,
taken an exact measurement of the whole, and diligently
searched the foundation, in order to find out the original
form and aspect, he proceeded to compare it with other
antique buildings which he had any where seen. After
much reasoning, and a long series of authorities, his head
being full of Rome, and Roman edifices and precedents,
he concluded, that this ancient and stupendous pile must
have been originally a Ro,-nan temple, dedicated to Ccelus,
the senior of the heathen gods, and built after the Tuscan
order ; that it was built when the Romans flourished in
peace and prosperity in Britain, and, probably, betwixt
Vol. XIX, H

9» JONES.
the time of Agricola's government and the reign of Con*
stantine the Great. This account he presented to his royal
ihaster in the same year, 1620, and was immediately dp-
pointed one of the commissioners for repairing St. Paul's
cathedral in London.
Upon the death of king James, he vvas continued in his
post by Charles I. whose consort entertained him likewise
in the same station. He had drawn the designs for the
palace of Whitehall in his former master's time ; and that
part of it, the banqueting-house, in a most pure and
beautiful taste, was now carried into execution. It was
first designed for the reception of foreign ambassadors;
and the cieling was painted, some years after, by Rubens,
v^ith the felicities of James's reign. In June 1633 an
order was issued out, requiring him to set about the repa
ration of St. Paul's ; and the work was begun soon after
at the east end, the first stone being laid by Laud, then
bishop of London, and the fourth by Jones. In this work,
Mr. Walpole remarks that he made two capital faults. He
first renewed the sides with very bad Gothic, and then
added a Roman portico, magnificent and beautiful indeed,
but which had no afl[inity with the ancient parts that re
mained, and made his own Gothic appear ten times heavier.
He committed the same error at Winchester, thrusting a
screen in the Roman or Grecian taste into the middle of
that cathedral. Jones, indeed, was by no means successful
when he attempted Gothic, the taste for which had de
clined before his time.
During this reign he gave many proofs of his genius and
fancy in the pompous machinery for masques and inter
ludes so much in vogue then. Several of these represent
ations are still extant in the works of Chapman, Davenant,
Daniel, and particularly Ben Jonson. The subject was
chosen by the poet, and the speeches and songs were also
of his composing ; but the invention of the scenes, orna-
inents, and dresses of the figures, vvas the contrivance of
Jones *. And in this he acted in harmony with father Ben
for a while ; but, about 1614, there happened a quarrel
between them, which provoked Jonson to ridicule his
* In Jonson's " Masque of Queens," hel' in " Paradise Lost ;" there being
the first scene representing an ugly a tradition, that he conceived the first
hell, which, flaming beneath, smoked idea of that hell from some theatrical
unto the top of the roof, probably fur- representations invented by Inig') Jones.
nished Milton with the first bint of his

JONES. S9
associate, under the character of Lantern Leatherhead, a
hobby-horse seller, in his comedy of " Bartholomew Fair."
Nor did the rupture end but with Jonson's death ; a very
few years before which, in 1635, he wrote a most virulent
coarse satire, called "An Expostulation with Inigo Jones;'*
and, afterwards, " An Epigram to a Friend ;" and also a
third, inscribed to " Inigo Marquis Would-be." The
quarrel not improbably took its rise from our architect's
rivalship in the king's favour ; and it is certain the poet
was much censured at court for this rough usage of his
rival : of which being advised by Mr. Howell, he suppressed
the whole satire *.
In the mean time, Mr. Jones received such encourage
ment from the court, that he acquired a handsome fortune f;
which, however, was much impaired by what he suffered
during the rebellion ; for, as he had a share in his royal
master's prosperity, so he had a share too in his ruin.
Upon the meeting of the long parliament, Nov. 1640, he
was called before the house of peers, on a complaint against
him from the parishioners of St. Gregory's in London, for
damage done to that church, on repairing the cathedral of
St. Paul. The church being old, and standing very near
the cathedi^al, was thought to be a blemish to it, and
therefore was taken down, pursuant to his majesty's signi
fication, and the orders of the councjl in 1639, in the
execution of which, our surveyor no doubt was chiefly
concerned. But, in answer to the complaint, he pleaded
the general issue ; and, when the repairing of the cathedral
ceased, in 1642, some part of the materials remaining
were, by order of the house of lords, delivered to the
parishioners of St. Gregory's, towards the rebuilding of
their church. This prosecution must have put Mr. Jones to a
very large expence ; and, during the usurpation afterwards,
he vvas constrained to pay 545/. by way of composition for
* It is said, the king forbad it to be Philip earl of Pembroke, who, if once
printed at that time ; but it is printed the patron of Jones, afterwards fell out
smoe fromaMS. ofthelate Vertue, the with him, says, in some MS notes on
engraver, and is inserted among the the edition of Stonehenge, that Jones
epigrams in the 6th vol. of Jonson's had 16,0,O0Z. a year for keeping the
Works, edit. 1756, in 7 vols. Svo. king's houses in repair. This is pro-
f His fee as surveyor was eight shil- bably exaggerated. Jones built the
lings and four pence per day, with an noble front of Wilton-house, and, as
allowance of forty-six pouiids a year Walpole eonjectures, some disagree-
for house-rent, besides a clerk, and in- ment took place between him and the
cidental expences. What greater re- earl while employed here.
wards he had are not upon record. But
H 2

100 JONES,
his estate, as a malignant. After the death of Charles I.
he was continued in his post by Charles II. ; but it was only
an empty title at that time, nor did Mr. Jones live long
enough to make it any better. In reality, the grief, at his
years, occasioned by the fatal calamity of his former mu
nificent master, put a period to his life July 21, 1652, and
he was buried in the chancel of St. Bennet's church, near
St. Paul's wharf, London, where there was a monument
erected to his memory, which suffered greatly by the
dreadful fire in 1666.
In respect to his character, we are assured, by one who
knew him well, that his scientific abilities surpassed most
of his age. He was a perfect master of the mathematics,
and was not unacquainted with the two learned languages,
Greek and Latin, especially the latter ; neither was he
without some turn for poetry *. A copy of verses com
posed by him is published in the " Odcombian Banquet,"
prefixed to Tom Coryate's " Crudities," in 1611, 4to. But
his proper character was that of an architect, and the most
eminent of his time ; on which account he is still generally
styled the British Vitruvius ; the art of designing being
little known in England till Mr. Jones, under the patronage
of Charles I. and the earl of Arundel, brought it into use.
This is the character given him by Mr. Webb, who was
his heir ; and who, being born in London, and bred in
Merchant Taylors' -school, afterwards resided in ]Mr. Jones's
family, married his kinswoman, was instructed by him in
mathematics and architecture, and designed by him for his
successor in the office of surveyor-general of his majesty's
works, but was prevented by Sir John Denham. Mr. Webb
pubhshed some other pieces besides Ins " Vindication of
Stone-henge restored f ;" and dying at Butleigh, his seat
in Somersetshire, Oct. 24, 1672, was buried in that church.
* lien Jonson, by way of ridicule, ascribing the greatest part of this trea-
calls him, in " Bartholomew Fair," a rise to Webb. 2. " The Vindication of
Parcel-poet. Stonehenge Restorwl," &c. was pub-
-|* Inigo Jones's Discourse upon Stone- lished in 1665, fol. and again, together
henge being left imperfect at his deatti, with Jones's and Dr. Charlton's upon
Mr. Webb, at the desire of Dr. Har- tlie same subject, in 1725, fbl. It is
vey, Mr. Selden, and others, perfected remarkable, that almost all the differ-
and published it at London in 1655, fol. ent inhabitants of our island have had
under the title of " Stonehenge re- their advocates in claiming the honour
stored ;" and prefixed to it a print of of this antiquity. Mr. Sammes, in his
our author etcfied by "Hollar, from a " Britannia," will have tlie structure to
painting of Vandyck. Dr. Stukeley, in be Phoenician ; Jones and Webb be-
his " Stone-henge a Temple of the lieved it Roman ; Aubrey thinks it
Druids," gives several reasons for British j Charlton derives it from lt&

JONES. 101
Walpole enumerates among his works which are still in
part extant, the new quadrangle of St. John's college,
Oxford ; the queen's chapel at St James's ; the arcade of
Covent-garden and the church ; Gunnersbury, near Brent
ford ; Lincoln's Inn Chapel, and one or two of the houses
in Lincoln's-inn-fields ; Coleshill in Berkshire, and Cobham
hall in Kent; the Grange, in Hampshire; the queen's
house at Greenwich, &c. Several other of his buildings
may be seen in Campbell's " Vitruvius Britannicus." The
principal of his designs were published by Mr. Kent in
1727, fol. as also some of his less designs in 1744, fol.
Others were pubUshed by Mr. Isaac Ware. Our artist left
in MS. some curious notes upon Palladio's "Architecture,"
now in Worcester college, Oxford, some of which are in
serted in an edition of Palladio, published at London,
1714, fol. by Mr. Leoni; which notes, he says, raise the
value of the edition above all the preceding ones. His
original drawings for Whitehall-palace are also in Wor
cester library.'
JONES (John), an old medical writer, was either born
in Wales, or was of'Welsh extraction ; studied at both
our universities, took a medical degree at Cambridge, and
practised with great reputation at Bath, in Nottinghara-
shire, and Derbyshire. He mentions curing a person at
Louth in 1562, and the date of his last publication is
1759. His principal pieces are, " The Dial of Agues," 1556;
" The Benefit of the antient Bathes of Buckstone," 1572;
" The Bathes of Bath's ayde," 1572 ; "A brief, excellent,
and profitable Discourse of the natural beginning of all
growing and living things, &c." 1574 : perhaps this is
taken from " Galen's Four Books of Elements," which he
translated and printed the same year, or is the same book
with another title ; " The Art and Science of preserving
the Body and Soul in Health," &c. 1579, 4to.'
JONES (John), a learned English Lenedictine, was
born in London in 1575, although originally of a family
i)aues ; and bishop Nieolson is of opi- Essay, endeavouring to prove that the
nion, that the Saxons have as just a Language of China is the primitive Lan-
title to it as any. At last. Dr. Stuke- guage." 4. He also translated, from
ley begins the round again, and main- the Italian into English, " The History
tains it, with Sammes, to be of a Phoe- of the World," written by George Xa-
nician original. But to retujn to Webb, ragnota.
who also published, 3. "An Historical
. • Biog. Diet.— ;-Walpole's Anecdotes.
2 Aikin's Biog. Memoirs of Medicine. — Ath. Ox. vol. I.

102 JONES.
of Brecknockshire. He was educated at Merchant Taylors'
school, from whence he was elected a scholar of St. John's
college, Oxford, in 1591, where he was chamber-fellow
with Mr. Laud, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury.
Here he studied civil law, took a bachelor's degree in that
faculty, and was made a fellow of the college. In conse
quence of a course of reading on the controversies of the
time, he erabraced the doctrines of popery, and, going
abroad, became a Benedictine monk in Spain, assuming
the name of Leander a Sancto Martino. He then pursued
his studies at Compostella, and was created D. D, When
the English religious of his order had formed themselves
into a congregation, he was invited to Douay, and made
professor of Hebrew and divinity in St. Vedast's college,
during which time he was very instrumental in founding a
monastery of Benedictine nuns at Cambray. He was also
appointed their confessor, prior of the monastery of Douay,
and twice president of the English congregation. It has
been said that archbishop Laud gave him an invitation to
England, for which various reasons were assigned, and,
among others, that they might consult about the reunion
of the churches of England and Rome ; but there seems
no great foundation for this story. That he did return to
England, however, is certain, as he died at London Dec.
17, 1636, and was buried in the chapel at Somerset-house.
He wrote, 1. " Sacra ars memorise, ad Scripturas divinas
in promptu habendas, &c. accommodata," Douay, 1623,
Svo. 2. " Conciliatio locorum communium totius Scrip
turas," ibid. 1623. He also edited " Biblia Sacra, cum
glossa interlineari," 6 vols. fol. ; " Opera Blosii ;" and
" Arnobius contra gentes," with notes, Douay, 1634; and
had some hand in father Reyner's " Apostolatus Benedic-
tinorum," 1626.'
JONES (John), an English divine of some note for
exciting a controversy respecting the Liturgy, was born in
1700, and is supposed to have been a native of Carmarthen.
He was admitted of Worcester college, Oxford, where he
took the degree of B. A. about 1721, and quitted the uni
versity in or before 1726, in which year he received
priest's orders at Buckden, from Dr. Reynolds, bishop of
Lincoln. He had a curacy in that diocese, but in what
part is not known. In 1741 he was resident at AbbotS'
• Ath. Oxon, vol. 1.— Dodd's Church History,

JONES. 103
Ripton in Huntingdonshire, and soon after was presented
to the vicarage of Alconbury, which he resigned in 175i
for the rectory of Boulne-Hurst in Bedfordshire. In 1755
he was vicar of Hitchin, and in 1759 accepted the curacy
of Welwyn from Dr. Young, and continued there un|il
1765, when that celebrated poet died, and Mr. Jones was
appointed one of his executors. He afterwards returned
to Boulne-Hurst, and probably obtained no other prefer
ment. He was killed by a fall from his horse in going to
Abbots-Ripton, but in what year we have not been able
to discover, although such a circumstance must have been
known to his friends, who, however, have neglected to
record it. After his death, many, if not all his manu,-
cripts, passed into the hands of the Rev. Thomas Dawson,
M. D. a dissenting minister of Hackney, whence they
passed to the dissenters' library in Redcross-street. Some
biographical notices which have appeared in the Gentle
man's Magazine were extracted from them. Mr. Nichols
has given an extensive series of extracts from his literary
correspondence with Dr. Birch, from which many parti
culars of his talents and character may be gleaned. His
chief work was entitled " Free and Candid Disquisitions,"
published in 1749. These contained many observations
on the defects and improprieties in the liturgical forms of
faith and worship of the established church, and proposals
of amendments and alterations of such passages as were
liable to reasonable objections. There was also a compila
tion of authorities taken from the writings of some emi
nent divines of the church of England, with a view to shew
the necessity, or at least the expedience, of revising the
liturgy, &c. Schemes like this have succeeded each other
since the time of Dr. Clarke, but have never been attended
with complete conviction, either of their necessity or ex
pedience. The author's name did not appear to this pub
lication, and Mr. Blackburne, whom he consulted previous
to publication, was dissatisfied with his timidity. He
wrote, however, a pamphlet in defence of it, and other
pamphlets appear pro and con ; but the controversy was of
no long duration. In 1765 he published " Cathplic Faith
and Practice," and " A Letter to a Friend in the Coun-!'
try ;" but with the subjects of these we are unac
quainted.' 1 Nichols's Bowyer.— Gent, Mag, lA'XXI Part 1, p, 510.

104 JONES.
JONES (Thomas), an eminent and learned tutor of the
university of Cambridge, was born at Beriew in Montgo
meryshire, June 23, 1756. His education, till he entered
on his twelfth year, was confined to the instruction of a
common country school, first at Beriew, and afterwards in
the neighbouring parish of Kerry. During the time that
he frequented the latter school, the vicar of the parish,
discovering in him those talents which he afterwards so
eminently displayed, advised his mother (for he lost his
father at an early age) to send him to the grammar-school
at Shrewsbury, where he continued nearly seven years,
and was inferior to none of his schoolfellows, either in
attention to study or in regularity of conduct. In May
1774, he was admitted of St. John's college, Cambridge,
and came to reside there in October following;. From that
time the excellence of his genius became raore particularly
conspicuous. He had acquired, indeed, at school, a com
petent share of classical learning ; but his mind was less
adapted to Greek and Latin composition than to the inves-
ligation of philosophical truths. At the public examina
tions of St. John's college he not only was always in the
first class, but was without comparison the best mathema
tician of his year. His first summer vacation was devoted
entirely to his favourite pursuit ; and at that early period
he became acquainted with mathematical works, which are
seldom attempted before the third year of academical
study. He remained at St. John's college till after the
public examination in June 1776, when, having no prospect
of obtaining a fellowship, there being already a fellow of
the diocese of St. Asaph in that college^ and the statutes
limiting the fellowships to one from each diocese, he re
moved to Trinity college. Here he took his bachelor's
degree in 1779, and his superiority was so decided, that
no one ventured to contend with htm. The honour of
senior wrangler, as it is called in academical phrase, was
conceded before the examination began, and the second
place became the highest object of competition. If any
thing was wanting to shew his superiority, it would be
rendered sufficiently conspicuous by the circumstance, that
he was tutor to the second wrangler, now the learned Dr.
Herbert Marsh, professor of divinity at Cambridge, who
acknowledged that for the honour which he then obtained,
he was indebted to the instruction of his friend.

JONES. 105
In the sa/me year in which Mr. Jones took his bacheh>r's
degree he was appointed assistant tutor at Trinity college.
In Oct. 1781 he was elected fellow, and in Oct, 1787, on
the resignation of Mr. Cranke, he was appointed to the
office of head tutor, which he held to the day of his death.
In 1786 and 1787 he presided as moderator in the philoso
phical schools, where his acuteness and impartiality were
equally conspicuous. It was about this time that he intro
duced a grace, by which fellow-commoners, who uSed to
obtain the degree of bachelor of arts with little or no exa.T
mination, were subjected to the same academical exercises
as other under-graduates. During many years he con
tinued to take an active part in the senate-house examina
tions; but for some years before his death confined himself
to the duties of college-tutor. These, indeed, were suf
ficiently numerous to engage his whole attention ; and he
displaj'ed in them an ability which was rarely equalled,
with an integrity which never was surpassed. Being per
fect master of his subjects, he always placed them in the
clearest point of view ; and by his manner of treating
them he made them interesting even to those who had
otherwise no relish for matheraatical inquiries. His lectures
on astronomy attracted more than usual attention, since
that branch of philosophy afforded the most ample scope
for inculcating (what, indeed, he never neglected in other
branches) his favourite doctrine of final causes ; for ar
guing from the contrivance to the contriver, from the
structure of the universe to the being and attributes of
God. And this doctrine he enforced, not merely by ex
plaining the harmony which results from the established
Jaws of nature, but by shewing the confusion which would
have arisen from the adoption of other laws. His lectures
on the principles of fluxions were delivered with unusual
clearness ; and there was so much originality in them, that
bis pupils often expressed a wish that they might be printed.
But such was his modesty, that though frequently urged, he
never would consent ; and when he signed his will a short
time before his death, he made the most earnest request
to Dr. Marsh, that none of his manuscripts should be
printed. But it is a consolation to know, that his lectures
in philosophy will not be buried in oblivion : all his writings
on those subjects were delivered to his successor in the
tuition, and, though less amply than by publication, will
continue to benefit mankind. The only things he ever

106 JONES.
published were " A Sermon on Duelling," and " An Ad
dress to the Volunteers of Montgomeryshire." The former
was published as a warning to the young men of the uni
versity, soon after a fatal duel had taken place there. The
latter, which he wrote with great animation (for he was a
zealous advocate of the volunteer system) was calculated to
rouse the volunteers to a vigorous defence of their country.
As the admissions under him as tutor were numerous
beyorid example, the labour and anxiety attendant on the
discharge of his duties gradually impaired a constitution
which was r>aturally feeble. During many years he suf
fered from an infirmity of the breast, and when he seemed
to have recovered from this complaint, was attacked by
another of more dangerous tendency, an internal ulcer,
which after some variations in the symptoms, and some ap
pearance of relief, proved fatal on July 18, 1807. Being
at that time in London for advice, he was, at his own de
sire, interred in the burial-ground of Dulwich-coUege.
His academical character has been already described.
As a companion he was highly convivial ; he possessed a
vein of humour peculiar to himself; and no one told a
story with more effect. His manners were mild and un
assuming, and his gentleness was equalled only by his
firmness. As a friend he had no other limit to his kindness
than his ability to serve. Indeed his whole life was a life
of benevolence, and he wasted his strength in exerting
himself for others. Tbe benefits he conferred were fre
quently so great, and the persons who subsisted by his
bounty were so numerous, that he was often distressed in
the midst of affluence. And though he was head tutor of
Trinity-college almost twenty years, with more pupils than
any of his predecessors, he never acquired a sufficient
capital to enable him to retire from office, and still con-
tjnue his accustomed benevolence.
¦ In theology and politics Mr. Jones appears to have held
some sentiments, to which his biographer adverts with so
much delicacy and caution, that we cannot guess at them;
when he adds, however, that " his sentiments on various
speculative points underwent a material alteration," we
may infer that such an alteration was for the better. " Of
his practical theology," says Dr. Marsh, " which remained
always the same, the best description which can be given
is the description of his latter end. He waited the ap
proach of death with a dignified firmness, a placid resigffa-

JONES. 107
tion, and an unaffected piety, which are rarely equalled.
Even after his eyes were grown dim and his speech began
to faulter, he uttered with great fervency what he had fre
quently repeated during the course of his illness, that
prayer in the ' Visitation of the Sick,' * Sanctify, we be
seech thee, this thy fatherly correction, that the sense of
my weakness may add strength to my faith and seriousness
to my repentance.' On these last words he dwelt with pe
culiar emphasis. About the same time he said to his sur-
-rounding friends, as distinctly as the weakness of his voice
would permit, ' I am conscious, no doubt, of many fail
ings ; but I believe I have employed the abilities with
which God has blessed me to the advantage of my fellow-
creatures. I resign myself, then, with confidence into the
hands of my Maker.' He shortly after expired, without a
groan or struggle." '
JONES (William), an eminent mathematician, was born
in 1680, in the island of Anglesey, North Wales. His
parents were yeomen, or little farmers, in that island, and
gave to their son the best education which their circum
stances would allow ; but he owed his future fame and for
tune to the diligent cultivation of the intellectual powers
by which he was eminently distinguished. Addicted from
early life to the study of mathematics, he commenced his
career of advancement in the humble office of a teacher of
these sciences on board a man of war. In this situation he
attracted the notice, and obtained the friendship of lord
Anson. He appeared as an author in his 22d year; when
his treatise on the art of navigation was much approved.
We may judge of his predominant taste for literature and
science by a trivial circumstance which occurred at the
capture of Vigo, in 1702. Having joined his comrades in
pillaging the town, he selected a bookseller's shop, in hope
of obtaining some valuable plunder ; but, disappointed in
his expectations, he took up a pair of scissars, which was
his only booty, and which he afterwards exhibited to his
friends as a trophy of his military success. On his return
to England, he established himself as a teacher of mathe
matics in London ; and here, in 1706, he published his
" Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos ; or, a new Introduc
tion to the Mathematics," a work which has ever since
been, held in the highest estimation as a compendious but
' Memoirs by Dr. Marsh in the Atheneum, vol. IIL

108 JONES.
comprehensive summary of mathematical science. Mr.
Jones was no less esteemed and respected on account of
his private character and pleasing manners, than for his
natural talents and scientific attainments ; so that he reck
oned among his friends the most eminent persons of the
period in which he lived. Lord Hardwicke selected him
as a corapanion on the circuit, when he was chief justice;
and when he afterwards held the great seal, conferred upon
him the office of secretary for the peace, as a testimony of
his friendship and regard. He was also in habits of inti
mate acquaintance with lord Parker, president of the royal
society, sir Isaac Newton, Halley, Mead, and Samuel John
son. So highly was his merit appreciated by sir Isaac
Newton, that he prepared, with his permission, and very
much to his satisfaction, a very elegant edition of small
tracts in the higher mathematics. Updn the retirement of
lord Macclesfield to Sherborne castle, Mr. Jones resided
in his family, and instructed his lordship in the sciences.
Whilst he occupied this situation he had the misfortune, by
the failure of a banker, to lose tbe greatest part of that
property which he had accumulated by the most laudable
industry and economy ; but the loss was in a great measure
repaired to him by the kind attention of his lordship, who
procured for him a sinecure place of considerable emolu
ment. He was afterwards offered, by the same nobleman, a
more lucrative situation ; which, however, he declined, that
he might be raore at leisure to devote himself to his favourite
scientific pursuits. In this retreat he formed an acquaint
ance with miss Mary Nix, the daughter of a cabinet-maker,
who had become eminent in his profession, and whose ta
lents and manners had recommended him to an intimacy
with lord Macclesfield. This acquaintance terminated in
marriage ; and the connection proved a source of personal
satisfaction to Mr. Jones himself, and of permanent honour
to his name and family. By this lady Mr. Jones had three
children ; two sons and a daughter. One son died in in
fancy ; the other will be the subject of the next article;
and the daughter, who was married to Mr. Rainsford, an
opulent merchant retired from business, perished misera
bly, in 1802, in consequence of her clothes accidentally
taking fire. The death of Mr. Jones was occasioned by a
polypus in the heart, which, notwithstanding the medical
attention and assistance of Dr. Mead, proved incurable.
He died in July 1749.

JONES. im
Mr. Jones's papers in the Philosophical Transactions are:
" A compendious disposition of Equations for exhibiting
the relations of Goniometrical Lines," vol. XLIV. "A
Tract on Logarithms," vol. LXI. " Account of the per
son killed by lightning in Tottenham-court-chapel, and its
effects on the building," vol. LXII. " Properties of the
Conic Sections, deduced by a compendious method," vol.
LXIII. In all these works of Mr. Jones, a remarkable
neatness, brevity, and accuracy, everywhere prevails. He
seemed to delight in a very short and comprehensive mode
of expression and arrangement; insomuch that sometimes
what he has contrived to express in two or three pages,
would occupy a little volume in the ordinary style of writ
ing. Mr. Jones, it is said, possessed the best mathematical
library in England; which by will he left to lord Maccles
field. He had collected also a great quantity of manu
script papers and letters of former matheraaticians, which
have often proved useful to writers of their lives, &c. After
his death, these were dispersed, and fell into different per
sons hands ; many of thera, as well as of Mr. Jones's own
papers, were possessed by the late Mr. John Robertson,
librarian and clerk to the royal society ; at vphose death
Dr. Hutton purchased a considerable quantity of them.
From such collections as these it was that Mr. Jones was
enabled to give that first and elegant edition, 1711, in 4to,
of several of Newton's papers, that might otherwise have
been lost, entitled "Analysis per quantitatum Series, Flux-
iones, ac Differentias : cum Enumeratiofie Linearum Ter-
tii Ordinis."
We learn from the " Anecdotes of Bowyer," that the
plan of another work was formed by this eminent mathe
matician, intended to be of the same nature with the " Syn
opsis," but far more copious and diffusive, and to .serve
as a general introduction to the sciences, or, which is the
same thing, to the mathematical and philosophical works
of Newton. A work of this kind had long been a deside
ratum in literature, and it required a geometrician of the
first class to sustain the weight of so important an under
taking; for which, as M. d'Alembert justly observes, " the
combined force of the greatest mathematicians would not
have been more than sufficient." The ingenious author
was conscious how arduous a task he had begun ; but his
very numerous acquaintance, and particularly his friend
the earl of Macclesfield, never ceased importuning and

110 JONES.
urging him to persist, till he had finished the whole work,
the result of all his knowledge and experience through a
life of near 70 years, and a standing monument, as he had
reason to hope, of his talents and industry. He had
scarcely sent the first sheet to the press, when a fatal ill
ness obliged him to discontinue the impression ; and a few
days before his death, he intrusted the MS. fairly tran
scribed by an amanuensis, to the care of lord Maccles
field, who promised to publish it, as well for the honour
of the author as for the benefit of his family, to whom the
property of the book belonged. The earl survived his
friend many years : but the " Introduction to the Mathe-
tics" was forgotten or neglected ; and, after his death, the
MS. was not to be found : whether it was accidentally de
stroyed, which is hardly credible, or whether, as hath been
suggested, it had been lent to some geometrician, unworthy
to bear the name either of a philosopher or a man, who has
since concealed it, or possibly burned the original for fear
of detection. Lord Teignmouth, however, informs us, in
his Hfe of Mr. Jones's illustrious Son, that there is no evi
dence in his memoranda to confirm or disprove this account.'
JONES (Sir William), one of the most accomplished
scholars in Europe, the son of the preceding, was born
Sept. 2,8, 1746. As his father died when he had scarcely
reached his third year, the care of his education devolved
on his mother, whose talents and virtues eminently quali
fied her for the task. Her husband, with affectionate pre
cision, characterized her as one who " was virtuous with
out blemish, generous without extravagance, frugal but
not niggard, cheerful but not giddy, close but not sullen,
ingenious but not conceited, of spirit but not passionate,
of her company cautious, in her friendship trusty, to her
parents dutiful, and to her husband ever faithful, loving,
and obedient" She must have been yet a more extraor
dinary woman than all this imports ; for we are told that
under her husband's tuition she became a considerable pro
ficient in Algebra, and with a view to act as preceptor to
her sister's son, who was destined for the sea, she made
herself perfect in trigonometry, and the theory of naviga
tion, sciences of which it is probable she knew nothing
before marriage, and which she now pursued amidst the
anxious, and, usually, monopolizing cares of a family.
' Lord Teignmouth's Life of sir William Jones. — Hutton's Dictionary.—
A'icjjols's Bowyer.

JONES. Ill
In educating her son, she appears to have preferred a
method at once affectionate and judicious. Discovering in
him a natural curiosity and thirst for knowledge, beyond
what children generally display, she made the gratification
of these passions to depend on his own industry, and con
stantly pointed to a book as the source of information. So
successful was this method, that in his fourth year he was
able distinctly and rapidly to read any English book, while
his memory was agreeably exercised in getting by heart
such popular pieces of poetrv as were likely to engage the ¦
fancy of a child. His taste for reading gradually became
a habit ; and having in his fifth year, while looking over a
Bible, fallen upon the sublime description of the Angel
in the tenth chapter of the Apocalypse, the impression
which his imagination received from it was never effaced.
In his sixth year an attempt was made to teach him
Latin, but the acquisition of a new language had as yet no
charms. At Michaelmas 1753, when he had completed
his seventh year, he was placed at Harrow-school, under
the tuition of Dr. Thackery. Here during the first two
years he applied with diligence to his prescribed tasks, but
without indicating that superiority of talents which in
eminent characters biographers are desirous to trace to the
earliest years. It was enough, however, that he learned
what was taught, and it was fortunate that his mind was
gradually informed, without being perplexed. During the
vacations his mother resumed her " delightful task," and
initiated him in the art of drawing, in which she excelled.
Her private instructions became more necessary and indeed
indispensible, when in his ninth year his thigh-bone was
accidentally fractured. During his confinement, which lasted
twelve months, his mother diverted his taste for reading to
the best English poets, whom he already endeavoured to
imitate ; but whether any of these very early efforts are in
existence his biographer has not informed us.
On his return to school, he was placed in the same class
which he should have attained if the progress of his studies
had not been interrupted. Whether this was from favour
or caprice in the master, it might have been attended with
fatal consequences to young Jones, had his temper been
of that irascible and wayward kind which sometimes ac
companies genius. He found himself in a situation in
which he was necessarily a year behind his school-fellovvs,
and yet his master affected to presume on his equal pro-

112 JONES.
ficienc}', and goaded him by punishment and degradatioij
to perform tasks for which he had received no preparatory
instructions. In a few months, however, he applied him-
self so closely during his leisure hours to recover what be
bad lost, that he soon reached the head of his class,, and
uniformly gained every prize offered for the best exercise.
In his twelfth year he moved into the upper school, when
he entered upon the study of the Greek, and, as was his
practice when in the lower, exercised himself in various
translations and compositions which, not being required by
his instructors, elevated him in the eyes of his school-fel
lows, while his kindness prevented the usual effects of
jealousy. They felt nothing unpleasant in the superiority
of a school-fellow whose talents were employed in their
service, either to promote their learning or their amuse
ments. On one occasion when they proposed to act the
play of the " Tempest," but had no copy at hand, he
wrote it for them so correctly from memory, that they acted
it with as much reputation as they probably could have
derived from the best edition. His own part was Prospero.
On another occasion, he composed a dramatic piece on
the story of Meleager, which was acted by his school-fel- '
lows, as a tragedy. Such efforts of memory and invention
at so early an age are truly wonderful. His tragedy, in
deed, will not bear criticism ; but the lines which his bio
grapher has given as a specimen, will not suffer much by
a comparison with the general strain of verses in the infant
sera of English tragedy.
His predilection for whatever concerned poetry, appear
ed in the pains he now took to study the varieties of 'the
Roman metre. His proficiency was indeed so superior to
that of most of his associates in every pursuit, that they
were glad to consult him as a preceptor, and to borrow
from him, as a friend, those helps which they were other
wise unable to procure. — During the holidays he learned
French and arithraetic, and as he was admitted to the com
pany of the ingenious philosopher Mr. Baker, and his
learned friends, his mother recoramended to him the
•' Spectacle de la Nature," as a book that, might enable
him to. understand their conversation. He obeyed her in
junction, as he uniformly did upon every occasion, and was
probably not uninterested in many parts of that once in
structive work; but he had not yet begun to make excur
sions into the field of natural history, and he acknowledged

JONES. 113
that he was more entertained with the Arabian Tales and
Shakspeare. Although he did not yet cease to be the boy, he fre
quently gave indications of the man, and perhaps in nothing
more than the useful turn of his amusements, which ge
nerally had some reference to his studies, and proved that
learning was uppermost in his mind. Of this disposition,
the following anecdote, related by lord Teignmouth, is
pleasingly characteristic. — " He invented a political play,
in which Dr. William Bennet, bishop of Cloyne, and the
celebrated Dr. Parr, were his principal associates. They
divided the fields in the neighbourhood of Harrow, accord
ing to a map of Greece, into states and kingdoms ; each
fixed upon one as his dominions, and assumed an ancient
name. Some of their schoolfellows consented to be styled
barbarians, who were to invade their territories, and attack
their hillocks, which were denominated fortresses. The
chiefs vigorously defended their respective domains against
the incursions of the enemy ; and in these imitative wars,
the young statesmen held councils, made vehement ha
rangues, and composed memorials ; all doubtless very
boyish, but calculated to fill their minds with ideas of le
gislation and civil government. In these unusual amuse
ments, Jones was ever the leader; and he might justly
have appropriated to himself the words of Catullus :
' Ego gymnasii fios, ego decus olei'."
Dr. Bennet informs us that " great abilities, great par
ticularity of thinking, fondness for writing verses and plays
of various kinds, and a degree of integrity and manly cou
rage, distinguished him even at this period." And Dr.
Thackeray, the master of the school, however niggardly
in general of his praises before the objects of his esteem,
confessed in private that " he was a boy of so active a
mind, that if he were left naked and friendless on Salis
bury Plain, he would nevertheless find the road to fame
and riches." When Dr. Sumner succeeded Dr. Thackeray
in 1761, he more publicly distinguished Mr. Jones, as one
whose proficiency was marked by uncommon diligence and
success. To a critical knowledge of Greek and Latin, he
began now to add some acquaintance with the Hebrew, and
even learned the Arabic characters, while during the va
cations, he improved his former knowledge of the French
and Italian languages. His ardent thirst for knowledge,
Vol. XIX. I

II* JONES.
however, at this time, induced him to study with so little
intermission from sleep or exercise, that he was beginning
to contract a weakness of sight. On- this occasion, his
friends interposed their adv^ice, and for some time he con
sented to relax from fatigues so unsuitable to his tender
age. It is probable, however, that he had already gone
too far, for weakness of sight was one of the first com
plaints which impeded his studies when in India.
A letter to his sister, written at the age of fourteen,
which his biographer has inserted at this period of his his
tory, contains reflections on the folly of sorrowing for the
death of friends, which perhaps might be placed in a more
j ust light, but from one of his age, certainly indicate very
extraordinary powers of thinking ; and the transition from
these to the common trifles of correspondence, shews an
inclination to play the youthful philosopher, which givis
considerable interest to this singidar epistle. The reflec
tions, it is true, are trite, but they could not have been
trite to one just entering upon life, nor could so lively a
youth have long revolved the uncertainties of fame and
happiness. When he had attained the age of seventeen, his friends
determined to remove him to one of the universities, but
his mother had been advised to place him in the office of
some special pleader. He had, in the course of his desul
tory reading, perused a few law books, and frequently
amused his mother's visitors by discussing topics of legal
subtlety. But the law had not taken a complete hold on
his inclination at this time, and his preceptor Dr. Sumner
easily prevailed in recommending an academical course.
He was, accordingly, in the spring of 1764, entered of
University college, Oxford, in which city his mother now
took up her residence. This latter circumstance was pe
culiarly giateful to Mr. Jones, who was as much distin
guished above the mass of mankind for filial affection, as
for his literary accomplishments.
The passion he had imbibed for general learning, and
the desultory manner in which his unremitting application
left hira at liberty to indulge it, were at first in danger of
being interrupted by the necessity of attending to a routine
of instructions from which he imagined he could derive
very little advantage. But in tirae he became accustomed
to the mode of study then prevalent, and without neglect
ing any thing which it was necessary to know, pursued at

JONES. 115
his leisure hours that course of classical and polite litera
ture which had already proved that he was not to be sa
tiated by the common allowances of education. Oriental
literature presented itself to his mind with unusual charms,
as if the plan of his future life, and the avenues to his
future fame, had been regularly laid down before him;.
and he had not applied himself long to the Arabic and
Persic, before he conceived that greater advantages were
to be reaped from those languages, than from the more
popular treasures of Greece and Rome. Such was at the
same time his enthusiasm in this undertaking, that having
accidentally discovered one Mirza, a native of Aleppo, in
London, he prevailed on him to accompany him to Ox
ford, not without hopes that he might induce some of his
companions to avail themselves of this Syrian's labours, and
assist him in defraying the expence of his mainten8,nce ;
but in this he was disappointed, and for some months the
whole of the burthen fell upon hiraself.
During his residence at Oxford, his time was regularly
divided into portions, each of which was filled up with the
study of the ancients or moderns, and there have been few
examples of such extensive accumulation of knowledge by-
one so young ; yet, amidst this severe course of application,
he regularly apportioned some time for the practice of
those manly exercises which promote health. As all this
necessarily became expensive, he anxiously wished for a
fellowship, that he might be enabled to relieve his mother
from a burthen which she could ill support. He had ob
tained a scholarship a few months after his matriculation,
but a fellowship appeared more remote, and he was begin
ning to despair of achieving this object, when he received
an offer to be private tutor to lord Althorpe, now earl
Spencer. He had been recommended to the Spencer fa
mily by Dr. Shipley, who had seen ahd approved some of
his performances at Harrow, and particularly a Greek ora
tion in praise of Lyon, who founded the school at that place
in the reign of Elizabeth.
This proposal was cheerfully accepted by Mr. Jones,
and, in the summer of 1765, he went for the first time tb
Wimbledon Park, to take upon him the education of his
pupil, who was just seven years old, and with whose man
ners he was delighted. It would be needless to point out
the advantages of such a situation as this to a young man
of Jones's accomplishments and expectations. It presented
I 2

116 JONES.
every thing he could wish, liberal patronage to promote
his views, elegant society to form his manners, and oppor
tunities for study, which were inferior only to what he
enjoyed at Oxford. In the course of the following summer,
he obtained a fellowship, which, although not exceeding
one hundred pounds, appeared to him a sufficient provi
sion, and a solid independency. His time was now divided
between Oxford, London, Wimbledon, and Althorpe ; and
in 1767, he visited the Continent with the Spencer family,
and during this trip, which was but short, acquired some
knowledge of the German language. Before setting out,
and in the twenty-first year of his age, he began his Com
mentaries on Asiatic Poetry, in imitation of Dr. Lowth's
Prelectiotis at Oxford on the sacred poetry of the Hebrews;
and soon after his return, in the winter of 1767, he nearly
completed his Commentaries, transcribed an Asiatic ma
nuscript on Egypt and the Nile, and copied the keys of
the Chinese language, which he wished to add to his other
acquisitions. Into these pursuits Mr. Jones appears to have been ii>-
sensi bly led, without the hopes of higher gratification thas
the pleasure they afforded; but a circumstance now oc
curred which may be considered as the first step of his pro-
gress to what finally constituted his fame as a scholar and
public character. The circumstance is thus related by
lord Teignmouth, nearly in Mr. Jones's words :
" The king of Denmark, then upon a visit to this coun
try (176S), had brought with him an eastern manuscript,
containing the life of Nadir Shah, which he was desirous
of having translated in England. The secretary of state,
with whom the Danish minister had conversed upon the
subject, sent the volume to Mr. Jones, requesting him to
give a literal translation of it in the French language : but
he wholly declined the task, alleging for his excuse, the
dryness of the subject, the difficulty of the style, and
chiefly his want both of leisure and ability, to enter upon
an undertaking so fruitless and laborious. He mentioned,
however, a gentleman, with whom he was not then ac
quainted, but who had distinguished himself by the tran.'i-
lation of a Persian history, and some popular tales from
the Persic, as capable of gratifying the wishes of his Da
nish Majesty. Major Dow, the writer alluded to, excused
him>elt on account of his numerous engagements ; and the
application to Mr. Jones vvas renewed. It was hinted, that

JONES. 117
his compliance would be of no small advantage to him, at
his entrance into life ; that it would procure nim some mark
of distinction, which would be pleasing to him; and above
all, that it would be a reflection upon this country, if the
king should be obliged to carry the manuscript to France.
Incited by these morives, and principally the last, unwill
ing to be thought churlish or morose, and eager for repu-
tarion, he undertook the work, and sent the specimen of
it to his Danish majesty, who returned his approbation of
the style and method, but desired that the whole transla
tion might be perfectly literal, and the oriental images ac
curately preserved. The task would have been far easier
to him, if he had been directed to finish it in Latin ; for
the acquisition of a French style was infinitely more tedious,
and it was necessary to have every chapter corrected by a
native of France, before it could be oflFered to the discern
ing eye of the piibfic, since in every language there are
certain peculiarities of idiom, and nice sh?ides of meaning,
which a foreigner can never attain to perfection. The
work, however arduous and unpleasant, was completed in
a year, not without repeated hints frora the secretary's
office, that it was expected with great impatience by the
court of Denmark. The translation was not, however,
published until 1770. Forty copies upon large paper were
sent to Copenhagen ; one of them, bound with uncommon
elegance, for the king himself : and the others as presents
to his courtiers."
What reward he received for this undertaking is but ob
scurely related. His Danish majesty, we are told, sent
him a diploma, constituting him a member of the royal
society of Copenhagen, and recommended him in the
strongest terms, to the favour and benevolence of his own
sovereign. In all this there seems but an inadequate re
compense for a work which at that time perhaps no person
could have executed but himself*.
* Mr. J^ones, in a letter to one of his pointment. In 1773, when he pub-
correspondents, Bays, " When he (ihe lished an abridged Life of Nadir Shah,
king of Denmark) was considering what in his preface he takes an opportunity
recompense he should bestow upon me, to lament that the profession of li:.era-
a. noble friend of mine informed his ture leads to no benefit or true glory
majesty, that I neither wished for, nor whatsoever; and adds, " Uniess aman
valued money, but was anxious only can assert his own independence in ac-
for some honorary mark of his appro- tive life, it will avail him little, to be
bation." Whether Mr. Jones had in- favoured by the learned, e^.eemed by
strucied his noble friend to use this the eminent, or recommended even tp
language, does not appear, but it is Aiw^s."
certain tbat he felt a degree of disap-

118 JONES,
His noble pupil being removed to Harrow, Mr. Jones
had an opportunity of renewing his intimacy with Dr.
Suranei*, who had always estimated his talents and learning
at their full value. While here, he transcribed a Persiail
grammar, which he had three years before composed for
the use of a schoolfellow destined for India, and also be
gan a Dictionary of the Persian language, in which the
principal words were illustrated from the most celebrated
authors of the East ; but be appears to have been aware of
the expence attending this work, and was unwilling to con
tinue it, unless the East India company would purchase it.
In 1770 he issued proposals for a new edition of Meninski's
Dictionary, which was to have been published in 1773, but
the scheme was dropt for want of encouragement.
Amidst these occupations, so far beyond the common
reach of literary industry, he became a serious inquirer
into the evidences of Christianity, about which he appears
at this time to have entertained some doubts. In this, as
in all his studies, his application was intense, and his inr
quiries conducted upon the fairest and most liberal prin
ciples. The result was a firm belief in the authenticity
and inspiration of the Holy Scriptures, and a life dignified
by purity of conduct, and the exercise of every Christian
virtue. In 1770, he passed the winter on the Continent with the
Spencer family, during which, he informs one of his cor
respondents, his occupations were " music, with all its
sweetness and feeling ; difficult and abstruse problems in
mathematics ; and the beautiful and sublime in poetry and
painting." He wrote also in English a tract on " Educa
tion in the analytic manner ;" a tragedy founded on the
story of Mustapha, who was put to death by his father So
liman ; and made various translations from the oriental
poets. He appears on this tour to have been less intent on
those objects of curiosity which usually interest travellersj
than on adding to. his knowledge of languages, and habi
tuating hiraself to composition in all its modes, from tbe
gay and familiar letter of friendship, to the serious and
philpsophical disquisition. Of the " Tract on Education,"
just mentioned, a fragment only reraains, which his bio
grapher has published. It appears to include the plan
which he pursued in his own case. The tragedy has been
totally lost, except part of a preface in which he professes
to have taken Shakspeare for his model, not by adopting

JONES. 119
his sentiments, or borrowing his expressions, but by aim
ing at his manner, and by striving to write as he supposes
he would have written himself, if he had lived in the eigh
teenth century. The loss of such a curiosity cannot be
too much regretted, unless our regret should be lessened
by reflecting on the hazard of any attempt to bring Shak
speare on the modern stage. It is surely not less difficult
than that of Mason, who unsuccessfully strove to write as
the Greek tragedians " would have written, had they lived
in the eighteenth century."
On his return from this tour, he appears to have con
templated his situation as not altogether corresponding with
the feelings of an independent mind, and with the views
he entertained of aiming at the dignity and usefulness of a
public character. The advice given by some of his friends,
when he left Harrow school, probably now recurred to his
memory, and was strengthened by additional and more
urgent motives, for he finally determined on the law as a
profession ; and, having resigned his charge in lord Spen
cer's family, was admitted into the Temple on the 19lh of
September, 1770, in the twenty -fourth year of his age.
Those who consider the study of the law as incompatible
with a mind devoted to the acquisition of polite literature,
and with a taste delighting in frequent excursions to the
regions of fancy, will be ready to conclude that Mr. Jones
would soon discover an invincible repugnance to his new
pursuit. But the reverse was in a great measure the fact.
He found nothing in the study of the law so dry or labo
rious as not to be overcome by the same industry which
had enabled him to overcome, almost in childhood, the
difficulties which frequently deter men of mature years ;
and he was stimulated by what appears to have predomi
nated through life, an honest ambition to rise to eminence
in a profession which, although sometimes successfully
followed by men of dull capacity, does not exclude the
most brilliant acquirements. Still, however, while labour
ing to qualify himself for the bar, he regarded his pro
gress in literature as too important or too delightful to be
altogether interrupted ; and from the correspondence pub
lished by lord Teignmouth, it appears that he snatched
many an hour from his legal inquiries, to meditate plans
connected with his oriental studies. What he executed,
indeed, did not always correspond with what he projected,
but we find that within the first two years of his residence

120 JONES.
in the Temple, he sketched the plan of an epic poem, and
of a Turkish history, and published a French letter to An-
quetil du Perron, who, in his Travels in India, had treated
the university of Oxford, and some of its learned members
and friends of Mr. Jones, with disrespect. In this letter he
corrected the petulance of the French writer with more
asperity than perhaps his raaturer judgment would have
approved, but yet without injustice, for Perron stood con
victed not only of loose invective, but of absolute false
hood. — Besides these Mr. Jones published, in 1772, a
small volume of poeras, consisting chiefly of translations
from the Asiatic languages, with two elegant prose disser
tations on Eastern poetry, and on the arts commonly called
imitative. Most of these poems had been written long
before this period, but were kept back until they had re
ceived all the improvements of frequent revisal, and the
criticisms of his friends.
From his first entrance into the university, until Mi
chaelmas 1768, when he took his bachelor's degree, he
had kept terms regularly, but frora this period to 1773,
only occasionally, During tbe Encaenia, in Easter-term
1773, he took his master's degree, and composed an ora^
tion which he intended to have spoken in the theatre ; but
which vvas not published till about ten years after. In the
beginning of 1774, he published his " Commentaries on
Asiatic poetry," which have been already noticed as hav
ing been begun in 1766, and finished in 1769, when he
was only in his twenty-third year. The same motives which
induced him to keep back his poems, prevailed in the
present instance ; a diffidence in his own abilities, and a
wish to profit by more mature examination, as well as by
the opinions of his friends. By the preface to this work,
it would appear that he was not perfectly satisfied with the
profession in which he had engaged, and that had circum
stances permitted, he would have been better pleased to
have devoted his days to an uninterrupted course of study.
But such was his fate, that he must now renounce polite
literature; and having been admitted to the bar in 1774,
he adhered to this determination inflexibly for some years*,
during which his books and manuscripts, except such as
related to law and oratory, remained locked up at Oxford.
* About this time he issued pro- either for want of time or encqnrage-
posals for publishing his fathui's ma- ment, he proceeded no farther,
ili£matical works, in which, however.

JONES: 121
He seems to have been seriously convinced that the new
science he was about to enter upon was too extensive to
admit of union with other studies ; and he accordingly pur
sued it with his usual avidity, endeavouring to embrace the
whole of jurisprudence in its fullest extent, and to make
himself not only the technical but tlie philosophical lawyer.
For some time he had but little practice, but it gradually
came in, and with it a very considerable share of reputa
tion. Towards the end of the year 1776, he was appointed
a commissioner of bankrupts, a favour which he seems in
clined to estimate beyond the value usually put upon it by
professional men. Notwithstanding his determination to
suspend the study of ancient literature, there was a grati
fication in it which he found it impossible to resign, while
his practice continued so scanty as to afford him any dis
posable time. In the year last mentioned, we find him
reading the Grecian orators again and again, and trans
lating the most useful orations of Isseus. Some part of his
time, likewise, he devoted to philosophical experiments
and discoveries, attended the meetings of the royal so
ciety, of which he had been elected a fellow in 1772, and
kept up an extensive epistolary intercourse with many of
the literati of Europe. In these letters, subjects of law
seldom occur, unless as an apology for his barrenness on
topics more congenial. From the commencement of the
unhappy contest. between Great Britain and America, he
was decidedly against the measures adopted by the mother
country. In 1778, he published his translation of the " Orations
of Isaeus," in causes concerning the succession to property
at Athens ; with a prefatory discourse, notes historical and
critical, and a commentary. This work he dedicated to
earl Bathurst, who among all his illustrious friends, was as
yet his only benefactor, by conferring on hiin the place of
commissioner of bankrupts. The elegant style, profound
research, and acute criticism, displayed in this translation,
attracted the applause of every judge of classical learning.
His next publication was a Latin ode to liberty, under the
title of " Julii Melesigoni ad Libertatem,'' a name formed
by , the transposition of the letters of" Gulielmus Jonesius."
In this ode, the author of w'hich was soon known, he made
a more araple acknowledgment of his political principles ;
and this, it is feared, had an unfavourable influence on the
hopes which he was encouraged to entertain of promotioft

122 JONES.
by the then administration. In 1780, there was a vacant
seat on the bench of Fort William in Bengal, to which the
kindness of lord North led him to aspire; but, for some
time, he had very little prospect of success. While this
matter was in suspense, on the resignation of sir Roger
Newdigate, he was advised to come forward as a candidate
for the representation of the university of Oxford in par
liament; but, finding that there was no chance of success,
he declined the contest before the day of election. His
principles on the great question of the American war were
so avowedly hostile, not only to the measures pursued by
administration, but to the sentiments entertained by the
majority of the members of the university, that, although
he might be disappointed, he could not be surprised at his
failure, and accordingly appears to have resigned himself
to his former pursuits with tranquil satisfaction.
During this year (1780), he published "An Inquiry into
the legal mode of suppressing Riots, with a constitutional
plan of Future Defence," a pamphlet suggested by the
dreadful riots in London, of which he had been a witness.
His object is to prove that the coramon and statute laws of
the realm then in force, give the civil state in every county
a power, which, if it were perfectly understood and conti
nually prepared, would effectually quell any riot or insur
rection, without assistance from the military, and even
without the modern Riot-Act. In a speech which he in
tended to have delivered at a meeting of the freeholders of
Middlesex in September following, he more explicitly de
clared his sentiments on public affairs, and in language
rather stronger than usual with him, although suited to
the state of popular opinion in that county.
During a short visit to Paris, he appears to have formed
the design of writing a history of the vvar. On his return,
however, he recurred to his more favourite studies, and
his biographer has printed a curious memorandura, dated
17 SO, in which Mr. Jones resolves to learn no more rudi
ments of any kind, but to perfect himself in the languages
he had already acquired, viz. Greek, Latin, Italian, French,
Spanish, Portuguese, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, Turkish,
German, and English, as tbe means of acquiring a more
accurate knowledge of history, arts, and sciences. With
.such wonderful acquisitions, he was now only in his thirty-
third year 1
In the winter of 1780-1, he found leisure to complete

JONES. 133
his translation of " Seven ancient Poems" of the highest
reputation in Arabia, which, however, were not published
till 1783 : and he celebrated, about the same time, the
nuptials of lord Althorpe with Miss Bingham, in an elegant
ode, entitled " The Muse recalled." In his professional
line he published an " Essay on the Law of Bailments," a
subject handled under the distinct heads of analysis, his
tory, and synthesis ; in which mode he proposed at some
future period to discuss every branch of English law, civil
and criminal, private and public. His object in all his
legal discussions was to advance law to the honours of a
science. It may be doubted which at this time predomi
nated in his mind, his professional plans, or his more fa
vourite study of the eastern poets. He now, however, un
dertook a work in which he might gratify both duty and
inclination, by translating an Arabian poem on the Ma-
homraedan law of succession to the property of intestates.
The poem had indeed but few charras to reward his labour
by delighting his fancy, but in the prospect of obtaining a
judge's seat in India, he foresaw advantages from every
opportunity of displaying his knowledge of the Mahom-
medan laws.
In 1782 he took a very active part among the societies
formed to procure a more equal representation in the com
mons house of parliament. The speech which he delivered
at the London tavern on this subject was long admired for
its elegance, perspicuity, and independent spirit. He was
also elected a member of the society for constitutional in
formation, and' bestowed considerable attention to the ob
jects it professed. The " Dialogue between a farmer and
a country gentleman on the Principles of Government,"
which he wrote some time before, was circulated by this
society with much industry. When the dean of St. Asaph
(afterwards his brother-in-law) was indicted for publishing
an edition of it in Wales, Mr. Jones sent a letter to lord
Kenyon, then chief justice of Chester, avowing himself to
be the author, and maintaining that every position in it
was strictly conformable to the laws and constitution of
England. On the succession of the Shelburne administration, whose
views of political affairs were in some respects more con
sonant to Mr. Jones's principles than those of their pre
decessors, by the particular interest of lord Ashburton, he
achieved the object to which for some time past he had "

124 JONES.
anxiously aspired. In March 1783 he was appointed a
judge of the supreme court of judicature at Fort William,
on which occasion the honour of knighthood was conferred
on him. In April following he married a young lady to
whom he had been long attached, Anna Maria Shipley,
eldest daughter of the bishop of St Asaph. He had novy
secured, as his friend lord Ashburton congratulated him,
*' two of the, first objects of human pursuit, those of am
bition and love."
His stay in England after these events was very short, as
he embarked for India in the month of April. During the
voyage his mind was sensibly impressed with the import
ance of the public station he was now about to fill, and
began to anticipate the objects of inquiry which would en
gage his attention, and the improvements he might intro
duce in India from the experience of a life, much of which
had passed in acquiring a knowledge of its learning and
laws. Among other designs, very honourable to the extent
of his benevolent intentions, which he formed at his outset,
we find the publication of the gospel of St. Luke in the
Arabic, the Psalms in Persian verse, and various law tracts
in Persian and Arabic. He intended also to compose ele-i
ments of the laws of England, a history of the American
war, already noticed, and miscellaneous poems, speeches
and letters, on subjects of taste, oratory, or general polity.
But the pressure of his official duties during the short re
mainder of his life, prevented his completing most of those
designs. He arrived at Calcutta in September, and was eagerly
welcomedby all who were interested in the acquisition of
a magistrate of probity and independence, of a sgholarwho
was confessedly at the head of oriental literature, and one
in the prime and vigour of life, who bade fair to be long
the ornament of the British dominions in India. His own
satisfaction was not less lively and complete. He had left
behind him the inconstancy and the turbulence of party,
and felt no longer the anxieties of dependence and delay.
New scenes were inviting his enthusiastic research, scenes
which he had delighted to contemplate at a distance, and
which promised to enlarge his knowledge as a scholar, and
his usefulness as a public character. He was now brought
into those regions, whose origin, manners, language, and
religion, had been the subject of his profound inquiries;
and while his curiosity was heightened, he drew nearer to
the means of gratification.

JONES. 125
He had not been long in his new situation before he
began, with his usual judgment, to divide his time into
such regular portions, that no objects connected with duty
or science should interfere. One of his first endeavoiirs
was to institute a society in Calcutta, the raerabers of
which might assist him in those scientific pursuits which he
foresaw would be too numerous and extended for his indi
vidual labour ; and he had no sooner suggested the scheme
than it was adopted with avidity. The new association assem
bled for the first time in January 1784. The government
ofBengal readily granted its patronage, and Mr.Hastings,then
governor general, who had ever been a zealous encourager
of Persian and Sanscrit literature, was offered the honorary
title of president ; but, as his numerous engagements pre
vented his acquiescence, sir William Jones was immediate
ly and unanimously placed in the chair. The importance of
this society has been long acknowledged, and their " Trans
actions" are a sufficient testimony of their learning, acute
ness, and perseverance, qualities the more remarkable that
they have been found in men most of whom embarked for
I^idia with views of a very different kind, and which might
have occupied their whole attention without their incurring
the imputation of neglect or remissness. — To detail the
whole of sir William Jones's proceedings and labours, as
president of this society, would be to abridge their Trans
actions, of which he lived to see three volumes published ;
but the following passage from lord Teignmouth's narrative
appears necessary to complete this sketch of his life.
Soon after his arrival " he determined to commence the
study of the Sanscrit. His reflection had before suggested
that a knowledge of this ancient tongue would be of the
greatest utility, in enabling him to discharge with confi
dence and satisfaction to himself, the duties of a judge ;
and he soon discovered, what subsequent experience fully
confirmed, that no reliance could be placed on the opinions
or interpretations of the professors of the Hindoo law, un
less he were qualified to examine their authorities and
quotations, and detect their errors and misrepresentations.
On the other hand, he knew that all attempts to explore
the religion or literature of India through any other me
dium than a knowledge of the Sanscrit, must be imperfect
and unsatisfactory; it was evident that the most erroneous
and discordant opinions on these subjects had been circu
lated by the ignorance of those who had collected their

126 ' J O N E S.
information from oral communications only, and that the
pictures exhibited in Europe, of the religion and literatuiie
of India, could only be compared to the maps constructed
by the natives, in which every position is distorted, and
all proportion violated. As a lawyer, he knew the value,
and importance of original documents and records, and as
a scholar and man of science, he disdained the idea of
amusing the learned world with secondary information on
subjects which had greatly interested their curiosity, when
he had the means of access to the original sources. He
was also avvare, that much was expected by the literati of
Europe, from his superior abilities and learning, and he
felt the strongest inclination to gratify their expectations
in the fullest possible extent."
The plan to be promoted by his knowledge of the Sans
crit was at this time very distant as to probability of exe
cution, but he had carefully weighed it in his mind, and
was gradually preparing the way for its accomplishment.
It was, indeed, worthy of his great and liberal mind, to
provide for the due administration of justice among the
Indians, by compiling a digest of Hindu and Mahommedan
laws, similar to that which Justinian gave to his Greek and
Roman subjects. When he had made such progress in the
language as might enable him to take a principal part in
this important design, he imparted his views to lord Corn-
wallis, then (17 88) governor general, in a long letter, which
will ever remain a monument of his extensive understand
ing, benevolence, and public spirit. That his plan met with
acceptance from lord Cornwallis will not appear surprizing
to those who knew that excellent nobleman, who, while
contemplating the honour which suchanundertakingwould
confer on his own administration, conceived the highest
hopes from sir William Jones's offer to co-operate, or
rather to superintend the execution of it. " At the period,"
says his biographer, " when this work was undertaken by
sir William Jones, he had not resided in India more than
four years and a half ; during which time he had not only
acquired a thorough knowledge of the Sanscrit language,
but had extended his reading in it so far as to be quahfied
to form a judgment upon the merit and authority of the
authors to be used in the compilation of his work ; and al
though his labour was only applied to the disposition of
materials already formed, he was enabled by his previous
studies to give them an arrangement superior to any. exist-

JONES. 127
ing, and which the learned natives themselves approved
and admired. In the dispensations of Providence, it may
be remarked, as an occurrence of no ordinary nature, that
the professors of the Braminical faith should so far re
nounce their reserve and distrust as to submit to the direc
tion of^a native of Europe, for compiling a digest of their
«wn laws."
In 1789 the first volume of the " Asiatic Researches"
was published, and the same year sir William Jones finished
his translation of " Sacontala, or the Fatal Ring," an an
cient Indian drama, and one of the greatest curiosities that
the literature of Asia had yet brought to light. In 1794 he
published, as an institute, prefatory to his larger work, a
translation of the ordinances of Menu, who is esteemed by
the Hindus the first of created beings, and not only the
oldest, but the holiest of legislators. The judgment and
candour of the translator, however, led him to appreciate
this work no higher than it deserved, as not being calcu
lated for general reading, but exhibiting the manners of a
remarkable people in a remote age, as including a system
of despotism and priestcraft, limited by law, yet artfully
conspiring to give mutual support, and as filled with con
ceits in metaphysics and natural philosophy, which might
be liable to misconstruction. Amidst these employments,
he still carried on his extensive correspondence with his
learned friends in Europe, unfolding with candour his va
rious pursuits and sentiments, and expressing such anxiety
about every branch of science, as proved that even what he
called relaxation, was but the diversion of his researches
from one channel into another. In addition to the various
studies already noticed, botany appears to have occupied
a considerable share of his attention ; and in this, as in
every new acquisition, he disdained to stop at a moderate
progress, or be content with a superficial knowledge.
The- indisposition of lady Jones in 1793, rendered it
absolutely necessary that she should return to England, and
her affectionate husband proposed to follow her in 1795,
but still wished to complete a system of Indian laws be
fore he left the situation in which he could promote this
great work with most advantage. But he had not pro
ceeded long in this undertaking before symptoms appeared
of that disorder which deprived the world of one of its
brightest ornaments. The following account of his disso
lution is given in the words of his biographer.

128 JONES.
" On the evening of the twentieth of April, or neariy
about that date, after prolonging his walk to a late houf,
during which he had imprudently remained in conversa^i
tion, in an unwholesome situation, he called upon the writer
of these sheets, and complained of aguish symptoms, men
tioning his intention to take some medicine, and repeating
jocularly an old proverb, that 'an ague in the sprino'is
medicine for a king.' He had no suspicion at the time
of the real nature of his indisposition, which proved, in
fact, to be a complaint common in Bengal, an inflammation
in the liver. The disorder was, however, soon discovered
by the penetration of the physician, who, after two or three
days, was called in to his assistance ; but it had then
advanced too far to yield to the efficacy of the medicines
usually prescribed, and they, were administered in vain^
The progress of the complaint was uncommonly rapid, and
terminated fatally on the twenty-seventh of April 1794.
On the morning of that day his attendants, alarmed at the
evident symptoms of approaching dissolution, came pre
cipitately to call the friend who has now the melancholy
task of recording the mournful event. Not a moment was
lost in repairing to his house. He was4ying on his bed in
a posture of meditation ; and the only symptom of remain^
ing life was a sraall degree of motion in the heart, which
after a few seconds ceased, and he expired without a pang
or groan. His bodily suffering, from the complacency of
his features and the ease of his attitude, could not have
been severe ; and his mind must have derived consolation
from those sources where he had been in the habit of seek
ing it, and where alone, in our last moments, it can ever
be found."
Thus ended the life of a man who was the brightest ex
ample of rational ambition, and of extensive learning, vir
tue, and excellence, that modern times have produced ; a
man who must ever be the subject of admiration, although
it can happen to the lot of few to equal, and, perhaps,
of none to excel him. When we compare the shortness
of his life with the extent of his labours, the mind is over
powered ; yet his example, however disgraceful to tbe
indolent, and even apparently discouraging to the humble
scholar, will not be without the most salutary effects, if it
be allowed to prove that no difficulties in science are in
surmountable by regular industry, that the human faculties
can be exalted by exercise beyond the common degrees

JONES. 129
with which we are apt to be satisfied, and that tbe finest
taste is not incompatible with the profoundest studies. It
was the peculiar felicity of this extraordinary man, that
the whole plan of his life appears to have been the best
that could have been contrived to forward his views and to
accomplish his character. In tracing its progress we see
very little that could have been more happily arranged :
few adverse occurrences, and scarcely an object of serious
regret, especially when we consider how gently his ambi
tion was chastened, and his integrity purified, by the few
delays which at one time seemed to cloud his prospects.
In 1799 his Works were published in six volumes quarto,
and have been since reprinted in thirteen volumes octavo,
with the addition of his life by lord Teignraouth, which
first appeared in 1804. Among the public tributes to his
memory are, a monument by Flaxman in University college,
at the expence of lady Jones ; a monument in St. Paul's,
and a statue at Bengal, both voted by the hon. East India
company. A society of gentlemen at Bengal who were
educated at Oxford, subscribed a sum for a private disser
tation on his character and merits, which was adjudged to
Mr. Henry Phtlpots, M. A. of Magdalen college. Among
the many poetical tributes paid to his memory, that by the
rev. Mr. Maurice, of the British Museum, seems entitled
to the preference, from his accurate knowledge of sir Wil
liam Jones's character and studies.
" A mere catalogue of the writings of sir William Jones,"
says his biogragher, " would shew the extent and variety
of his erudition ; a perusal of them will prove that it was
no less deep than miscellaneous. Whatever topic he dis
cusses, his ideas flow with ease and perspicuity, his style
is always clear and polished ; animated and forcible, when
his subject requires it. His philological, botanical, philo
sophical, and chronological disquisitions, his historical re
searches, and even his Persian grammar, whilst the}' fix
the curiosity and attention of the reader, by the novelty,
depth, or importance of the knowledge displayed in them,
always delight by elegance of diction. His compositions
are never dry, tedious, nor disgusting ; and literature and
science come from his hands adorned with all their grace
and beauty. No writer, perhaps, ever displayed so much
learning, with so little affectation of it." With regard to
his law publications, it is said that his " Essay on Bail
ments" was sanctioned by the approbation of lord Mans-
VOL. XIX, K

130 JONES.
field ; and all his writings in this department shew that ho
had thoroughly studied the principles of law as a science.
As to his opinion of the British constitution, it appears
from repeated declarations that occur in his letters, and
particularly in his 10th discourse, delivered to the Asiatic
society in 1793, that he considered it as the noblest and
most perfect that ever was formed. With regard to his
political principles, he was an enlightened and decided
friend to civil and religious liberty. Like many others of
the same principles, he entertained a favourable opinion of
the French revolution at its commencement, and wished
success to the exertions of that nation for the establishment
of a free constitution ; but subsequent events must have
given him new views, not so much of the principles on
which the revolution was founded, as of the measures which
have been adopted by some of its zealous partizans. To
liberty, indeed, his attachment was enthusiastic, and he
never speaks of tyranny or oppression but in the lan
guage of detestation. He dreaded, and wished to restraio,
every encroachment on liberty ; and though he never
enlisted under the banners of any party, he always con
curred in judgment and exertion with those who wished to
render pure and permanent the constitution of his country.
As a judge in India, his conduct was strictly conformable
to the professions which he made in his first charge to the
grand jury at Calcutta. On the bench he was laborious,
patient, and discriminating ; his charges to the grandjury,
which do not exceed six, exhibit a veneration for the laws
of his country ; a just and spirited encomium on the trial
by jury, as the greatest and most invaluable right derived
from them to the subject; a detestation of crimes, com
bined with mercy to tbe oflPender; occasional elucida"
tions of the law ; and the strongest feehngs of humaiiity
and benevolence. His knowledge of the Sanscrit and Arar
bic eminently qualified him for the administration of justice
in the supreme court, by enabling him to detect misrepre
sentations of the Hindu or Mohammedan laws, and to CM-
rect impositions in the form of administering oaths to the
followers of Brahma and Mohammed. The inflexible inter
grity with which he discharged the solemn duty of this
station will long be remembered in Calcutta, both hy
Europeans and natives. r
It might naturally be inquired by what arts or methoil
he was enabled to attain that extraordinary degree of know-

JONES. 131
ledge for which he was distinguished. His faculties were
naturally vigorous and strengthened by exercise ; his me
mory, as we have before observed, was, from early life,
singularly retentive ; his emulation was ardent and un
bounded ; and his perseverance invincible. In India his
studies began with the dawn ; and, with the intermission
of professional duties, were continued throughout the day.
Another circumstance, which has been exemplified in some
other instances that might be mentioned, and which gave
him peculiar advantage in the exercise of his talents, was
*' the regular allotment of his time to particular occupa
tions, and a scrupulous adherence to the distribution which
he had fixed;" so that " all his studies were pursued with
out interruption or confusion." With sir William Jones it
was a favourite opinion, " that all men are born with an
equal capacity for iraprovement."
It is needless to add any thing in commendation of his
private and social virtues. The independence of his inte
grity, his probity and humanity, and also his universal
philanthropy and benevolence, are acknowledged by all
who knew him. In every domestic relation, as a son, a
brother, and a husband, he was attentive to every dictate
of love, and to every obligation of duty. In his intercourse
with the Indian natives he was condescending and conci
liatory ; liberally rewarding those who assisted him, and
treating his dependents as friends. His biographer re
cords the following anecdote of a circumstance that oc
curred after his demise : " The pundits who were in the
habit of attending him, when I saw them at a public durbar
a few days after that melancholy event, could neither re
strain their tears for his loss, nor find terms to express
their admiration at the wonderful progress which he had
made in the sciences which they professed." Upon the
whole, we may join with Dr. Parr, who knew his talents
and character, in applying to sir William Jones his own
words, " It is happy for us that this man was born."
Having attained, by the assiduous exertion of his abilities,
and in a course of useful service to his country and man
kind, a high degree of reputation, and by economy that
did not encroach upon his beneficence, a liberal compe
tence, he was prepared, one would have thought, at the
age of forty-seven years, to enjoy dignity with indepen
dence. His plans, and the objects of his pursuit, in the
prospect of futgre life, were various and extensive ; and he
K 2

152 JONES.
.would naturally indulge many pleasing ideas in the view of
returning, at a fixed period, to his native country, and to
beloved friends,, who would anxiously wish for his arrival.
Few persons seemed to be more capable of improving and
enjoying prolonged life than sir William Jones ; and fevjf
persons seemed to be better prepared for a more exalted
state of progressive improvement, and of permanent feU-
city, than that to which the most distinguished and pros
perous can attain within the regions of mortality. — Since
his death lady Jones has presented to the royal society a
collection of MSS. Sanscrit and Arabic, which he reckoned
inestimable, and also another large collection of Eastern
MSS. of which a catalogue, compiled by Mr. Wilkins, is
inserted in the 13th volume of sir William Jones's Works,
Svo edition. '
JONES (William), a late venerable and pious divine of
the church of England, was born at Lowick in Northum
berland, July 30, 1726. His father was Morgan Jones, a
Wel»h gentleman, a descendant of Colonel Jones (but of
very different principles) who married a sister of Oliver Crom
well. His mother was Sarah, the daughter of the Rev. Mr.
Lettin, of Lowick. He was remarkable from his childhood
for unwearied industry and ingenium versatile. As soon as
he was- of the proper age, he was admitted, on the nomi
nation of the duke of Dorset, a scholar at the Charter
house, where he made a rapid progress in Greek and Latin,
and laid the foundation of that knowledge which has since
given him a distinguished name in the Christian world.
His, turn for philosophical studies soon began to shew itself;
for meeting, when at the Charter-house, with Zachaty
Williams, author of a magnetical theory, which is now lost,
he copied some of his tables and calculations, was shewij
the internal construction of his instrument for finding the
variation of the compass .in all parts of the world ; and saw
ail the diagrams by which his whole theory was demon
strated and explained. At this school, too, he commenced
an acquaintance with the late earl of Liverpool, which was
facther cultivated at the university, where they were of the
same college, and continued to the last, notwithstanding!
the great difference in their future destination, to entertain
a respect for each other.
' Life by lord Teignmouth.— Johnson and Chalmers's Poets, 1810.— Eees's
Cyclopaedia.— Nichols's Bowyer.

JONES. 133
When about eighteen years of age, he left the school,
and went to University-college, Oxford, on a Charter
house exhibition. Among tbe seveiral companions iof his
studies whoni he loved and respected, there was no one
dearer to him than Mr. George Home; afterwards bishop
of Norwich. Between them "there was a saciied friend
ship ; a friendship made up of religious principlfes, which
increased daily, by a similitude of inclinations, to fhe same
recreations and studies." Having taken the degree of B.A.
in 1749, he was ordained a deacon by'Dr. Thomas, bishop
of Peterborough; and in 1751 was ordained a priest by
another Dr. Thomas, bishop of Lincoln, at Bugden. On
leaving the university, his first situation was that of curate
of Finedon in Northamptonshire. There he wrote " A full
Answer to bishop Clayton's Essay on Spirit," published in
1753. In this tract, many curious and interesting ques
tions are discussed, and several articles in the religion and
learning of heathen antiquity explained, patticularly the
Hermetic, Pythagorean, and Platonic Trinities. In 17^4
he married Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. Brook Brfflges,
and went to reside at Wadenhoe in Northamptonshire, as
curate, to his brother-in-law, the Rev. Brook Bridges, a
gentleman of sound learning, singular piety, and amiable
manners. While residing here he drew up " The Catholic Doc
trine of the Trinity," which he had been revolving in his
mind for some, years. When this valuable work came to a
third edition in 1767, be added to it " A Letter to the
common people, in answer to some popular arguments
agairist the Trinity," which the Society for promoting
Christian knowledge have since printed separately, and
admitted into their list of books. Here likewise he en
gaged in a favourite work, for which he was eminently
qualified, as the event proved, and for which some of his
friends subscribed among them 30'0/. for three years, tij
enable him to supply himself with an apparatus sufficient
for the purpose of making the experiments necessary to his
composing a treatise on philosophy. Accordingly, in 1762,
hte published " An Essay on the first principles of Natural
Philosophy," 4to, the design of which v^as to demonstrate
the use of natural means, or second causes, in the economy
of the material world, from reason, experiments, and the
testimony of antiquity ; and in 1781 he published a larger
work in 4to, under the title of " Physiological Disquisi-

134 JONES.
tions, or Discourses on the Natural Philosophy of the
Elements." As it was ever his study to make philosophy
the handmaid of religion, he has in this work embraced
every opportunity of employing natural knowledge in the
illustration of divine truth and the advancement of virtue.
When the first volume was published, the late earl of Bute,
the patron of learning and learned men, was so satisfied
with it, that he desired the author not to be intimidated
through fear of expence from pursuing his philosophical
studies, and likewise commissioned him to direct Mr.
Adams, the mathematical instrument maker, to supply him
with such instruments as he might want for making expe
riments, and put them to his account. His lordship alsij
handsomely offered him the use of any books he might
have occasion for.
Mr. Jones's work on the Trinity having procured him
much reputation, archbishop Seeker presented him, first to
the vicarage of Bethersden in Kent in 1764, and soon
after to the more valuable rectory of Pluckley in the same
county, as some reward for his able defence of that im
portant doctrine. The income he derived from his vicarage
not being equal to what he expected, it was thought ex
pedient by his friends, that he should eke out his slender
pittance by taking a few pupils ; and having undertaken
the tuition of two young gentlemen, he continued tbe
practice for many years after he removed to Pluckley. In
1766 he preached the " Visitation Sermon" before arch
bishop Seeker at Ashford, greatly to the satisfaction of his
grace and the whole audience. Owing to some delicacy,
it was not printed at the time, though much wished ; but
in 1769 the substance of it was published in the form of a
" Letter to a young gentleman at Oxford intended for holy
orders, containing some seasonable cautions against errors
in doctrine." On the pubUcation of " The Confessional,"
the archbishop considered Mr. Jones as a proper person to
write an answer to it ; and accordingly he drew up some
remarks, but had then neither health nor leisure to fit them
for the press. But a new edition being called for of the
" Answer to an Essay on Spirit," Mr. Jones thought it
advisable to add, by way of sequel, the remarks he had
originally drawn up on the principles and spirit of the
" Confessional," which were published in 1770.
It is mentioned in bishop Porteus's Life of archbishop
Seeker, that all the tracts, written by Dr. Sharp in the

JONES. 135
Hutchinsonian controversy, were submitted to his grace's
inspection previous to their publication, who corrected
and improved them throughout ; from whence we are to
conclude he approved them. But whatever his prejudices
were originally against what is called Hutchinsonianism,
and they were supposed at one time to be pretty strong,
they must have been greatly done away before he became
the patron of Mr. Jones. When the " Essay on the first
principles of Natural Philosophy" was published, his grace
observed to a gentleman who saw it lying on his table,
" this work of Mr. Jones's is not to be treated with neglect;
it is sensibly and candidly written, and if it is not an
swered, we little folks shall conclude it is, because it can
not be answered ;" and he to^d Mr. Jones himself by way
of consolation (knowing probably how difficult it was to
get rid of old prejudices) that he must be contented to be
accounted, for a time, an heretic in philosophy. In 1773
Mr. Jones collected together into a volume, Disquisitions
on some select subjects of Scripture, which had been before
printed in separate tracts; and, in 1776, in the character
of a ^' Presbyter of the church of England," he published,
in a Letter to a friend at Oxford, "Reflections on the
growth of Heathenism among modern Christians."
When he was induced to remove from Plucklej', and
accept the perpetual curacy of Nayland in Suffolk, he
went thither to reside with his family. Soon after, he
effected an exchange of Pluckley for Paston iu Northamp
tonshire, which he visited annually, but he determined to
settle at Nayland for the remainder of his days, nor was he
(as his biographer notices with some regret for neglected
merit) ever tempted to quit that post by any offer of higher
preferment. The " Physiological Disquisitions" before
alluded to, having received their last revise, were published
in 1771, and the impression was soon sold off, A notion,
says his biographer, is entertained by some persons, that
the elementary philosophy naturally leads to Atheism, and
sir Isaac Newton himself is charged with giving counte
nance to materialism by his sether ; but nothing can be
farther from the truth. " It is," adds Mr. Stevens, " the
aim and study of the elementary, called the Hutchin
sonian, philosophy, not to confound God and nature, but
to distinguish between the Creator and the creature j
not with the heathens to set up the heavens for God,
but to believe and confess, with all true worshippers,

136 JONES.
*' that it is Jehovah who made the heavens." And to
maintain that the operations in nature are carried on by
the agency of the elements, which, experiment demon*
strates, is no more excluding God from being the Creator
of the world, than to maintain that motion once given to a
watch will coutinue without the immediate application of
the artist's hand every moment to it, is asserting that the
watch made itself. Let any one read the Physiological
Disquisitions, and he will soon be convinced that North and
South are not more opposite than Hutchinsonianism and
materialism. The figurative language of the Holy Scripture having
been always his favourite study, after revolving the subject
jn his mind for many years, Mr. Jones drew up a course of
lectures, which were delivered in the parish church of
Nayland, in Suffolk, in the year 1786. Music was a
favourite relaxati^on with him, and he understood both
theory and practice. His treatise on the " Art of Music"
is reckoneci to display a profound knowledge of the sub
ject, and his compositions (a morning and evening cather
dral service, ten chiirch pieces for the organ, with four
anthems in score for the. use of the church of Nayland) are
greatly admired, as of the old school, in the true classics!
stile. By the advice of his learned and judicious friend,
bishop Home, then become his diocesan, to whose opinion
he always paid the greatest deference, he put forth, in
1790, two volumes of " Sermons" on moral and reli
gious subjects, in which were included some capital dis
courses on Natural History, delivered on Mr. Fairchild's.
foundation (the Royal Society appointing the preacher) at
the church of St. Leonard, Shoreditcb, several successive
years, on Tuesday in Whitsun week. At the preaching of
these sermons, the audience was not large, but it increased
annually, as the fame of the preacher was noised abroad,
whose manner was no less animated and engaging, than the
subject was profound and important, and at the last sermon
the church was full.
When democratical principle^ were spreading with much
rapidity in 1792, Mr. Jones wrote tbe letter of "Tho
mas Bull to his brother John," which was disseminated
throughout the kingdom, was admirably calculated to
open the eyes of the populace, and produced a consider.-
able effect.
In 1792 he published a valuable collection «f dissert^'o

JONES. 137
tions, extracts, &c. in defence of the church of England,
under the title of " The Scholar armed against the Errors
of the Time," 2 vols. Svo ; and on the death of bishop
Home in 1792, Mr. Jones, out of affectionate regard to
the memory of the venerable prelate, his dear friend and
patron, undertook the task of recording his life, which \yas
pubhshed in 1795, and the second edition in 1799, witli a
new preface, containing a concise but luminous exposition
of the leading opinions entertained by Mr. Hutchinson on
certain interesting points on theology and philosophy.
In the autumn of 1798 he was presented by the arch
bishop of Canterbury to the sinecure rectory of Holling-
bourn in Kent, benevolently intended as a convenient
addition to his income, after the discontinuance of pupils;
but ill the following year he lost his wife, which was soon
followed by another affliction, probably occasioned by the
shock her death gave him, a paralytic attack which deprived
him of the use of one side. In this infirm state of body,
but with full exercise of his faculties, he lived several
months. At length, he suddenly quitted his study, and
retired to his chamber, from whence he carae out no more,
breaking off in the middle of a letter to a friend, which,
after abrupt transition from the original subject, he left'
unfinished, with these remarkable words^ the last of which
are written particularly strong and steady. " I begin to
feel as well as understand, that there was no possible way
of taking my poor broken heart from the fatal subject of
the grief that was daily preying upon it to its destruction,
but that which Providence hath been, pleased to take, of
turning my thoughts from my mind, to most alarming
symptoms of approaching death." Like many other good
and pious men before him, he had long very much dreaded'
the pains of death ; but, to his own great comfort, this
dread he completely overcame. The sacrament had been
frequently administered to him during his confinement;
and he received it, for the last time, about a week prior to
his death. A little while previous to his dissolution, as
his curate was stariding by his bed-side, he requested him
to read the 71st psalm, which was no sooner done than he
took him by -the hand, and said with great mildness and
composure, " If this be dying, Mr. Sims, I had no idea
what dying was before ;" and then added, in a somewhat
stronger tone of voice, " thank God, thank God, that it is no
worse." -i"ll^'dbilfinued sensible after this just long enough

138 JONES.
to take leave of his children (a son and daughter), who,
being both settled at no great distance, had been very
much with hira, and had done every thing in their power
to alleviate his sorrows ; and, on the morning of Feb. 6,
1800, he expired without a groan or a sigh.
Besides the works already mentioned, Mr. Jones was the
author of A Preservative against the publications of mo
dern Socinians. A Letter to a Gentleraan at Oxford,
against Erroi-s in Doctrine. The Grand Analogy ; or, the
Testimony of Nature and Heathen Antiquity to the Truth
of a Trinity in Unity. A Detection of the Principles and
Spirit of a book entitled The Confessional. On the Mo
saic Distinction of Animals into clean and unclean. The
Sacrifice of Isaac reconciled with the Divine Laws ; and
the meanitig is shewn, so far as it is opened in the Scrip
ture. An Enquiry into the Circumstances and Moral In
tention of the Temptation of Jesus Christ. A Survey of
Life and Death ; with some Observations on the Interrae-
diate State. Considerations on the Life, Death, and Bu
rial of the Patriarchs. On the metaphorical Application
of Sleep, as an Image of Death in the Scriptures. An
Essay on Confirraation. Lectures on the figurative Lan
guage of the Scriptures ; with a supplemental Lecture on
the Use and Intention of some reraarkable Passages of the
Scriptures, not coramonly understood. Sermons, in two
volumes, Svo ; besides several single Sermons preached on
various occasions. The Book of Nature, or the Sense of
Things ; in two Parts. Letters from a Tutor to his Pupils.
The Churchman's Catechism. The Constitution of the
Church of Christ demonstrated. Six Letters on Electricity.
A Treatise on the Art of Music, with Plates of Examples.
A Morning and Evening Service. Observations in a Jour
ney to Paris, by way of Flanders, in the year 1776. Con
siderations on the Religious Worship of the Heathens, as
bearing unanswerable Testimony to the Principles of
Christianity. A Letter to the Church of England, by an
old Friend and Servant of the Church. A Letter to three
converted Jews, lately baptized and confirmed in the
Church of England. A Letter to the Honourable L. K.
on the Use of the Hebrew Language. Short whole-
length of Dr. Priestley. Colldction of smaller Pieces ;
among which are the Learning of the Beasts, and Two
Letters to a Predestinarian, printed in the Anti-Jacobin
Review and Magazine for January and February, 1800,

JONES. 139
Sue. &c. &c. All these have been reprinted in an edition
of his Works, 1801, in 12 vols. Svo, and afford proofs of
talents, zeal, piety, and learning, which are highly credi
table to him. Mr. Jones was a man of strong attachments,
and of strong aversions. In the pursuit of what he con
sidered to be truth, he knew no middle paths, and would
listen to no compromises. Such ardent zeal frequently
brought on him the charge of bigotry, which periiaps he
was the better enabled to bear, as he had to contend with
men whose bigotry, in their own way, cannot easily be
exceeded. It must be confessed at the same time that his
judgment was by no means equal to his ardour in promul
gating or vindicating his opinions ; and that all the useful
purposes of his writings might have been promoted with
nlore moderation in his style and sentiments. With this
exception, however, which is greatly overbalanced by the
general excellence of his character as a man and an author,
he deserves to be ranked among the most able defenders
of the doctrines and discipline of the church of England.'
JONSIUS, or JONSENIUS (John), a learned philo
logical writer, was born Oct. 20, 1 624, at Flensburg in the
duchy of Sleswick. He was first educated at the school
of Flensburg, and that of Kiel, and very early discovered
such a talent for music, that when he went to Hamburgh,
and afterwards to Crempen, he was enabled to support
himself by his musical skill. In the autumn of 1645, he
went to Rostock, where he studied the languages and phi
losophy, and probably theology, as he became a preacher
in 1647. In the same year he was admitted doctor in phi
losophy. Leaving Rostock in 1649, he returned to Flens^
burg to be co-rector of the schools, an office which he
filled with great credit for a year, and had for one of his
scholars the celebrated Marquard Gudius. The smallness
of his salary obliging him to give up his situation, he went
in 1650 to Konigsberg, where he taught philosophy, and
in 1652 accepted the place of rector of the schools at
Flensburg. In 1656 he was presented to the rectorate of
the school belonging to the cathedral ; but partly owing to
the bad air of the place, and partly to some discourage
ments and domestic troubles, he determined to leave his
native country for Leipsic ; and while there, the senate of
Francfort offered him the place of sub-rector, which he
• Li^e by Wm. Stevens, esq. first printed in the Anti-Jacobin Review.

140 JONSIUS.
accepted, but did not enjoy long, as he died of a violent
heemorrhage in April 1659. He was the author of various
philological dissertaUons, which indicated great leaning
and critical acumen ; but his principal work is his " De
Scriptoribus historise philosophicfe, libri IV." Francfort,
1659, ,4to. This soon became very scarce, which deter
mined Dornius to publish a new edition in 17 16, continued
to that time, with learned notes. Both editions are highly
praised, as valuable works, byGra5vius,Baillet, and Brucker.
Jonsius had announced other useful treatises, the comple
tion of which was prevented by his untimely f'cath.*
JONSON (Benjamin), or JOHNSON, for so he, as
well as some of his friends, wrote his name, was born in
Hartshorn-lane near Charing-cross, Westrainster, June 1 1,
1574, about a month after the death of his father. Dr.
Bathurst, whose life was written by Mr. Warton, informed
Aubrey that Jonson was born in Warwickshire, but all
other accounts fix, his birth in Westminster. Fuller ssljs,
that " with all his industry he could not find him in his
cradle, but that he could fetch him from his long coats :
when a little child, he lived in Hartshorne-lane near
Charing-cross." Mr. Malone examined the register of
St, Margaret's Westrainster, and St. Martin's in the Fields,
but without being able to discover the time of his baptism.
His family was originally of Annandale in Scotland, whence
his grandfather removed to Carlisle in the time of Henry
VIII. under whom he held some office. But his son being
deprived both of bis estate and liberty, in the reign of
queen Mary, went afterwards in holy orders, and, leaving
Carlisle, settled in Westminster.
Our poet was first sent to a private school in the churoh
of St. Martin's in the Fields, and was afterwards removed
to Westminster-school. Here he had for his preceptor the
illustrious Camden, for whom he ever preserved the highest
respect, and, besides dedicating one of his best plays to
him, commemorates him in one of his epigrams, as the
person to whom he owed all he knew. He was making
very extraordinary progress at this school, when his mother,
who, soon after her husband's death, had married a brick
layer, took him home to learn his step-father's business.
How long he continued in this degrading occupation is
uncertain : according to Fuller he soon left it, and went to
' Chauffpie.— Saxii Onoinasticou.

JONSON. 141
Cambridge, but necessity obliged him to return to bis
father, who, among other works, employed him on the new
building at Lincoln's-inn, and here he was to be seen with
a trowel in one hand and a book in the other. This, Mr.
Malone thinks, must have been either in ISSB or 1593,
in each of which years, Dugdale informs us, some new
buildings were erected by the society. Wood varies the
story, by stating that he was taken from the trovvel to attend
Sir Walter Raleigh's son abroad, and afterwards went to
Cambridge; but young Raleigh was not born till 1594,
nor ever went abroad, except with his father in 1617 to
Guiana, where he lost his life. So many of Jonson's con
temporaries, however, have mentioned his connection with
the Raleigh family, that it is probable he was in some
shape befriended by them, although not while he worked
at his father's business, for from that he ran away, enlisted
as a common soldier, and served in the English army then
engaged against tbe Spaniards in the Netherlands. " Here,"
says the author of his life in the Biographia Britannica,
" he acquired a degree of military glory which rarely falls
to the lot of a common man in that profession. In an
encounter with a single man of the eneriiy, he slew his
opponent, and stripping him, carried off the spoils in the
view of both armies." As our author's fame does not rest
on his military exploits, it can be no detraction to hint,
that one man killing and stripping another is a degree of
military prowess of no very extraordinary kind. His bio
grapher, however, is unwilling to quit the subject until he
has informed us, that " the glory of this action receives a
particular heightening from the reflection, that he thereby
stands singularly distinguished above the rest of his bre
thren of the poetical race, very few of whom have ever
acquired any reputation in arms."
On his return he is said to have resumed his studies,
and to have gone to St. John's college, Cambridge. This
fact rests chiefly upon a tradition in that college, sup
ported by the gift of several books now in the library with
his name in them. As to the question why his name does
not appear in any of the lists, it is answered that he was
only a sizar, who made a short stay, and his name could
not appear among the admissions, where no notice was
usually taken of any young men that had not scholarships ;
and as to matriculation, there was at that time no register.
if he went to St. John's, it seems probable enough that

142 JONSON.
the shortness of his stay was occasioned by his necessities ;
and this would be the case whether he went to Cambridge
in 1588, as Mr. Malone conjectures, or after his return
from the array, perhaps iu 1594. In either case he was
poor, and received no encouragement from his family in
his education. His persevering love of literature, how
ever, amidst so many difficulties, ought to be mentioned
to his honour.
Having failed in these more creditable attempts to gain
a sub,sistence, he began his theatrical career, at first araong
the strolling companies, and was afterwards admitted into
an obscure theatre called the Green Curtain, in the neigh
bourhood of Shoreditcb, from which the present Curtain-
road seeras to derive its name. He had not been there
long, before he attempted to write for the stage, but was
not at first very successful either as an author or actor.
Meres enumerates him araong the writers of tragedy'; but no
tragedy of his writing exists, prior to 1598, when his co
medy of " Every Man in his Humour" procured him a name.
Dexter, in his " Satyroraastix," censures his acting as awk
ward and mean, and his temperas rough and untractable.
During his early .engagements on the stage, he had the
misfortune to kill one of the players in a duel, for which
he was thrown into prison, " brought near the gallows,"
but afterwards pardoned. While in confinement, a popish
priest prevailed on him to embrace the Roman catholic
faith, in which he continued about twelve years. As soon
as he was released, which appears to have been about
1595, he married, to use his own expression, " a wife
who was a shrew, yet honest to him," and endeavoured to
provide for his family by his pen. Having produced a
play which was accidentally seen by Shakspeare, he re
solved to bring it on the stage, of which he vvas a manager,
and acted a part in it himself What play this was, we
are not told, but its success encouraged him to produce
his excellent comedy of " Every Man in his Humour,"
which was performed on the same stage in 1598. Oldys,
in his manuscript notes on Langbaine, says that Jonson
was himself the master of a play-house in Barbican, which
was at a distant period converted into a dissenting meeting
house. He adds that Ben lived in Bartholomew-close, in
the house which was inhabited, in Oldys's time, by Mr.
James, a letter-founder. Mention is made in his writings,
of his theatre, of the Sun and Moon tavern, in Aldersgate-

JONSON. 143
street, and of the Merraaid. But the want of dates ren
ders much of this information useless.
In the following year he produced the counterpart of his
former comedy, entitled " Every Man out of his Humour,"
and continued to furnish a new play every year until he
vvas called to assist in the masks and entertainments giyea
in honour of the accession of king James to the throne of
England, and afterwards on occasions of particular festivity
at the courts of James and Charles I. But from these
barbarous productions, he occasionally retired to the cul
tivation of his comic genius, and on one occasion gave an
extraoi;dinary proof of natural and prompt excellence in
his " Volpone," which was finished within the space of
five weeks.
His next production indicated somewhat of that rough
and independent spirit which neither the smiles nor terrors
of a court could repress. It was, indeed, a foolish ebul
lition for a man in his circumstances to ridicule the Scotch
nation in the court of a Scotch king, yet this he attempted
in a comedy entitled " Eastward-Hoe," which he wrote in
conjunction with Chapman and Marston, although, as Mr.
Warton has remarked, he was in general " too proud to
assist or be assisted." The affront, however, was too gross
to be overlooked, and the three authors were sent to pri
son, and not released without much interest. Camden
and Selden are supposed to have supplicated the throne
in favour of Jonson on this occasion. At an entertainment
which he gave to these and other friends on his release,
his mother, "more like an antique Roman than a Briton,
drank to him, and showed him a paper of poison, which
she intended to have given him in his liquor, after having
taken a portion of it herself, if sentence upon him (of pil
lory, .&c,) had been carried into execution." The history
of, the times shews the probable induceraent Jonson had to
ridicule the Scotch. The court was filled with them, and
it became the humour of the English to be jealous of their
encroachments. Jonson, however, having obtained a par
don, endeavoured to conciliate his offended sovereign by
taxing his genius to produce a double portion of that adu
lation in which James delighted.
His connexion with Shakspeare, noticed above, has
lately become the subject of a controversy. Pope, in the
preface to his edition of Shakspeare, says, " I cannot help
dbihking that these two poets were good friends, and lived

144 JONSON.
on amicable terms, and in offices of society with each
other. It is an acknowledged fact that Ben Jonson was
introduced upon the stage, and his first works encouraged
by Shakspeare. And after his death, that author writes
' To the Memory of his beloved Mr. William Shakspeare,'
which shows as if the friendship had continued through
life." Mr. Malone, the accuracy of whose researches are
entitied to the highest respect, has produced many proofs
of their mutual dislike, amounting, as he thinks on the
part of Jonson, to malignity. Mr. Steevens and Mr. George
Chalmers are inclined likewise to blame Jonson ; but Dr.
Farmer considered the reports of Jonson's pride and ma
lignity as absolutely groundless. Mr. O. Gilchrist, in a
pamphlet lately published, has vindicated Jonson with
much acuteness, although without wholly effacing the im
pression which Mr. Malone's proofs and extracts are cal
culated to make. That Jonson was at times the antagonist
of Shakspeare, and that they engaged in what Fuller calls
" Wit-combats," may be allowed, for such occurrences
are not uncomraon among contemporary poets ; but it is
inconsistent with all we know of human passions and tem
pers that a man capable of writing the high encomiastic
lines alluded to by Pope, could have at any time harboured
malignityin his heart against Shakspeare. Malignity rarely
dies with its object, and more rarely turns to esteem and
veneration. Jonson's next play, " Epicsene, or the Silent Woman,"
did not appear until 1609, and amply atoned for his
seeming neglect of the dramatic muse. It is perhaps the
first regular comedy in the language, and did not lose
much of this superiority by the appearance of his " Al
chemist," in 1610. His tragedy, however, of " Cata-
line," in 1611, as well as his « Sejanus," of both which
he entertained a high opinion, serve only to confirm the
maxim that few authors know where their excellence lies.
The " Cataline," says Dr. Hurd, is a specimen of all the
errors of tragedy.
In 1613 he went to Paris, where he was admitted to an
interview with cardinal Perron, and with his usual frank
ness told the cardinal that his translation of Virgil was
" nought," About this time'he commenced a quarrel with
Inigo Jones, and made him the subject of his ridicule in a
comedy called " Bartholomew-Fair," acted in 1614. Jones
was architect or machinist to the masques and entertain-

J O N S O N. 145
tnents for which Jonson furnished the poetry, but the par
ticular cause of their quarrel does not appear. "Who
ever," says lord Orford, " was the aggressor, the turbu
lent temper of Jonson took care to be most in the wrong.
Nothing exceeds the grossness of tbe language that he
poured out, except the badness of the verses that were the
vehicle. There he fully exerted all that brutal abuse
which his contemporaries were willing to think wit, be
cause they were afraid of it ; and which only serves to
show the arrogance of the man who presumed to satirize
Jones and rival Shakspeare. With the latter, indeed, he
had not the smallest pretensions to be compared, except
in having sometimes written absolute nonsense. Jonson
translated the ancients, Shakspeare transfused their very
soul into his writings." If Jonson was the rival of Shak
speare, he deserves all this ; but with no dther claims than
his " Cataline," and " Sejanus," how could he for a mo
ment fancy himself the rival of Shakspeare?
" Bartholoraevv Fair" was succeeded by the " Devil's an
Ass," in 1616, and by an edition of his Works in folio, in
which his " Epigratas" were first printed, although they
appear tdhave been written at various times, and some long
before this period. He was now in the zenith of his fame
and prosperity. Among other marks of respect, he was
presented with tbe honorary degree of M. A. by the uni
versity of Oxford. He had been invited to this place by
Dr. Corbet, senior student, and afterwards dean of Christ-
church and bishop of Norwich. According to the account
he gave of hiraself to Drummond, he was M. A. of both
universities. Wood informs us that he succeeded Daniel as poet-lau
reat, in Oct. 1619^ as Daniel did Spenser. Mr. Malone,
however,, has very clearly proved that neither Spenser noi'
Daniel enjoyed the office now known by that napie. King
James, by letters patent dated Februarys, 1 6 1 5«| 6y granted
Johso'n an annuity or yearly pension of one hundred marks
during his life, " in consideration of the good and accept
able service heretofore done, and hereafter to be done, by
the said B.J." On the 23d of April, 1630, king Charies
by letters patent, reciting the former grant, and that it
had been surrendered, was pleased " in consideration (says
tbe patent) of the good and acceptable service done unto
us and our father by the said B. J. and especially to en
courage hira to proceed in those services of his wit and
Vol. XIX. L

146 JONSON.
pen, which we have enjoined unto him, and which we ex
pect from him," to augment his annuity of one hundred
marks to one hundred pounds per annum during his hfe,
payable from Christmas 1629. Charles at the same time
granted him a tierce of Canary Spanish wine yearly during
his life, out of his majesty's cellars at Whitehall ; of which
there is no mention in the former grant. Soon after this
pension was settled on him, he went to Scotland to visit
his intimate friend and correspondent, Drummond of Haw-
thornden, to whom he imparted many particulars of his
life and his opinions on the poets of his age. After his
return from this visit, which appears to have afforded him
much pleasure, he wrote a poem on the subject; but this,
with several more of his productions, was destroyed by an
accidental fire, and he commemorated his loss in a poem
entitled " An Execration upon Vulcan."
Although it is not our purpose to notice all his dramatic
pieces, it is necessary to mention, that in 1629 he pro
duced a comedy called the " New Inn, or the light heart,"
which was so roughly handled by the audience, that he was
provoked to write an " Ode to Himself," in which he
threatened to abandon the stage. Threats of this kind are
generally impotent, and Jonson gained nothing but the
character of a man who was so far spoiled by public favour
as to overrate his talents. Feltham and Suckling reflected
on him with some asperity on this occasion, while Randolph
endeavoured to reconcile him to his profession. His tem
per, usually rough, might perhaps at this time have been
exasperated by disease, for we find that his health was de
clining from 1625 to 1629 *, vvhen his play was condemned.
He was also suffering about this time the usual vexations
which attend a want of ceconomy ; in one case of pecuniary
erabarrassment, king Charles relieved him by the hand
some present of an hundred pounds. This contradicts a.
story related by Cibber and Smollett, that when the king
heard of his illness, he sent him ten pounds, and that Jon
son said to the messenger, " His Majesty has sent me ten
pounds, because I am old and poor, and live in an alley ;
go and tell him that his soul lives in an alley." Jonson's^
* The fire above-mentioned Oldys was assisted by Sir George Carew, Sir
fixes in this year, and says, that it de- Robert Cotton, and the celebrated Sel-
Btroyed a History of Henry V. of which den. Oldys's MS Notes to Laogbiiiiie
Jonson had gone through eight of his in Biit. Mus.
nine years, and in which it is said be

JONSON.

147

blunt manners and ready wit make the reply sufficiently
credible, had the former part of the story been true, but
the lines of gratitude which he addressed to his majesty
are a sarisfactory refutation. Jonson, however, continued
to be thoughtlessly lavish and poor, although in addition
to the royal bounty he is said to have enjoyed a pension
from the city, and received occasional assistance from his
friends. The pension from the city appears to have been
withdrawn in 1631, if it be to it he alludes in the post
script of a letter in the British Museum, dated that year,
" Yesterday the barbarous court of aldermen have with
drawn their chandler-ly pension for verjuice and m,ustard
331. 6s. 8d"* Sutton, the founder of the Charter-house,
is said to have been one of his benefactors, which renders
it improbable that Jonson could have intended to ridicule

* This letter, which is addressed to
the Earl of Newcastle, shows so much
of his temper and spirit at this time,
tjiat a longer extract may be excused.
"I myself being no substance, am
faine to trouble you with shaddowes, or
what is less, an apologue, or fable, in a
dream. I being stricken with the palsy
in 1628, had, by Sir Thomas Badger,
some few montbs synce, a foxe sent
mee, for a present, which creature, by
handling, I endeavoured to make tame,
as well for the abating of my disease as
the delight I took in speculation of his
nature. It happened this present year
1631, and this verie weeke being the
weeke ushering Christmas, and this
Tuesday jnoming in a dreame (and
morning dreames are truest), to have
one of my servants come to my bed
side, and tell mee, Master, master, the
fOK speaks ! Whereat mee thought I
started and trembled, went down into
the yard to witness the wonder. There
I found my Keynard in his tenement,
the tubb I had hired for him, cynically
expressinghisownlott, tobecondemn'd
to the house of a poet, where nothing
was to be seeii but the bare walls, and
not any thing heard but the noise of a
sawe dividing billates all the weeke
Jong, more to keepe the family in exer
cise, than to comfort any person there
with fire, save the paralytic master;
and went on in this way, as the Fox
seemed the better fabler of the two. I,
his master, began to give him good
words, and stroake him ; but Reynard,
barking, told mee this would not doe.

I must give him meate. I, angry, cali'd
him stinking vermine. Hee reply'd,
looke into your cellar, which is your
larder too, youle find a worse vermin
there. When presently, calling for a
light, mee thought I went down, and
found al! the floor turn'd up, as if a
colony of moles had been there, or an
army of salt-petre vermin. Where
upon I sent presently into Tuttle-street
for the king's most excellent mole-
catcher, to release mee, and hunt
them : but hee, when he came and
viewd the place, and had well marked
the earth turned up, took a handfull,
smelt to it, and said, Master, It is not
in my power to destroy this vermin ;
the K. or some good man of a noble
nature must helps you : this kind of
mole is cali'd a want, which will de-
stioy you and your family, if you pre
vent not the worsting of it in tyme.
And, therefore, God keepe you, and
send you health.
" The interpretation both of the fa
ble and dream is, that I, waking, doe
find want the worst and most working
vermin in a house ; and therefore, my
noble lord, and next the king my best
patron, I am necessitated to tell ii you.
I am not so impudent to borrow any
sum of your lordship, for I hc^ve no fa
culty to pay; but my needs are such,
and so urging, as I do beg what your
bounty can give mee, in the name of
good letters, and the bond of an ever-
gratefuU and acknowledging servant *8
your honour."

I. 3

148 J O N S O N.

so exce

.„ ..„cellent a character on the stage : yet, according to
Mr. Oldvs, "Volpone" was intended for him. But al
though it is supposed that Jonson sometimes laid the rich
under contributions by the dread of his satire, it is not
very likely that he would attack such a man as Sutton.
The " Tale of a Tub," and the " Magnetic Lady," were
his last draraatic pieces, and bear very few marks of his
original powers. He penned another masque in 1634,
ancf we have a " New Year's Ode" dated in 1635, but the
remainder of his life appears to have been wasted in sick
ness of the paralytic kind, which at length carried him off,
Aug. 16, 1637, in the sixty-third year of his age. Three
days afterwards he was interred in Westminster-abbey, at
the north-west end near the belfrey, with a common pave
ment stone laid over his grave, with a short and irreverend
inscription of " O rare Ben Jonson," cut at the expence
of sir John Young of Great Milton in Oxfordshire. His
death was lamented as a public loss to the poetical worid.
About six months after this event, his contemporaries
joined in a collection of elegies and encomiastic poems,
which was published under the title of " Jonsonius Virbius ;
or the Memory of Ben Jonson revived by the friends of the
Muses." Dr. Duppa, bishop of Chichester, was the edi
tor of this volume, which contained verses by lords Falk
land and Buckhurst, sir John Beaumont, sir Francis Wort-
ley, sir Thomas Hawkins, Messrs. Henry King, Henry
Coventry, Thomas May, Dudley Diggs, George Fortescue,
William Habington, Edmund Waller, J. Vernon, J. CI.
(probably Cleveland) Jasper Mayne, Will. Cartwright,
John Rutter, Owen Feltham, George Donne, Shakerley
Marmion, John Ford, R. Brideoak, Rich. West, R. Meade,
H. Ramsay, T. Terrent, Rob. Wasing, Will. Bew, and
Sam. Evans. A subscription also was entered into for a
monument in the Abbey, but prevented by the rebellion.
Tbe second earl of Oxford contributed the bust in bas-
relievo which is now in Poet's-corner. Jonson had several
children, but survived thera all. One of them was a poet,
and, as Mr. Malone has discovered, the author of a Drama
written in conjunction with Brome. It should seem that
he was not on good terms with his father. Fuller saj's that
" Ben was not happy in his children."
As many points of bis character are obscure or disputed,
it may not be unnecessary in this place to exhibit the evi
dence of his contemporaries, or of those who lived at no

JONSON. 149
great distance of time. The following particulars Au
brey collected from Dr. Bathurst, sir Bennet Hoskyns,
Lacy the player, and others*.
" I remember when I was a scholar at Trin. Coll. Oxon.
1 646, I heard Mn Ralph Bathurst (now dean of Welles)
say, that Ben: Johnson was a Warwyckshire man. 'Tis
agreed that his father was. a minister; and by his epistle
D. D. of Every Man — to Mr. W. Camden, that he was
a Westrainster scholar, and that Mr. W. Camden was his
schoolmaster. His mother, after his father's death, mar
ried a bricklayer, and 'tis generally f said that he wrought
for some time with his father-in-lawe, and particularly on
the garden wall of Lincoln's inne next to Chanceiy lane ;
and that a knight, a bencher, walking thro', and hearing
him repeat some Greeke verses out of Homer, discoursing
with him and finding hira to have a witt extraordinary,
gave him some exhibition to maintain him at Trinity
college in Cambridge, where he vvas  : then he went
into the Lowe Countryes, and spent some time, not very
long, in the armie ; not to the disgrace of [it], as yoit
may find in his Epigraraes. Then he came into England,
.and acted and wrote at the Greene Curtaine, but both ill ;
a kind of nursery or obscure playhouse somewhere in the
suburbs (I think towards Shoreditcb or Clerkenwell). Then
he undertook again to write a play, and did hitt it admira
bly well, viz. Every Man — which was his first good one.
Sergeant Jo. Hoskins of Herefordshire was his Father. I
remember his sonne (sir Bennet Hoskins, baronet, who
was something poetical in his youth) told me, that when
,he desired to be adopted his sonne. No, sayd he, 'tis
honour enough for me to be your brother : I am your father's
sonne : 'twas he that polished me : I do acknowledge it.
He was (or rather had been) of a clear and faire skin. His
habit was very plain. I have heard Mr. Lacy the player
say, that he was wont to weare a coate like a coachman's
coate, with slitts under the arm-pitts. He would raany
times exceede in drinke: Canarie was his beloved liqueur:
then he would tumble home to bed ; and when he had
thoroughly perspired, then to studie. I have seen his
studyeing chaire, which was of strawe, such as old women
* Forthe transcription of this article It is perhaps unnecessary to add, that
the Reader is indebted to JVIi-. Malone's Aubrey's iVISS. are in the Ashmolean
flistorical Account of the English Stage. IWuseum, Oxford.
¦j- A few contractions in the manuscript are not fetaincd in this copy.

150 JONSON,
used : and as Aulus Gellius is drawn in. When I was in
Oxon: Bishop Skinner (Bp. of Oxford) who lay at our
college was wont to say, that he understood an author as
well as any man in England. He mentions in his Epi
graraes, a son that he had, and his epitaph. Long since
in king James time, I have heard my uncle Davers (Dan-
vers) say, who knew him, that he lived without Temple
Barre atacorabe-raaker's shop about the Elephant's castle.
In his later time he lived in Westminster, in the house
under which you passe as you go out of the church-yard
into the old palace ; where he dyed. He lyes buried in
the north-aisle, the path square of stones, the rest is lo
zenge, opposite to the scutcheon of Robert de Ros, with
this inscription only on hira, in a paveraent square of blue
marble, 14 inches square, O RARE Ben: Jonson: which
was done at the charge of Jack Young, afterwards knighted,
who walking there when the grave was covering, gave the
fellow eighteen pence to cutt it."
Mr. Zouch, in his Life of Walton, has furnished the
following information from a MS. of Walton's in the Ash
molean Museum.
" I only knew Ben Jonson : But my Lord of Winton
(Dr. Morley, bishop of Winchester) knew him very well;
and says, he was in the 6°, that is, the upermost fforme in
Westminster scole, at which time his father dyed, and his
mother married a brickelayer, who made him (ranch against
his will) help hira in his trade ; but in a short time, his
scoleraaister, Mr. Camden, got hira a better employment,
which was to atend or acompany a son of sir Walter Rau-
ley's in his travills. Within a short time after their return,
they parted (I think not in cole bloud) and with a loue
sutable to what they had in their travilles (not to be co-
mended). And then Ben began to set up for himselfe in
the trade by which he got his subsistance and fame, of
which I need not give any account. He got in time to
have 100/. a yeare from the king, also a pension from the
cittie, and the like from many of the nobilitie and some of
the gentry, which was well pay'd, for love or fere of his
railing in verse, or prose, or boeth. My lord told me, he
told him he was (in his long retyrement and sickness, when
he saw hira, which was often) much afflickted, that hee
had profained the scripture in his playes, and lamented it
with hol-ror : yet that, at that tirae of his long retyrement,
his pension (so much as came in) was^ giuen to a woman

JONSON. 151
that gouern'd him (with whome he liu'd & dyed nere the
Abie in Westminster ;) and that nether he nor she tooke
much care for next weike : and wood be sure not to want
wine ; of which he usually took too much before he went
to bed, if not oftener and soner. My\ lord tells me, he
knowes not, but thinks he was born in Westminster. The
question may be put to Mr. Wood very easily upon what
grounds he is positive as to his being born their; he is a
friendly man, and will resolve it. So much for brave Ben.
 Nov. 22 (16) 80."
Fuller, in addition to what has been already quoted,
says that *' he was statutably admitted into Saint John's-
college in Cambridge, where he continued but few weeks
for want of further maintenance, being fain to return to
the trade of his father-in-law. And let not them blush
that have, but those that have not a lawful calling. He
helped in the building of the new structure of Lincoln's-
Inn,, when having a trowell in his hand, he had a book in
his pocket. Some gentlemen pitying that his parts should
be buried under the rubbish of so mean a calling, did by
their bounty manumise him freely to follow his own inge
nuous inclinations. Indeed his parts were not so ready to
run of themselves as able to answer the spur, so that it
may be truly said of him, that he had an elaborate wit
wrought out by his own industry. He would sit silent in
learned company, and suck in (besides wine) their several
humours into his observation. What was ore in others, he
was able to refine to himself. He was paramount in the
dramatique part of poetry, and taught the stage an exact
conformity to the laws of comedians. His comedies were
above the Volge (which are only tickled with downright
obscenity), and took not so well at the first stroke as at the
rebound, when beheld the second" time; yea, they will
endure reading, and that with due commendation, so long
as either ingenuity or learning are fashionable in our na
tion. If his later be not so spriteful and vigorous as his
fkst pieces, all that are old will, and all that desire to be
old should, excuse him therein." To his article of Shak
speare, Fuller subjoins, " Many were the wit-corabates be
twixt (Shakspeare) and Ben Johnson, which two I behold
like a Spanish great gallion, and an English man of war ;
master Johnson (like the former) was built far higher in
learning ; solid, but slow in his performances. Shakspeare,
with the English man of war, lesser in bulk, but lighter in

153 JONSON.
sailing, could turn with all tides, tack about and take ad
vantage of all winds, by the quickness of his wit and in
vention." The following particulars are transcribed from Oldys'
MS additions to Langbaine. Oldys, like Spence, picked
up the traditions of his day, and left them to be examined
and authenticated by his readers. Such contributions to
biography are, no doubt, useful, but not to be received with
implicit credit-
" Mr. Camden recommended (Jonson) to sir Walter
Raleigh, who trusted him with the care and instruction of
his eldest son Walter, a gay spark, who could not brook
Ben's rigorous treatment, but, perceiving one foible in his
disposition, made use of that to throw off the yoke of his
government. And this vvas an unlucky habit Ben had con
tracted, through his love of jovial company, of being over
taken With liquor, which sir Walter did of all vices most
abominate, and hath most exclaimed against. One day,
when Ben had taken a plentiful dose, and was fallen into a
sound sleep, young Raleigh got a great basket, and a
couple of men, who laid Ben in it, and then with a pole
carried him between their shoulders to sir Walter, telling
him their young master had sent horae his tutor. This I
had from a MS memorandum-book -written in the time of
the civil wars by Mr. Oldisworth, who was secretary, I
think, to Philip earl of Pembroke. Yet in 1614, when
sir Walter published his History of the World, there was a
good understanding between hira and Ben Jonson ; for the
verses, which explain the grave frontispiece before that
history, were vfritten by Jonso'n, and are reprinted in his
' Underwoods,' where the poera is called " The Mind
of the frontispiece to a book;" but he names not this
book." "About the year 1622 some lewd, perjured, woman
deceived and jilted him ; and he writes a sharp poem on
the occasion. And in another poem, called his picture,
left in Scotland, he seems to think she slighted him for his
mountain belly and his rocky face." We have already
seen by bishop Morley's account that he lived with a wo
man in his latter days, who assisted him in spending his
money. " Ben Jonson," says Oldys, "was charged in his " Poe
taster," 1601, with having libelled or ridiculed the lawyers,
soldiers, and players ; so he afterwards joined an apok-

JONSON. 153
getical dialogue at the end of it, wherein he says he had
been provoked for three years on every stage by slanderers,
as to his self-conceit, arrogance, insolence, railing, and
plagiarism by translations. As to law, he says he only
brought in Ovid chid by his father for preferring poetry to
it. As to the soldiers, he swears by his Muse they are
friends; he loved the profession, and once proved or ex
ercised it, as I take it, and did not shame it raore then
with his actions, than he dare now with his writings. And
as to the players, he had taxed some sparingly, but they
thought eacli man's vice belonged to the whole tribe. That
he was not moved with what they had done against hira,
but was sorry for sorae better natures, who were drawn in
by the rest to concur in the exposure or derision of him.
And concludes, that since his comic muse had been so
ominous to hira, he will try if tragedy has a kinder aspect.
" A full show of those he has exposed in this play is
not now . easily discernible. Besides Decker, and sorae
touches on some play that has a Moor in it (perhaps Titus
Andronicus ; I should hope he did not dare to raean
Othello) some speeches of such a character being recited
in Act III. Scene IV. though not reflected on, he makes
Tucca call Histrio the player, ' a lousy slave, proud ras
cal, you grow rich, do you ? and purchase your twopenny
tear-mouth ; and copper-laced scoundrels,' &c. which
language should not come very natural frora hira, if he
ever bad been a player himself; and such it seeras he was
before or after." —
Howel in one of his letters delineates what the late Mr.
Seward considered as the leading feature of Jonson's cha
racter. " I was invited yesterday to a solemn supper by B. J.
where you were deeply reraerabered. There was good
company, excellent cheer, choice wines, and jovial wel
come. One thing intervened which alraost spoiled the
relish of the rest, that B. began to engross all the discourse ;
to vapour extremely of hiraself; and by vilifying others to
magnify his own muse. T. Ca. buzzed me in the ear, that
though Ben had barrelled up a great deal of knowledge,
yet it seems he had not read the ethics, which, amongst
other precepts of morality, forbid self-comraendation, de
claring it to be an ill-favoured solecism in good manners."
The account Jonson gave of hiraself to Drummond is
not uninteresting. It was first published in the folio edi-

154 JONSON..
tion of Drummond's Works, 1711. "He," Ben Jonson,
" said that his grandfather carae from Carlisle, to which
he had come frorn Annandale in Scotland ; that he served
king Henry VIII. and was a gentleman. His father lost
his estate under queen Mary, having been cast in prison
and forfeited; and at last he turned minister. He was
posthumous, being born a month after his father's death,
and was put to school by a friend. His master was Cam
den. Afterwards he was taken from it, and put to another
craft, viz. to be a bricklayer, which he could not endure,
but went into the Low Countries, and returning home he
ao-ain betook himself to his wonted studies. In his service
in the Low Countries, he had, in the view of both the
armies, killed an enemy, and taken the opima spolia from
him; and since coming to England, being appealed to in
a duel, he had killed his adversary, who had hurt him in
the arm, and whose sword was ten inches longer than his.
For this crime he was iraprisoned, and alraost at the gal
lows. Then he took his religion on trust of a priest, who
visited him in prison. He was twelve years a papist ; but
after this he was reconciled to the cKurch of England, and
left off to be a recusant. At his first coramunion, in token
of his true reconciliation, he drank out the full cup of wine.
He was master of arts in both universities. In the time of
his close imprisonment under queen Elizabeth, there were
spies to catch him, but he was advertised of them by the
keeper. He had an epigram on the spies. He married a
wife, who was a shrew, yet honest to him. When the
king came to England, about the tirae that the plague was
in London, he (Ben Jonson) being in the country at sir
Robert Cotton's house, with old Camden, saw in a vision
his eldest son, then a young child, and at London, appear
unto him with the mark of a bloody cross on his forehead,
as if it had been cut with a sword ; at which, amazed, he
prayed unto God, and in the morning he carae to Mr.
Camden's chamber to tell hira, who persuaded him it was
but an apprehension, at which he should not be dejected.
In the mean tirae came letters frora his wife, of tbe death
of that boy in the plague. He appeared to him, he said,
of a manly shape, and of that growth he thinks he shall be
at the resurrection.
" He was accused by sir James Murray to the king, for
writing something against the Scots in a play called " East
ward Hoe," and voluntarily imprisoned himself with Chap-

JONSON. 155
man and Marston, who had written it amongst them, and
it was reported should have their ears and. noses cut. After
their delivery, he entertained all his friends; there were
present Camden, Selden, and others. In the middle of
the feast, his old mother drank to him, and showed hira a
paper which she designed (if the sentence had past) to have
mixed araong his drink, and it was strong and lusty poison;
and to show that she was no churl, she told that she de
signed first to have drank of it herself.
" He said he had spent a whole night in lying looking to
his great toe, about which he had seen Tartars and Turks,
Romans and Carthaginians, fight, in his imagination.
" He wrote all his verses first in prose, as his master
Camden taught him ; and said that verses stood by sense,
without either colours or accent.
" He used to say, that many epigrams were ill because
they expressed iii the end what should have been under
stood by what was said before, as that of sir John Davies;
that he had a pastoral entitled ' The May-lord ;', nis own
name is Alkin; Ethra, the countess of Bedford; Mogbel
Overberry, the old countess of Suffolk; an enchantress;
other names are given to Somerset, his lady, Pembroke,
the countess of Rutland, lady Worth. In his first scene
Alkin comes in mending his broken pipe. He bringeth in,
says our author, clowns making mirth and foolish sports,
contrary to all other pastorals. He had also a design to
write a fisher or pastoral play, and make the stage of it in
the Lomond Lake ; and also to write his foot-pilgrimage
thither, and to call it a discovery. In a poem he calleth
Edinburgh, ' The heart of Scotland, Britain's other eye.'
" That he had an intention to have made a play like
Plautus's Amphitryo, but left it off; for that he could
never find two so like one to the other, that he could per
suade the spectators that they were one.
" That he had a design to write an epic poem, and was
to call it Chorologia, of the worthies of his country raised
by Fame, and was to dedicate it to his country. It is all
in couplets, for he detested all other rhimes. He said
he had written a discourse of poetry both against Carapion
and Daniel, especially the last, where he proves couplets
to be the best sort of verses, especially when they are
broke like hexameters, and that cross rhimes and stanzas,

156 JONSON.
because the purpose would lead beyond eight lines, were
all forced."
Ben Jonson, continues Drummond, " was a great lover
and praiser of himself, a contemner and scorner of others,
given rather to lose a friend than a jest ; jealous of every
word and action of those about him, especially after rinnk,
which is one of the elements in which he lived ; a o ssem-
blerof the parts which reign in him ; a bragger of some
good that he wanted, thinking nothing well done, but what
either he himself or some of his friends have said or done.
He is passionately kind and angry, careless either to gain
or keep ; vindictive, but if he be well answered at himself,
interprets best sayings and deeds often to the worst. He
was for any religion, as being versed in both ; oppressed
with fancy, which hath over-mastered his reason, a gene
ral disease in many poets. His inventions are smooth and
easy, but above all he excelleth in a translation. When
his play of the Silent Woman was first acted, there were
found verses after on the stage against him, concluding,
that that play was well named the Silent Woman, because
there was never one man to say plaudiie to -it." Drummond
adds, "In short, he was in his personal character the very
reverse of Shakspeare, as surly, ill-natured, proud, and
disagreeable, as Shakspeare with ten times his merit was
gentle, good-natured, easy, and amiable."
Lord Clarendon's character of our author is raore favour
able, and from so accurate a judge of human nature, per
haps more valuable. " His name," lord Clarendon says,
" can never be forgotten, having by his very good learn
ing, and the severity of his nature and manners, very much
reformed the stage ; and indeed the English poetry itself.
His natural advantages were, judgment to order and govern
fancy, rather than excess of fancy, his productions being
slow and upon deliberation, yet then abounding with great
wit and fancy, and will live accordingly ; and surely as he
did exceedingly exalt the English language in eloquence,
propriety, and masculine expressions, so he was the best
judge of, and fittest to prescribe rules to poetry and poets,
of any man who had lived with, or before him, or since :
if Mr. Cowley had not made a flight beyond all men, with
that modesty yet, as to ascribe much of this to the example
and learning of Ben Jonson. His conversation was very
good, and with tbe men of most note ; and he had for
many years an extraordinary kindness for Mr. Hyde (lord

JONSON. 157
Clarendon), till he found he betook himself to business,
which he believed ought never to be preferred before his
corapany. He lived to be very old, and till the palsy made
a deep impression upon his body and his mind."
From these accounts it may surely be inferred that Jon
son in his life-time occupied a high station in the literary
world. So many memorials of character, and so raany
eulogiums on his talents, have not fallen to the Ipt of many
writers of that age. His failings, however, appear to have
been so conspicuous as to obscure his virtues. Addicted to
intemperance, with the unequal temper which habitual
intemperance creates, and disappointed in the hopes of
wealth and independence, which his high opinion of his
talents led hira to form, degenerating even to the resources
of a libeller who extorts from fear what is denied to genius,
he became arrogant, and careless of pleasing even those
with whom he associated. Of the coarseness of his manners
there can be no doubt, but it appears at the same time that
his talents were such as made his temper be tolerated for
the sake of his conversation. As to his high opinion of
himself, he did not probably differ from his contempo
raries, who hailed him as the reformer of the stage, and
as the most learned of critics ; and it is no great diminu
tion of his merit, that an age of more refinement cannot
find enough to justify the superior light in which he was
contemplated. It is sufficient that he did what had not
been done before, that he displayed a judgment to which
the stage had been a stranger, and furnished it with ex
amples of regular comedy which have not been surpassed.
His memory was uncommonly tenacious, and his learning
certainly superior to that of most of his contemporaries.
Pope gives him the praise of having " brought critical
learnino-ihto vogue," and having instructed both the actors
and spectators in what was the proper province of the dra
matic muse. His " English Graramar," and his " Disco
veries," both written in his advanced years, display an at
tachment to the interests of literature,' and a habit of re
flection, which place his character as a scholar in a very
favourable point of view. The editor of a recent edition
of his Discoveries, justly attributes to thera "a closeness^
and precision of style, weight of sentiment, and accuracy
of classical learning."
Yet whatever may be thought of his learning, it is
greatly over-rated, when opposed or preferred to the

15S JONSON.
genius of his contemporary Shakspeare. Jonson's learning
contributed very little to his reputation as a dramatic poet.
Where he seems to have employed it most, as in his " Ca
taline," it only enables hira to encuraber the tragedy with
servile versifications of Sallust, when he should have been
studying nature and the passions. Dryden, whose opinions
are often inconsistent, considers Jonson as the greatest
man of his age, and observes, that " if we look upon him
when he was himself (for his last plays were but his dotages)
he was the most learned and judicious writer any theatre
ever had." In another place (preface to the " Mock As
trologer"), he says " that almost all Jonson's pieces were but
crambe bis cocta, the same humour a little " varied and
written worse."
It is certain that his high character as a dramatic writer
has not descended to us undiminished. Of his fifty dramas,
there are not above three which preserve his name on the
stage, but these indeed are excellent. It was his misfor
tune to be obliged to dissipate on court masks and pageants
those talents which concentrated might have furnished
dramas equal to his " Volpone," " Alchemist," and the
" Silent Woman." Contrasted with the boundless and
commanding genius of Shakspeare, Dr. Johnson has hit
his character with success in his celebrated prologue.
" Then Jonson came, instructed from the school.
To please by method, and invent by rule.
His studious patience, and laborious art.
With regular approach assay'd the heart :
Cold approbation gave the ling'ring bays.
For they who durst not censure, scarce could praise.*'
Among his poems there are few which can be specified
as models of excellence. The " Hymn" from " Cynthia's
Revels," the " Ode to the Memory of sir Lucius Cary,"
and " Sir H, Morison," one of the first examples of the
Pindaric, or irregular ode, and some of his songs, and
" Underwoods," are brightened by occasional rays of ge
nius, and dignified simphcity, but in general he was led
into glittering and fanciful thoughts, and is so frequently
captivated with these as to neglect his versification. Al
though he had long studied poetry, it does not appear that
he could pursue a train of poetical sentiment or imagery
so far as to produce any great work. His best efforts were
such as he could execute almost in the moment of concep
tion, and frequently with an epigrammatic turn which i»

JONSON. 159
very striking. He once meditated an epic poem, but his
habitual irregularities and love of company denied the ne
cessary perseverance.
His works were printed thrice in folio in the seventeenth
century, and thrice in the eighteenth. The last edition
in seven volumes, Svo, with notes and additions by Mr.
Whalley, appeared in 1756, and is esteemed the most
valuable, but will probably be superseded by an edition
which is said to be preparing by the acute editor of Mas-
singer's works.'
JORDAENS (Jacob), a painter of history and portraits,
possessed of very superior abilities in his art, was born at
Antwerp in I 594. He first studied with Adam Van Oort,
whose daughter he married at an early period of his life ;
but it was to Rubens he stood indebted for the principal
part of his knowledge; though it is dubious whether he
ever was adraitted into the school of that raaster. Certain
it is, however, that he more forcibly carried into effect his
principles than any of his disciples, except Vandyke. It
is said by Sandrart, that Rubens was jealous of him, but
this assertion is generally thought to be unfounded ; yet
if so great a man were capable of that mean passion, cer
tainly the talents of Jordaens might well excite it. He
painted with alraost incredible force and brilliancy. Nei
ther Rubens nor Tintoretto, in that respect, excel him; his
compositions are full of bustle, and designed with great
truth, even grandeur of form. His defect (and it must be
allowed that it is a great one, in an art whose principal
end is to adorn, to improve, to please mankind) is gross
ness of subject and of form ; not indecent, but vulgar, low
common life. His power to give rotundity and relief to
his figures, is amazing; and his execution is of the most
masterly kind. The French have possessed themselves of
many of his principal works ; two are particularly notice
able in the gallery of the Louvre, the Flemish celebration
of Twelfth night, known by the appellation of " Le Roi
boit," and Christ driving the money-changers frora the
temple. He was remarkable for the r/tpidity of his execu
tion, and appears to have studied his figures and effects by
candle-fight, or in bright sun-shine. Having obtained
great renown and success, he died in 1678.^
• Biog, Brit. — Johnson and Chalmers's English Poets, for which the above
sketch was written.
* Pilkington.— Argenville, vol. Ill.--Sir Joshua Raynolds's Works ; see In
dex. — Rses's Cyclopsedia.

160 J O R D A N.
JORDAN (Charles Stephen), a person distinguished
more by his connections than by his works, was bom at
Berlin in 1702, and discovered early a taste for letters.
He was brought up to the church, but becoming ac
quainted with Frederic, then prince, and afterwards king
of Prussia, a friendship coraraenced between them of no
common sincerity ; and when Frederic came to the throne,
he prevailed on Jordan to abandon the church and come to
court. Here he became the confidential friend of Frede
ric, and had the courage to give him on all occasions tbe
best advice, and to oppose to his face such measursis as
he thought hurtful. Notwithstanding this freedom he was
advanced to several posts of profit and honour, and became
at length vice-president of the academy of sciences at
Berlin ; where he died in 1745. The king of Prussia erect
ed a mausoleum over him, and also honoured him with tbe
following eloge : "Jordan," says he, "was born with parts,
livel}', penetrating, yet capable of application ; his memory
vast and retentive; his judgment sure, his imagination
brilliant; always governed by reason, yet without stiffness
in his morals ; open in conversation, full of politeness and
benevolence ; cherishing truth, and disguising it; humane,
generous, ready to serve ; a good citizen ; faithful to his
friends, his master, and his country." His merits as an
author do not give us so high an idea of him as the above
eloge, or as the more interesting account given by Thi-
bault. His only writings were, " L'Histoire d'un voyage
literaire," in France, England, and Holland. " Un Re-
cueil de Litterature, de Philosophie, & de Histoire." A
Life of M. de la Croze, in French, &c.'
JORDANO LUCA.— See GIORDANO.
, JORDEN (Edward), an English physician, and con
siderable writer on chemistry and mineralogy, was' born in
1569, at High Halden in Kent, and probably educated at
Hart-hall, Oxford. He visited foreign universities, and
took his degree of doctor in that of Padua. After his re
turn, he practised in London, where he became a member
of the college of physicians, and was in high reputation for
learning and abilities. He injured his fortune by eno-ao-.
ing in a project to manufacture alum. We are ignorant
where his works were situated ; but it is certain, lie ob
tained a grant from James I. of the profits of them, which
' Diet. Hist.— Thibault's Anecdotes of Frederic II. king of Prussia, vol. II.
p. 427.

JORDEN. 161
was revoked at tlie importunity of a courtier ; and though
he made application for redress, he never obtained it, not
withstanding the kirig appeared particularly sensible of the
hardship of his case. He spent the latter part of his life
at Bath, and died there, of the gout and stone, in January
1632.'. JORTiN (Dr. John), a learned English divine, was
born in the parish of St. Giles's, Middlesex, Oct. 23, 1698.
His father, Renatus, was a native of Bretagne in France ;
came over to England about 1685, when protestantism
was no longer tolerated in that country ; was made a gen
tleman of the privy -chamber in 1691 ; became afterwards
secretary to lord Orford, sir George Rooke, and sir
Cloudesly Shovel; and was cast away with the last, when
his ship struck upon the rocks of Scilly, Oct. 22, 17X)7.
His mother was Martha Rogers, of an ancient and respect
able family in Bucks, which had produced some clergy
men, distinguished by their abilities and learning. He was
educated at the Charter-house, where he made a good
proficiency in Greek and Latin : French he learned at home,
and he understood and spoke that language well.
In May 1715, he was admitted of Jesus-college, Cam
bridge ; and, about two years after, recommended by his
tutor Dr. Styan Thirlby, who was very fond of him, and
always retained a friendship for him, to make extracts from
Eustathjus, for the use of Pope's " Homer." He was not
employed directly by Pope, 'nor did it ever happen to him
to see the face of that poet : for, being of a shy modest
nature, he felt no impulse to force his way to him ; nor
did the other make inquiry about him, though perfectly
satisfied with what he had done for him. He took the de
gree of B. A. in 1718-19, and M. A. in 1722 : he had been
chosen fellow of his college soon after the taking of his
first degree. This year he distinguished himself by the
publication of a, few Latin poems, entitled, " Lusus Poe-
tici;" which were well received, and were twice reprinted,
with additions. In Sept. 1723, he entered into deacon's
orders, and into priest's the June following. In Jan. 172 6 -7,
he was presented by his college to Swavesey, near Cam
bridge; but, marrying in 1728, he resigned that living,
and soon after settled hiraself in London, where he was
engaged as a reader and preacher at a chapel in New-
street, near Russell-street, Bloomsbury.
' Alb. Ox. vol. I.— Aikin's Biog. Memoirs of Medicine.
Vol. XIX. M

162 JORTIN.
In this town he spent the next twenty-five ye?r: of Tiis
life : tor though, in 1737, the eari of Winchelsea gave hirti
the living of Eastwell in Kent, where he resided a littie
time, yet he very soon quitted it, and returned to London.
Here for many years he had employment as a preacher,
iu the abovementioned and other chapels ; with the emolu
ments of which occasional services, and a competency of
his own, he supported himself and faraily in a decent
though private manner, dividing his leisure hours between
his books and his friends, especially those of the literati,
with whom he always kept up a close and intimate connec
tion. In 1730, he published "Four Sermons upon the
Truth of the Christian Religion:" the substance of
which was afterwards incorporated in a work, entitled,
" Discoui-ses concerning the Truth of the Christian Re
ligion, 1746," Svo.
In 1731, he published " Miscellaneous Observations
upon Authors, ancient and modern," in 2 vols. Svo. This
is a collection of critical remarks, of which, however, he
was not the sole, though the principal, author : Pearce,
Masson, Dr. Taylor, Wasse, Theobald, Dr. Robinson,
Upton, Thirlby, and others, were contributors to it. This
work was highly approved by the learned here, and was
translated into Latin at Amsterdam, and continued on the
same plan by D'Orville and Burman. In 1751, archbishop
Hefring, unsolicited, gave him the living of St. Dunstan
in the East, London. This prelate had long entertained
a high and affectionate regard for him ; had endeavoured
to serve him in many instances with others ; and after
wards, in 1755, conferred upon him the degree of D. D.
This same year, 1751, came out his first volume of "Re
marks upon Ecclesiastical History," Svo. This work was
inscribed to the earl of Burlington ; by whom, as trustee
for the Boylean Lecture, he had, through the application
of bishop Herring and bishop Sherlock, been appointed,
in 1749, to preach that lecture. There is a preface to this
volume of more than forty pages, which, with much learn
ing ^nd ingenuity, displays a spirit of liberty and candour.
These " Remarks upon Ecclesiastical History" were con
tinued, in four succeeding volumes, down to the year 1517
vtrhen Luther began the work of reformation ; two, pub
lished by himself, in 1752 and 1754; and two, after his
death, in 1773. .,

JORTIN. 16S
In 1755, he published " Six Dissertations upon different
Subjects," Svo. The sixth dissertation is, " On the state
of the dead, as described by Homer and Virgil ;" and the
remarks in this, tending to establish the great antiquity of
the doctrine of a future state, interfered with Warburton
in his " Divine Legation of Moses," and drew upon him
from that quarter a very severe attack. He made no re
ply ; but in his " Adversaria" was the following memoran
dum, which shews that he did not oppose the notions of
other men, from any spirit of envy or contradiction, but
from a full persuasion that the real matter of fact was as
he had represented it. " I have examined," says he, "the
state of the dead, as described by Homer and Virgil ; and
upon that dissertation I am willing to stake all the little
credit that I have as a critic and philosopher. I have there
observed, that Homer was not the inventor of the fabulous
history of the gods : he had those stories, and also the
doctrine of a future state, from old traditions. Many no
tions of the Pagans, which came from tradition, are con
sidered by Barrow, Serm. viii. vol. II. in which sermon the
existence of God is proved from universal consent."
In 1758, appeared his "Life of Erasmus," in one vol.
4to ; and in 1760, another Vol. 4to, containing " Remarks
upon the Works of Erasmus," and an " Appendix of Ex
tracts from Erasmus and other Writers." In the preface
to the former' volume, he says, that " Le Clerc, while
publishing the Works of Erasmus at Leyden, drew up his
Life in French, collected principally from his letters, and
inserted it in the * Bibliotheque Choisie ;' that, as this Life
was favourably received by the public, he had taken it as a
groundwork to build upon, and had translated it, nbtsuper-
stitiously and closely, but with much freedom, and with more
attention to things than to words ; but that he had made
continual additions, not oiily with relation to the history of
those days, but to the life of Erasmus, especially where Le
Clerc grew more remiss, either wearied with the task, or
called off from these to dther labours." After mentioning a
few other matters to h\sreaders, he turns his discourse to his
friends; " recoramending himself to their favour, whilst
he is with them, and his name, when he is gone hence ;
and intreatin* them to join with him in a wish, that he
may pass the evening of a studious and unambitious life in
an humble but not a slothful obscurity, and never forfeit
the kind conrinuance of their accustomed approbation."
M 2

164 JORTIN.
The plan of this work, however, is highly objectionable,
unless as a book to be consulted. It contains, in that re
spect, a vast mass of facts and opinions respecting Eras
mus and his contemporaries, put together in chronological
order, and of great importance in ecclesiastical or biogra
phical researches.
But whatever Dr. Jortin's wishes mightbe as to retirement,
hewas to live hereafter neither so studiously nor so obscurely
as his imagination had figured out tohim : more public scenes
than any he had yet been engaged in still awaited him. For,
Hay ter, bishop of London, with whom he had been upon in
timate terms, dying in 1762, and Osbaldiston, who was also
his friend, succeeding to that see, he was made domestic
chaplain to this bishop in March, admitted into a prebend
of St, Paul's the same month, and in October presented
to the living of Kensington, whither he went to reside soon
after, and there performed the office of a good parish-
priest as long as he lived. In 1764, he was appointed
archdeacon of London, and soon after had the offer of
the rectory of St. James, Westminster ; which, however,
lie refused, from thinking his situation at Kensingtbn more
to his honour, as well as better adapted to his now ad
vanced age. Here he lived occupied (when his clerical
functions permitted) amongst his books, and enjoying
himself with his usual serenity, till Aug, 27, 1770 : when,
being seized with a disorder in the breast and lungs, he
grew continually worse in spite of all assistance ; and,
without undergoing much pain in the course of his illness,
died Sept. 5, in his 72d year. He preserved his underr
standing to the last ; and, in answer to a female attendant
who offered him something, " No," said he, with much
composure, " I have had enough of every thing." He was
buried in the new church-yard at Kensington, as he had
directed ; and had a flat stone laid over him, with this in
scription, dictated by himself :
Joannes Jortin
Mortalis esse desiit.
Anno Salutis 1770,
jEtatis 72.
He left a widow and two children, Rogers Jortin*, of Lin
coln's-inn, in the profession of the law ; and Martha, mar-
• This son died in July 1795. He had considerable practice in the court of
Kxchcqucr. His wife, who survived him, was one of the daughters of Dr. Mat^

JORTIN. 165
ried to the rev. Samuel Darby, fellow of Jesus-college, in
Cambridge, and afterwards rector of Whatfield, in Suffolk.
Besides his principal works, which have already been
mentioned, there are some other things of a smaller nature ;
as, " Remarks upon Spenser's Poems," 1734, Svo, at the
end of which are some " Remarks upon Milton ;" " Remarks
on Seneca," printed in the " Present State of the Republic
of Letters," for Aug. 1734; " A Sermon preached at the
Consecration of Pearce bishop of Bangor," 1747; a few
" Remarks on Tillotson's Sermons," given to his friend
Dr. Birch, and printed in the appendix to Birch's Life of
that prelate, 1752 ; "Letter to Mr. Avison, concerning
the Music of the Ancients," subjoined to a second edition
of Avison's " Essay on Musical Expression," 1753, and a
few " Remarks on Phillips's Life of Cardinal Pole,"
printed in an appendix to " Neve's Animadversions" upon
that History, 1766. In 1771, the year after his death,
4 volumes of his " Sermons," in Svo, were inscribed by
his son Rogers Jortin, esq. to his parishioners of St. Dun-
stan's, at whose request they were published; and these,
being well received by the public, were reprinted in 1772,
with the addition of 3 volumes more. At the end of the
7th vol. are " Four Charges, delivered to the Clergy of the
Archdeaconry of London." His whole Works have lately
been reprinted, including his Life of Erasmus, by Messrs.
White and Cochrane, in an uniform edition.
Besides great integrity, great humanity, and other qua
lities which make men amiable as well as useful, this
learned person was of a very pleasant and facetious turn ;
as his writings abundantly shew. He had, nevertheless,
great sensibility, and could express himself with warmth,
and even with some degree of indignation, when he thought
the occasion warranted him to do so. For instance, he
had a great respect and fondness for critical learning,
which he so much cultivated ; and though he knew and al
lowed it to have been disgraced by the manners of proud,
fastidious, and insolent critics, yet he thought the re-
.storation of letters, and the civilization of Europe, so
much indebted to it, that he could ill bear to see it con
temptuously treated. Hence a little tartness sometimes in
his wrirings, when this topic falls in his way.
For the motto of his " Life of Erasmus," he chose the
following words of Erasmus himself: " illud certe prse-

1^6 JORTIN.
sagio, de meis lucubrationibus, qualescunque sunt, can-
didiusjudicaturam Posteritatem : tametsi nee de meo se-
culo queri possum." Yet it is certain that he had very
slight notions of posthumous fame or glory, and of any
real good which could arise from it ; as appears from what
he has collected and written about it, in a note upon
Milton, at the end of his " Remarks upon Spenser." He
would sometimes complain, and doubtless with good reason,
of the low estimation into which learning was fallen ; and
thought it discountenanced and discouraged, indirectly at
least, when ignorant and worthless persons were advanced
to high stations and great preferments, while men of merit
and abilities were overlooked and neglected. Yet he laid
no undue stress upon such stations and preferments,
but entertained just notions concerning what must ever
constitute the chief good and happiness of man, and is
himself believed to have made the most of them. Dr. Parr
has drawn his character with his usual elegance and discri
mination. " Jortin," says he, " whether I look back to
his verse, to his prose, to his critical, or to his theological
works, there are few authors to whom I am so much in
debted for rational entertainment, or for solid instruction.
Learned he was, without pedantry. He was ingenious
without the affectation of singularity. He was a lover of truth,
without hovering over the gloomy abyss of scepticism, and
a friend to free inquiry, without roving into the dreary and
pathless wilds of latitudinarianism. He had a heart which
never disgraced the powers of his understanding. With a
lively imagination, an elegant taste, and a judgment most
masculine, and most correct, he united the artless and
amiable negligence of a school-boy. Wit without ill-na
ture, and sense without effort, he could at will scatter upon
every subject ; and in every book the writer presents us
with a near and distinct view of the real man.'"
JOSEPH, or JOSIPPON (Ben Gorion, or Gorionides),
i, e. the son of Gorion, a Jewish historian, is sometimes
confounded by the rabbins with the more celebrated histo
rian Josephus. He lived about the end of the ninth, or
beginning of tbe tenth century, and left a History of the
Jews, in Hebrew, which Gagnier translated into Latin,
Oxford, 1706, 4to. There is also an edition in Hebrew
and Latin, Gotha, 1707, 4to. It is obvious from internal
' Nichols's Life of Bowyer.— Disney's Life of Jortin.

JOSEPH. 167
evidence, that this work could not have been written ear
lier than the ninth century ; and that the author was, ac
cording to all appearance, a Jew of Languedoc'
JOSEPH, a celebrated capuchin, better known by the
name of Father Joseph, was born November 4, 1577, at
Paris, where his father, John de Clerc, had an office in
tbe palace. After pursuing his studies with success, he
visited Italy and Germany, entered into the army, and
gave his family the most flattering expectations of his fu
ture fortune, when he suddenly renounced the world, and
took the capuchins' habit in 1 599. He afterwards preached,
and discharged tbe office of a missionary with reputation,
was entrusted with the most important commissions by the
court, and /contributed much to the reformation of Fon-
tevrauld. He sent capuchin missionaries into England,
Canada, and Turkey, and was the intimate confidant of
cardinal RicheHeu, to whom he was servilely devoted.
Father Joseph founded the new order of Benedictine nuns
of Calvary, for whom he procured establishments at An
gers.- Louis XIIL had nominated him to tbe cardinalate,
but he died at Reuel, before he had received that dignity,
December 18, 1638. The parliament attended his funeral
in a body. The abbe Richard has published two lives of
this capuchin, in one of which, in 2 vols. I2mo, he repre
sents him as a saint ; and in the other, entitled " Le ve
ritable Pere Joseph," as an artful politician, and courtier.
This last is most esteemed, and probably most to be cre
dited." JOSEPH of Exeter, or Josephus Iscanus, a writer of
considerable taste ftnd elegance, in an age generally re
puted barbarous, was a native of Devonshire, and flou-
rislied in the close of the twelfth, and the commencement
of the thirteenth centuries. He was an ecclesiastic, and
patronized by Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury. Some
say that he was a priest of the cathedral of* Exeter, from
which he took his name. According to Camden, he ac
companied Richard I. of England into the Holy Land, and
was a great favourite with that prince. By archbishop
Baldwin's interest he was made archbishop of Bourdeaux,
where he is supposed to have died in the reign of Henry III.
and to have been buried in the cathedral of that city. He
' Moreri in art. Ben Gorion. — Lardner's Works. — Diet. Hist. — Saxii Onom.
» Moreri. — Diet. Hist.

168 JOSEPH.
was author of two epic poems in Latin heroics. The first,
in six books, is on the Trojan war ; the other is entitled
" Antiochesis," the war of Antioch, or the Crusade; of
this last only a fragment remains, in which the heroes of
Britain are celebrated. His style is not only for the most
part pure, but rich and ornamented, and hisyersificaUon
approaches the best models of antiquity. His diction is
compounded chiefly of Ovid, Statins, and Claudian, the
favourite poets of the age, and wants only Virgilian chas
tity. " Italy," says Warton in his History of English
Poetry, " had at that time produced no poet comparable
to him." He was also author of love verses, epigrams,
and miscellaneous poems. His « De Bello Trojano, lib. V."
was published at Basil, 1541, Svo; Lond. 1675, Svo;
Francfort, 1620, 4-10, and ibid. 1623; Amst. 1702, 4to.
All that remains of his " Antiochesis" is printed in Warton's
" History of English Poetry." His love-verses, &c. are
lost. '
JOSEPHIN. See ARPINO.
JOSEPHUS (Flavius), the celebrated historian of the
Jews, was born at Jerusalem, of parents who belonged to
the illustrious Asmonean family, about the year 37. He
soon discovered great acuteness and penetration, and made
so quick a progress in the learning of- the Jews, that he
was occasionally consulted by the chief priests and rulers
of the city, even at the age of sixteen. For the purpose
of studying the history and tenets of the several Jewish
sects, he became for, three years a pupil of Banun, a her
mit, who had acquired great fame for wisdom ; and with
hira lived a recluse and abstemious life. After this he be
came of the sect of the. Pharisees, of which he was a very
great ornament. In the year 63, he went to Rome, where
a Jew comedian, who happened to be in favour with Nero,
served him much at court, by making him known to Pop-
psea, whose protection was very useful to hira, and enabled
him to procure liberty for some of his countrymen. Upon
his return to his country, where he found all things in con
fusion, he had the coramand of some troops, and distin
guished himself at the siege of Jotapata, which he defended
seven weeks against Vespasian and Titus, but was taken
prisoner. A short time after, Vespasian granted him his life,
' Leland.— .Bale. — Pits, — Prince's Worthies of Devon, — Warton's Hist, of
Poetry.

JOSEPHUS, 169
at the intercession of Titus, who had conceived a great
esteem for him. He now visited Egypt, and took up his
residence at Alexandria, where he doubtless studied the
Grecian and Egyptian philosophy. His patron, Titus,
carried him with him to the siege of Jerusalem, after the
taking of which, he attended Titus to Rome, where Ves
pasian gave him the freedom of the city, and settled a pen
sion upon him. At Rome he cultivated the Greek lan
guage, and began to write his History. He continued to
experience favour under Titus and Domitian, and lived
beyond the 13th year of Domitian, when he was fifty-six;
for his books of " Antiquities" end there ; and after that
period he composed his books against Apion. In what year
he died is uncertain.
His " History of the Jewish War and the Destruction
of Jerusalem," in seven books, was composed at the com
mand of Vespasian ; first in the Hebrew language, for the
use of his own countrymen, and afterwards in the Greek.
It is singularly interesting and affecting, as the historian
was an eye-witness of all he relates. With the very strong
colouring of an animated style and noble expression, he
paints to the imagination, and affects the heart. National
vanity and partiality, however, led him to imagine that all
knowledge and wisdom had originated in Judea, and had
flowed thence through all the nations of the earth ; a notion
which, says Brucker, gave rise to many errors and misre
presentations in his writings. The authenticity of the ce
lebrated passage in Josephus, respecting our Saviour, is
ably vindicated by our learned countryman Jacob Bryant,
in his " Vindiciae Flavianae."
Josephus's " Jewish Antiquities," in 20 books, vyritten in
Greek, is also a very noble work ; their history is deduced from
the origin of the world to the 12th year of Nero, when the
Jews began to rebel against the Romans. At the conclu
sion of the " Antiquities," he subjoined the " History of
his own Life," although in the editions of his Works it has
usually been considered as a distinct production. He
wrote also two books against Apion, a grammarian of
Alexandria, and a great adversary of the Jews. These
contain many curious fragments of ancient historians. We
have also a discourse of his " upon the Martyrdom of the
Maccabees," which is a master-piece of eloquence ; but
its authenticity has been doubted, and Whiston would not
^dmit it in his translation.

J70 JOSEPHUS.
The works of Josephus, with Latin versions, have been
often published : but the best editions are those of Hud
son, Oxford, 1720, 2 vols, fol.; and of Havercamp, at
Amsterdam, 1727, in 2 vols, folio. They have also been
translated into modern languages; into English by L'Es
trange, and again by Whiston, in 2 vols, fol.'
JOVINIAN, a supposed heretic of the fourth century, was
an Italian monk, and observed all the austerities of a monas
tic life for a time, and taught some points of doctrine di
rectly opposite to the growing superstitions; for this he was
expelled Rome, and fled to Milan, with an intent to engage
Ambrose, bishop of that place, and the emperor Theodosius,
who was then in that city, in his favour ; but Syricius,
then bishop of Rome, dispatched three presbyters to Mi
lan, Crescentius, Leopardus, and Alexander, with letters
to that church, which are still extant in Ambrose's works,
acquainting them with the proceedings of himself and his
followers, in consequence of which he was rejected by
Ambrose, and driven out of the town by the emperor.
From Milan, Jovinian returned to the neighbourhood of
Rome, where his followers continued to assemble under his
direction, till the year 398, when the emperor Honorius
commanded him and his accomplices to be whipped and
banished into different islands. Jovinian himself was con
fined to Boas, a small island on the coast of Dalmatia,
where he died about tbe year 406. Jovinian wrote several
books, which were answered bv Jerome in the year 392,
but in such a manner as to render it difficult to know what
were Jovinian's errors, or what his general character, ex
cept that he was no friend to celibacy or fasting."
JOVIUS (Paul), or Paullo Giovio, an Italian histo
rian, was a native of Como, and was born in 1483. Being
early deprived of his father, he was educated under the
care of his elder brother Benedict, who was also a historical
writer. After having studied at Padua, Milan, and Pavia,
he took the degree of M. D. and practised for some time ;
but an early propensity led him to the study and compo
sition of history. Having completed a volume, he pre
sented it to Leo X. at Rome, in 1516, who expressed a
very high opinion of him, and gave him a pension and the
rank of knighthood. Jovius now became intimate with
' Life in Works — Lardner's Works.— Cave, vol. I.— Saxii Onftmast. —
Brucker. 3 Moieri. — Milner's Church Hist. vol. 11. p. 276.— Mosheim.

JOVIUS. 171
the literati of Rome, and wrote several Latin poems, which
appeared in the " Coryciana," and other collections.
After the death of Leo, Adrian VI. presented him to a
canonry in the cathedral of Como, and Cleraent VII. ap
pointed him one of his attendant courtiers, provided him
with a handsome establishment in the Vatican,' gave him
the precentorship of Como, and lastly the bishopric of
Nocera. During the sacking of the city of Rome, in 1527,
Jovius was robbed of a considerable sum of money and of
his manuscripts, but recovered the latter. Under the
pontificate of Paul III. he wished to exchange his bishop
ric of Nocera for that of Como, and even carried his
ambition to the place of cardinal, but was disappointed in
both. His favourite residence was at a beautiful villa on
the banks of the lake of Como, where he pursued bis
studies, and in his museum made a collection of portraits
of eminent characters, to each of which he affixed an in
scription, or brief memoir, some highly favourable, others
sarcastically severe. These memoirs have been frequently
printed under the title " Elogia doctorum Virorum," and
the portraits, engraved in wood, have been published
under the title of " Musaei Joviani Imagines," Basil, 1577.
About two years before his death, he quitted his retire
ment, and took up his residence in Florence, where he
died in 1552, and was buried in the church of St, Lau
rence, in that city.
His historical works, which are all in the Latin tongue,
written with great facility, were first printed at Florence,
1550 — 52, in 2 vols. fol. and again at Strasburgh, in 1556.
They are to be read with great caution, as he was not un
justly accused of flattery and malignity, and of having sa
crificed his talents to servile and interested purposes. He
indeed openly acknowledges the venality of his writings,
and is said to have asserted that he had two pens, the one
of iron, and the other of gold, which he made use of al
ternately, as occasion required. But his greatest blemish
is the defective or perverted morality with which his works
abound; yet with all this, says his late biographer, the
writings of Jovius cannot be wholly rejected without the
loss of much important information, copiously narrated and
elegantly expressed.
His other writings are a small tract, " De Piscibus Ro-
manis," published in 1524, fol. and reprinted in 1527,
Svo ; the lives of the twelve Visconti lords and dukes of

172 JOVIUS.
Milan ; a description of the island of Great Britain, of
Muscovy, of the lake of Como ; and the eulogies of men
who have distinguished themselves in arms. Three of the
last books of the history of Paul, with some works of his
brother Benedict, have lately been discovered among the
domestic MSS. of a descendant of the family. His bro
ther Benedict appears to have been equally conversant
with science and literature. Among his wriungs are, the
history of Como, his native place ; a treatise on the trans
actions and manners of the Swiss; a collection of 100
letters; several translations from the Greek, and some
specimens of Latin poetry.'
JOUBERT (Francis), a learned priest of Montpellier,
whose father was syndic of the states of Languedbc, which
office he himself held before he became an ecclesiastic,
was born in 1689. He wrote an explanation of the history
of Joseph, 12mo; " Caractere essentiel aux Proph^tes,"
12mo; " Lettres sur I'Interpretation des Saintes Ecri-
tures," 12mo ; and Explanations of the prophecies of Je
remiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, 5 vols. 1 2mo ; of the Minor
Prophets, 6 vols. 12mo; of the Revelations, 2 vols. l£mo.
His attachment to the Jansenists occasioned his being con
fined six weeks in the Bastille on false suspicions. He died
1763, aged seventy -four."
JOUBERT (Laurent), a learned physician, and royal
professor at Montpellier, was born at Valence, in the pro
vince of Dauphine, in France, on the 16th of December,
1529, of a good family. After he had finished his school
education, he went to Montpellier, where he was matricu
lated in the faculty of medicine on the 1st of March, 1550,
and took his degree of bachelor the following year. He
afterwards studied at Padua, where he attended the lec
tures of the celebrated Fallopius, and at some other places ;
but, returning to Montpellier, he finished his exercises,
and received the degree of doctor in 1558. The manner
in which he had performed his acts procured for him so
much of the confidence and esteem of Honor6 Castellan,
that this professor, being summoned to court in the fol
lowing year, to hold the office of first physician of Catha
rine de Medicis, queen of Henry II. he nominated Jou
bert to give the lectures in the schools during his absence ;
' Tiraboschi. — Niceron, vol. XXV, — Roscoe's Leo — Saxii Onomasticon.
« Diet. Hist.

JOUBERT. 172
and Joubert acquitted himself in so distinguished a man
ner, that on the death of professor Rondelet in 1566, he
was immediately named his successor in the chair. He
was likewise the second successor of Rondelet, in the dio--
nity of chancellor, having followed Saporta in 1574. He
was called to Paris by Henry III. in 1579, who entertained
hopes that Joubert would be able to cure the barrenness
of Louisa de Lorraine, his queen. But his attempts proved
unsuccessful; and he returned to Montpellier with the
title of physician in ordinary to the king, and continued
to practise there to his death, October 21, 1583.
His Latin works, written with correctness and elegance,
have been frequently reprinted under the title of " Operum
Latinorum Tomus priraus et secundus." The first edition
is that of Lyons, in 1582, folio; the subsequent ones ap
peared at Francfort, in 1599, 1645, and 1668, also in fol.
He published also some medical treatises in French, par
ticularly a treatise on " Laughter, its causes and effects,"
1579, Svo ; but of all his works, that in which he ventured
to raise his voice against popular medical errors, was the
most distinguished ; " Erreurs populaires touchant la M6-
d^cine," Bourdeau.x, 1579. This was printed ten suc
cessive times in the course of six months ; a degree of fa
vour, howeyer, which it appears to have acquired by its
levity of manner, and the indelicacy of some of the sub
jects. '
JOUVENCI, or rather JOUVANCEY (Joseph de),
a celebrated Jesuit, was born September 14, 1643, at
Paris. He taught rhetoric with uncommon reputation at
Caen, la Fleche, and Paris. At length he was invited to
Rome, in 1669, that he might continue "The History of
the Jesuits," with more freedom than he could have done
in France, and died in that city May 29, 1719. His prin
cipal works are, two volumes of Latin Speeches, 12mo;
a small tract entitled " De ratione discendi et docendi,"
much esteemed; Notes, in Latin, on Persius, Juvenal,
Terence, Horace, Martial, Ovid's Metamorphoses, &c.
The fifth part of the " History of the Jesuits," in Latin,
from 1591 to 1616, fol.; as a supplement to Fathers Or-
landino, Sacchini, and Poussines, All Jouvenci's works
are written in pure Latin, and in this consists their prin-
> Gen. Diet.— Niceron, vol. XXXV.— Rees's Cycloptedia, from Eloy and
Haller.

174 J O U V E N C L
cipal excellence. His History of the Jesuits, in which he
undertakes to justify his brother, Pere Guignard, who was
hanged by sentence of parliament on account of Chatel's
infamous attempt, and to represent him as a martyr, being
printed at Rome, 1710, fol. made much noise, and was
condemned by two decrees of the parliament of Paris;
one Feb. 22, 1713 ; the other, March 24th the same year.
This last sentence suppresses the work, and contains the
declaration which had been demanded from the Jesuits.
Several pieces appeared on this occasion agairist P. Jou
venci's history, 1713, 12mo.*
JOUVENET (John), an historical painter, born at
Rouen, in Norraandy, in 1644, received his first instruc
tions from his father ; but his principal teacher was Polis-
sin, and his most useful studies the works of that master.
He had a ready invention, and was therefore employed to
adorn the apartments of Versailles and the Trianon. In
the hospital of the invalids at Paris, he painted the twelve
apostles; each figure 14 feet high. It must be acknow
ledged, however, that he failed in true taste. His style
partakes too much of French flippancy ; the substitution
of something striking for what is solid and good ; and his
colouring is heavy. In the latter end of his life, he was^
Stfuck with a palsy on his right side, and after having tried
to no purpose the Virtue of mineral waters, despaired of
being able to paint any longer ; but in one of his lectures
happening to take the pencil into his left hand, and trying
to retouch a piece before him, thife attempt succeeded so
well, that it encouraged him to make others ; till at length
he determined to finish with his left hand a large cieling,
which he had begun in the grand haill of the parliament at
Rouen, and a large piece of the Annunciation, in the choir
of the church of Paris. These last works are no ways in
ferior to any of his- best. He died at Paris in 1717.^
JOY, JOYE, or GEE (John), one of the early promoters
of the refdrmation, was a native of the county of Bedford,
and edticated at Peterhouse, in Cambridge, where he took
the degree of B.A. in 1513, and that of M. A. in 1517,
and the same year was adraitted a fellow. In 1527, being
a strenuous advocate for the doctrines of the reformation,
and an intimate friend of the celebrated Tindale, he was
' Moreri.— Diet, de L'Avocat. — Saxii Onomast.
" Arjenvill*, vol. IV. — Pilkington,

JOY. 17S
accused of heresy, which obliged him to resign his fellow
ship ; and finding himself in danger from the continual
persecutions of Wolsey, sir Thomas More, and Fisher,
he retired to Germany, where he continued many years.
He had a concern in the superintendance of Tindale's
Bible, printed at Antwerp in 1533, and is ranked by Ames
as a printer himself; but, not content with corrections of
the press, he took liberties with the translation, of which
Tindale complained with justice, and Joy published an
apology. Of these the reader will find ample information
in Lewis. When Joy returned to England is not known,
but it is said that he died in 1553, and was buried in his
native country. Besides his translations of some parts of
the Bible, he published, 1. "On the unity and schism of
the ancient church," Wesal, 1534, Svo. 2. "The sub
version of More's false foundation," Embden, 1534, 12mo.
3. "Epistle to the prior of Newenham," Strasburgh, 1527, ,
Svo. 4. " Commentary on Daniel, from Melancthon,'*
&c. Geneva, 1545, Lond. 1550, Svo. 5. " A present
consolation for the sufferance of persecution for righteous
ness," 1544, 12mo: and other works, enumerated by
Tanner.' JOYNER (William), alias Lyde, second son of William
Joyner, alias Lyde *, of Horspath, near Oxford, by Anne
his wife, daughter and coheir of Edward Leyworth, M. D,
of Oxford, was born in St. Giles's parish there, April
1622, educated partly in Thame, but more in Coventry
free-school, elected demy of Magdalen-college, 1626, and
afterwards fellow. But, " upon a foresight of the utter
ruin of the church of England by the presbyterians in the
time of the rebellion," he changed his religion for that of
Rome, renounced his fellowship, 1644, and being taken
into the service of the earl of Glamorgan, went with him
into Ireland, and continued there till the royal cause de
clined in that country. He then accompanied that earl in
his tjravels abroad; and some time after being recommended
to the service of the hon. Walter Montague, abbot of St.
Martin, near Pontoise, be continued several years in his
family as his steward, esteemed for his learning, sincere
* In theOeni. Mag. for 178), p. 38, dalen, Oxford, on Edward Joyner,
is a curioui 'aatin epi.apb, taken from alias Lyde, who was probably the el-
the parish church of St. Mary Mag- der bro.her of Wiliian). ,
' Tanner. — Bnle, — Lewis's History of the Translations ofthe Bible. — Ames's
and Herbert's Typographical Antiquities.

176 J O Y N E R.
piety, and great fidelity. At his return he lived very re^-
tired in London ; till, on the breaking out of the popish
plot in 1678, he retired to Horspath, where some time
after he was seized for a Jesuit, or priest, and bound to
appear at the quarter-sessions at Oxford. Being found to
be a mere lay-papist, and discharged, he went to Ickford,
an obscure village in Buckinghamshire, near Thame, and.
there spent many years in devout retirement. In 16S7 he
vvas restored to his fellowship by James II. but expelled
from it after a year's enjoyment, and retired to his former
recess, where, says Wood, his apparel, which was for
merly gay, was then very rustical, little better than that of
a day-labourer, and his diet and lodging suitable. In one
of his letters to Wood, April 12, 1692, he told him that
" the present place of his residence is a poor thatcht-house,
where the roof is of the same stuff in the chamber where
he lodged, which he assured me was never guilty of pay
ing chimney-tax. However, he hoped that all this would
not make a person neglected and despicable who had for
merly slept in the royal palaces of France, under a roof
fretted and embossed with gold ; whereas, this is doubly
and trebly interweaved only with venerable cobwebs, which
can plead nothing of rarity besides the antiquity." This
personage has written, 1. " The Roman Empress," a co
medy, Lond. 1670, 4to. 2. "Some Observations on the
Life of Cardinal Pole," 1686, Svo. 3. Various Latin and
English poems, scattered in several books, especially a
large English copy in " Horti Carolini Rosa altera," 1640.
He died at Ickford, Sept. 14, 1706. He was great uncle
to Thomas Philips, canon of Tongres, who wrote the
" Life of Cardinal Pole," published in 1766.'
JUAN (Don George), a learned Spanish mathemati
cian, knight of Malta, and commander of the band of gen
tlemen marine guards, was chosen, with Ulloa, to attend
the French academicians, who went to Peru, for the pur
pose of measuring a degree on the meridian, in order to
determine the earth's figure. They embarked May 26,
1735. Ulloa undertook the historical part of the voyage,
which appeared translated into French, Amsterdam, 1752,.
2 vols. 4 to; and D. George Juan the astronomical part, who
accordingly published a large work on the earth's figure,
printed in Spanish. On his return he went to Paris, 1745,
f Atk. Ox. vol. !!.— Bioe. Dram.

J U A N. 177
where the academy of sciences admitted him a member.
He died at Madrid, 1773, leaving several works in Spanish
on naval affairs, a translation of which would be useful.'
JUDA, or JEHUDA, HAKKADOSH, or the Saint, a
rabbi celebrated for his learning and riches, according to
the Jewish historians, lived in the time of the emperor
Marcus Antoninus, whom he made a, proselyte to Judaism,
and it was by his order that Jehuda compiled the Mishna,
the history of which is briefly this : The sect of the Pha
risees, after the destruction of Jerusalem, prevailing over
the rest, the study of traditions became the chief object of
attention in all the Jewish schools. The number of these
traditions had, in a long course of time, so greatly in
creased, that the doctors, whose principal employment
it was to illustrate them by new explanations, and to con
firm their authority, found it necessary to assist their re
collection by committing them, under distinct heads, to
writing. At the same time, their disciples took minutes of
the explanations of their preceptors, many of which were
preserved, and grew up into voluminous commentaries.
The confusion which arose from these causes was now be
come so troublesome, that, notwithstanding what Hillel
had before done in arranging the traditions, Jehuda found
it necessary to attempt a new digest of the oral law, and of
the commentaries of their most famous doctors. This ar
duous undertaking is said to have employed him forty
years. It was completed, according to the unanimous
testimony of the Jews, which in this case there is no suflS
cient reason to dispute, about the close of the second
century. This Mishna, or first Talmud, comprehends all
the laws, institutions, and rules of life, which, beside the an
cient Hebrew scriptures, the Jews supposed themselves bound
to observe. Notwithstanding the obscurities, inconsisten
cies, and absurdities with which this collection abounds, it
soon obtained credit among the Jews as a sacred book. But
as the Mishna did not completely provide for many cases
which arose in the practice of ecclesiastical law, and many
of its prescriptions and decisions were found to require fur
ther comments and illustrations, the task of supplying these
defects was undertaken by the rabbis Chiiam and Oschaiam,
and others, disciples of Jehudah ; who not only wrote ex
planations of the Mishna, but made material additions to
> Diet, Hist.— CyclopiEdia, art. Degree.
Vol. XIX. N

178 J U D a.
that voluminous compilation. These commentaries and
additions were collected by the rabbi Jochanan ben Elie-
zer, probably in" the fifth century, under the name of the
" Gemara," because it completed the Mishna. This col
lection was afterwards called the Jerusalem Gemara, to dis
tinguish it from another of tbe same kind made in Babylon,
at the beginning of the sixth century.'
JUDAH (Leo), one of the reformers, son of John Ju-
dah, a German priest, was born in 1482, in Alsace. Some
authors have reported that he was a converted Jew, but
father Simon has proved that he neither was a Jew, nor of
Jewish extraction, but the son ofthe above John Judah, or
de Juda, who, according to the custom of those times, kept
a concubine, by whom he had this Leo. He was edu
cated at Slestadt, and thence in 1 502, was sent to Basil to
pursue his academical studies. Here be had for a fellow-
student, the afterwards much celebrated Zuinglius ; and
from him, who had at a ver}' early age been shocked at
the superstitious practices of the church of Rome, he re
ceived such impressions, as disposed him to embrace the
reformed religion. Having obtained his degree of M. A.
in 1512, he was appointed minister pf a Swiss church, to
the duties of which he applied himself with indefatigable
zeal, preaching boldly in defence of the protestant reli
gion, At length he was appointed by the magistrates and
ecclesiastical assembly of Zurich, pastor of the church of
St. Peter in that city, and became very celebrated as an
advocate, as well from the press as the pulpit, of the re
formed religion, for about eighteen years. At the desire
of his brethren, he Undertook a translation, from the He
brew into Latin, ofthe whole Old Testaraent; but the mag
nitude pf the work, and the closeness with which he ap
plied to it, impaired his health ; and before he had com
pleted it, he fell a sacrifice to his labours, June 9, 1542,
when he was about sixty years of age. The translation was
finished by other hands, and was printed at Zurich in 1543,
and two years afterwards it was reprinted at Paris by Robert
Stephens, accompanying the Vulgate version, in adioining
columns,, but without the name of the author of the new
version. Judah was likewise the author of " Annotations
upon Genesis and Exodus," in which he was assisted by
Zuinglius, and upon the four gospels, and the greater part
' Brucker.— Saxii Onomast.

JUDAH. 179
of the epistles. He also composed a larger and smaller
catechism, and translated some of Zuinglius's works into
Latin. The Spanish divines, notwithstanding the severity
of the Inquisition, did not hesitate to reprint the Latin
Bible of Leo Judah, with the notes ascribed to Vatablus,
though some of them were from the pen of Calvin. Some
particulars of Judah and of this translation, not generally
known, may be found in a book written by a divine of
Zurich, and printed in that city in 1616, entitled " Vin-
dicia3 pro Bibliorum translatione Tigurina."'
JUDEX (Matthew), one of the principal writers of
the Centuries of Magdeburg, was born Sept. 21, 1528, at
Tippolswald, in Misnia. His inclination to literature in
duced his father to send him to study at Dresden : but the
college of Wittenberg being more to his mind, he removed
thither, and afterwards was driven, by necessity, to Mag
deburg. Here he supported himself by being tutor in the
family of a lawyer, who sent him with his son to Witten
berg, in 1546. This gave him an opportunity of com
pleting his own studies ; and he obtained the degree of
M. A. in this university, 1548. He then returned to Mag
deburg, and taught the second form there .for some years ;
and in 1554, was. chosen minister of St. Ulric's church.
In 1559, he quitted his church at Magdeburg, being
promoted to the divinity professor's chair at Jena in 1559 ;
but did not keep possession of it above eighteen months,
being deprived by order of John Frederic duke of Saxony.
He remained, however, six months longer at Jena, and
thence returning to Magdeburg, was obliged, in six months
more, to retire to Wismar. He suffered many persecu
tions and vexations, which appear to have shortened his
days, as he died in 1564, in the very prime of life. He
was a man of good morals, laborious, zealous, learned; and
wrote a great many books on religious controversies; and
one, very rare, "De Typographiae inventione,"Copenhagen,
1566, Svo. He understood music very well, and had some
knowledge of mathematics. He could write verses both in
Latin and Greek, and had designed to write an ecclesias
tical history of his own time. Besides the share he had in
the first two Centuries of Magdeburg, he was concerned
in the German translation of the first three Centuries.
These Centuries form an ecclesiastical history, carried
' Melchior Adam. — Simon's Bibl. Critique.— Saxii Onomast.
N 2

180 JUDEX.
down to 1293, and were compiled by various protestant
divines of Magdeburg. The title is " Historia ecclesiastics
congesta per Magdeburgenses, et alios," Basil, 1562, 13
vols, folio, which is the best edition.'
JUENNIN (Gaspard), a learned divine ofthe congre
gation of the oratory, was born in 1650, at Varembon in
Bresse, in the diocese of Lyons. He taught theology in
several houses of the Oratory, and in the seminary de St.
Magloire, at, Paris, where he died December 16, 17 13.
His principal works are, a "Treatise on the Sacraments,"
2 vols, folio, in Latin ; " Theological Institutions," 7 vols.
12mo, also in Latin. This last was condemned at Rome,
dnd by M. Godet, bishop of Chartres, and cardinal de
Bissy, as reviving the errors of Jansenius. Cardinal de
Noailles also prohibited it in his diocese, but was afterwards
satisfied with the explanation given him by the author.
Juennin wrote against the mandates of M. Go4et and car
dinal de Bissy ; which two apologetical defences were pub
lished in 12mo, without any name. He also left an
" Abridged System of Divinity," by question and answer,
for the use of persons going to be examined for holy orders ;
" La Theorie practique des Sacremens," 3 vols. 12mo,
without the author's name ; " Theologie Morale," 6 vols.
12mo; " Cas de Conscience sur la vertu de Justice et
d'Equite," 4 vols. 12mo.'
JUGLARIS (Aloysius), an Italian Jesuit, and a cele
brated writer of panegyrics, was born at Nice, and admitted
into the society in 1622. He taught rhetoric for the space
of ten years. Being afterwards called to the court of Sa
voy, to be entrusted with the education of prince Charles
Emanuel, he began to publish his first works at Turin,
He died at Messina, Nov. 15, 1653. All his works were
printed tpgether at Lucca, in 1710. This collecrion con
tains, 1. A hundred panegyrics upon Jesus Christ ; printed
the first time at Genoa in 1641. 2. Forty panegyrics
written in honour of Lewis XIII. printed at Lyons in 1644,
3. Many inscriptions, epitaphs, and encomiums, upon se
veral subjects ; printed likewise at Lyons in the same year.
4. Panegyrics upon the greatest bishops that have been in
the church ; printed also at Lyons in the same year, and
reprinted at Genoa in 1653, with this title, " Pars Secunda
Elogiorum humana complectens." '
' SeH. Diet.— Moreri. ^ Moreri.— Diet. Hist. » Ibi«i,

JULIAN. 181
JULIAN, a Roman emperor, commonl)% although per
haps not very justly, styled the Apostate, was the younger
son of Constantius, brother of Constantine the Great. He
was the first fruit of a second marriage of his father with
Basilina, after the birth of Gallus, whom he had by Galla
his firet consort. He was born .Nov. 6, in the year 331, at
Constantinople ; and, according to the medals of him,
named Flavius Claudius Julianus. Diiring the life of Con
stantine, he received the first rudiments of his education
at the court of Constantinople ; but, upon the death of
this emperor, all his relations being suspected of criminal
actions, Julian's father was obliged to seek his safety by
flight; and his son Julian's escape was entirely owing to
Marc, bishop of Arethusa, without whose care he had
inevitably perished in the persecution of his family. As
soon as the storm was over, and Constantius, the son of
Constantine, quietly seated on the imperial throne, he
sent young Julian to Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, who
was related to him by his mother's side, and who educated
him in the Christian faith ; but at the same time employed
an eunuch called Mardonius, who was a pagan, to teach
him grammar, while Eulolius, a Christian of doubtful cha
racter, was his master in rhetoric. Julian made a very
quick progress in learning ; and, being sent afterwards to
Athens to complete his education, he became the darling
of that nursery of polite literature, and particularly com
menced an acquaintance with St. Basil and Gregpry of
Nazianzen. This last, however, observed something in
him which rendered his sincerity in the Christian faith sus
pected : and it is certain, that, notwithstanding all the
care of his preceptor Eusebius, this young prince was en
tirely perverted by Maximus, au Ephesian philosopher
and magicianl , His cousin Constantius the emperor was
advertised of his conduct ; and Julian, to prevent the ef
fects, and save his life, professed himself a monk, and
took the habit, but, under this character in puhHc, be-
secretly embraced paganism. Some time before, his bro
ther Galius and he had taken orders, and executed the
office of reader in the church ; but the religious sentiments-
ofthe two brothers were widely different.
As soon as Julian had attained the age of manhood, ac
cording to the Roman law, Constanrius, at the solicitation
of his consort, the empress Eusebia, raised him to the dig
nity of Ca;sar, on his birth-day, Nov. 6, in the year 355 ;

182 JULIAN.
and at the same time the emperor gave him his sister He
lena in marriage, and made him general of the army in
Gaul. Julian filled his command with surprizing abilities,
and shewed himself every way equal to the trust ; which
was the more extraordinary, as he had never any instruc
tions in the military art. The principal officers under him,
from whom he was to expect assistance, were very back
ward in performing this service ; restrained apparently by
the danger of seeming too much attached to him, and
thereby incurring the emperor's displeasure, whose jea
lousy on this head was no secret. Under all these disad
vantages, our young warrior performed wonders : he was
not afraid to undertake the enterprize of driving the bar
barians out of Gaul ; and he completed the design in a
very little time, having obtained one of the most signal
victories of that age, near Strasbourg. In this battle he
engaged no less than seven German kings, one of whom
was the famous Chrodomairus ; who had always beaten
the Romans till this time, but was now Julian's prisoner.
The defeat of the Salii and Chamavi, French people, fol
lowed at the heels of this victory ; and the Germans, being
conquered again, were constrained to beg a peace. Our
hero was crowned with these glorious laurels, when Con
stantius, who was hard pressed by the Persians, sent for a
detachment of troops from the array in Gaul to augment
his forces. This order was ill relished by the Gauls, who
were reluctant to fight out of their own country. Julian
took advantage of this ill humour, and got himself declared
emperor by the army ; but, not being able to prevail with
Constantius to acknowledge him in that character, he went
with these troops to Illyria, where he continued till the
death of Constantius, which happened Nov. 2, 361.
Julian no sooner saw himself master of the world, than
he threw off all the disguise of his religion, for it merely
was a disguise. There appears very little reason to tbiyk
that Julian had ever cordially embraced, or ever studied
with attention, the principles of Christianity. "Had this
been the case, he might have seen that those principles led
to a conduct very opposite to that which he beheld in the
conduct of Constantius, whose cruelty lo his relations
perhaps first excited his hatred against Christianity. From
his youth he had practised dissimulation with consummate
artifice, audit was rather hypocrisy than Christianity which
he had now to shake off. Accordingly he now expressly

J tr L I A N. 1S3
professed himself a pagan, ordered their temples to be set
open, and re-established their worship : he also assumed
the character and station of the sovereign pontiff, and was
invested with the whole pagan ceremonial, resolving to
efface the mark of his baptism by the blood of the heathen
sacrifices. In short, he resolved to effect the utter ruin of
Christianity, and in this attempt united soHd judgment
with indefatigable assiduity. Neither address nof dexte
rity was wanting, nor all that the wit or prudence of man
could do. We find, indeed, in this emperor all the great
qualities which a projector could conceive, or an adversary
would require, to secure success. He was eloquent and
liberal, artful, insinuating, and indefatigable ; which, join
ed to a severe temperance, a love of justice, and & cou
rage superior to all trials, first gained him the affections,
and soon after the peaceable possession, of the whole em
pire. He had been, as we have just remarked, compelled
to profess the Christian religion to the time when he as
sumed the purple ; but his aversion to his uncle Constan
tine and his cousin Constantius, on account of the cruelties
exercised on bis family, had prejudiced him against the
Christian religion ; and his attachment to ^some Platonic
sophist, who had been employed in his education, gave
him as violent a bias towards paganism. He vvas ambitious ;
and paganism, in some of its theurgic rites, had flattered
and encouraged his views of the diadem. He was vain,
which made him aspire to the glory of re-establishing the
ancient rites. He was very learned, and fond of Grecian
literature, the very soul of which, in his opinion, was the
old theology : but, above all, notwithstanding a consider
able mixture of enthusiasm, his superstition was excessive,
and what nothing but the blood of hecatombs could ap
pease. With these dispositions he came to tire empire, and con
sequently with a determined purpose of subverring the
Chrisrian and restoring the pagan worship. His predeces
sors had left him the repeated experience ofthe inefficacy
of downright force. The virtue of the past times then ren-^
dered this effort fruitless, the numbers of the present would
have made it now dangerous : he foi\.nd it necessary, there
fore, to change his ground. , His knowledge of human na
ture furnished him with amis ; and his knowledge of the
faith he had abandoned, enabled him to direct those arms
to most advantage. He began with re-establishing pagan-

iSi JULIAN.
ism by law, and granting a full liberty of conscience to
the Christians. On this principle, he restored those to
their civil rights who had been banished on account of their
religion, and even affected to reconcile to a mutual for
bearance the various sects of Christianity. Yet he put
on this mask of moderation for no other purpose than to
inflame the dissensions in the church. He then fined and
banished such of the more popular clergy as had abused
tljeir power, either in exciting the people to burn and de
stroy pagan temples, or to commit violence on an opposite
sect; and it cannot be denied, but that in the turbulent
and insolent manners of some of them, he found a plausi
ble pretext for this severity. He proceeded to revoke and
take away those immunities, honours, and revenues, which
his uncle and cousin had granted to the clergy. Neither
was his pretence for this altogether unreasonable. He
judged the grants to be exorbitant ; and, besides, as they
were attendant on a national religion, when the establish
ment came to be transferred from Christianity to paganism,
he concluded they must follow the religion of the state.
But there was one immunity he took away, which no good
policy, even under an establishment, should have granted
them ; and this was an exemption from the civil tribunals.
He went still farther : he disqualified the Christian laity for
bearing offices in the state ; and even this the security of
the established religion may often require. But his most
illiberal treatment of the Christians, was his forbidding the
professors of that religion to teach polite letters, and the
sciences, in the public schools ; and Amm. Marcellinus
censures this part of his conduct as a breach in his general
character of humanity, (lib. xx. c. 10.) His more imme
diate design, in this, was to hinder the youth from taking
impressions to the disadvantage of paganism ; his remoter
view, to deprive Christianity of the support of human lite
rature. Not content with this, he endeavoured even to
destroy what was already written in defence of Christianitj-.
With this view he wrote to the governor and treasurer-
general of Egypt, to send hira the library of George bishop
of Alexandria, who, for bis cruelty and tyranny, liad been
torn in pieces by the people : nay, to such a length did his
aversion to the name of Christ carry him, as to decree, by
a public edict, that his followers should be no longer called
Christians, but Galileans ; well knowing the efficacy of
a nick-name to render a profession ridiculous. In the

JULIAN. 185
mean time, ther animosities between the different sects of
Christianity, furnished him with the means of carrying on
these projects. Being, for example, well assured that the
Arian church of Edessa was very rich, he took advantage
of their oppressing and persecuting the Valentinians to
seize every thing belonging to that church, and divided
the plunder among his soldiers ; scornfully telling the
Edessians, he did this to ease them of their burthens, that
they might proceed more lightly, and with less impedi
ment, in their journey to heaven. He went farther still,
if we may believe the historian Socrates, and, in order to
raise money to defray the extraordinary expence of his
Persian expedition, he imposed a tax or tribute on all who
would not sacrifice to the pagan idols. The tax, it is
true, was proportioned to every man's circumstances, but
was as truly an infringement upon his act of toleration.
And though he forbore persecuting to death by law, which
would have been a direct contradiction to that act, yet be
connived at the fury of the people, and the brutality of the
governors of provinces, who, during his short reign, brought
many martyrs to the stake. He put such into governments,
whose inhumanity and blind zeal for their Country super
stitions were most distinguished. And when the suffering
churches presented their complaints to him, he dismissed
them with cruel scoffs, telling them, their religion directed
them to suffer without murmuring.
Such were Julian's efforts to subvert Christianity ; and
it cannot be denied, that the behaviour of raany of the
Christians at that time furnished pretence enough for most
of the proceedings against them in the view of state-policy.
Besides that they branded the state religion, and made a
merit of affronting the public worship, it is well known
that they were continually guilty of seditions ; and did not
scruple to assert, that nothing hindered them from engag
ing in open rebellion, but the improbability of succeeding
in it for want of numbers. During these measures, his
projects to support and reform paganism went hand in hand
with his attempts to destroy Christianity. He wrote, and
he preached, in defence of the Gentile superstition, and
has himself acquainted us with the ill-success of his mini
stry at Beroea. Of his controversial writings, his answerer,
Cyril, hath given us a large specimen, by which we see
he was equally intent to recommend paganism, and to dis
credit revelation. In his reformation of the Gentile super-

186 JULIA N.
stition, he endeavoured to bide the absurdity of its tradi-
rions by moraJ and philosophical allegories. These he
found provided for him principally by philosophers of his
own sect, the Platonists. For they, not without tbe assist
ance of the other sects, had, ever since the appearance of
Christianity, been refining the theology of paganism, to
oppose it to that of revelation ; under pretence, that their
new-invented allegories were the ancient spirit of the let
ter, which the first poetical divines had thus conveyed to
posterity. He then attempted to correct the morals of the
pagan priesthood, and regulate them on the practice of
the first Christians. In his epistle to Arsacius, the chief
priest of Galacia, he not only requires of them a personal
behaviour void of offence, but that they reform their house
hold on the same principle : he directs, that they who at
tend at the altar should abstain frora the theatre, the tavern,
and the exercise of all ignoble professions ; that in their
private character they be meek and humble ; but that, in
the acts and offices of religion, they assume a character
conformable to the majesty of the immortal gods, whose
ministers they are. And, above all, he recommends to
them the virtues of charity and benevolence. With re
gard to discipline and religious policy, he established
readers in divinity ; planned an establishment for the order
and parts of the divine offices ; designed a regular and
formal service, with days and hours of worship. He h^d
also decreed to found hospitals for the poor, monasteries
for the devout, and to prescribe and enjoin initiatory and
expiatory sacrifices ; with instructions for converts, and a
course of penance for offenders; and, in all things, to
imitate the church discipline at that time. In this way he
endeavoured to destroy Christian principles, and at the
same time to establish Christian practice.
But as the indifference and corruptions of Paganism,
joined to the inflexibility and perseverance of the Christi
ans, prevented his project from advancing with the speed
he desired, he grew chagrined, and even threatened, after
his return from the Persian expedition, effectually to ruin
the Christian religion. He had before, in pursuance of
his general scheme of opposing revelation to itself, by
setting one sect against another, written to the body or
community of the Jews ; assuring them of his protection,
his concern for their former ill usage, and his fixed pur
pose to screen them from future oppression, that they

JULIAN. 187
might be at liberty, and in a disposition to redouble their
vows for the prosperity of his reign ; and concluded with a
promise, that, if he came back victorious from the Persian
war, he would rebuild Jerusalem, restore them to their
possessions, live with them in the holy city, and join with
them in their worship of the great God of the universe.
The rebuilding of the temple at Jerusalem was thought a
sure means of destroying Christianity, since the final de
struction of that temple had been foretold both by Christ
and his apostles ; if therefore the lye could be given to
their predictions, their religion would be no more. This
scheme, therefore, he set about immediately. The com
pleting of such an edifice would be a work of time, and he
pleased himself with the glory of atchieving so bold an en
terprize. Accordingly, the attempt was made, and what
was the consequence will be seen by the following account
of it from Ammianus Marcellinus. " Julian, having been
already thrice consul, taking Sallust prsefect of the several
Gauls for his colleague, entered a fourth time on this high
magistracy. It appeared strange to see a private man asso
ciated with Augustus ; a thing of which, since the consu
late of Dioclesian and Aristobulus, history afforded no ex
ample. And although his sensibility of the many and great
events, which this year was likely to produce, made him
very anxious for the future, yet he pushed on the various
and complicated preparations for this expedition with the
utmost application : and, having an eye in every quarter,
and being desirous to eternize his reign by the greatness of
his achievements, he projected to rebuild, at an immense
expence, the proud and magnificent temple of Jerusalem,
which, after many combats, attended with much bloodshed
on both sides, during the siege by Vespasian, was, with
great difficulty, taken and destroyed by Titus. He cora-
mitted the conduct of this affair to Alypius of Antioch, who
formerly had been lieutenant in Britain. When, there
fore, this Alypius had set himself to the vigorous execution
of his charge, in which he had all the assistance that the
governor of the province could afford him, horrible balls of
fire breaking out near the foundations, with frequent and
reiterated attacks, rendered the place from time to time in
accessible to the scorched and blasted workmen ; and the
victorious element continuing in this manner, obstinately
and resolutely bent, as it were, to drive them to a distance,
Alypius thought best to give over the enterprize. In the

1S8 JULIAN.
mean time, though Julian was still at Antioch when this
happened, yet he was so wholly taken up by the Persian
expedition, that he had not leisure to attend to it. He set
out soon after upon that expedition, in which he succeeded
very well at first ; and, taking several places from the Per
sians, he advanced as far as Ctesipho without meeting with
any body to oppose him. However, there passed several
engagements in this place, in which it is said the Romans
had almost always the advantage ; but the distressed con
dition of their army, for want of necessaries, obliged them
to come to a decisive battle. This vvas begun June 26,
in the year 363, and victory appeared tc declare itself on
their side ; when Julian, who was engaged personally in
the fight withoutbis helmet, received a mortal wound upon
his head, which put a period to his life the following night."
This fact of the interruption given to the rebuilding of the
temple of Jerusalem ha^^ been denied by some modern in
fidels, but nothing of the kind seems better attested; and
although it may be supposed that the eruption was not
without natural causes, and that the seeds of it lay in the
bowels of the earth, yet, as Dr. Jortin observes, the fire's
breaking out at the very instant when the Jews and Pagans
were attempting to rebuild the temple, its being renewed
upon their renewed attempt to go on, and ceasing when
they gave over, are circumstances which plainly shew a
providential interposition.
We have, in the course of his memoir, had occasion to
exhibit some qualities to the disadvantage of Julian ; yet
we must injustice add, that he vvas sober and vigilant, free
from the debaucheries of women; and, to sum up all, re
markably mild, merciful, good-natured, and, in general,
most amiable ; except in his passions which arose from his
aversion to Christianity. He not only encouraged letters
by his patronage, but was himself a learned writer. As a
philosopher, he strictly adhered to tbe Alexandrian or
Eclectic school. He professes himself a warm admirer of
Pythagoras and Plato, and recommends an union of their
tenets with those of Aristotle. The later Platonists, of his
own period, he loads with encomiums, particularly Jatn-
blichus, whom he calls " The Light of the Worid," and
" The Physician of the Mind." Amidst the numerous
traces of an enthusiastic and bigote.d attachment to Pagan
theology and philosophy, and of an inveterate enmity to
Christianity, which are to be found in his writings, the

JULIAN. ,189
candid reader will discern many marks of genius and eru
dition. Concerning the manners of Julian, Libanius writes,
that no philosopher, in the lowest state of poverty, was
ever more temperate, or more ready to practise rigorous
abstinence from food, as the means of preparing his mind
for conversing with the gods. Like Plotinus, I'orphyry,
Jamblichus, and others of this fanatical sect, he dealt in
visions and extasies, and pretended to a supernatural in
tercourse with divinities. Suidas relates, probably from
some writings of the credulous Eunapius now lost, an ora
cular prediction concerning his death. Besides his answer
to St. Cyril, and " Misopogon," he wrote some other dis
courses, epistles, &c. in which are many proofs of genius
and erudition, conveyed in an elegant style. And his re
scripts in the Theodosian code shew, that he raade more
good laws, in the short tirae of his reign, than any empe
ror either before or after him. His works were published
in Greek and Latin by Spanheim in 1696, 2 vols. fol.; and
a selection from them in England by Mr. Duncombe, 1784,
2 vols. Svo, translated principally from La Bleterie, who
wrote an excellent Life of Julian. '
JULIEN (Peter), an eminent French sculptor, profes
sor of the schools of sculpture and painting, a member of
the French Institute and of the legion of honour, was born
at Paulien, in the department of the Haute-Loire, in 1731.
He was the pupil first of Samuel, a sculptor in Puy en
Velay, with whom he remained two years, after which he
was placed at Lyons under Riache, another artist, where
he made great progress in sculpture, and after gaining a
prize at the academy of Lyons, came to Paris. Here he
entered the school of William Coustou, statuary to the
king, in 1765, and gained the prize of sculpture for a
beautiful bas-relief, representing Sabinus offering his cha
riot to the vestals, when the Gauls were about to invade
Rome. There was a simplicity in the style, taste, and
character of this piece which struck the connoisseurs as
something different from what they had been accustomed
to see in the modern school. The artist, according to the
custom of the times, enjoyed the usual pension for three
years at Paris, and did not go to Rome until 1768, where,
his fame having preceded him, he was employed by the
» Cave.— La Bleterie's Life.— Mosheijn and Milner.— Gibbon's History.-
Saxii Onomast.

190 JULIEN.
president Belenger to execute a mausoleum in marble
for his wife and daughter. Besides the other labours eii-
joined to the pensionary artists, Julien made copies, in
marble, for the president Ocardi, of the Apollo Belvidere,
the Flora in the Farnese palace, and the Gladiator in the
Borghese palace, all which are now in the collection at Ver
sailles. He was afterwards recalled to Paris to assist Cou
stou in the mausoleum for the dauphin and dauphiness.
Of this he executed the figure of immortality, and had the
charge of reraoving the whole to the cathedral of Sens,
where it now is.
His fame being fully established, he was, although other
wise a man of great modesty, ambirious of a seat in the
academy of painUng and sculpture, and with that view
presented thera with a Ganymede, but notwithstanding its
acknowledged merit, he did not at this time succeed. In
1779, however, he made a second effort, and his " Dying
Gladiator" procured him immediate admission into the
academy. He was then employed by the king to m.ake
the statue of La Fontaine, which is reckoned his master
piece in that style. He also executed various bas-relievos
for the castle of Rambouillet, and a woman bathing, which
is now in the hall of the Senate at Paris, ahd allowed to be
one ofthe finest specimens of modern art. His last work
was the statue of Nicolas Poussin, for the hall of tbe In
stitute. This excellent artist died, after a long illness, at
Paris in January 1804.'
JULIEN (Simon), another able French artist, and a
member of the ancient academy of painting, was born in
1736, of poor parents at the village of Carigliano near
Locarno in Swisserland, and was first a pupil of Bardon
at Marseilles ; and afterwards of Carlo Vanloo at Paris,
where having gained the prize of the academy, he was sent
to the French school at Rorae under Natoire. The sight
of the ancient and modern works of that city determined
hira to abandon the manner taught in France, and adopt
that of the great masters of Italy. This procured hira,
among the wits, the name of Julien the apostate, to distin-
gush him from others of the same name, and of the same
school. His successes at Rome prolonged his stay thera
for ten years, after which he returned to Paris, and distin
guished himself by various works of great merit. He

1 Diet, Hist.

JULIEN. -191
painted for the hotel of the princess Kinski a St. Dominic,
and several decorations for ceilings, mentioned in the " Re-
(jueil des curiosites de Paris," which attracted the atten
tion of connoisseurs and strangers. Among the works
which he exhibited to the academy, when nominated a
member, was the " Triumph of Aurelian," executed for
tbe duke de Rochefoucault. In the saloon of St. Louis, he
exhibited in 1788, his fine picture, " Study spreading her
flowers over Time," a work of admirable composition.
This was sent into England, and engraved. Among other
capital performances from his hand may be mentioned his
Jupiter and Juno, and Au^'ora and Titan. His last impor
tant work was an altar-piece for the chapel of the arch
bishop of Paris at Coiiflans, representing St. Anthony in a
trance. Notwithstanding his merit, we have to add that
this artist died poor, in 1799.'
JULIO ROMANO. See PIPPI.
JUNCKER, or JUNKER (Christian), was born Oct.
16, 1668, at Dresden. He acquired great knowledge of
the belles lettres and medals, and was successively teacher
at Schleusingen, Eysenach, and Altenburg, where he died
June 19, 1714. He had been admitted a member of the
royal society at Berlin in 1711. He left a gieat number of
German translations from ancient authors, and several edi
tions of classic authors, with notes, in the style of those
published by Minellius ; also, " Schediasraa de Diariis
eruditorum;" " Centuria feminarum erudiuone et scriptis
illustrium ;" " Theatrum Latinitatis universae Reghero^
Junkerianum," " LinetE eruditionis universae et Historise
Philosophicaj;" "Vita Lutheri ex numrais," "Vita Lu-
dolphi," &c. He was historiographer to the Ernestine
branch of the house of Saxony. Poverty obliged him to
write rather in haste, which may be discovered in his
works. '
JUNCKER (Gottlob John), a learned physician, was
born on the 3d of June, 1680, at Londorff, near Giessen,
in Hesse. He pursued his medical studies at Marpurg and
Erfurt, and afterwards took the degree of M. D. at Halle,
in 1718. He became subsequently a distinguished pro
fessor in this university, and attained a high reputation as
physician to the public hospital. He died at Halle, Oct.
25, 1759. His works, which are chiefly compilations, have
' Diet. Hist. * Ibid.— Moreri.— SaxM Onomast.

132 JUNCKER.
been much esteemed, and are still occasionally referred lo,
especially as they contain the best and most compendious
view of the doctrines of Stahl, which he espoused and
taught. They are as follows : I. " Conspectus Medicine
Theoretico-practictB, Tabulis 137 primarios morbos, me-
thodo Stahliana tractandcs, exhibens," Halle, 1718, 4to;
2. "Conspectus CliirurgitE," &c. ibid. 1721, 4to; 3.
"Conspectus Formularuin Medicaruni," &c. ibid. 1723,
4to ; 4. " Conspectus Therapeise generalis, &c. Tabniis
20 methodo Stahliana conscriptus," ibid. 1725, 4to ; 5.
" Conspectus Chemise Theoretico-practicae in forma Tabu-
larum reprassentatus, &c. Tomus prior," ibid. 1730, 4to.
This is an elementary work on chemistry, according to the
principles of Becher and Stahl. 6. " Consjjectus Physio-
logise," ibid. 1735, 4to; and 7. " Conspectus Pathologise,"
ibid. 1736, 4to. Juncker likewise published many acade
mical theses on medical, t-hirurgical, and philosophical
subjects. '
JUNCTIN (Francis), in Italian Giuntino, a celebrated
mathematician and astrologer of the sixteenth century, was
born 1523, at Florence. He published Commentaries, in
Latin, on the Sphara of Holy wood or Sacro Bosco, 1577
and 1578, 2 vols. Svo; "Speculum Astrologiae," Lugd.
1581, 2 vols. fol. and other works relating to astronomy.
There is also a treatise written by him in French on the
comet which appeared in 1577, Svo; and another on the re
formation of the calendar by Gregory XIII. Svo, in Latin.
He had quitted the Carmelite order, and became a pro
testant, but returned afterwards to the Catholic church,
and spent the chief of his life at Lyons, where his conduct
was very irregular. He died 1590.'
JUNGERMAN (Godfrey), a native of Leipsic, was the
first who published an ancient Greek translation of " Cse-
sar's Commentaries," Francfort, 1 606, 2 vols. 4to, a work
much in request ; and gave a Latin version of the " Pasto
rals" of Longus, with notes, Han. 1 605, Svo. Some of his
letters are also printed. He died August 16, 1610, at
Hanau. Lewis Jungerman, his brother, born also at
Leipsic, was an excellent botanist, and to him are attri
buted, " Hortus Eystettensis," " Catalogus plantarum
quae circa Altorfinum nascuntur," Altorf, 1646, Svo; and
1 Rees's Cyclopaedia from Eloy and Haller.
' Moreri — Bibl, Franc, de La Croix d« Maine, vol. I.

JUNGERMAN. 193
** Cornucopias Florse Giessensis," Giessse, 1623, 4to. He
die,d June 7, 1653, at Altorf. Gaspard Jungerman, another
brother, was also a man of learning. '
JUNGIUS (Joachim), an eminent mathematician, phy
sician, and botanist, the son of a schoolraaster at Lubec,
in Germany, was born October 21, 1587. His mother
was daughter to a clergyman of the cathedral church at
Lubec. Jungius, having unfortunately been deprived of
his father very early in life (for he was stabbed one evening
upon his return home from a convivial party), was obliged
to depend almost entirely upon his own exertions for know
ledge ; yet in his youth, he became a very subtle logician,
and ingenious disputant, and thus prepared his mind for
that clearness of investigation and accuracy of judgment,
which were so erainently conspicuous in the works which
he published at a more advanced period of his life. Se
lecting the study of medicine as a profession, he travelled
over a great part of Italy and Germany, in order to culti
vate the acquaintance of the most distinguished physicians
of that time. He had previously graduated with distin
guished honour at the university of Giessen A.D, 1607,
and remained there a few years as mathematical tutor. In
1625 he was chosen professor of physic at Helmstadt, but,
on account of the Danish war, he was obliged, soon after
his appointment, to fly to Brunswick, whence he soon re
turned to Helmstadt, and in 1629 was appointed rector of
the school at Hamburgh. ,
Jungius seems to have eminently distinguished himself
in the several studies of theology, medicine, ma-ihematics,
metaphysics, and botany, upon all which pursuits his opi
nions and observations are handed down to us in his writings,
though the most famous part of his work, entitled " Doxo-
scopiae Physicse Minores," is upon the last mentioned sub
ject, botany. This book was first printed at Hamburgh, in
4to, A.D. 1662, and again, in 1679, under the care of
Martin Fogel, with this additional title, " Praecipuarum
opinionum physicarum." A copy of the former edition of
this work is in the Linnoean library, having been presented
to Linnaeus by his pupil, professor P. D. Giseke, of Ham
burgh. The botanical part of it, included in the third
section of the second part, occupies about 100 pages, and
contains many judicious and acute rules for making distinct
1 Gen. Diet,— Moreri,— Saxii Onomast.— Haller Bibl, Eot,
Vol. XIX. O

194 J U N G I U S.
species, of plants, as well as some curious remarks upon'
genera. He was a great critic in botanical nomenclature ;
and constructed a variety of terms which agree with those
of Linnaeus, and his remarks upon botanical discrimination
have been of considerable advantage to succeeding bo
tanists, and many of his definitions are repeatedly made
use of by our immortal countryman, Ray. He was the first
who projected and raised a literary society in Germany,
though this institution did not share a better fate than the one
which had just before been founded in this country (and
which appears to have served for its model) by Hugh La
timer, Thomas Linacre, and others, for the purpose of
discussing and illustrating Aristotle's philosophy. They
both flourished but for a sliort period, though the Heunetie
or Ereunetic society, as it was called, established by pro
fessor Jungius, was on a far more comprehensive plan' than
the other, and may indeed be considered as having, in
some measure, embraced the same views with which the
roj'al society was afterwards instituted in Great Britain.
The fame of Jungius was originally diffused through this
country by his noble pupil, the honourable Charles Caven
dish, who appears to have studied under him at Hamburgh.
This gentleman was brother to the earl of Newcastle, who
had the care of Charles I. when a youth.
After a long life, spent in the acquirement and diffusion
of general philosophical knowledge, and having always
manifested a strong attachment to the Lutheran church,
professor Jungius departed this life September 23, 1657,
and vvas buried in the church of St. John at Hamburgh,
where a handsorae tablet was inscribed to his memory by
his friend and pupil, Michael Kirsten. The following is
a list of his works, as given by Martin Fogel, who edited
the second edition of his " Doxoscopise." 1. " Logica
Hamburgensis," Harab. 1638, Svo. 2. " Geometria Em-
pirica," Rostock and Hamb. 4to, 3. " DoxoscopijE Phy-
siciE Minores, sive Isagoge Physica Doxoscopica." Hamb.
1662, 4to. 4. " Kurzer Bericht von der Didactica oder
Lehrkunst Wolfgangi Ratichii, durch Christoph. Helvicum
und Joach. Jungium," Giessen, 1614, 4to. 5. " Disputa-
tiones de natural! Dei cognitione : de potentiS. activi ; de
loco Aristotelis, lib. 3. de ccelo, t 66 : de figuris locum
repleutibus : de relationibus : de notionibus secundis : de
demonstratione tritermina: de definitionibus," &c.'
* Chaufepie.— Rees's Cyclopie.dia,— gaxii Onomasticon.

JUNIUS.

195

JUNIUS (Adrian), a learned Hollander, was born, in
1 5 u or 1 5 1 2, at Hoorn, of which place his father had been
secretary, and five times burgomaster. Having passed
through his first studies at Haeriem and Louvain, he fixed
upon physic for his profession, and, for his improvement,
resolved to travel abroad. Accordingly, going first to
France, he put himself under the care of James Houlier,
a celebrated physician at Paris. Thence he went to Bo
logna in Italy, where he was admitted M. D. and after
wards, passing through several parts of Germany, arrived
in England, and became physician to the duke of Norfolk
in 1543, and was afterwards retained in that quality by a
certain great lady. He continued in England several years,
and wrote raany books there; among others, a Greek and
Latin lexicon, to which he added above 6500 words. He
dedicated this work, in 1548, to Edward VI. with the title
of king. Edward not being acknowledged such by the
pope, our author, who was of that religion, fell under the
displeasure of the court of Rome for his dedication, and
was prosecuted for it a long time after. His works were
put into the " Index Expurgatorius," where he was branded
as a Calvinist, and an author " damnatae memorlEe," of
condemned memory ; a disgrace which gave him great
uneasiness and concern ; and, in order to be freed from it,
having laid his case before cardinal Granville, he applied,
by the advice of Arias Montanus, directly to the pope,
and prepared an apology, shewing tbe indispensable ne
cessity he was under of giving Edward the title of king,
and at the same time protesting he had always been a good
catholic. Before the death of Edward, he returned to his own
country, and led a sedentary life, closely pursuing his
studies; but, upon the accession of queen Mary, he re
turned thither; and, being a very good poet, he published,
in 1554, an epithalamium on the marriage of Philip II.
with that queen, entitled " Philippis." This address could
not fail of introducing him in a 'favourable light to that
court, whence he would probably have made a considerable
fortune, had not the turbulent state of those times driven
him home again. He confined himself some time in Hoorn,
but, after a while, settled at Haeriem ; and repaired tbe
disappointment he sustained respecting his finances is
England, by marrying a young woman of fortune, which
he knew how to improve by making the most of his dedi-
o 2

19'6 J U N I O S.
cations to his books, of which he published three at Haer
iem in 1556. Some years after, he accepted an offer from
tbe king of Denmark, to be his physician, with a consider
able salary, and removed to Copenhagen; but neither
liking the chmate nor genius of the inhabitants^ he left the
country about 1564, very abruptly, without taking leave of
the king. Returning to Haeriem, he practised physic, and
was made principal of the college, or great school, in that
town. He continued there till the place was besieged by
the Spaniards in 1573, when he found means to escape, by
, obtaining leave to attend the prince of Orange, who desired
his assistance as a physician ; but lost his library, in which
he had left a great many works which had cost him much
pains and labour ; and the loss was aggravated by this
circumstance, that they were almost fit for the press. In
this exigency he went to Middleburgh, where the prince
had procured him a public salary to practise physic ; but
the air of tbe country did not agree with his constitution,
and he fell into some disorders, which, with the grief he
felt for the loss of his library, put an end to his life in 1575.
There was a design to have given hira a professorship at
Leyden, which university was but just rising when he died.
He had a prodigious memory, which enabled him to trea
sure up a vast stock of learning. Besides his skill in physic^
which was his profession, he was an historian, poet, philo
sopher, and understood perfectly eight languages. His
works make up 24 articles, among which are, " Lexicon
Greeco-Latinum," 1548; "Adagiorum ab Erasmo omisso-
rum centuriae octo & dimidia," 1558 ; which last was pub
lished after his death, as others of his pieces were.'
JUNIUS, or Du JON (Francis), professor of divinity
at Leyden, was descended of a noble family, and born at
Bourges iu 1545. At the age of thirteen he began to
study the law, and afterwards went to Geneva, to study the
languages ; but being restrained in his pursuits for want of
a proper support from his family, he resolved to get his
bread by teaching school, which he pursued till 1565,
when he was made minister of the Walloon church at Ant
werp. But as this was both a troublesome and dano-erous
post, on account of the tumultuous conflicts between the
papists and protestants at that time, he was soon obliged to
withdraw into Germany. He went first to Heidelberg,
> Gen. Diet.— Niceron, vol, VII.— Saxii Onomasticon,

JUNIUS. 197
where the elector, Frederic III. received him very gra
ciously. He then made a visit to his mother, who was still
living at Bourges ; after which, returning to the Palatinate,
he was made minister of the church of Schoon there.
This was but a small congregation ; and, while he held it,
he was sent by the elector to the prince of Orange's army,
during the unsuccessful expedition of 1568. He continued
chaplain to that prince till the troops returned into Ger
many ; when he resumed his church in the Palatine, and
resided upon it till 1579. This year his patron, the elec
tor, appointed him to translate the Old Testament jointly
with Tremellius, which employment brought him to Hei
delberg. He afterwards read public lectures at Neustadt,
till prince Casimir, administrator of the electorate, gave
him the divinity-professor's chair at Heidelberg. He re
turned into France with the duke de Bouillon ; and paying
his respects to Henry IV. that prince sent him upon some
mission into Germany. Returning to give an account of
his success, and passing through Holland, he was invited
to be divinity-professor at Leyden; and, obtaining the
permission of the French ambassador, he accepted the
offer in 1592. He bad passed through many scenes of
life, and he wrote an account of them himself this year :
After which, he filled the chair at Leyden with great repu
tation for the space of ten years, when he died of the
plague in 1602.
He was married no less than four times, and by his third
wife had a son, who is the subject of the next article.
The titles of his works are sixty-four in number, among
which are, " Commentaries" on tbe first three chapters of
Genesis, the prophecies of Ezekiel, Daniel, and Jonah ;
" Sacred Parallels" and " Notes" upon the book of Reve
lation ; " Hebrew Lexicon,;" '¦'¦ Grammar of the Hebrew
Tongue ;" " Notes on Cicero's Epistles to Atticus." But
what he is chiefly, and almost only, known for now, is his
Latin version of the Hebrew text of the Bible, jointly with
Tremellius. He was a man of great learning and pious
zeal, and his life by Melchior Adam affords many interest
ing particulars of him in both characters. In the account
of his life written by himself, he relates that in his youth
he was seduced into atheism, from which he represents
himself as almost miraculously redeemed, and this appears
to have made a lasting impression on him.'
» Melchior Adam.— Gen. Diet.— Niceron, vol. XVI.

198 JUNIUS.
JUNIUS (Francis, or Francois Du JON), son of th^
preceding, was born at Heidelberg in 1589, and received
the first elements of his education at Leyden, apparently
with a view to letters ; but upon the death of his father in.
1602, resolving to go into the army in the service of the
prince of Orange, he applied himself particularly to such
branches of the mathemarics as are necessary to make a
figure in the military life. He had made a good progress
in these accoraplishments at twenty years of age ; when
the war being concluded by a truce for twelve years in
1609, occasioned a change in his purpose, and inclined
hira to cultivate the arts of peace by a close application to
study. His first literary employment was to collect, digest,
and publish some of his father's writings. After some
years spent thus in his own country, he resolved, for far
ther improvement, to travel abroad. With that view he
went first to France, and then to England, in which he
arrived in 1620, and having recommended himself by his
learning and amiable manners to the literati there, he Was
taken into the family of Thomas earl of Arundel, in which he
continued for the space of thirty years. During his abode
there he made frequent excursions to Oxford, chiefly fot
the sake of the Bodleian and other libraries ; where,
meeting with several Anglo-Saxon books, he resolved to
Stlidy the language, which was at that time neglected. He
soon perceived that the Anglo-Saxon tongue would be of
service to him for discovering many etymologies necessary
to clear up the Flemish, Belgic, German, and English,
languages ; and therefore devoted himself wholly to that
study. He afterwards learned the ancient language of the
Goths, Francs, Cimbri, and Frisons; by which he disco
vered the etymology of several Italian, French, and Spa
nish words ; for the Goths, Vandals, French, Burgundians,
and Gerihans, spread their language in the provinces they
conquered, of which some vestiges are still left.
After a careful course of these studies and researches,
he announced his having discovered that the Gothic was
the mother of all the Teutonic tongues; whence sprang
the old Cimbrian, transmitted to posterity by the remains
of the Runic, as likewise the Swedish, Danish, Norwegian,
Icelandish, in which the inhabitants of the country ex
pressed their thoughts at that time. From the Anglo-
Saxon, which itself is either a branch of the Gothic or its
sister, and daughter of the same mother, sprang the

JUNIUS. 199
English, Scotch, Belgic, and the old language of Friesland.
From the Gothic and Saxon languages sprang that of the
Fiancs, which is the mother- tongue of Upper- Germany.
He was so passionately fond of this study, that, after thirty
years chiefly spent upon it in England, being informed
there were some villages in Friesland where the ancient
language of the Saxons was preserved, he went thither and
lived two years araong them. Then, returning into Hol
land, he met with the old Gothic MS. called the Silver
One, because the four gospels are written there in silver
Gothic letters. He devoted his whole study in the expli
cation of it, which he completed in a little time, and pub
lished it, with notes of Dr. Marshall, in 1665, under the
title'" Glossarium Gothicura in quatuor evangelia Gothica,"
Dordrac, 1665, 4to. Dr. Marshall's perforraance is entitled
" Observationes in evangeliorum versiones per antiquas
duas, Gothicam sc. & Anglo-Saxonicam," &c. ibid. Junius
returned into England in 1674, in order to peruse such
English-Saxon books as had hitherto escaped his diligence,
especially those in the Cottonian library. In Oct. 1676,
he retired to Oxford. Hewas now 87, and intended not
to leave that beloved university any more. At first he had
lodgings opposite to Lincoln college, for the sake of Dr.
Marshall, rector of that society, who had been his pupil in
the study of the Northern languages, and was then a great
critic, as well as Junius, in them. Afterwards, he intended
to put some of his notes and collections into order; and, to
avoid the interruption of frequent visits, he removed to an
obscure house in St. Ebbe's parish, where he digested some
things for the press, and made a deed of gift of all his
MSS. and collections to the public library*.
In Aug. 1677, upon the invitation of his nephew, Dr.
Isaac Vossius, canon of Windsor, he went to his house,
and there died of a fever, Nov. 19 following. His corpse
was interred in St. George's chapel, within the castle, and
the following year a table of white marble was fixed to the
wall, near his grave, with an itiscription in Latin. He was
not only very learned, but a man of irreproachable cha
racter. As a laborious student, perhaps few have excelled
• There is a list of them in Ath. Ox. scribed for the press. His etymolo-
under this article. The chief is his gicon Anglicanum" was published in
Glossary, in five languages, explain- 1743, in folio, by Edward Lye, M. A.
ing the origin of the northern Ian- vicar of Little Houghton in Northamp-
gnages. It contains nine volumes, tonshire.
which bishop. Fell caused to be tran-

200 JUNIUS.
him. He used to rise at four in the morning, both winter
and sumraer, and study till dinner-tirae, which was at one;
after dinner he used some bodily exercise, walking or run
ning, but returned to his studies at three, and did not
leave them till eight, when he went to supper, and then
to bed. He very seldom sdrred abroad, and never but
when some business obliged him. Notwithstanding this,
he enjoyed a perfect state of health, and was never once
sick. Though he spent so long a series of years in this
solitary manner, he was a man of a pleasant and social
temper, even in his extreme old age. He was free from
peevishness, and affable to those who visited him, though
he did not like to be interrupted. Besides the " Glossarium
Gothicura," the chief of his printed works are, 1. that
intituled " De pictura veterum," 1637, 4to. and printed
again, with large additions, 1694, at Rotterdam, in folio.
He printed likewise an English translation, entitled, " The
Painting of the Ancients ;" in three books, with additions
and alterations, Lond. 1638. To the folio edition was pre
fixed his life, written by Grasvius. 2. " Observationes in
Willerami Francicam paraphrasin Cantici canticorum,"
Amst. 1655, Svo. 3. Several letters in " Ger. Job. Vossii
& clarorum virorum ad eum epistolae," Lond. 1690, fol.
where Vossius styles our author "vir omnifaria doctrina &
generis splendore ornatissimus.' "
JURIEU (Peter), aFrench protestant divine, sometimes
called by the catholics the Goliah of the protestants, was
born Dec. 24, 1637. His father, Daniel Jurieu, was mi
nister of the reformed religion at Mer ; his mother, the
daughter of Peter du Moulin, minister and professor at
Sedan. He was sent, after the first rudiments of his edu
cation under Rivet in Holland, to his maternal uncle Peter
du Moulin, then in England ; where, having finished his
theological studies, he took orders in that church ; but,
upon the death of his father, being called home to succeed
hira at Mer, and finding what he had done in England
disliked by the reformed in his own country, he submitted
to a re-ordination by presbyters, according to the form of the
foreign protestant churches. After sorae rirae, he officiated
in the French church of Vitri, where the people were so
much pleased with him, that they endeavoured to procure
his settlement among them ; and here he composed his
I Gen. Diet— Niceron, vol. XVI,— Ath. Ox. vol. II  Life by GraiviuK.

JURIEU. 201
"Treatise of Devotion." Before this, in 1670, he had
attracted public attention by refuting a project for reuniting
all the sects of Christianity, wrote by d'Huisseau, minister
of Saumur. He was afterwards invited to Sedan, where
he discharged the office of professor in divinity and He
brew with great reputation. In 1673 he wrote his "Pre
servative against Popery," which he opposed to the expo
sition of the doctrine of the catholic church by M. de
Meaux, bishop of Condom. This treatise did great credit
to the author, who endeavoured to prove that the prelate
had disguised the doctrine of his church. In 1675, Jurieu
published the first part of his work (the whole of which
appeared in 1685), entitled " La Justification de la Mo
rale," &c. or, " A Vindication of tbe Morality of the Pro
testants against the Accusarions of Mr. Arnauld," &c. In
1681, the university of Sedan being taken from the pro
testants *, our professor resolved to accept an invitation
sent to hira from that of Rouen ; but discovering, in the
mean tinie, that the French court knew him to be the author
of a work he had published anonymously, under the title of
" La Politique du Clerge," which was a severe satire on
the Roman catholics, he was apprehensive of being prose
cuted, and therefore retired hastily into Holland, where
he alraost iramediately received an offer of the divinity-
chair in the university of Groningen ; but his friends hav
ing founded the same professorship for hira at Rotterdara,
be preferred this residence to the other ; and he was also
appointed minister of the Walloon church in the sarae
town. He had not been long in this happy situation,
when he produced to the {public " Les derniers Efforts de
rinnocence affligde," or " The last Efforts of afflicted
Innocence." At Rotterdam, having nothing to fear, he gave full scope
to his imagination, which was naturally too warm and san
guine. In this temper he applied himself to study the
book of " the Revelations," and thought he had certainly
discovered the true meaning of it by a kind of inspiration,
* The principality of Sedan had there maintained, with all the rights and
been a sovereign state till 1642 ; when privileges which it then enjoyed: yet
the duke of Bouillon yielded it up to all this could not save the university :
Lewis XIL on condition that every tbe king even ordered, that it should be
thing should continue in the state in suppressed before any other. The de-
which it then was. Lewis XIV. rati- cree was made July 9, 1581, and noti
fied the same treaty ; and promised, fied to the university the 14th of the
that the protestant religion should be same month.

203 JURIEU.
which shewed him, that France was the place of the great
city, where the witnesses mentioned in the apocalypse lay
dead, but not buried ; and that they were to rise to hfe
again in three years and a half, namely, in 168;}. He was
unalterably fixed and confirmed in this persuasion by the
revolution which happened in England in 1683; and even
addressed a letter upon the subject to king William, whom
he considered as the instrument intended by God to carry
his designs into execution. At home, however, all this
was charged upon hira as an artifice, only to prepare the
people for a much greater revolution ; and he was sus
pected to harbour no other design than that of exciting
people to take up arms, and setting all Europe in a flame.
The foundation of this Ijelief was his not shewing any signs
of confusion after the event had given the lye to his pro
phecies : they built likewise on this, that, after the ex
ample of Comenius, he had attempted to re-unite the Lu
therans and Calvinists, in hopes of increasing the number
of troops to attack Antichrist. But these accusations were
brought only by the Romanists, his constant enemies, while
his more indulgent friends attributed his prophecies to en
thusiasm, and it is certain, that, under this period of men
tal delusion, he affected to believe a great number of pro
digies, which he maintained were so many presages or
forerunners of the accomplishment of the prophecies. Nor
is it true that he was indifferent to the ill success of what he
had predicted in his " L'accomplissement des Propheties,"
Rotterdam, 1686 : on the contrary, his chagrin was great;
and it was not a little heightened when he thought himself
insulted by some of his best friends, who opposed his sen
timents. This drew him into violent disputes, and parti
cularly with Bayle *, who wrote against him. The oppo
sition of Bayle was the more resented by him, as he had
been a friend to him, and was instrumental in procuring;^
hira the philosophical chair at Sedan in 1675. They seem
to have been very intimately connected ; for, after the sup
pression of that university, they were preferred together
to different professorships at Rotterdam in 1681 ; and they
both wrote against Mairabourg's " History of Calvinisra" in
1682. But here, it is said, the first seeds of the quarrel
* See the article of Zuerius Box- nods against our author, upon informa-
liornius, in the last volume of his Diet, tion of his having maintained, that it
Item, (o), where there is a particular was lawful to hate one's enemies.
account of the proceedings in some sy-

JURIEU. 203
between them were sown. Both the pieces excelled in
different ways. " Jurieu's was more complete and full than
Bayle's, and he answered Maimbonrg with a great deal of
strength ; but then the reader did not liieet there with that
easy and natural style, those lively and agreeable reflec
tions which distinguished the latter. The preference given
to Bayle was observed by Jurieu with disdain : he began
to look upon Bayle as his competitor, conceived a jealousy
and hatred for him ; arid to what length it was carried af
terwards may be seen in our article of Bayle. In short, it
must not be dissembled, that our author's conduct was far
from being commendable in regard to Bavle, or any of his
antagonists. Even those synods, where his authority was
the greatest, engaged in the contest, and justified Mr.
Saurin, pastor of Utrecht, and other persons of merit,
whom Jurieu had not spared to accuse of heterodoxy : nay,
the matter was carried so far, that, in some of these church
parliaments there passed decrees, in which, though his
name was not mentioned, yet the opinions he had ad
vanced upon baptism, justification, and the new system of
the church, were absolutely condemned. These troubles
continued while he lived, and at length threw him into a
lowness of spirits, under which he languished for several
years before his death; yet he continued j;o employ his
pen, and revised and printed his history of opinions, and
forms of religious worship, " Histoire des dogmes et des
cultes," which he had coraposed in his youth, a work of
very considerable merit. In the two or three last years of
his life he wrote only some devotional pieces. At length
he sunk under a load of infirmities, at Rotterdam, Jan.
II, 1713. He was unquestionably a man of considerable
learning, but peculiar in some of his own notions, and in
tolerant to those of others. Among his works, not men
tioned above, are '-^ Histoire du Calvinisme et du Papisme
mise en parallele,". &c. 1683, 3 vols.; " Lettres Pastorales."
These letters are upon the subject of the accomplishraent
of the prophecies. In one of thera, for Jan 1695, having
quoted, as proof of the favourable intentions of the allies, a
proposal for peace, drawn up by the diet of llatisbon,
which had been forged by a speculative politician in Am
sterdam, he was so ashamed of his having been imposed
upon by this fictitious piece, that he instantly printed
another edition of his letter, in which he omitted that article,
3. " Parallele de trois Lettres pastorales de Mr. Jurieu, &c."

204 JURIEU.
1696, quoted in a "Dissertation concerning defamatory
Libels," at the end of Bayle's Diet. 4. " Traite de I'unite
del'^glise," &c. 1688. 5. " Le vray .systeme de I'^glise
et la veritable analyse de lafoi," &c. 1686. 6. " L' Esprit
de Mr. Arnauld," 1684. 7. " Abreg6 de I'Histoire du Con-
cile de Trente," &c. 1683. 8. " Les prejugez legitimes
centre le papisrae," 1685. 9. " Le Janseniste convaincu
de vaine sophistiquerie." 10. " Le Philosophe de Rotter
dam accuse, atteint, et convaincu." 11. "Traite histo-
rique, contenant le jugement d'un Protestant sur la Theo
logie Mystique," &c. 1700. 12. " Jugement sur les me-
thodes rigides et relach^es," &c. 1686. 13. "Traite de
la Nature" et la Grace." 14. " Apologie pour I'accomphsse-
ment de Propheties," 1687. 15. " Quelque Sermons," &c.»
JURIN (James), born in 1684, and a physician' of the
mathematical sect, was educated in Trinity college, Cam
bridge, of which he was fellow in 1711. He was after
wards well known in London as an eminent physician ; was
physician to Guy's hospital, and was, during several years,
an active member and secretary of the royal society, and
at the time of his death in 1750, president of the col
lege of physicians. He distinguished himself by a series
of ingenious essays, published in the Philosophical Trans
actions in 1718, 1719, &c. and afterwards printed col
lectively, in 1732, under the title of " Physico-Matbema-
tical Dissertations," in which mathematical science was
applied with considerable acuteness to physiological sub
jects. These papers involved him in several controversies ;
first with Keill, in consequence of his calculations in re
gard to the force of the contractions of the heart, against
which also Senac published some objections, which he
answered. To Smith's System of Optics, published in
1738, Jurin added " An Essay upon distinct and indistinct
Vision," in which he made subtle calculations of the
changes necessary to be made in the figure of the eye to
accommodate it to the different distances of objects. This
paper was commented on by Robins, to whom Jurin wrote
a reply. He had likewise controversies with JMichelotti
respecting the force of running water, and with the philo
sophers of the school of Leibnitz on living forces. He
communicated to the royal society some experiments made
with a view to determine the specific gravity of the human
1 Chaufepis.— Des Maizeaux's Life of Bayle,— Diet, Hist,

JURIN. 205
blood, and be contributed much to the improvement of
their meteorological observations. He was a warm partisan
and an active defender of the practice of inoculation ; and
in several publications, giving an account of its success
from 1723 to 1727, established its utility upon the true
foundation of a comparison between the respective mor
tality of the casual and the inoculated small-pox. Dr.
Jurin was also editor of Varenius's Geography, 2 vols. Svo,
1712, published at the request of sir Isaac Newton and Dr.
Bentley. In " The Works of the Learned" for 1737—8
— 9, he carried on a controversy with Dr. Pemberton, in
defence of Newton, and signed his papers " Philalethes
Cantabrigiensis." '
JUSSIEU (Antony de), an eminent botanist, was born
at Lyons in 1686. He cultivated, with so much success, a
talent for natural history, which discovered itself in his
eariiest years, that, in 1712, he obtained a place in the
acaderay of sciences. After traversing various parts of
Europe, he settled in Paris, where he published various
works on the most interesting parts of natural history. He
published an appendix to Tournefort, and methodized and
abridged the work of Barrelier, on the plants of France,
Spain, and Italy. He also practised physic, and was re
markable on all occasions for charity to the poor, to whom
he not only gave advice, but alms. He nevertheless left
behind him a very considerable fortune, of which his brother
Bernard was tbe heir. He died of an apoplexy, at the
age of seventy-two, in 1758.^
JUSSIEU (Bernard), brother of the preceding, was
also a native of Lyons, and born in 1699. Like his bro
ther he was a practitioner of physic, and eminent for his
botanical skill and researches, and was one of the first bo
tanists who airaed at a natural system of arrangeraent.
He was member of various learned academies in Europe ;
curator of the plants of the royal garden at Paris, and was
invited by the king himself to superintend the arrangement
of a botanical garden at Trianon. He was highly esteemed
by his royal master, and enjoyed, what was no less ho
nourable, the friendship and confidence of Linnaeus. He
had numerous pupils, by whom he was much beloved, and
died in possession of universal esteem in 1777, in the
' Rees's Cyclopcedta,— Wehols's Bowyer.— Works of the Learned, ubi supra.
and also vol. for 1741.
' Diet, Hist>

206 J U S S I E U.
seventy-ninth year of his age. His only publications vtrere,
an edition of Tournefort on the plants which grow near
Paris, 1725, 2 vol^. 12mo ; and " L'arai de I'humanite, ou,
Conseils d'un bon citoyen a sa nation," octavo, printed
after his deat.i. Although a first-rate botanist, he was de
terred by excess of modesty from giving his ideas to the
world. His nephew, the present A. L. de Jussieu, has
given us a plan ofthe method, according to which he ar
ranged the garden of Trianon in 1759, and which, in fact,
laid the foundation of his own celebrated work, published
in 1789. The Jussiaea, of Linnaeus, was so named by that
eminent ^botanist in honour of these two brothers. There
was a third brother, however, the youngest, who was born
in 1704, and in 1735 went to Peru, in the capacity of a
botanist, with the academicians sent there to measure a
degree. After continuing in that country thirty-six years,
he returned to France in very bad health, and alraost in a
state of childhood, and died in 1779. Some account of
his travels and discoveries may be seen in Memoirs of the
French Acaderay ; and it was at one time thought that his
nephew was preparing an account for publication, but we
know not that it has yet appeared.'
JUSTEL (Christopher), counsellor and secretary to
tbe French king, was born at Paris, 1580. Having excel
lent parts, and a strong bent to letters, he made a great
progress ; and, as soon as he left the college, applying
himself to the studj' of the councils and ecclesiastical his
tory, he published the " Code of Canons of the Church
nniversal, and the Councils of Africa, with notes." He
held a literary correspondence with the most learned men
of his time, as Usher, Salmasius, Blondel, sir Henry
Spelman, and others, till his death, which happened at
Paris in 1649. He had the character of knowing more of
the middle ages than any of his time. Besides the code
already mentioned, he published, iu 1645, " The Genea
logical History of the House of Auvergne ;" and several
collections of Greek and Latin canons, from MSS. which
formed the " Bibliotheca juris canonici veteris," published
at Paris in 1668, in 2 vols, folio, by William Voel and our
author's son, the subject of the next article.^
JUSTEL (Henry), was born at Paris in 1620, and suc
ceeded his father as secretary and counsellor to tlie king.
' Diet. Hist. — Haller Bibl. Bot. — Eloge des Academioiens, vol. II.
« Moreri. — Saxii Onomast. — Ushei's Life and Letters.

JUSTEL. 207
He was a man of distinguished learning himself, and an
encourager of it in others, employing his interest at court
in their favour. jHis house vvas the usual resort of men of
letters, among whom we find Mr. Locke and Dr. Hickes ;
which shews that it was open to men of all complexions
and principles. Mr. Justel had always professed a parti
cular respect for the English nation, and cultivated an
acquaintance with many great men there. He foi'esaw the
revocation of the edict of Nantz, several years before it
happened, as we are informed by Dr. Hickes. This divine,
who, upon his travels abroad, made a considerable stay at
Paris, set apart one day in the week for visiting Mr. Justel.
In one of these visits, after some discourse about the pro
testant churches, observed by Dr. Hickes to be in many
places demolished, notwithstanding tbe edict of Nantz,
" Alas, sir," says Mr. Justel, " as I am wont to talk in
confidence with you, sol will tell you a secret, that almost
none of us knows besides myself : our extirpation is de
creed ; vye must all be banished our country, or turn pa
pists. I tell it you because I intend to come into England,
where I have many friends ; and that, when I come to see
you among the rest, you may remember that I told it you."
" Upon this," says Dr. Hickes, " I ashed him how long it
would be before this sad persecution would be put into
execution ? He answered, within four or five years at most;
and remember, says he a-gain, that I foretold the time. —
After he had been some time in London he made a visit to
the doctor at his house on Tower-hill ; where, presently
after the common forms of congratulating one another (it
vvas about the time that tbe bill of exclusion was thrown
out of the House of Lord.s), he said, Sir, don't you remem
ber what I told you of the persecution we have since suf
fered, and of the time when it would begin .? and you now
see all has accordingly come to pass."
He sent by Dr. Hickes the original MS. in Greek of the
" Caiiones ecclesiae universalis," published by his father,
and other valuable MSS. to be presented to the university
of Oxford : upon the receipt of which benefaction, that
learned body conferred on him, by diploma, the degree
of LL. D.June 23, 1675. He left Paris in 1681, upon
the persecution of the protestants; and, coming to Lon-
4on, was, some time after, made keeper of the king's li
brary at St. James's, to which is annexed a salary of 200/.
per annum. Jle held this place till his death, Sept. 1693,

20% J U S- T E L.
and was then succeeded by Dr. Richard Bentley. He
had a very extensive library, particularly rich in MSS.
which were always at the service of his learned contem
poraries, many of whom acknowledged their obligations to
him. He vvas obliged, however, to dispose of this library
before he left France. There is a portrait of him and
his arms in the Gent. Mag. 1788, taken from a private
print.' JUSTIN, an ancient Latin historian, is known by his
abridgment of the large work of Trogus Porapeius, which
some think has occasioned the loss of the original ; but it
is much raore probable that the neglect ofthe original oc
casioned the abridgment, as coramonly happens in the
decline, of letters. Who Justin was, and when he lived, is
altogether uncertain ; but he is generally referred to the
year 150, in the reign of Antoninus Pius. The abridg
ment comprises a history of the world frora Ninus to Au
gustus Csesar; and is written with great purity and elegance,
excepting here and there a word which savours of encroach
ing barbarism. It has long been employed as a school
book, and is held in great estimation by foreign critics.
La Mothe le Vayer thinks " his manner of writing so ex
cellent as to be worthy the age of Augustus rather than that
ofthe Antonines." Justin has been illustrated by the best
annotators, particularly Graevius ; and there are numerous-
editions, of which the preference is given to those of Grae
vius; of Hearne, 1705, Svo; of Gronovius, 1719, and
1760; of Fischer, 1757, &c. '
JUSTIN (surnamed the Martyr), one of the earliest
writers ofthe Christian church, was born at Neapolis, the .
ancient Sichem of Palestine, in the province of Samaria.
His father Priscius, being a Gentile Greek, brought him
up in his own religion, and had him educated in all the
Grecian learning and philosophy. To complete his studies
he travelled to Egypt, the usual tour on this occasion, as
being the seat of the more mysterious and recondite lite
rature ^at this time : he was shewn, as he tells you, at
Alexandria, the reraains of those cells where the seventy
translators of the Bible perforraed what is called the Sep-
tuagint version. He had, from his first application to phi
losophy, disliked the stoic and peripatetic ; and chose the
' Chaufepie. — Biog. Brit. Supplement. — Saxii Onomast.
' Fabric. Btbl. Lat,— Dibdin's Classics.— Saxii Onomast.— Vossius de Hist.
tat

JUSTIN. 209
sect of Plato, with whose ideas he was enamoured, and of
which he resolved to make himseif master. He was pro
secuting this design in contemplation and solitary walks
by the sea-side, as he informs us in his " Dialogue with
Trypho," when thereimet him one day a grave and ancient
person of a venerable aspect, who, falling into discourse
upon the subject of his thoughts; turned the conversation,
by degrees, from tbe fancied excellence of Platonism to
the superior perfection of Christianity ; and performed his
part so well, as to raise an ardent curiosity in our Platonist
to inquire into the merits of that religion, the result of
which was his conversion, which happened about the 16th
year of Trajan's reign, A. C. 132.
^Several of his old friends among the heathens were not
a little troubled at the loss of so eminent a person : for
their satisfaction, therefore, he drew up an account of his
conduct, with the reasons of it, in order to bring them into
the same sentiments. Still, however, from an affection to
the studies of his youth, he retained the ancient dress ;
preaching and defending the Christian religion under his
old philosophic garb, the pallium, or cloak ofthe Grecian
philosophers. About the beginning of Antoninus Pius's
reign he went to Rome, and there strenuously endea
voured to defend and promote the Christian cause : in
which spirit finding the heretic Marcion very busy in pro
pagating his pernicious principles, he resolved particularly
to oppose him. This heretic was the son of a bishop born
in Pontus, and, for deflowering a virgin, had been excom
municated. Upon this he fled to Rome, where he broached
his errors ; the chief of which was, " That there are two
Gods, one the creator of tbe world, whom he supposed to
be the God of the Old Testament, and the author of evil ;
the pother a more sovereign and supreme being, creator of
more excellent things, the father of Christ, whom he sent
into the world to dissolve the law and the prophets, and to
destroy the works of the other deity, whom he styleti the
God of the Jews." Justin encountered this heretic both
in word and writing, and composed a book against his
principles, which he also published. In the same spirit,
when the Christians came to be more severely dealt with,
traduced, defamed, and persecuted, by virtue ofthe stand
ing laws of the empire, Justin drew up his first Apology
about the year 140, and presented it to the emperor Anto
ninus Pius, with a copy Of his predecessor Adrian's rescript.
Vol. XIX. P

210 JUSTIN.
coramanding that the Christians should not be needlessly
and unjustly vexed. This siddress was not without its suc^
cess : the emperor, being in his own nature of a generous
disposition, was moved to give orders that the Christians
should be treated more gently, and more regularly pro
ceeded against. > ¦
Not long afterwards, Justin made a visit into the East ;
and, among other parts, went to Ephesus. Here he fell
into the company and acquaintance of Trypho, a Jew of
great note, with whom he engaged in a dispute that held
for two days : the substance of which he afterwards wrote
in a piece entitled his " Dialogue with Trypho." By the
conclusion we learn he was then ready to set sail to Ephesus.
He returned at last to Rome, where he had frequent con
ferences with one Crescens, a philosopher of some repute
in that city; a man who had endeavoured to iraduee the
Christians, and represent their religion under the most in
famous character. Justin now presented his second Apo
logy to Marcus Antoninus Philosophus, the successor of
Pius, and a deterrained enemy to the Christians. The im
mediate occasion of this second Apology, as he himself
informs the emperor, was this : A woman at Rome had,
together with her husband, lived in all manner of wanton
ness, and, from a vicious Course of life, had been converted
to Christianity ; and being reclaimed herself, very naturally
sought also to reclaim her husband, but at length, finding
him quite obstinate, she procured a bill of divorce. The
man, enraged at this, accused her to the emperor of being
a Christian. She, however, putting in a petition for leave
to answer it, he relinquished that prosecution ; and, falling
upon ber converter, oue Ptoloraeus, procured his impri
sonment and condemnation. On that occasion, Lucius, a
Christian, being present, presumed to represent how hard
it was that an innocent and virtuous man, charged with no
crime, should be adjudged to die merely for bearing the
name of a Christian : a proceeding that must certainly be a
reflection upon the government. These words were no
sooner spoken than he, together with a third person, were
sentenced to the same fate. The severity of these pro
ceedings awakened Justin's solicitude and care for the rest
of his brethren ; and he immediately drew up his second
apology, in which, among other things, he made heavy
complaints of the malice and envy of his antagonist Cres
cens, The philosopher, irrit;ated at this charge,, procured

JUSTIN. 211
him to be apprehended, with six of his companions, and
broughi; before the praefect of the city. After their ex
amination, this sentence was pronounced, that " Thej
who refuse to sacrifice to the gods, and to obey the im
perial edicts, be first scourged, and then beheaded, ac
cording to the laws ;" which was put in execution upon
Justin and the rest. This happened, according to Baro-
nius, A. C. 165, not long after Justin had presented his
second Apology ; which is said, therefore, in the language
of those times, to have procured him the crown of mar
tyrdom. He was the first Christian, after the days of the apostles,
who added to an unquestionable zeal and love of the gos
pel, the character of a man of learning and philosophy,
both which were employed in propagating and defending
his principles. He stands at the head of the Christian
Platonists, or those who endeavoured to reconcile the Pla
tonic principles with the dictates of Christianity ; and the
consequence of this attempt was his holding some opinions
not altogether agreeable to the genius ofthe gospel. There
are several valuable editions of his works, the first of which
was that of Rob. Stephens, Paris, 1551, fol. and the bestv
are those of Maran, printed at Paris, 1742, fol. and of
Oberthur, at Wurtzburg, 1777, 3 vols. Svo. There is an
edition of his second Apology by Hutchinson, Oxon. 1703,
Svo ; of his Dialogue with Trypho, by Jebb, London,
1719, Svo; of his Apologies, by Ashton, Cambridge, 1768,
8vo ; of bis first Apology, by Grab e, Oxon, 1700; and of
both Apologies, and his Dialogue, by Thirlby, London,
1722, fol.'
JUSTINIAN, the first Roman emperor of his name, and
more celebrated for his code of laws, was nephew of Justin
I. and succeeded his uncle in the Imperial throne Aug.
1,527. He began his reign with the character of a most
religious prince, publishing very severe laws against he
retics, and repairing ruined churches; in this spirit, he
actually declared himself protector of the church. While
he was thus re-establishing Christianity at home, he car
ried his arms against the enemies of the empire abroad,
with so much success, that he reinstated it in its ancient
glory. He was very happy iu having the best general of
the age, Belisarius, who conquered the Persians foi- him
' Cave. — Lardner's Works. — Brucker. — Siixii Onomast,
P 2

212 JUSTINIAN,
in 528, 542, and 543 ; and in 533 exterminated the Vandals,
and took their king Gillimer prisoner. He also recovered
Africa to the empire by a new conquest; vanquished the
Goths in Italy; and, lastly, defeated the Moors and the Sa
maritans. But, in the midst of these glorious successes
the emperor was endangered by a potent faction at home;
Hypalius, Pompeius, and Probus, three nephews of the
emperor Anastasius, the immediate predecessor of Justin,
combining together, raised a powerful insurrection, in
order to dethrone Justinian. The conspirators formed
two parties, one called the Varti, and the other Veneti,
and at length became so strong, that the emperor, in de
spair of being able to resist them, began to think of quitting
the palace; and had certainly submitted to that disgrace
had not the empress Theodosia, his consort, vexed at his
betraying so much lameness, reproached him with his pu
sillanimity, and induced him to fortify himself against the
rebels, while Belisarius and Mundus defended him so well,
that the conspiracy was broken, and the ringleaders car
pitally punished.
The empire being now in the full enjoyment of profound
peace and tranquillity, Justinian made the best use of it,
by collecting the immense variety and number of the Ro
man laws into one body. To this end, he selected ten of
the most able lawyers in the empire ; who, revising the
Gregorian, Theodosian, and Hermogenian codes, compiled
out of them one body, called <^ The Code," to which the
emperor gave his own name. This may be called the sta
tute law, as consisting of the rescripts of the emperors :
but the compilation of the other part was a much more
difficult task. It was made up of the decbions of the
judges and other magistrates, together with the authori
tative opinions of the most eminent lawyers ; all which lay
scattered, without any order, in above 2000 volumes.
These, however, after the labour of ten years, chiefly by
Tribonian, an eminent lawyer, were reduced to the num
ber of SO ; and the whole design was completed in the year
533, and the name of "Digests," or "Pandects," given tp it.
Besides these, for the use chiefly of young students in the
law, Justinian ordered four books pf " Institutes" to be
drawn up, by Tribonian, Dorotheus, ^nd Theophilus, con
taining an abstract or abridgement of the text of all the
laws : and, lastly, the laws of modern d^te, posterior to
that of the former, were thrown into one volume in the
year 541, called the "Novell*," or <« New Code."

JUSTINIAN. 213
This most important transaction in the state has rendered
Justinian's name immortal. His conduct in ecclesiastical
affairs was rash and inconsiderate. On one occasion^
when Theodotus, king of Italy, had obliged pope Agape-
tus to go to Constantinople, in order to submit and make
peace with the emperor, Justinian received him very gra
ciously, but enjoined him to communicate with Anthenius,
patriarch of Constantinople. That patriarch being deemed
a heretic at Rome, the pontiff refused to obey the com
mand ; and, when the emperor threatened to punish his
disobedience with banishment, he answered, without any
emotion, " I thought I was come before a Christian prince,
but I find a Diocletian." The result was, that the hardi
ness and resolution of the pope brought the emperor to a
submission. Accordingly Anthenius was deprived, and an
orthodox prelate put into his place.
After this, Justinian, resolving to take cognizance of
the difference between the three chapters^ published a re
script for that purpose, in form of a constitution, which
created great disturbances in the empire. He also exerted
his authority against the attempts of the popes Sylverius
and Vigilius, both before and after the celebration of the
fifth general council held in the year 553. Towards the latter
end of his life, he fell into an erroneous opinion concern
ing Christ's body ; which he maintained had never been
corruptible, nor subject to the natural infirmities of a hu
man body. He carried it so far as to prepare an edict
against those -who maintained the contrary opinion, and in
tended to publish it ; but was prevented by his death,
which happened suddenly, in 565, at the age of S3, and
after a reign of 39 years. It was this emperor who abo
lished the consulate. He built a great number of churches,
and particularly the famous Sancta Sophia, at Constanti
nople, esteemed a master-piece of architecture. But the
increasing jealousies, and the heavy burdens which Justi
nian imposed upon his subjects, had, some time before
his death, destroyed all attachment to his person ; and he
who, in many respects, deserved the title of the last Ro
man emperor, left the stage unlamented and unhonoured. .
The editions of his « Code," " Institutions,'^ &c. are too
many to be enumerated, but the best of them occur in al
most every catalogue. '
' tJniversal History.— Gibbon's History.— Cave.—Mosheim's, but particu
larly Milner's, Church Hirtory, where his eharaeter, as a Christian emperor, is
Well delineated.

an JUSTINIAN L
JUSTINIANI (St. Lawrence), the first patriarch of
Venice, was descended of a noble family, and born there,
1381. He took the monk's habit in the monastery of St.
George, in Alga, before he was a deacon ; and in 1424
became general of that congregation, to whom he gave an
excellent set of rules, which were afterwards observed, and
made him esteemed as one of their founders. Pope Euge-
nius IV. gave hira the bishopric of Venice, of which he
was the first patriarch, from 1451. This prelate died
Jan. 8, 1455, and was canonized in 1690 by Alexan
der VIII. He left several works of piety, which were
printed together at Brescia, 1506, 2 vols, folio ; and again
at Venice, 1755, foho ; to which is prefixed his life, by his
nephew. '
JUSTINIANI (Bernard), nephew of the above, was
born at Venice in 1408. He pursued bis first studies un
der Guarini of Verona, and continued them at Padua, where
he took his doctor's degree. Notwithstanding he put on
tbe senator's robe at the age of nineteen, yet he still pro
secuted his studies under Francis Philelphi and George de
Trebisonde, whom he took into his bouse, and retained
there, till pope Calixtus III. sent for him to Rome, and
employed him in several commissions. Upon his return to
Venice, he was sent ambassador to Lewis XI. of France,
who made him a knight in 1461. He went afterwards seve
ral times ambassador to Rome from the republic ; and, in
1467, was made commandant of Padua. He afterwards
became a member of tbe council of ten, and bore the dig
nity of Sage Grand no less than twenty times. In 1474, he
was elected procurator of St. Mark, a post next to that of
doge. He died in 1489.
His speeches on different occasions have been printed,
with his letters, and " History of Venice," Venice, 1492,
folio. This history, which has been admired as the first
regular attempt of the kind, and which comes down to
809, may be frequently found without the other pieces,
which have been suppressed. He also left " Vita B. Lau-
rentii Justiniani," 1475, 4to. His life in Latin by Antonio
Stella was printed at Venice, 1533, Svo. Of the same
family, which is still honourably distinguished in Italy,
was the marquis Vincent Justiniani, who employed Blom-
maert, Millan, and others, to engrave his gallery, Rome,
< Moreri.— Moibeiin.— Saxii Onomast.

J U S T I N I A N L 215
1642, 2 vols. fol. Of this splendid work some impressions,
much inferior to the old ones, were taken since 1750.
Another branch of the same family was the abbS Bernardo
Justiniani, who wrote the " Origin of the Military Orders,'*
Venice, 1692, 2 vols. fol. in Itahan, from whence the " His
tory of the Military Orders," Amsterdam, 1721, 4 vols. Svo,
has been extracted ; to which is added, " The History of
the Religious Orders," Amsterdam, 1716, 4 vols. Svo. '
JUSTINIANI (Augustin), bishop of Nebo or Nebbio,
one of the most learned men of his time, was descended
from a branch of the same noble family with the former ;
and born at Genoa, in 1470. After having resided some
time at Valencia, in Spain, he entered into the order of
St. Dominic, at Paris, in 1488; when he took the name
of Augustin in the room of Pantaleon^ which he received
at "his baptism. Soon after he distinguished himself by his
learning, and knowledge in the languages, which he ac
quired in a very short time ; so that Leo X. named him to
the bishopric of Nebo, in the island of Corsica, in which
capacity he assisted in tbe fifth council of Lateran, where
he opposed some articles of the concordat between France
and the court of Rome. The revenue of his diocese
being small, he petitioned the pope for a better; but Fran
cis I. who was a patron of learned men, drew him to France;
by making him bis almoner, with a good pension ; and he
was also regius professor of Hebrew for five years at Paris.
Returning to Genoa in 1522, he found every thing in con
fusion, by the sedition of the Adornes ; on which he went
to visit his diocese, and discharged all the duties of a good
prelate, till 1531. In a voyage from Genoa to Nebo, he
perished, together with the vessel in which he was em-
barkbd, 1536. By his last will, he left his library to the
republic of Genoa.
He composed some pieces, the most considerable of which
is, " Psalterium Hebraeum, Graecum, Arabicum, & Chal-
daeum, cum tribus Latinis interpretationibus & glossis." This
was the first psalter of the kind which had appeared in
print, and he intended it as a prelude to a similar edition
of the whole Bible, but he lived only to execute this part,
which appeared at GenOa in 1516. Tiraboschi, forgetting
the Cpmplutensian polyglott, calls this the first at
tempt ofthe kind. It is not a work of very rare occur-
l Chaufepie.— Niceron, vol. VII. — (Singueni Hist. Litt. d'ltalie.

216 J U S T I N I A N L
rence, there being 2000 copies printed, and 50 upon
vellum, which, however, bear a high price. There came
out also " Annales de Republica Genoensi," at Genoa,
in 1537 ; but this vvas posthumous, and imperfect. There
is likewise ascribed to him a translation of Maimonidis
" Moreb Nevocbim." He was the editor of " Porcheti
Victoria adversus impios Hebrajos," Paris, 1520, fob'
JUVENAL (Decius Junius), the Roman satirist, was
born about the beginning of the emperor Claudius's reign,
at Aquinum, a town in Campania, since famous for the
birth-place of Thomas (thence styled) Aquinas. Juvenal's
father was probably a freed man, who, being rich, gave
him a liberal education ; and, agreeably to the taste of the
times, bred him up to eloquence. In this he made a
great progress, first under Fronto the grammarian, and
then, as is generally conjectured, under Quintilian ; after
which he attended the bar, where he made a distinguished
figure for many years, ,as we learn frpm some of Martial's
epigrams. In this profession he had improved his fortune
and interest at Rome, before he turned his thoughts to
poetry ; the very style of which, in his satires, speaks a
long habit of declamation : " subactum redolent declama-
torem," say the critics. He is supposed to have been
above forty years of age, when he recited his first essay to
a small audience of his friends ; but, being encouraged by
their applause, he ventured a publication, in which Paris,
a player, and Domitian's favourite, was satirized ; this
minion complained to the emperor, who sent the poet into
banishment, under pretence of giving him the command
of a cohort, in the army quartered at Pentapolis, a city
upon the frontiers of Egypt and Lybia. After Domitian's
death, he returned to Rome, cured of his propensity to
attack the characters of those in power under arbitrary
princes, and indulge in personal reflections upon living
characters. His iSth satire, addressed to Calvinus, was
written U. C. 871, in the 3d year of Adrian, when Juvenal
was above seventy years old ; and as it is agreed that be
attained to his eightieth year, he must have died about
the 1 1th year of Adrian.
In his person he was of a large stature, which made some
think him of Gallic extraction. We meet with nothings
* Tirabeicbi.->6en, Pict,— Mertri.— Diet. Hist.

JUVENAL. 217
concerning his morals and way of life ; but, by the whole
tenor of his writings, he seems to have been a man of acute
observation, and a friend to liberty and virtue, but at the
same time may be justly charged with a licentious boldness
in his expressions. In point of classical merit, he is the
last of the Roman poets, and after him Roman poetry ra
pidly degenerated. The most valuable edition of this poet,
without Persius, is that of Ruperti, printed at Leipsic, in
1801, 2 vols. Svo. But most generally Juvenal and Persius
are printed together, of which there are many valuable
editions, particularly the Variorums, the Delphin, those by
Henninius, Hawkey, Sandby, &c.'
JUVENCUS (Gaius Vectius Aquilinus), one of the
first Christian poets, was born of an illustrious family in
Spain, and lived, according to Jerom, in the time of Con
stantine, about the year 330. He wrote the " Life of
Christ," in Latin verse, in four books, following the four
evangelists faithfully, and almost word by word ; but his
poetry is in a bad style, and his Latin hot pure. This
work, which is entitled " Historise Evangelicae, lib. iv." may
be found in the library of the Fathers, the " Latin Poets"
of Venice, 1502, 4to, and the " Corpus Poetarum." The
best edition of it separately is that of Rome, 1792, 4to.'
JUXON (William), a loyal and worthy English prelate,
die son of Richard Juxon of Chichester in Sussex, was born
in 1582, and educated, upon the foundation, at Merchant
Taylors' school, whence he was elected a fellow of St.
John's college, Oxford, in 1598. Here, as his intentions
were for the bar, he studied civil law, and took the degree
of bachelor in that faculty, July 5, 1603, having before en
tered himself a student in Gray's-inn. But for some reasons
Hot assigned by his biographer, he entirely changed his
mind, and after having gone through a course of divinity
studies, took orders, and in the latter end of 1609 was pre
sented by'his college, which stands in that parish, to the
vicarage of St. Giles's, Oxford. Here he was much ad
mired for his plain, practical style of preaching. In 1614,
we are told, he left this living, probably on being presented
to the rectory of Somerton in Oxfordshire, in the east win
dow of the chancel of which church are his arms ; but it i$
equally probable that he might hold both. It is certain
* Crusius's Hist, ofthe Roman Poets.— Saxii Onomast— Dibdin's Classics.
* Fabric. Bibl. Lat. Med.— Moreri  Diet. Hist.— Saxii Onomast.

218 JUXON,
that his connexion with Oxford continued ; and when, in
1621, Dr. Laud resigned the office of president of St. John's
college, Mr. Juxon was chosen in his room, chiefly by his
influence. In December of the same year, he proceeded
doctor of laws, and in 1626 and 1627 served the office of
vice chancellor of the university. About this time his ma
jesty Charles I. appointed him one of his chaplains in or
dinary, and collated him to the deanery of Worcester,
along with which he held a prebend of Chichester. In all
these promotions, he was chiefly indebted to Dr. Laud,
then bishop of London, who had a high regard for him,
and, as dean of the king's chapel, recommended him to be
clerk ofthe closet, into which office Dr. Juxon was sworn
July 10, 1632. Laud's object in this last promotion is
said to have been, that " he might have one that he might
trust near his majesty, if he himself grew weak or infirm."
By the same interest Dr. Juxon was elected bishop of
Hereford in 1633, and was made dean ofthe king's chapel,
but before consecration was removed to the bishopric of
London, in room of Laud, now archbishop of Canterbury,
and was also sworn of the privy council. He entered on
bis bishopric Nov. 5 of the above year, and although his
diocese was much displeased with the conduct of his pre
decessor, bishop Juxon, by his mild temper and urbanity,
obtained the respect of all parties.
It was, however, his misfortune, that the archbishop car
ried his esteem for hira too far, and involved him in a
scheme which Laud vainly fancied would raise the power
and consequence of the church. This was no other than
to place churchmen in high political stations ; and by way
of experiment, he prevailed on the king to appoint bishop
Juxon to the office of lord high treasurer, to which he was
accordingly promoted in 1635. This office no churchman
had held since the time of Henry VII. and although that
was not such a very distant period, as not to afford some
thing like a precedent to the promotion, yet the sentiments
ofthe nation were now totally changed, and the noble fa^-
milies, frora which such an officer was expected to have
been chosen, were not more astonished than displeased to
see the staff put infto the hands of a clergyman scarcely
known out of the verge of his college until called to the
bishopric of London, which he had not filled two years.
Notwithstanding this, it is allowed on all hands that Dr.
Juxon conducted himself in such a manner, as to give ne

JUXON. 2l»
offence to any party ; while, in the management of official
concerns, he was so prudent and oeconomical, as consider
ably to benefit the exchequer. There cannot, indeed, be
a greater proof of his good conduct than this, that when
the repubhcan party ransacked every office for causes of
impeachment, sequestration, and death, they found no
thing to object to bishop Juxon. He was not, however,
made for the times ; and when he saw the storm approach
ing which was to overset the whole edifice of church and
state, he resigned his office May 17, 1641, just after the
execution of the earl of Strafford, in consequence of the
king's passing the bill of attainder, contrary to Juxon's ex
press and earnest advice.
On his resignation, he retired to his palace at Fulham,
where he continued for some time, not only undisturbed,
but; sometimes visited by the greatest persons of the oppo
site party, although he remained firm in his loyalty to the
king, who consulted him upon many occasions. Sir Philip
Warwick, being employed on one of those occasions, de
sired he might bring the bishop himself to his majesty, for
fear of a mistake in the message, or lest the bishop should
not speak freely to hira. To which the king replied, " Go
as I bid you ; if he will speak freely to any body, he will
speak freely to you. This I will say of him ; I never got
his opinion freely in my life, but, when I had it, I was ever
the better for it." Bishop Juxon also attended upon his
majesty at the treaty in the Isle of Wight in 1648, by the
consent of the parliament; and by the king's particular
desire, waited upon him at Cotton-house in Westminster
on Jan. 21 following, the day after the commencement of
his trial. During the whole of this trial, he attended the
king, who declared that he was the greatest support and
comfort to him on that occasion. He followed his royal
master also to the scaffold, and when he was preparing
himself for the block, Juxon said to him, " There is, sir,
but one stage more, which, though turbulent and trouble
some, is yet a very short one. Consider, it will soon carry
you a great way ; it will carry you from earth to heaven ;
and there you shall find, to your great joy, the prize to
which you hasten, a crown of glory." — " I go," said the
king, " from a corruptible to an incorruptible crown, where
no disturbance can be." " You are exchanged," replied
the bishop, " from a temporal to an eternal crown ; a goo(l
exchange."

220 JUXON.
It was remarked by the regicides, that the king-, the
moment before he stretched out his neck to the execu
tioner, said to Juxon, with a very earnest accent, the
single word Remember. Great mysteries were conse
quently supposed to be concealed under that expression ;
and the generals vehemently insisted with the prelate, that
he should inform them of the king's meaning. Juxon told
them, that the king having frequently charged him to in
culcate on his son the forgiveness of his murderers, had
taken this epportunity, in the last moment of his life, when
his commands, he supposed, would be regarded as sacred
and inviolable, to reiterate that desire ; and that his mild
spirit thus terminated its present course, by an act of be
nevolence towards his greatest enemies. — Dr. Juxon vvas
also one of those who accompanied the king's body to
Windsor, but was not permitted to read the funeral service.
Some months after this, when the commonwealth was
established, he was deprived of his bishopric, and retired
to his private estate, the manor of Little Compton, in
Gloucestershire, where he passed his time free from mo
lestation, and in the occasional enjoyment of field sports,
to which he was rather more addicted than became his rank
in the church. At the restoration he was nominated arch
bishop of Canterbury, in Sept. 1660, and at the corona
tion placed the crown on the head of Charles II. He was a
man of a liberal and princely spirit. During the short pe
riod that he enjoyed the archbishopric, he expended in
building and repairing Lambeth and Croydon palaces^
nearly 15,000i; and augmented the vicarages, the great
tithes of which were appropriated to his see, to the amount
of 1 103/. In the decline of life he was much afflicted with
the stone, of which he at length died June 4, 1663, in his
eighty-first year, and was interred with the greatest so
lemnity in the chapel of St. John's college, Oxford, near
the remains of archbishop Laud. To this college he had
ever been a friend, and was at last a munificent benefac
tor, bequeathing 7000^. to be laid out in the increase of
fellowships. His other charitable bequests amounted to
5000/. His contemporaries unite in praising his piety,
learning, charity, moderation of temper, and steady loyalty.
As a divine he has left little by which we can appreciate
his merits. There is but one sermon of his extant; en
titled " The Subjects' sorrow; or Lamentations upon the
death of Britain's Josiah, king Charles," 1.649, 4to, and

JUXON. 221
" Some considerations upon the Act of Uniformity ; with
an expedient for the satisfaction of the clergy within the
province of Canterbury. By a Servant of the God of
peace," Lond. 1662, 4to. It is also said that he was the
author of " A Catalogue of the most vendible books in
England," a well-known 4to, printed in 1658, and signed
W. London, in the dedication ; but whoever peruses that
dedication will perceive it cannot be from the pen of our
prelate.'

L

IBBOT (Dr. Benjamin), an ingenipus and learned
writer, and a judicious and useful preacher, son of the rev.
Mr. Thomas Ibbot, vicar of Swaffham, and rector of
Beachamwell, co. Norfolk, was born at Beachamwell in
1680. He was admitted of Clare-hall, Cambridge, July
25, 1695, under the tuition of the rev. Mr. Laughton, a
gentleman justly celebrated for his eminent attainments in
philosophy and mathematics, to whom the very learned
Dr. Samuel Clarke generously acknowledged himself to be
much indebted for many of the notes and illustrations
inserted in his Latin version of " Rohault's Philosophy."
Mr. Ibbot having taken the degree of B. A. 1699, removed
to Corpos-Christi in 1700, and was made a scholar of
that house. He commenced M.A. in 1703, and was elected
into a Norfolk fellowship in i706, but resigned it next
year, having then happily obtained the patronage of arch
bishop Tenison. That excellent primate first took him
into his family iu the capacity of his librarian, and soon
after appointed him his cliaplain.
' Biog. Brit. — Le Neve's Lires of the Archbishops. — Ath. Ox. vol. IL —
Unme'e History. — Sir Phil>P Warwick's t/lemoira. — Laud's Life and Diary. —
Ctarfendon's history.

2i2 IBBOT.
In 1708 the archbishop collated Ibbot to the treasurer-
ship of the cathedral church of Wells. He also presented
him to the rectory of tbe united parishes of St. Vedast,
alias Foster's, and St. Michael le Querne. George I. ap
pointed him one of his chaplains in ordinary in 1716; and
when his majesty visited Cambridge, in Oct. 1717, Mr.
Ibbot was by royal mandate created D. D. In 1713 and
1714; by the appointment ofthe archbishop, then the sole
surviving trustee of the hon. Robert Boyle, our author
preached the course of sermons for the lecture founded
by him, and desired in his last will, that they should be
printed. They bear evident marks of the solidity of his
judgment, and are well adapted to his professed design of
obviating by just reasoning, the insidious sugL^estions and
abusive censures of Collins, in his " Discourse of Free-
thinking." In these sermons the- true notion of the exer
cise of private judgment, or free-thinking in matters of
religion, is fairly and fully stated, the principal objections
against it are answered, and the modern art of free-think
ing, as treated by Collins, is judiciously refuted. Some
time after, he was appointed assistant-preacher to Dr. Sa
muel Clarke, and rector of St. Paul's, Shadwell. Upon
his being installed a prebendary in the collegiate church
of St, Peter, Westminster, in 1724, he retired to Cam-
berwell, for the recovery of his health, which had been
impaired by the fatigue of constant preaching to very nu
merous congregations, at a considerable distance from
each other. Here he died April 5, 1725, in the forty-fifth
year of his age, and was buried in Westminster-abbey.
His sermons at Boyle's lecture, were published in 1727,
Svo, and " Thirty Discourses on Practical Subjects" were
selected from his manuscripts by his friend Dr. Clarke,
and published for the benefit of his widow, 2 vols. Svo, for
which she was favoured with a large subscription. In
1719, Dr. Ibbot published a translation of Puffendorff 's
treatise " De habitu religionis Christians ad vitam civi-
lem," or of the relation between church and state, and how-
far Christian and civil life affect each other ; with a preface
giving some account of the book, and its use with regard
to the controversies in agitation at that time, particularly
the Bangorian. In 1775 were published, " Thirty -six
discourses on Practical Subjects," 2 vols. Svo. This is a
re-publication of the thirty discourses selected by Dr.
Clarke, with the addition of six occasional discourses, and

IBBOT. 223
a life of the author, by Dr. Flexman. There are some
verses of Dr. Ibbot's, in Dodsley's Collection, vol. V. en
titled " A fit of the Spleen," in imitation of Shakspeare.'
IGNATIUS (surnamed Theophorus), one of the apos
tolical fathers of the church, was born in Syria, educated
under the apostle and evangelist St. John, intimately ac
quainted with some other of the apostles, especially St.
Peter and St. Paul ; and being fully instructed in the doc
trines of Christianity, was, for his eminent parts and piety,
ordained by St, John ; and confirmed about the year 67,
bishop of Antioch by these two apostles, who first planted
Christianity in that city, where the disciples were first
called Christians. In this important seat he continued to
sit upwards of forty years, both an honour and safeguard
to the Christian religion ; in the midst of very stormy and
tempestuous times, undaunted himself, and unmoved with
the prospect of suffering a cruel death. So much seems
to be certain in general, though we have no account of
any particulars of his life till the year 107, when Trajan
the emperor, elated with his victory over the Scythians
and Daci, came to Antioch to prepare for a war against
tbe Parthians and Armenians. He entered the city with
the pomp and solemnities of a triumph ; and, as he had
already commenced a persecution against the Christians in
other parts of the empire, he now resolved to carry it on
here. However, as he was naturally mild and humane,
though he ordered the laws to be put in force against them,
if convicted, yet he forbad any extraordinary means to be
used for discovering or informing against thera.
In this state of affairs, Ignatius voluntarily presented
himself to the emperor ; and it is said, there passed a long
conversation between them, in which the emperor express
ing a surprise how he dared to transgress the laws, the
bishop took the opportunity to assert his own innocence,
and the power which God had given Christians over evil
spirits ; declaring that " the gods of the Gentiles were no
better than daemons, there being but one supreme Deity,
who made the world, and his only begotten son Jesus
Christ, who, though crucified under Pilate, had yet de
stroyed him that had the power of sin, that is, the devil,
and would ruin the whole power and empire of the djEmons,
and tread it under the feet of those who carried God in
their hearts," For this bold avowal of his principles, com-
> Life as above.— Masters's Hist, of C. C, C. C.

224 IGNATIUS.
bined with a defiance of heathenism, he was cast into
prison, and sentence passed upon him, that he should be
carried bound by soldiers to Rome, and there thrown as a
prey to wild beasts. ,It may seem strange that they should
send an old man by 'land, at a great expence, attended
with soldiers, from Syria to Rome, instead of casting him
if) the lions at Antioch ; but it is said, that Trajan did this
on purpose to make an example of him, as of a ringleader
of the sect, and to deter the Christians from preaching
and spreading their rehgion ; and for the same reason he
sent him to be executed at Rome, where there were many
Christians, and which, as it was the capital of the world,
so was it the head-quarters of all religious sects. After all,
this part of his sentence was a particular crueltj , and above
what the laws required, and consequently such as might
not be expected from Trajan, But, in our martyr's case,
he might not improbably be persuaded to act contrary to his
natural disposition by those about him, who began to per
ceive that Christianity, if it prevailed, would prove the
ruin of their religion. Ignatius was so far from being dis
mayed, that he heartily rejoiced at the fatal decree. " I
thank thee, O Lord," says he, " that thou hast conde-
spended to honour me with thy love, and hast thought me
worthy, with thy apostle St. Paul, to be bound in iron
chains." With these words he cheerfully embraced his
chains ; and having frequently prayed for his church, and
recommended it to the djvine care and providence, he de
livered up himself into the hands of his keepers. These
were ten soldiers, by whom be was first conducted to Se-
leucia, a port of Syria, at about sixteen miles distance, tbe
place where Paul and Barnabas set sail for Cyprus. Ar
riving at Smyrna, in Ionia, Ignatius went to visit Poly-
carp,, bishop of that place, and was himself visited by the
clergy of the Asiatic churches round the countiy. In re
turn for that kindness, he wrote letters to several churches,
as the Ephesians, Magnesians, Trallians, besides the Ro
mans, for their instruction and establishment in the faith ;
one of these was addressed to the Christians at Rome, to
acquaint them with his present state and passionate desire
not to be hindered in that course of martyrdom which he
was now hastening to accomplish.
His guard, a little impatient at their stay, set sail with
him for Troas, a noted city of the lesser Phrygia, not far
from the ruins of old Troy; where, at his arrival, he vvas

IGNATIUS. 225
tniich refreshed with the news he received of the persecu
tion ceasing in the church of Antioch. Hither also seve
ral churches sent their messengers to pay their respects' to
hira, and hfence too be dispatched two epistles, one to the
church of Philadelphia, and the other to that of Smyrna;
and together with this lastj as Eusebius relates; he wrote
privately to Polycarp, recommending to him the care and
inspection of the church of Antioch. All this while his
keepers used him very cruelly and barbarously. He com
plains of it himself; " From Syria even to Rome," says he,'
" both by sea atid land, I fight with beasts; night and day
I am chained to^ the leopards, which is my military guardy
who, the kinder I am to them, are the more cruel and
fierce to me." And yet it is evident, that they suffered
him to be visited by Christians, and to give them instruc
tions; and write epistles in several cities throdgh whi'6h'he
passed. But his own account of the matter ex;plains this
apparent difficulty; the woPds implying, that these roffians
nlade money of him this vv^y, being handsomely rewarded
for this permission by the Christians who resorted to him,
although their savage tempers induced them to use him the"
worse for it. From Troas they sailed to Nedpolis, a mari
time town in Macedonia, thence to Philippi, a Roman
colony, where they were entertained with all imaginable
kindness and courtesy, and conducted forwards on their
journey, passing on foot through Macedonia and Epirus,
till they came to Epidaurum, a city of Dalmatia, where
again taking shipping, they sailed through the Adriatic,
and arrived at Rhegiura, a port town in Italy; dtrectiug-
their course thence through the Tyrrhenian sea to Puteoli,'
whence Ignatius desired to proceed by land, ambitious tb'
trace the sarae way by which St. Paul went to Rorae; but
this wish was not complied with. In abcfut twenty-four'
hours, however, a brisk wind conveyed them to Ostia at
the mouth of the Tiber, about sixteen miles from Rome.
The Christians at Rome, daily expecting his arrival, had'
come out to meet and entertain him, and accordingly re
ceived him with an equal mixture of joy and sorrow: but
when some of them intimated, that possibly the populate
might be dissuaded frOra desiring his death, he expressed
a pious indignation, intreating them to cast no obstacles in
his way, nor do any thing that might hinderhim, now he
was hastening to his crown. The interval before his mar-
VoL, XIX, * Q

226 IGNATIUS.
tyrdom was spent in prayers for the peace and prosperity
of the church. That his punishment might be the more
pompous and public, one of their solemn festivals, the Sa
turnalia, was chosen for his execution ; when it was their
custom to entertain the people with the conflicts of gladia
tors, and tbe hunting and fighting with wild beasts. Ac
cordingly, Dec. 20, in the year 107, or as some think in
116, he was brought out into the amphitheatre; and the
lions, being let loGse upon him, quickly dispatched their
meal, leaving nothing but a few of the hardest of his bones.
These remains were gathered up by two deacons who had
been the companions of his journey, transported to Anti
och, and interred in the cemetery, without the gate, but
afterwards, by command of the emperor Theodosius, were
removed to the Tycheon, a temple within the city, now
consecrated to the memory of Ignatius. Thus far all his
torians concur ; but the pretended translation of these re
lics to Rome, and other places, must be classed among
the fables of the early Romanists.
His epistles are very interesting remains of ecclesiastical
antiquity on many accounts. He stands at the head of
those Antenicene fathers, who have occasionally delivered
their opinions in defence of the true divinity of Christ,
whom he calls the Son of God, and his eternal word. He
is also reckoned the great champion of the episcopal order,
as distinct and superior to that of priest and deacon. He
is constantly produced as an instance of the continuation
of supernatural gifts, after the time of the apostles, parti
cularly that of divine revelation, but the miracles imputed to
him are of very doubtful authority. The most important
use of his writings respects the authenticity of the Holy
Scriptures, to which he frequently alludes, in tbe very ex
pressions which are extant.
There are also some spurious writings attributed to Igna
tius, which are accurately examined by Dupin and others.
Of the genuine seven epistles, the best editions are, <hat
of Amsterdam, 1697, fol. with remarks by archbishop Usher
and Pearson ; and that by M. Cotelier, in his " Patre.s
Apostolici," Greek and Latin. These seven epistles are
addressed to. the Srayrneans, St. Polycarp, the Ephesians,
Magnesians, Philadelphians, Trallians, and Romans. They
are also excellently translated, and make part of archbishop
Wake's ?• Genuine Epistles of the Apostolical Fathers,"

I H R E. 227
1737, Svo, fourth edit, where there is a valuable introduc
tory chapter on the history artd writings of Ignfetius.'
IHRE (John),' professor of rhetoric and politics in the
university of Upsal, was born in March 1707, and on ac
count of the early death of his father, chiefly educated
under his grandfather, theii archbishop of Upsal. In 1730
he set out on his travels to iraprove himself by the com
pany and conversation of learned men. In 1733 he re
turned to Upsal, vvhere he was elected a member of the
academy of sciences. In 1737 he was made public profes
sor of poetry, and in 1748 he was appointed by the king
professor of rhetoric and politics; an office, the duties of
which he discharged for forty years with great reputation.
In 1756 king Adolphus Frederic! raised him to the rank of
a counsellor of the chancery ; two years after to that of
patrician; and in 1759 conferred on him the order of the
polar star. He died in 1780. In 1756 he undertook a
Sueco-Gothic Lexicon, and began to arrange the materials
which he had been preparing for the purpose. In 1766
he published a " Lexicon Dialectorum," in which he ex
plained and illustrated obsolete words, still used in the
provinces ; and in 1769 his " Glossarium Sueco-Gothicum"
was published in 2 vols, folio. He was the author also of
an explanation of the old catalogue of the Sueco-Gothic
kings, to which are added the old West-Gothic Laws. In
his dissertations "De Runorum Antiquitate, Patria, Ori-
gine, et Occasu," be asserts that the Runic writing was
formerly used in the greater part of Europe, was intro
duced into Sweden about the sixth century,, and became
entirely extinct in the beginning ofthe fifteenth. He was
possessed of a sound judgment and a retentive memory;
and so clearly were his ideas arrang'ed, that he had never
any need to correct what he had composed.'
ILIVE (Jacob), was a printer, and a son of a printer;
but he applied himself to letter-cutting in 1730, and car-
riied on a founderyand a printing-house together. He was^
an expeditious compositor, and was said to know the letters
by the touch ; but being not perfectly sound in mind, pro
duced some strange works. In 1751 he published a pre
tended translation of "The Book of Jasher ;" said to have.
been made by one Alcuinof Britain. The account given
' Life by Cave. — Jortin's Remarks on Ecclesiastical History. — Milnet'e
Church History. — Dr. Horsley's Letters to Priestley. — Lardner's Works.
' Diet. Hist. — Rees's Cyclopsedia. — Saxii Onomast.
Q 2

2?8 ILIVE.
of tbe translatjojRisfull of glaring absurdities ; but the pub
lication, in fact, was secretly written by him, and printed,
of by night. He, published, in 1733, an Oration, in-
ten,ded to prove the plurality of worlds, and asserdng that
tljis, earth is hell, that the souls of men are apostate angels,
atid that the fire to punish those confined to this world at
the day ofjtidgment will be imraa,terial. This was written
in 1729, and spoken afterwards at Joiners-hall, pursuant
to the will of his mother, who, had held the same extraor
dinary opi.nions. In this strange performance, the author
uiiveils his deistical principles, and takes no small liberty
with the sabred Slcriptures, especially the character of
Moses. Emboldened by tljis first adventure, he deter
mined tp become the public teacher of infidelity, or, as he
calls, it, " The. religion of nature." For this purpose, he
hired the use of Car.penters'-hall, where, for some con
siderable time, he delivered, his orations, which consisted
chiefly of scraps from Tindal, and other similar writers.
In the course of the same year, 1733, appeared a second
pamphlet called " A Dialogue between a Doctor of the
Church of England and Mr. Jacob Hive, upon the subject
of the oration." This strange oration, is highly praised iu
Holsvell's third part of "Interesting Events relating to
Bengal." For publishing " Modest Remarks on the late
bishop Sherlock's Sermons," Hive was confined in Clerken-
well-bridewell from June 15, 1756, till June 10, 1758;
during vvhich period he published "Reasons offered for
tlie Reformation of the House of Correction in Clerken-
vyell," &c. 1757, and projected several other reforming
treatises, enumerated in Gough's " British Topography ;"
where is also a memorandum, comraunicated by Mr. Bow
yer, of Hive's attempt to restore the company of Stationers
to their primitive constitution. He died in 1763. '
ILLXR1CU3 (Matthias Flacius, or Francowitz), but
who. Latinized. his name into Flaccus Illyricus, because
a native of Albona or Albana in Illyria, was born March 3,
.1520» He was instructed in grammar and the classics, by
KgniHiu§;at Venice, and gave the preference to divinity as
, a profession. Not, being: able, however, to maintaifl the
.expenses, of university education, he intended to throvf
.himself into a. monastery,, but happening to consult with a
relation of liis mother's, who vvas provincial of tlie Corde-
' Nichols's Bowyer,— Wilson's ili?t, of Dissenting Churches.

I L L Y il i c u s.
Hers, and who had begun 16 see thr6«lgb thfe errors of
popfery, this persPil prevailed with Fldeius to lay aside all
thoughts of the monastic lif^, and go ititb GSVrilany, ivhere
his knovVlfedge of Gi"eek and Hebrew wduld prbCure hihi a
tttaintenance until he had completed his theblogical studies.
Flaciils Elccordingly took this advice, went to Basil in
1539, and, after a few moilths Stay, went to Tubinged,
where he remained until 1541; and then feraovfed to Wit
tenberg, to complete his studies under Lhther and Me
lancthon, the latter of whoiil fddnd him soihe ettiploj/raerlt
in the university, dnd was the meahS of relieving his hiihd
from anxious doubts respecting sotrie of the fdhdanlerital
principles of the reformed religiohj fespectlhg the nature
of sin, the wrath of God, and ptedfestihation.
He vvas thus employed wheri all the schools of SaXotiy
were dispersed by the war; on wdiicb, FlaciuS wtiit to
Brunswick, where he acqtiired grfiat tfeputatibn by his
¦let;tures. Irl 1547 he returheU tb hi^ fbriner eraploytaeht
at Wittenberg, and hPre first began his diffferSnces with
his brethren on the subject of the Interim, that fadiohs
edict of Charles V. which was to be observed with the
articles of religiOfi thei:i in dispute; until they should be
determined by a council, and thef'efore was Called iiiteHrh.
But as it retained thost of the doctrines &,nd ceremonies df
the Romanists, though expressed for the most .jjart in the
s'oftfest words, oif' in scriptural phrases, or in terms of stu
died JiihbigifJty, excepting that of m'arfiage, which wis
allowed to priests, and cortimunion, which was Administered
to the laity undei' both kinds, most of the ProtestArits re
jected it, and nonfe vvith more warmth than Flacius. This
involved him also with Melancthon, again'st whom' be wrote
v*ith so much intemperance, that the laxtkt Cjdled him
" Echidna lllyrica," the Illyrian viper. FlaciUs, however,
that he might be at liberty to oppose popery in his own
way, retired, ih 1549, to Magdeburg, vvhich town w3S at
that time proscribed by the emperor. Her6 he published
several books, and began that ecclesiastical history which
vve have mentioned in the ailicle Judex, called the " Cert-
turies of Magdeburg," of which he had the chief direction.
Of this work the first fOur centuries, and part of the fifth,
were composed' at Magdeburg. The fifth was finished dt
Jena. The sixth was written in the place to which the
authdi's had retired on account of the [Persecution of their
two coadjutors, Gallus and Faber, The seventh vVas com-

230 ILLYRICUS.
posed in the country of Mecklenburgh, and the remaining
in the city of Wismar, in the same country. The first three
eenturies were published in 1559, though dated in 1560,
;ipcording to the booksellers' custom, with a dedication to
queen Elizabeth, earnestly exhorting her to establish the
pure, uncorrupt religion, and particularly the doctrine of
the corporal presence in the sacrament. The best edition
of this work is that of Basil, 1624, 3 vols, folio. This is
the most considerable of Flacius's works, and employed
him during the whole of his life, at such times as he could
spare from bis public employments and controversies, which
last he carried on with too much violence.
In 1557 he accepted the offer made to him, of tbe
Hebrew and divinity professorship in the new university of
Jena, where he had read lectures for five years, and where
be engaged in a dispute with fiis colleague, Strigehus, on
the nature of original sin, which Strigelius held to be
(iccidental of the soul, and Flacius maintained that it was
of the soul's substance and essence. This dispute was
held before the duke of Saxony at Weimar, and carried
pn to thirteen meetings, the acts of which were published,
with a preface by Musaeus, one of Flacius's followers.
His opinion on this subject, however, was so unpalatable,
that he was Obliged to leave Jena and go to Ratisbon, where
he published some raore works, and was in such reputation
among the adherents to the Augsburgh confession, that, in
1567, he was called into Brabant, to establish churches
there according to that rule of faith ; but these new
churches were soon dispersed by the persecution arisen in
^ha,t country, which obliged him to fly to Antwerp and
Strasburg, and finally to Francfort. Here he maintained
his opinion on original sin with such rigid adherence as to
be charged with Manicheism on this point, which greatly
injured his reputation, anid deprived him of many of his
followers. He died in this city, March II, 1575. He is
said to have been a man of extensive learning, but of a
controversial turn, which frequently embroiled him with
his brethren ; but on the other hand, he must be allowed to
ha,ve been a powerful agent in promoting the Reformation.
His works were numerous. Tei|Ssier, in his " Eloges des
hommes savans," has given the titles of seventy-eight
treatises, the greater part of which are also enumerated by
Niceron. Tlie principal are his " Clavis Scripturae," 2
vols, fol, pf which there have been seven editions, the last

ILLYRICUS. 231
»t Leipsic in 1695; np inconsiderable test pf its merit-
To this may be added his " Catalogus testium veritatis,"
of which there have been several editions in 4to and fol. ;
and an edition of the " Ancient Latin Mass," Strasburg,
1557, Svo. He thought this work would assist the common
cause ; but the Lutherans, perceiving the contrary, did all
riiey could to suppress it, which is the reason of its scarce
ness ; nor has the republication in P. le Cointe's " Annals,"
and in cardinal Bona's " Liturgies," reduced the very high
price. In the edition of Sulpicius Severus, published by him
at Basil, 1556, Svo, there is an " Appendix to the Latin
Mass," which may be added to it. There is another very
rare work of his, entitled " Varia doctorum piorumque
virorum de corrupto ecclesise statu, Poemata," Basil, 1557.'
IMHOFF (John, or, according to Saxius, Jaiwes Wil
liam), a very famous genealogist, born of a noble family
at Nuremberg, in 1651, was a lawyer in that city, and one
of its senators. He was considered as having a profound
knowledge of the interests qf princes, the revolutions of
states, and the history of the principal families in Europe.
He died in 1728. His works were, 1. " Genealogiee ex-
cellentium in Gallia familiarum," Norimb. 1687, folio.
2. " Genealogiae familiarum Bellomaneriae," &c. Norimb.
1688, folio. 3. " Historia Genealogica Regnm Magna
Britanniae," Norimb. 1690, folio. 4. " Notitia procerum
S. R. imperii," Tubingen, 1693, foho. 5. " Historia
Italiae et Hispanise genealogica," Norimb. 1701, folio.
6. " Corpus Historia: genealogicse Italiae et Hispanise,"
Norimb. 1702, folio. 7. " Recherches Historiques et Ge-
nealogiques des Grands d'Espagne," Amst. 1708, folio.'
8. " Stemma regium Lusitanicum," Amst. 1708, folio.
9. " Genealogiae 20 illustrium in Hispania familiarum,'!
Leipsic, 1720, folio.'
IMPERIALI (Joseph Renatus), a famous cardinal, was
born April 26, 'l65l, of an illustrious family at Genoa.
He was appointed general of the mint, then treasurer of
the apostolical chamber, afterwards cardinal, February 13,,
1690. The popes employed him in the most important,
affairs, and he was within one vote of being elected
pope in the conclave 1730. His probity, talents, and love
of learning, made him universally esteemed. He died.
> Melchior Adam. - Kiceron, vol. XXIV. -Gen. Diet. - Clement Bibl..
Curieuse.— Moverj. ', Diet. Hist,— Saxn Onomasticon.

233 I M P E R I A L L
January 4, 1737, at Rome, aged 86. He ordered, by, will,
that his noble library should be made public, of wliicb a
catalogue was printed at Rome in 1711, fol. by Justus
Eontanini. This library was long one of thp ornaments of
Rome" INCHOFER (Melchior), a learned German, was born
in 1584 at Vienna. He entered the Jesuits' society at
Rome 1607, and taught philosophy, mathematics, and
theology, at Messina, where he published a Latin treatise
in 1629, fol. which made much noise, and shows no little
credulity. It was reprinted at Viterbo, 1632, fol. In this
work he says that the pretended " Letter from the Blessed
Virgin Mary to the people of Messina" is genuine ; and
he was- therefore obliged, to go to Rome and clear himself
from the accusation brought against him in consequence of
this work ; but it ended in his being only compelled to
change the title of his book, and to make some small
alterations in it. He spent several years at Rome, and died
at Milan, September 28, 1648, leaving a " Treatise on the
Motion of the Earth and Sun," 1633, 4to; " De sacra
Latinitate," 1635, 4to ; " Historia trium Magorum," 1639,
4to ; " Annalium Ecclesiasticorum Regni Hungariae,"
tom. 1. fol. This -is a valuable work, but has not been
finished. He vvrote also the funeral oration of Nicholas
Richard, a Dominican,- master of the Sacred Palace, 4to ;
and a satire against the government of the Jesuits, entitled
" Monarchia Solipsorum," is also attributed to him, but
was more probably written by Julius Clement Scotti, an
ex-Jesuit. On its first appearance it was ascribed to Sci-
opius, but that opinion is now given up. It was, however,
dedicated to Leo AUafius, and was reprinted at Venice,
1652, with Inchofer's name. Bourgeois, in his account
of the book on " Frequent Communion," page 89, enters
into a large detail respecting luchofer, and the " Monar
chia Solipsorum," and as he was at Rome when the work
first came out, and was acquainted with Inchofer, to whom
he ascribes it, his testimony must be allowed to have con
siderable weight.^
INGELO (Nathaniel, D. D,), a divine of the seven-
teenth century, was a fellow of Emanuel college, Cam
bridge, and admitted fellow of Queen's college by the
> Diet. Hist.
^ Gen. Diet.— NicerQD, vol. XXXV.— Chaufepie,— Saxii Onoi^astieon.

INGELO. 233
parliamentary visitors, by whose interest likewise he pro
bably became a fellow of Eton in 1650. He was re-ad-
mitted to the same in 1660. He published three Sermons
in 1659 and 1677, and wrote a religious romance in folio,
entitled " Bentivolio and Urania," Lond. 1660. He died
jn August 1683, and his epitaph is in Eton college chapel,
where he was buried. In April 1739, were published
«' Nineteen Letters from Henry Hammond, D. D. to Mr.
Peter Stannynought and Dr. Nathaniel Ingelo," many of
them on very curious subjects.'
INGENHOUZ (John), an eminent physician and
chemist, was born at Breda in 1730. In 1767 he
came to England with a view of obtaining information on
the Suttonian method of inoculation for the small-pox, and
in the following year he went, on the recommendation of
the late sir John Pringle, to Vienna, to inoculate the
archduchess Theresa- Elizabeth, only daughter of Joseph
II. and the archdukes Ferdinand and Maximilian, brothers
of the emperor. For these services he obtained rewards
and honours : he was made body-physician and counsellor
of state to their imperial majesties, with a pension of 600/.
per annum. In the following spring he went to Italy, and
inoculated the grand duke of Tuscany. After this he
returned to England, to which he was much attached, where
he spent his time in scientific pursuits. He published a
very valuable work, entitled "Experiments on Vegetables,
discovering their great power of purifying the common air
in sunshine, but injuring it in the shade or night." This
work was first published in 1779, and was translated into
the French and German languages, and highly esteemed
by all the experimental philosophers of that period. He
ascertained, that not only from the green matter found on
stagnant waters, but likewise from tbe leaves of vegetables,
from the green branches and shoots, even from the entire
vegetable, when placed under water and exposed to the
solar light, oxygen gas, in a state generally of great purity,
is evolved ; and as the result of bis numerous experiments
be adopted the conclusion, that oxygen is elaborated in
the leaves and other organs of vegetables, by a vital action
excited and sustained by the solar light. The doctor,
through the whole of life, was fond of exhibiting among
his friends, particularly young persons, experiments of
' Harwood's Alumni Etonenses,

234 INGENHOUZ.
this kind, which required scarcely any apparatus, except
ing a bell glass and a phial or two; and with the oxygen
gas which he obtained from cabbage-leaves or other vege
tables, he would exhibit the combustion of iron-wire, which
is a striking and very brilliant experiment. Dr. Ingenhouz
was author of many papers inserted in the Transactions of
the Royal Society, of which body he was an active and
useful member. Of these papers we may notice the fol
lowing ; Experiments on the Torpedo. Methods of mea
suring the diminution of bulk taking place on the mixture
of nitrous with common air. Experiments on the Electro-
phorus. New Methods of suspending Magnetic Needles.
Considerations on the influence of the Vegetable King
dom on the Animal Creation. He died in 1799) highly
esteemed for the simplicity of his manners, and for the
discoveries which he had made in the several departments
of experimental philosophy.'
INGHIRAMI (Tomaso Fedra), an eminent Italian
scholar, was born in 1470. He descended from a noble
family of Volterra, where, in the commotions which took
place in 1472, his father lost his life, and the surviving
members of the family, among whom was Tomaso, then
only two years of age, sought a shelter in Florence. Being
there received under the immediate protection of Lorenzo
de Medici, and having closely attended to his studies, he
was induced, by Lorenzo's advice, to pay a visit to Rome
in his thirteenth year, where he made such rapid progress
in his acquirements, as to obtain an early celebrity. He
obtained the name of Fedra, or Ph.edra, by a singular
instance of talents and promptitude. Having undertaken,
with some of his learned friends, to perform Seneca's
"Hyppolytus," in which he acted the part of Phaedra, and
a part of the machinery having by accident been broken,
which interrupted the performance, he alone entertained ,
the audience whilst the injury was repaired, by the recital
of extemporary Latin verse; oh which account he was
saluted, amidst the applauses of bis hearers, by the name
of Phoedra, which he afterwards retained and used as his
signature. Soon after the accession of Alexander VI. he was nomi
nated by that pontiff a canon of St Peter's, and dignified
with the rank of a prelate. In 1495 he was sent as papal
* Rees's Cyclopxdia,— Murray's Chemistry.— Niohols's Bowyer, vol. VIII,

I N G H I R A M L 235
nuncio into the Milanese, to treat with the emperor-elect,
Maximilian, on which embassy be obtained not only the
approbation of the pope, but also the favour of the em
peror, who soon after the return of Inghirami to Rome,
transmitted to him from Inspruck an imperial diploma, by
which, after enumer^iting his various accomplishments, and
particularly his excellence in poetry and Latin literature,
he created him count palatine and poet-laureat, and con
ceded to him the privilege of adding the Austrian eagle to
his family arms. Nor was he less favoured by Julius II.
who, besides appointing him librarian of the Vatican, con
ferred on him the important office of pontifical secretary,
which he afterwards quitted for that of secretary to tlie
college of cardinals, Leo X. also enriched him with many
ecclesiastical preferments, and continued him in his office
of librarian until his death, which was occasioned by an
accident in the streets of Rome, Sept. 6, 1516, when he had
not yet completed the forty- sixth year of his age. To
this unfortunate event it is probably owing, that so few of
his writings have reached the present times. From the
testimony of his contemporaries, it is well known that he
was the author of many books. Among these are enume
rated a defence of Cicero ; a compendium of the history
of Rome ; a commentary on the poetics of Horace ; and
remarks on the comedies of Plautus ; but these works were
left at his death in an unfinished state, and have since been
dispersed or lost. It has been supposed that he was the
author of the additions to the " Aulularia" of Plautus,
printed at Paris, 1513.'
INGLIS (Hester), a lady celebrated for her skill in
calligraphy, in queen Elizabeth's and king James's time,
appears to have lived single until the age of forty, when
she became the wife of one Bartholomew Kello, a native
of Scotland, by whom she had a son, Samuel Kello, who
was educated at Christ-church, Oxford, and was minister
of Speckshall in Suffolk. His son was sword-bearer of
Norwich, and died in 1709. All we know besides of ber
is, that she was a correspondent of bishop Hall, when he
was dean of Worcester in 1617. Various specimens of her
delicate and beautiful writing are in our public repositories,
^nd some in Edinburgh-castle. In the library of Christ-
church, Oxford, are the Psalms of David, written in French
> Rescue's LeQ.

236 I N G L I S.
by Mrs. Inglis, who presented them in person to queen
Elizabeth, by whom they were given to the library. Two
manuscripts, written by her, were also preserved with carfe
in the Bodleian library : one of them is entitled " Le six
vingt et six Quatrains de Guy de Tour, sieur de Pyblac,
escrits par Estber Inglis, pour son dernier adieu, ce 2ie
jour de Juin, 16 17." The following address is, irt the
second leaf, written in capital letters : " To the right
worshipful my very singular friende, Joseph Hall, doctor of
divinity, and dean of Winchester, Esther Inglis wisheth
all increase of true happinessi Junii xxi. 16 1 7." In the
third leaf is pasted the head of the w^riter, painted upon a
card. The other manuscript is entitled " Les Proverbes de
Salomon ; escrites en diverses sortes de lettres, par Esther
Anglois, en Francoise. A Lislebourge en EscOsse," 1599.
Every chapter of this curious performance is written in a
different hand, as is also the dedication. The manuscript
contains near forty different characters of writing. The
beginnings and endings of tbe chapters are adorned with
beautiful head and tail-pieces, and the margins, in imita
tion of the old manuscripts, curiously decorated with the
pen. The book is dedicated to the earl of Essex. On
one of tbe first pages are his arras neatly drawn, with all
their quarterings. In the fifth leaf, drawn with a pen, is
the picture of Estber Inglis, in the habit of the times :
her right hand holds a pen, the left rests upon an open
book, on one of the leaves of which is written, " De
I'Eternel le bien, de moi le mal, ou rien." A music-book
lies open before her. Under the picture is a Latin epi^
gram by Andrew Melvin, and on the following page a
.second by the same author, iu praise of iVlrs. Inglis. In
the royal library, D. xvi. are " Esther Inglis's fifty Em-
bleras," finely drawn and written : " A Lislebourg en
Escosse, I'anne 1624."'
INGRAM (Robert), a worthy English divine, was born
March 9, 1726-7, at Beverley in Yorkshire, and educated
at Beverley school, from whence he was sent to Corpus
Christi college, Cambridge, of which he became fellow,
and took there his degrees in art.s, B. A. in 1749, and M.A.
in 17 53. His first preferment was the perpetual curaey of
Bridhurst, in Kent, to which he was presented in 1759, by
Dr. Green, bishop of Lincoln, after which he obtained
' Ballard's Memoirs. — Mslssey's Origin and Progress of Letters.

INGRAM. 237
successiively tbe small vicarage of Orston in Nottingham
shire, and the vicarages of Wormington and Boxted, in
Essex. He died Aug. 8, 1804, leaving behind him a high
character for simplicity of manners, great integrity, and
genoine benevolence. He had a high sense of the tiignity
and. importance of tbe clerical functions, and for fifty years
of his life was indefatigable in his attention to professional
duties. He was author of " A View of the great events
of the seventh plague, or period, when the mystery of
God shall be finished." " Accounts of the ten tribes of
Israel being in America, originally published by Manasseh
Ben Israel," &c. 17:9i2- " A complete and uniform expla
nation of the prophecy of the seven vials of wrath, or
seven last plagues contained in the Revelation of St. John,"
&c. 1804.'
INGRASSIAS (JaifN Philip), an eminent physician
and medical writer, a native of Sicily, was born in 1510.
He studied medicine at Padua, where he took the degree
of doctor in medicine in the year 1537, with singular re
putation ; insomuch that he soon received several, invita
tions to. pr-ofessorsbips from different schools. in Italy. He
accepted; the chair of medicine and anatomy at Naples,
w.htcb he.occupiedifjur a number of years, lecturing to the
most crowded audiences drawn by his. fame from all parts.
of the country. Hte possessed peculiar qualifications for
the office, having- united a consummate knowledge of the
writings of the ancient physicians with great practical skill
and a sound judgment, which led him to estimate justly
the merits and defects- of those fathers of the art. A sin
gular testimony of his talents and unremitting attention to
the improvement of bis^ pupils was gives by the latter, who
caused his portrait to be placed in the schools of Naples
with the following inscription : " Philippo Ingrassiae Siculo,
qui veram medicinae artem et anatomen, publiceenarrando,
NeapoU restituit, Discipuli memorise causa P. P." At
length he quitted his situation at Naples, in order to return
to his *.ative island, where he settled at Palermo. Here
also he received many marks of public distinction. The
rights of citizenship were conferred upon him ; and, in
1563, Phihp II. king of Spain, appointed him first pnysi-
cian- for Sieily and tihe adjacent isles. By virtue of the
powers attached to this office he restored order in the
I Gent. Mag* vol. LXXIV.

238 INGRASSIAS.
medical constitution of the country, by preventing al!
persons, unqualified by their education and abilities, from
practising there. His zeal for the credit of his profession
rendered him rigid and severe in his examination of can
didates; and he exercised his art himself in the most
honourable manner. When the plague raged at Palermo
in 1575, he adopted such excellent regulations as to puta
stop to the calamity, and restore the city to health, and
was hailed by all the citizens, the Sicilian Hippocrates.
The magistrates were so grateful for his services, that thiey
voted him a reward of two hundred and fifty gold crowns
a month ; but he disinterestedly declined to accept any more
than what served for the maintenance and decoration of the
chapel of St. Barbe, which he had built in the cloister of
the Dominican convent of Palermo. He died, greatly re
gretted, in 1580, at the age of 70 years.
Ingrassias cultivated anatomy with great assiduity, and
is esteemed one of the improvers of that art, especially in
regard to the structure of the cranium, and the organ of
hearing. He discovered tbe small bone of the ear, called
the stapes, which has been claimed as the discovery ef
others, but is admitted even by Fallopius to have been his.
He described minutely the cavity of the tympanum, the
fenestra rotunda and ovalis, the cochlea, semicircular canals,
mastoid cells, &c. ; and Eloy thinks, from a view pf his
plates, that be was acquainted with the muscle ef tbe vial-
leus, the discovery of which is ascribed to Eustachius. He
is said also to have discovered the seminal vesicles. He
was author of the following works : 1. " Jatropologia ; Li
ber quo multa adversus Barbaros Medicos disputantur,"
Venice, 1544, 1558, Svo. 2. " Scholia in Jatropologiam,"
Naples, 1549, Svo. 3. " De Tumoribus praeter naturam,"
ibid. 1553, folio, vol. I. This is properly a commentary on
some of the books of Avicenna. 4. " Raggionamento fatto
sopra I'infermita epidemica dell' anno 1558," Palermo,
1560, 4to, together with " Trattato di due mostri nati in
Palermo in diversi tempi." 5. " Constitutiones etCapi-
tula, necnon Jurisdictiones Regii Proto-Medicattis officii,
cum Pandectis ejusdem reformatis," Palermo, 1564, 1657,
4to. 6. " Quaestio de Purgatione per medicamentum, at-
que obiter efiam de sanguinis missione, an sext& die possit
fieri," Venice, 1568, 4to. 7. " Galeni Ars Medica," ibid.
1573, folio, 8. " De frigidae potu post medicamentum
purgans Epistola," ibid. 1575, 4to, reprinted at Milan,

IN G R A S S r A S. 239
1586. 9. " Informatione del pestifero e contagioso morbo,
&c." Palermo, 1576, 4tp. This work was translated into
Latin by Joachim Camerarius, and published under the
title of " Methodus curandi pestiferura contagium," at
Nurimberg, 1583. 10. "In Galeni librum de ossibus
doctissima et expertissima Commentaria," a posthumous
publication, printed at Messina, in 1603, under the inspec
tion of his nephew, Nicholas Ingrassias. This, which may
be deemed the principal work of Ingrassias, contains the
text of Galenyjn Greek and Latin, with a very diffuse and
learned commentary, in which there is much minute and
accurate description, particulariy of the parts belonging
to the organ of hearing. The figures are those of Vesalius.
The autlior defends Galen as far as he is able, but not
against the truth of modern discovery.'
INGUIMBERTI (Dominic, Joseph, Marie d'), an ex
emplary and learned bishop of Carpentras, at vvhich place
he was born in 1683, was first a Dominican, and in that
order he successfully pursued his theological studies; but,
thinking the rule of the Cistertians more strict and perfect,
he afterwards took the habit of that order. His merit
quickly raised him to the most distinguished offices among
his brethren, and being dispatched on some business to
Rome, he completely gained the confidence and esteem of
Clement Xll. By that prelate he was named archbishop
of Theodosia in partibus, and bishop of Carpentras in 1733.
In this situation he was distinguished by all the virtues that
can characterize a Christian bishop ; excellent discernment,
and knowledge, united with the completest charity and hu
mility. His life was that of a simple monk, and his wealth
was all employed to relieve the poor, or serve the public.
He built a vast and magnificent hospital, and established
the most extensive library those provinces had ever seen,
which he gave for public use. He died in 1757, of an
apoplectic attack, in his seventy -fifth year. This excel
lent man was not unknown in the literary world, having
published some original works, and some editions of other
authors. The principal of these productions are, 1. " Ge-
nuinus character reverendi admodiim in Cnristo Patris D.
Armandi Johannis Butillierii Rancaei," Rome, 1718, 4to.
2. An Italian translation of a book entitled " Theologie
Keligieuse," being a treatise on the duties of a mouastior
' Cbaufepi«.---Tirabo3chi.— Rees's Cyclopadia,

240 1 N G U I M BERT L
Ufe, Rome, 1731, 3 vols, folio. 3, An Italian translation of
a Erencb treatise, by father Didier, on the infaHibitity of
the pope, Rome, 1732, folio." 4. An edition of the works
of Bartholomew of the Martyrs, with his Life, 2 vols, folio;
5. " La Vie separee,," another treatisft on monastic life,, in
2 vols. 1727, 4to'.'
INGULPHUS, abbot of Croyland, and author of the
history of that abbey, was born in London about 1030*
He received the first part of his edfjcation at Westminster,
and when he, visited bis father, wha» belonged to the court
of Edward the Confessor, he was so fortunate as to engage
, the attention of queen Edgitha,, who took a pleasure iu the
progress of his education, and in disputing with him in
logic, and seldom disraissed him without some present as a
mark of her approbation. From Westminster he went to
Oxford, where he applied to the study of the Aristotelian
philosophy, in which he made greater proficiency than
many of his contemporaries, and, as he says, " clothed
himself down to the heel in the first and second rhetoric of
Tully." When he was about twenty-one years of age, he
was introduced to William duke of Normandy (who visited
the court of England in 1051), and made hiolself so agree
able to that prince, that he appointed him his secretary,
and carried' him. with him into his own dominions. In a
little time he became the prime favourite of his prince,
and the dispenser of all preferments ; but he hiraself con
fesses that he did not behave in this station with sufficient
modesty and prudence, and that he incurred the envy and
hatred of the courtiers, to avoid which he obtained leave
from the duke to go on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. In
the course of this journey, his attendant pilgrims at one
time amounted to seven thousand, but either from being
a.ttacked and killed by the Arabs, or other disasters, twenty
qnly of this goodly company were able to return home, and
those half-starved, and almost naked.- Ingulph now re
solved to forsake the world, and became a monk in the
abbey of Fontanelle in Normandy, of which he was in a
few years made prior. "W^hen his old master William of
Normandy was preparing for bis memorable expedition
into England, in 1066, Ingulphus was sent by his abbot
with one hundred marks in money, and twelve young men;
nobly mounted and completely ainned, as a present from
¦" jwct. Hist.

Ingulphus. 241
thfeir abbey. In consequence of this, William raised hitp
afterwards to the government of the rich abbey of Croy-^
land in Lincolnshire, in 1076. Here Ingulphu^ spent the
last thirty-four years of his life, govefning that society
with great prudence, and protecting their possessions from
the rapacity of the neighbouring barons by the favour of
his rpyal master; and here he died Dec. 1, 1109. He
wrote, but in a homely Latin style, a very curious and
valuable history of Croyland abbey from its foundation, in
the yeaf 664 to 1091. It was printed by sir H- Saville,
London, 1596, and is among Gale's " Scriptores." There
is also an edition of Francfort in 1601, and one of Oxford,
1684, which last is thought the most complete.'
IRELAND (John), author of the " Illustrations of Ho
garth," vyas born at the Trench farm, near Wera, in Shrop
shire, in a house which had been rendered somewhat re
markable, by having been the birth-place and country re
sidence of Wycherley the poet, and whose widow is said
to have adopted Mr. Ireland, when a child ; but this lady
dying without a will, left liiin unprovided for. He was
descended by the mother's side from two eminent dissent
ing clergymen ; his mother being the daughter ofthe rev.
Thomas Holland, and great-grand-daughter pf the rev.
Philip Henry. In his youth he discovered a strong predi
lection to the arts, and such literature as is immediately
connected with them, but as his parents were unable to
give him a regular education, and as he had a turn for
mechanics, he was brought up to the business of a watch-
. maker. Althougji he carried on this for sorae time with
good connexions, it was not upon tbe whole successful,
and during a considerable part of his life, he subsisted by
trafficking in pictures, prints, &c. for which he had a cor
rect taste, and in which he was probably assisted by the
artists and print-sellers. He amassed a good collection of
Mortimer's and Hogarth's works, and lived on intimate
terms with many men of eminence in the literary world,
and particularly with the artists Mortimer and Gainsbo
rough, and Henderson the actor, whose "Meipoirs" he pub
lished in 17S6. This actor had lived in Mr. Ireland's house
for some time after coming to London, but their intiuiacy
had for some reason abated, and at the period of Hender-
1 Pits— Tanner.— Henry's Hist, of Great Biitain, Tol.VI. p. 123.— Gough's
Britisli Topograi>by.
Vol. XIX. R

,242 IRELAND.
son's death was, if we are rightly informed, quite dissolved.
His Life ef Henderson is said to have been his first publica
tion, and certainly was not very successful, nor very inte
resting. He was more fortunate afterwards in being em
ployed by the Messrs. Boydell in the " Illustrations of
Hogarth," 3 vols. Svo, a work in which he displays a cor
rect knowledge of the arts, and a vein of humourous re
mark and anecdote not ill suited to the subjects he had to
illustrate. As Mr. Ireland was a man of integrity, he often
felt himself very much hurt as beibg mistaken for-Samuel
Ireland, the proprietor of the Shakspeare forged manu
scripts, who had also published a volume of scraps and
anecdotes relating to Hogarth. Our author, therefore,
thought proper to disclaim, in the preface to his third vo
lume, all connexion and relationship with bis namesake.
For several years Mr. Ireland had been afflicted with a com
plication of disorders, which had rendered society irksome
to him, and occasioned him to remove to the neighbour
hood of Birmingham, where he died in November 1808.
He was a man of pleasant and inoffensive manners, and
full of literary anecdote, which he liberally dispensed
around, whether in a coffee-house among strangers, or at
the social table among his friends.'
IRELAND (Samuel), mentioned in tbe preceding arti
cle, and we trust more unfortunate than accessary in the
possession of tbe forged MSS. of Shakspeare, was origi
nally a mechanic in Spitalfields, but taking advantage of
the taste of the age for literary curiosities, commenced a
speculator in scarce books, prints, and drawings. He had
some skill in drawing and engraving, and endeavoured to
turn it to account, by combining it with description, under
the name of " Travels." With this view he published in
1790, "A Picturesque tour through Holland, Brabant, and
part of France, made in the autumn of 1789," 2 vols. Svo,
illustrated with aqua-tinta and other prints. This suc
ceeded well, although his descriptions were common-place,
and his information seldom new. Encouraged, liowever,
by the sale of the work, he produced in 1792, " Pictu
resque Views on the river Thames," 2 vols. Svo, and in 1793
" Pictiuresque Views on the river Medway," in l vol. In
1794 he published his " Graphic Illustrations of Hogarth,"
ponsisting of anecdotes of that eminent artist, and engraved
' AthenSBum, toI. V.— Gent. Mag, vol. LXXVIIl.

i it E L AN D. 243
copies of many of his lesser and fugitive works, such as
shop-cards, tickets, &c. In 1796, he was an accomplice
in that fraud which eventually proved fatal to his character
and comfort. This was the production of a large quantity
of manuscripts, pretended to be in the hand-writing of
Shakspeare and consisting of poems, letters, and one en
tire play. These were exhibited at his house in Norfolk-
. street for the inspection of the public, and for some time
divided their opinions. Connoisseurs, however,' in ancient
writings, and particularly in the genius arid history of
Shakspeare, soon detected the fraud, which, although it
did for a time impose on some gentlemen in the literary
world, was executed in the most slovenly and clumsy man
ner. A more full account of this imposition, and the
controversies to which it gave rise, may be seen in our
authorities : it is scarcely worth reviving in this work.
After complete detection, it appeared that Mr. Ireland had
been himself the dupe of a near and worthless relation ; but
his obstinacy in maintaining the authenticity of these pa
pers long after he ought to have given them up, injured
his character, and it is thought hastened his death, which
took place in July 1800. We have to add to his works
" Picturesque Views ofthe Severn and Warwickshire Avon,"
and a " History of the Inns of Court," the latter a posthu
mous work. The MSS. of Shakspeare were published
under the title of " Miscellaneous papers and legal instru
ments, tinder the hand and seal of William Shakspeare,
including the tragedy of King Lear, &c." at the price of
four guineas to subscribers. What was yet mpre absurd,
a play pretended tpbe Shakspeare' s, entitled "Vertigern,"
was actually perfermed on Drury-lane theatre, but hooted
from the stage the first night.'
IRENjEUS (Saint), bishop of Lyons in France, was
undoubtedly by birth a Greek, and, not improbably, born
at or near the city of Smyrna. He was trained in the
studies of philosophy and human learning : in the doctrines
of Christianity, two disciples of St. John the apostle, Pa-
pias and Polycarp, were his masters. The latter he is
said to have accompanied in his journey, about the Paschal
controversy, to Rome ; whercj by his and Anicetus's per
suasion, he was prevailed upon to go to France; great
, ' Qent. Maj. ngS-?.- Month. Review, N. S. vol. XII,- XX, XXlI, XXVII,
XXXy. — Malone's Inquiry. — Chalmers's Apology for the Believers, &c. &c.
R.2

244 I R E N iE U S.
numbers of Greeks residing in some parts of that kingdom,^
especially about Marseilles, and the church there begin
ning to be disturbed by several pernicious heresies. In his
journey, arriving at Lyons, he continued several years
there, in the station of a presbyter, under the care and
government of Pothinus, the bishop of that city ; and,
by his behaviour, distinguished himself so much, that,
about the year 177, he was chosen to draw up the judg
ment and opinion of the churches of Lyons and Vienne,
which were sent to those in Asia, in order to compose tbe
differences lately raised by Montanus and his followers,
who pretended to the prophetic spirit. In the same letter,
they took occasion also to give an account of the persecu
tion, which then raged peculiarly among them, under
Marcus Antoninus. The opinions of the confessors in.
those times were always received with esteem and venera
tion. The same churches therefore sent other letters
about these controversies to Eleutherius, bishop of Rome,
which were probably carried by Irenaeus, who undertook
that journey at their request. Two years after, in the year
174, upon the martyrdom of Pothinus at Lyons, Irenaeus
succeeded to that chair, in a troublesome and tempestuous
time, when the church was assaulted by enemies from
without, and betrayed by heretics from within. These
circumstances required both courage and conduct in the
governors, and our new bishop gave conspicuous proofs of
his qualifications in both respects. He is said to have held
a provincial synod at Lyons, where, by the assistance and
suffrage of twelve other bishops, he condemned the here
sies of Marcion, Valentinus, and Basilides. He had per
sonally encountered some of these ringleaders among the
Gnostics, and read the books of others ; when, at the re
quest of many who importuned him, he set about the ela
borate work " against Heresies," part of which is still ex
tant under his narae. It was composed in the time (rf
Eleutherius; upon whose decease, Victor, succeeding to
the see of Rome, headed afresh the dispute about the time
of celebrating Easter, and endeavoured imperiously to op
pose the Roman custom upon the Asiatics. To heal tbe
schism, synods were called in several places ; and, among
the rest, Irenaeus convened one of the churches of France
under his jurisdiction; where, having determined the
matter, he wrote a synodical epistle to pope Victor, and
told him, that they agreed with hira in the main of the

I R E N JE U S. , 245
controvers)', but withal advised faim to take heed how he
excomraunicated whole churches, for observing the custom
derived down to them from their ancestors. He observed,
that there was as little agreement in the manner of the
preparatory fast before Easter, as in the day itself, sorae
thinking they were to fast but one day, others two, others
more, and sorae measuring the time by a continued fast of
forty hours ; and that this variety was of long standing,
and had crept into several places, while the governors of
the church took less care about these different customs than
about maintaining a sincere and mutual love and peace
towards one another ; putting him in mind too of Anicetus
and Polycarp, who, tliough they could not agree about
their different usages, did yet mutually embrace, orderly
receive tbe communion together, and peaceably part
from one another. Ireneeus wrote also, to the same effect,
to several other bishops, for allaying this unhappy dif
ference. The church had, for some years, enjoyed those calm
and quiet days from without, which had been abused by
animosities and contentions from within, when the emperor
Severus, hitherto favourable, began a bitter and bloody
persecution against the Christians, and prosecuted them
with great severity in all parts of the empire. He had
once governed the province of Lyons himself; and, pro
bably, then taking peculiar notice of Irenaeus, and the
flourishing state of the church in that city, might there
fore give more particular orders for proceeding against
them in this place. The persecution, which in other parts
picked out some few to make examples of, was here more
indiscriminate; and Irenaeus, having been prepared by
several torments, was beheaded. It is not easy to assign
the certain date of his martyrdom, whether it was when
the emperor published this edict, about A. C. 202 ; or in his
expedition to Britain A. C. 208, when he took Lyons in
his way.
Irenaeus wrote several books, which were all lost, except
his five against heresies ; and the far greatest part of the
original Greek is wanting in these. They have been many
times published, particularly by J. Ernestus Grabe, at
Oxford, 1702, fol. and there is prefixed an account of Ire
naeus, from which this is taken. Tertullian calls him
" omnium doctrinarum curiosissimus explorator," a most

346 I R N E R I U S.
curious searcher into all kinds of doctrine. His religious
opinions were nearly those of Justin Martyr. '
IRNERIUS, called also WERNERUS, or GUARNE-
RUS, a celebra,ted German lawyer, was born at Bologna,
about the middle of the eleventh century. After studying
the law at Constantinople, he taught it at Ravenna, where a
dispute arising between him and his colleagues about the
word " al," he sought for the meaning of it in the Roman
law ; and thence took a liking to it, applied to the study
of it, and at last taught it publicly at Bologna in 1128.
He had a great number of disciples, became the father of
the Glossators, and had the title of " Lucerna Juris." Thus
he was the restorer of the Roman law, which had been
destroyed by the invasion of the barbarians. He had great
credit in Italy with the princess Matilda ; and, having en
gaged the emperor Lotharius to order, by an edict, that
Justinian's law should resume its ^.ncient authority at the
bar, and that the code and digest should be read in tbe
schools, he was the first vyho exercised thaj; prpfession in
Italy : his method vyas to reconcile the " responsa juri^pru-r
dentum" with the " leges," vyben they seemed to clash.
It is also said, that he prevailed with Lotharius, whose
chancellor he was, to introduce into the universities the
creation of doctors, and that he drew up the form of
that ceremony ; which had its comraencement at Bo
logna,' and extended soon to all other universities, and
passed from the faculty of law to that of divinity. The
university of Paris having adopted these degrees, they were
used for the first time, in the person of Peter Lombard,
master of the sentences, who was created, in this form,
D. D. Irnerius died some time before 1 1 50, and vvas in
terred at Bologna, tjie law school of which was afterwards
rendered very famous by his disciples, and the Roman law
was thenceforth taught by Italian professors, not only in
Italy, but in England and France. One Vacaiius, a na
tive of Lombardy, was invited to England for that purpose
about the middle of the twelfth century. "
ISAAC (Karo), a rabbi, was one of those Jews who
left Spain on an edict of Ferdinand and Isabella, in 1492^
which obliged the Jews to quit their dominions within four
months, or else embrace phristianity. Karo went first t«
' Life in Giabe's edition. — Cave. — Mosheim and Milner's Church Histories.
» Gen. Diet.— Tiraboschi.— -Moreri. — Gingueni Hist. Litt. d'ltalie.

ISAAC. *J7
Portugal ; and, travelling thence to Jerusalem, he lost his
children and his books on the road. He lived in great soli
tude ; and, to console himself, composed a book, entitled
" Toledot Jiskach, the Generations of Isaac," It is a cotai-
mentary upon the Pentateuch, partly literal and partly
cabbalistical, in which he examines the sentiments of other
commentators. It has gone through several editions : the
first was printed at Constantinople in 1518; afterwards
at Mantua, and Amsterdam .in 1708. Buxtorf ascribes to
our rabbi a ritual entitled " Eben Haheser, the Rock of
Support.'" ISiEUS, a celebrated Grecian orator, of Chalcis, in
Syria, the d isciple of Lysias, and master of Demosthenes,
was born probably about 418 B. C. He taught rhetoric
with reputation at Athens ; and sixty-four orations are at
tributed to him, but he composed only fifty, and we have
but ten of them remaining in the " Greek Orators" of
Stephens, 1575, fol. of which we have ah excellent trans
lation by sir William Jones, in 1779, 4to. Isaeus took
Lysias for bis model, and has so well imitated his style
and elegance, that he might be easily confounded with
the other but for the figures of speech, which Isseus is
the first orator who makes frequent use of. He was also
the first who applied eloquence to political subjects, in
which his pupil Demosthenes followeil him. He must be
distinguished from another celebrated orator named Isjevs^
who lived at Rome in the time of the younger Pliny,
about the year 97, by whom he is highly extolled. A
sketch of his life is drawn by Philostratus, but he had no
thing in common with the Athenian orator, except the
volubility of his language, and his name, which last sir
William Jones thinks might be assumed, as that of Isocrates
also was taken by one of the later sophists, who wrote the
instructions to Demonicus. The best df the recent edi
tions of Isaeus is that of Reiske, in the " Orat. Graec."
Leipsic, 1770—75, 8vo.*
ISELIN (James Christopher), in Latin Isehus, a
learned antiquary, was born at Basil, in 1681. He was
made professor of history and eloquence at Marpurg, iti
1704; but was recalled to Basil, to teach history and
antiquity, in 1707, where he was also promoted to the
' MoreH.
2 Fabric. Bibl. GriEC— Preface to Jones's Translation. — Saxii Onomasticon,

248 ISELIN.
divinity -chair in 1711. He went to Paris in 1717, intending
to visit Holland and England j but, being nominated rector
of the university of Basil, was obliged to return into his
own country. Shortly after, the academy of inscriptions
and belles lettres at Paris made him an honorary foreign
member, in the room of M. Cuper. Iselin was also libra
rian at Basil, where he died in 1737. He published a
great nuraber of books, of which the principal are, 1 . " De
Qallis Rhenum transeuntibus Carmen Heroicum." 2."De
Historicis Latinis melioris aevi dii^sertatio." 3. Disserta
tions and orations ppon various subjects.'
ISIDORE (Saint), surnamed Pelusiota or Damietta,
from his retiring into a solitude near the town which bears
both these names, was the most celebrated of the disciples
of John Chrysostom, and flourished in the fifth century.
He professed the monastic life from his youth, and retired
from the world ; but appears to Jiave been more useful to
the church and to society, than might have been expected
from a monk. This appears by his letters, of vvhich, Sui
das says, he wrote no less than 3000 ; and Nicephorus
assures us that he composed several works, and mentions
particularly ten chiliads of his epistles. Sixttis Senensis
also adds, that he saw in the library of St. Mark at Venice,
a MS. containing 1184 of such epistles, which are not now
extant. He agrees with the orthodox in the leading doc
trines of the gospel, but his great excellence is his prac
tical rules. He died about the year 440. We have re
maining 2012 of his letters, in five books : they are short ;
but there are important things in them about many pas
sages of Scripture, as well as theological questions, and
points concerning ecclesiastical disciphne ; they are writ
ten in good Greek, and in an agreeable florid style. The
best edition of St. Isidore's works is that of Paris, 1638,
folio, in Greek and Latin. In 1737, Christ. Aug. Heu-
mann attacked the authenticity of some of his epistles in a
tract entitled " Epistolas Isidorae Pelusiotae maximam
partem esse confictas."*
ISIDORE (St.) of Seville, was born at Carthagena, in
Spain, the son of Severian, governor of that city, and was
educated by bis brother Leander, bishop of Seville, whom
he succeeded in the year 601. St. Isidore was the oracle
1 Chaufepie. — Moreri. — Saxii Onomasticon.
« Cave, vol. I — Lardner's Works.— Mosbeim and Milner's Ch. Hist.

ISIDORE. 24«
,of Spain during thirty-five years, and died April 4, 636,
leaving the fellpwing works : Twenty books of " Origines,"
or Etymologies, Paris, 1601, fol., or Cologn, 1617, fol. ;
a " Chronicle" ending at the year 626, useful for the his
tory of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi ; " Commentaries"
on the histprical books of the Old Testament ; a treatise
"on Ecclesiastical Writers ;" " a Rule for the Monastery
of Honori ;" a " Treadse on Ecclesiastical Offices," con
taining many very important passages relating to Eccle
siastical Discipline, and in which he mentions seven
prayers of the sacrifice. These prayers may still be found
in the Mosarabic mass, which is the ancient Spanish liturgy,
and of which this saint is known to have been the principal
author. The edition of the Missal, 1500, fol. and of the
Breviary, 1502, fol. printed by cardinal Ximenes' order,
are very scarce ; a Treatise on this Liturgy was printed at
Rome, 1740, fol. The " Collection of Canons" attributed
to St. Isidore, was not made by him. In the Rule above men
tioned, he speaks of the monks as follows : " The monks
shall every year at Pentecost make a declaration that they
keep nothing as their own. A monk ought to work with
his hands, according to the precept of St. Paul, and the
example of the patriarchs. Every one ought to work, not
only for his own maintenance, but for that of the poor.
Those whp are in health, and do not work, sin doubly, by
idleness, and setting a bad example. Those who chuse
to read without working, show that they receive no benefit
from what they read, which commands them to work."
This Rule of St. Isidore prescribes about six hours work
every day, and three hours reading. This Isidore is fre
quently ranked among musical writers. In his treatise on
the divine offices, much curious inforraation occurs con
cerning canto fermo, and music in general; but particularly
its introduction into the church, the institution of the four
tones by St. Ambrose, and the extension of that number
to eight by St. Gregpry. In treating of seciilar music,
he has a short chapter on each of the following subjects :
of music, and its name; of its invention; its definition;
of its three constituent parts, harmonics, rhythm, and
metre ; of musical numbers ; of the three-fold divisions of
music; 1st, Ofthe harmonical division of music; 2dly,
Of the organic or instrumental division ; 3dly, Of the
rhythmical division. These chapters are very short, and
contain little more than compressed definitions of musical

350 ISIDORE.
terms. In enumerating the seven liberal arts, cap. II. he
ranks them in the following manner : grammar, rhetoric,
logic, arithraetic, music, geometry, astronomy.'
ISLA (Joseph Francis de L'), was a Spanish Jesuit
who on the suppression of his order, went to Italy, and
settled at Bologna, where he died in 1783. He is known
chiefly as the author of " The History of the famous
preacher friar Gerund de Campazas ; otherwise Gerund
Zotes," This work was written with a view to correct the
abuses of tbe Spanish pulpit, by turning bad preachers
into ridicule. The first volume of the original Spanish
was published at Madrid, in 1758, under the assumed
name of Francisco Lobon de Salazar, minister of the parish
of St Peter in Villagarcia. It vvas not only highly ap
plauded by many of the learned in Spain, to whom it had
been communicated in manuscript; but even the inqui
sitors encouraged the publication, and bore testimony in
writing to its laudable design, believing that it would in a
great measure produce a reformation. One of the revisers
for the inquisition says, " It is one of those lucky expe
dients which indignation and hard necessity suggest, when
the hest means have proved ineffectual, and we are not to
find fault if the dose of caustic and corrosive salts be some
what too strong, as cancers are not to be cured with rose
water." Notwithstanding this approbation of the inquisi
tion, some orders, particularly tbe Dominican and Men
dicant, represented to the king that such a piece of mer
ciless criticism would too much diminish the respect due
to the clergy, and would render all religious orders ridi
culous in the eyes of the common people, &c. These ar
guments, repeatedly urged by the friars, and supported by
several of tlie bishops, obliged the council of Castile to
take the book into their serious consideration, which pro
duced a suppression of it. The author had a second vo
lume ready ; but, finding it impossible to print it in Spain,
presented the copy to Mr. Baretti, by whose means both
volumes were printed in EngHsh in 1771, with the omis
sion of some tedious and irrelevant parts. In Spain this
work was so highly approved, that the author was hailed
as a second Cervantes, whom he certainly endeavours to
copy ; but it would be too liberal to allow him the merit
of successful rivalship. Friar Gerund, however, is cer*
' Cave,— Dupin. — Moreri. — Burney, in Rees's Cyclopaedia.

I S L A. 251
tainly a work of great humour, and must have appeared to
much advantage in Spain, where the subjects of the satire
are more common and obvious than in this country. Here
it cannot be supposed to yield more than mere amusement,
unless where it presents us with the customs of the common
and middle ranks of Spain, and those are said to be faith
fully depicted."
ISOCRATES, an eminent Greek orator, was born at
Athens, in the 86th olympiad, five years before the Pelo-
ponnesian war, and 436 B. C. At an early age he began
tp study philosophy and rhetoric under Gorgias, Prodicus,
and Tiseas, whose doctrines and eloquence about this pe
riod astonished all Greece, It is affirmed that he also was a
disciple ofthe celebrated oratorTheramenes, whom the thirty
tyrants caused to be put to death because he favoured the
popular cause. He passionately loved glory ; and the de
sire of distinguishing himself, and of bearing a part in the
public administration, animated all his proceedings. In
order to this end, besides possessing information and a
turn for business, it was necessary to excel in eloquence ;
but nature having denied him botli voice and self-comraand,
he directed his efforts to composition, and confined him
self to interesting questions, such as appeared to him cal
culated to render his country happy, and his fellow-citi
zens virtuous. His talents corresponded with the gran
deur of his views. Youth flocked frora all parts to be his
pupils, and to form themselves on his lessons. Some of
them aftervyards became orators, some great statesmen,
and others polished and profound historians. He died
loaded with glory and wealth, at the age of ninety years,
a few days previous to the battle of Chaeronea, B. C. 338, -
In the orations of Isocrates, says the abbe Arnaud, his dic
tion is pure ; and no obscure or obsolete phrase disfigures
his style; but it is seldom lively, rapid, andveheraent; it
is various and splendid, but hardly ever simple and natural.
Whatever obstructs a smooth pronunciation, Isocrates re
jects; he studies above all to measure and round bis pe
riods, and to give them a cadence like that of verse.. All
his discourses are delightful to peruse, and well adapted
for panegyric, but are unfit for the turbulent proceedings
of the bar, and the tumult attending popular harangues.
Yet there is sometimes too much affectation in his arrange-
> Diet. Hist.— Prcfaoe to the Translation,

252 ISOCRATES.
ment ; his figures are either too far-fetched, or discordant,
or extravagant, so that he becomes cold and mannered ;
besides, in order the better to tune his style, and frame
his periods with nicety, he makes use of inefficient words,
and unnecessarily lengthens out his discourses.
Of his Orations, thirty-one remain ; and among the va
rious editions published, Dr. Harwood pronounces that by
Battie, Cambridge, 1729 — 1748, 2 vols. Svo, to be the
best. '
ITTIGIUS (Thomas), a learned professor of divinity at
Leipsic, was son of John Ittigius, professor of physic in
the same university, and born there in 1644. He received
the first part of his education at Leipsic ; then went to Ros-
toc, and lastly to Strasburg, to perfect his studies ; after
which he was adraitted a professor in philosophy at Leip
sic, and published a treatise upon burning mountains. He
then becarae a minister, and exercised that function in va
rious churches in the sarae place. In 1680 he was made
archdeacon, and licentiate in divinity; and, in 1691, pro
fessor extraordinary in the same faculty, and ordinary pro
fessor the ensuing year. He furnished several papers
published in the Leipsic Acts : besides which we have of
bis, " Dissertatio de haeresiarchis aevi apostolici ejus prox-
irai;" "Appendix de haeresiarchis;" "Prolegomena ad
Joseph! opera ;" " Bibliotheca patrum apostolicorum Grae-
co-Latina;" " Historia synodorum nationalium in Gallia a
reformatis habitarum ;" " Liber de bibliothecis et catenis
patrum ;" " Exhortationes theologicae ;" " Historiae ec-
clesiasticEe primi et secundi seculi selecta capita." Some
part of this last did not appear till after the death ofthe
author, which happened April 7, 1710.'
IVES, or YVES, in Latin Ivo, the celebrated bishop of
Chartres, was born in the territory of Beauvais, in 1035.
He was raised to the see of Chartres in 1092 or 1093,
under the pontificate of Urban XI. who had deposed Geo-
froy, our author's predecessor in the see, for various crimes
of which he was accused. Ives particularly signalized his
zeal against Philip I. who had put away his wife Bertha,
of Holland, and taken Bertrade of Montford, the wife of
Fouques de Requin, count of Anjou. This divorce was
contrary to the ecclesiastical law ; and the affair would
' Fahrie. Bibl. Grfflo.— Moreri.— Life by Amand.— Saxii Onomasticon.
' Moreri — Niceron, vol. XXIX.— Lardner's Works.— Saxii Onomasticoik

IVES. 253
have been attended with bad consequences had not the
prince's friends interposed. After this, the bishop em
ployed himself wholly in the functions of his ministry,
made several religious foundations, and died 1115. His
corpse was interred in the church of St, John in the Vale,
which he had founded. Pope Pius V. by a bull, dated
Dec. IS, 1570, permitted the monks of the congregaticiu
of Lateran to celebrate the festival of St. Ives. We have,
of his compiling, " A collection of Decrees ;" " Excep-
tipnes ecclesiasticarum regularum ;" besides " 22 Sermens,"
and a " Chronicon;" all which were collected in 1647 by
John Baptist Souciet, a canon of Chartres, in one vol.
folio, divided into parts. The " Decrees" were printed in
1561, and there has been another edition since. A collec
tion pf canons called the " Pannomia," or " Panormia,"
and some other pieces printed in the " Bibliotheca pa
trum," are also ascribed to our bishop. '
IVES (John), was the only son of one of the most emi
nent merchants at Yarmouth, where he was born in 1751.
He was entered of Cains ccllege, Cambridge, where he
did net long reside ; but, returning to Yarmouth, became
acquainted with that celebrated antiquary Thomas Martin
of Palgrave, and caught from him that taste for antiquities
which he pursued during the short period of his life. He
was elected F. S. A. 1771, and F. R. S. 1772 ; and, by fa
vour of the earl of Suffolk, in him the honour of Suffolk
herald extraordinary was revived ; an office attended with
no profit, but valuable to him by the access it gave to the
MSS. muniments, &c. of the heralds college, of which he
thereby became an honorary member. His first attempt
at antiquarian publication was by proposals (without his
name) in 1771, for printing an account of Lbthingland
hundred in Suffolk; for which he had engraved several
small plates of arms and monuments in the churches of
Friston, Gorleston, Loud, Lowestoffe, and SomerUton, from
his own drawings. His next essay was the short preface
to Mr. Swinden's " Flistory and Antiquities of Great Yar
mouth, in the county of Norfolk, 1772," 4to. Mr. Swin-
den, who was a schoolmaster in Great Yarmouth, was a
most intimate friend of Mr. Ives, who not only assisted
him with his purse, and warmly patronized him while
living, but superintended the book for the emolument of
' Moreri in Yves. — Care, vol. II. — Saxii Onomasticon in Yves.

254 I V E S.
the author's widow, and delivered it to the subscribers *.
Inl772 he caused tobe cut ninewooden plates of oldNorfolk
seals, entitled " Sigilla antiqua Norfolciensia. Impressit
Johannes Ives, S. A. S." and a copper-plate portrait of Mr.
Martin holding an urn, since prefixed to Martin's " History
of Thetford." On Aug. 1«, 1773, by a special licence
from the archbishop of Canterbury, he was married at Lam
beth church to Miss Kett (of an ancient family in Norfolk),'
and afterwards resided at Yarmouth.
In imitation of Mr. Walpole (to whom the first number
was inscribed), Mr. Ives began in 1773 to publish " Select
Papers" from his own collection ; of which the second num
ber was printed in 1774, and a third in 1775. Among
these are " Remarks upon our English Coins, from the
Norman invasion down to the end of the reign of queen
Elizabeth," by archbishop Sharp ; sir W. Dugdale's " Di
rections for the Search of Records, and making use of
thera, in order to an historical Discoarse of the Antiquities
of Staffordshire ;" with " Annals of Gonvile and Cains col
lege, Cambridge ;" the " Coronation of Henry VII. and
of queen Ehzabeth," &c. &c. In 1774 he published, in
1 2mo, " Remarks upon the Garianonum of the Romans ;
the scite and remains fixed and described ;" with the ichno-
graphy of Garianonum, two plates, by B. T. Pouncey;
south view of it, Roman antiquities found there, map of
the liver Yare, from the original in the corporation chest
at Yarmouth, and an inscription on the mantletree of a
farm-house. He died of a deep consumption, when be
had just entered his twenty-fifth year, June 9, 1776. Con
sidered as an antiquary, much merit is due to Mr. Ives,
whose valuable collection was formed in less than five years..
His library was sold by auction, March 3 — 6, 1777, in
cluding some curious MSS. (chiefly relating to Suffolk and
Norfolk) belonging to Peter Le Neve, T. Martin, and
Francis Blomefield. His coins, medals, ancient paintings,
and antiquities, were sold Feb. 13 and 14, 1777. Two
portraits of hira have been engraven. '
* " The author," says Mr. Ives, and application, will appear in the
" closed his life and his work together, course of the «rork." Mr. Swindefl was
The last sheet was in the press at the buried in the church of St. Nicholas at
time of his decease. To me he com- Yarmouth, in the north-aile, where a
- mitted the publication of it. A short, handsome mural monument is erecte*
but uninterrupted, friendship subsisted to his memory.
between us. His assiduity, industry,
' Nichols's Bowyer.— Gent, Mag. LVII and LXIII.— NohVs Colle"-eof Arms
—Granger's Letters, by Malcolm, p, 101, e^rt, &c. ^

I V E T A U X. 255
IVETAUX (NiCHOL-is Vanquelin, seigneur des), a
French poet, was born of a respectable family at la Fres-
naye, a castle near Falaise. He discovered early a taste
for poetry and the belles lettres, and, after having distin
guished himself as a student at Caen, succeeded his fat-lier
as lieutenant-general of the city ; but the marechal d'Es
trees persuaded him to resign his post and go to court,
where he placed him with M. de Vend6rae, son of the ce
lebrated Gabrielle d'Estrees. It was for this young prince
rfiat des Ivetaux wrote his poem of " L'Institution du
Prince," in which he gives his pupil very sensible, judi
cious, and even religious advice. After this he was pre
ceptor to the dauphin, afterwards Louis XIII ; but his li
centious way of life displeased the queen, and occasioned
him to be excluded from tbe court a year after Henry IV.
died. A pension and several benefices were, however,
given him ; but he afterwards resigned his benefices, on
being reproached by cardinal Richelieu for his libertinism.
Thus free from all restraint, des Ivetaux retired to an
elegant house in the fauxbourg St. Germain, where he
spent the rest of his days in pleasure and voluptuousness,
living in the Epicurean style. Fancying that the pastoral
life was the happiest, he dressed himself like a shepherd,
and led imaginary flocks about the walks of his garden,
repeating to them his lays, accompanied by a girl in thes
dress of a shepherdess, whom he had picked up with her
harp in the streets, and taken for his mistress. Their
whole employment was to seek refinements in pleasures,
and every day they studied how to render them more ex
quisite. Thus des Ivetaux passed his latter years ; and it
has been said that he ordered a saraband to be played when
he was dying, to sooth his departing soul ; but M. Huet,
on the contrary, affirms, that he repented of his errors at
the point of death. However that may be, he died in his
ninetieth year, at Brianval, near Germigni, in 1649. Be
sides the poem above mentioned, des Ivetaux left stanzas,
sonnets, and other poetical pieces, in the " Delices de la
Po6sie Fran9oise," Paris, 1620, Svo. '
* Moreri. — Diet. Hist, de L'Avocat.

( 256 )

K.

K.

.ABEL. Sec CABEL.
KAEMPFER (Engelbert), an eminent traveller, was
born Sept 16, 1651, at Lemgow in Westphalia, where
his father was a minister. After studying in several towns,
and making a quick progress, not only in the learned lan
guages, but also in history, geography, and music, vocal
and instrumental, he went to Dantzick, where he made some
stay, and gave the first public specimen of his proficiency
by a dissertation " De Divisione Majestatis," in 1 673. He
then went to Thorn, and theuce to the university of Cra
cow; where, for three years, studying philosophy and
foreign languages, he took the degree of doctor in philo
sophy ; and then went to Koningsberg, in Prussia, where
he stayed four years. All this while he applied himself
very intensely to physic and natural history. He next tra
velled to Sweden, where he soon recommended himself to
the university of Upsal, and to the court of Charles XI. a
great encourager of learning ; insomuch that great offers
were made him, upon condition that he would settle there.
But he chose to accept the employment of secretary of the
embassy, which the couipt of Sweden was then sending to
the sophi of Persia; and in this capacity he set out from
Stockholm, March 20, 1683. He went through Aaland,
Finland, and Ingermanland, to Narva, where he met Fa
bricius tbe ambassador, with whom he arrived at Moscow
the 7th of July. The negociations at the Russian court
being ended, they proceeded on to Persia ; but had like
to have been lost in their passage over the Caspian sea,
by an unexpected storm and the unskilfulness of their
pilots. During their stay in Georgia, Kaempfer went in
search of simples, and of all the curiosities that could be
met with in those parts. He visited all the neighbourhood
or Siamachi ; and to these laborious and learned excursions
we owe the many curious and accurate accounts he has
given us in his "Amoenitates Exoticte," published at Lem
gow, in 1712.

KAEMPFER. 257
Fabricius arrived at Ispahan in Jan. 1684, and stayed
there near two years ; during all which time of his abode
in the capital of the Persian empire, Kaempfer made every
possible advantage. The ambassador, having ended his
negociations towards the close of 1685, prepared to return
into Europe ; but Ksempfer did not judge it expedient to
return with him, resolving to go farther into the east, and
make still greater acquisitions by travelling. With this
view he entered into the service of the Dutch East-India
company, in the quality of chief surgeon to the fleet, which
was then cruising in the Persian Gulph, but set out for
Gamron Nov. 1685. He stayed some time in Sijras, where
he visited the remains of the ancient Persepolis, and the
royal palace of Darius, whose scattered ruins are still an
undeniable monument of its former splendor and great
ness. As soon as he arrived at Gamron he was seized with
a violent fit of sickness, which was near carrying him off;
but, happily recovering, he spent a summer in the neigh
bourhood of it, and made a great number of curious obser
vations. He did not leave that city till June 168^, and
then embarked for Batayia ; whither, after touching at
many Dutch settlements, in Arabia Felix, on the coasts of
Malabar, in the island of Ceylon, and in the gulph of Ben
gal, he arrived in September. This city having been so
particularly described by other writers, he turned his
thoughts chiefly to the natural history ofthe countiy about
it. He possessed many qualifications necessary for making
a good botanist ; he had a competent knowledge of it al
ready, a body inured to hardships, a great stock of indus
try, and an excellent hand at designing. In May 1690,
he set out from Batavia on his voyage to Japan, in quality
of physician to tbe embassy, which tbe Dutch East-India
corapany used to send once a year to the Japanese em
peror's court; and he spent two years in this country, mak
ing all the while most diligent researches into every thing
relating to it. He quitted Japan in order to return to
Europe, Nov. 1692, and Batavia, Feb. 1693. He stayed
near a month at the Cape of Good-Hope, and arrived at
Amsterdam in October.
April 1694, he took a doctor of physic's degree at Ley
den, on which occasion be communicated, in his thesis,
some very singular observations, which we shall presently
notice. At his return to his native country he intended
immediately to digest his papers and memoirs into prefer
Vol. XIX. S

253: K A E M P E E R.
order; but, being appointed physician to his prince, he
fell into too much practice to pursue that design with the
vigour he desired. He raarried the daughter of an eminent
merchant at Stolzenau in 1700. The long course of tra
vels, the fatigue of his profession, and some family-unea
sinesses, arising (as it is said) from the debts he bad con
tracted, had very much impaired his constitution ; so that,
after a variety of ailments, he died Nov. 2, 1716.
His inaugural dissertation, before noticed, and pub
lished at Leyden in 1694, is entitled " Decas observatio-
nura exoticarura." Of this an unique copy is preserved in
Sir Jaraes Smith's library. The subjects on which it treats
are, 1, tbe agnus Scythicus, or Borometz ; 2, the bitter
ness of the Caspian sea; 3, of the native mumia, or bitu
men, of Persia ; 4, of the torpedo, or electrical fish of the
Persian gulph ; 5, of the drug called dragon's blood, pro
duced by the fruit of a palm ; 6, of the dracunculus of the
Persians, a sort of warm proceeding from a tumour in the
skin ; 7, on the andrura, or endemic hydrocele of the
Malabars; 8, on the perical, or ulcer of the feet among
the same people ; 9, on the cure of the colic amongst the
Japanese by puncture with a needle ; 10, on the moxa, or
actual cautery, of the same people and the Chinese,
These subjects are, as Haller observes, all of thera pro
bably treated more fully in his " Amoenitates Exoticte,"
so often quoted by LinnsBus for its botany, as vvell as other
authors for its authentic idetails, relating" to the history and
manners of Persia, and other parts of the east. His History
of Japan is well known by the English translation in folio,
and is extremely valued for its accuracy and fidelity. It
was published in 2 vols. fol. Lond. 1728. Kceropfer, we
have remarked, was skilled in the use of the pencil ; 'and
some botanical drawings of his, made in Japan, are' pre
served in the British museum. Of these sir Joseph Banks
in 1791, liberally presented the learned worid with 59 folio
engravings at his own expence. Many of the plants are
still undetermined by systematic botanists. '
KAHLER (Wigand, or John), a learned and indefati
gable German writer, and Lutheran divine, was born Ja
iiuary 20, 1 649, at Wolmar, in the landgraviate of Hesse-
Cassel. He was professor of poetry, mathematics, and di
vinity at Rinteln, and member of the society of Gottino-en.
1 Niceron, vol. XIX.-Gen. Dict.-Mareri.-Haller, Bibl, Bot.-Rees's Cv
clopiedia,— Life prefixed to his History of Japan, ^

KAHLER. 2S9
He died May 17, 1729, leaving two sons and four daugh
ters. A great number of his " Dissertations" are collected
in two volumes, printed at Rinteln, 1700, and 1711, under
tbe title of " Dissertationes Juveniles ;" the principal are,
" De oceano ejusque proprietatibus et vario motu; De
libertate Dei; De terra; De reflexione luminis ejusque
effectu ; De imputatione peccati alieni, et speciatim Ada-
mici ; De PoHgamia," ike'
KALDI (George), a learned Jesuit, was born in Tir-
naw in Hungary, about 1572, was received into the Jesuits'
order at Rome, and returning to his own country, was
oanished into Transylvania, with the other members of the
society, during the commotions which, at that time, agi
tated the kingdom. After this he discharged the duty of
theological professor in the university of Olmutz, and filled
some other important posts in different places. His last
retreat was to a college which he built at Presburg, where
he died in 1634. He was regarded as one of the most
eloquent preachers in Hungary, and published some ser
mons, but he is chiefly celebrated for having completed a
translation of the Bible from the Vulgate into the Hunga
rian tongue, which was printed at Vienna, in 1626."
KALE, or KALF (William), a painter of still life, was
born at Amsterdam in 1630, and was a disciple of Hen-
drick Pot, a portrait and historical painter; of whom he
learned the practice of the art, but from whom he varied
in the application of it ; and applied his talents, which
were very considerable, in a close imitation of objects in
still life; which he composed vvith great beauty and effect.
It] the gallery of the Louvre at Paris, are two exquisite
works of his, in which he is said to unite the merits of Rem
brandt and Teniers. He possessed an eye informed with the
power of Rembrandt's arrangements and contrast of light
and shade, and a hand, that raanaged the pencil with the
neatness and correctness of Teniers. He died in 1693.^
KALKAR. See CALCAR.
KALM (Peter), a very celebrated naturalist, was a na
tive of Finland, and was born in 1715. Having irabibed
a taste for the study of natural history, it appears that he
pursued his inclination with much zeal and industry. His
first researches were rewarded by the discovery of many
new plants in Sweden, of which he gave some account to
' Moreri. — Diet. Hist. ' Moreri.
' I'ilkington.— Diet, Hist, — Rees's Cy-clopa;dia. ,S 2

260 KALM.
the botanical world between the years 1742 and 1746. He
was particularly anxious to explore the virtues of plants,
both with respect to their uses in medicine, and in the
useful arts, so that planting and agriculture occupied some
portion of his attention. His reputation as a naturaUst caused
him to be appointed professor at. Abo; and in October 1747,
he set out upon his travels, sailing from Gottenburg for
America; but, on account of a violent hurricane, was obliged
to take shelter in a port of Norway, whence he could not
depart till the ensuing February, when he proceeded im
mediately for London. From hence he went to North
America ; and having spent two or three years in exploring ,
whatever was worth}' of observation in that country, he
returned to his professorship at Abo in 1751. The ex
pences of this undertaking appear to have exceeded what
was allowed hira by the Acaderay of Sciences, so that our
author was obliged to live rather penuriously upon his re
turn ; yet he found raeans to cultivate, in a small garden
of his own, several hundred plants, for the use of the uni
versity, as there was no public botanical garden at Abo. His
discoveries in botany very materially enriched the " Species
Plantarum" of his great master, and the Linnaean Herbd-
riura abounds with specimens brought home by him, distin
guished by the letter K. Haller enumerates a king list of
tracts published by Kalm ; and his inaugural dissertation
appeared in the " Amoenitates Acaderaicae" of Linnaeus.
He was originally intended for the ecclesiastical profession,
but was drawn aside from this pursuit by attending the
lectures of Linnseus on natural history, given in the uni
versity of Upsal. Indeed, it was through the recommen
dation of Linnsus that professor Kalm vvas fixed upon to
undertake the voyage to North America, and the account
of his voyage was published in English by Forster in 1771.
He afterwards made, at his own expence, a very extensive
tour into Russia, the history of which never appeared in
print, but which is supposed to have furnished consider
able matter for the work of a Swedish writer, who pub
lished a book of travels in that kingdom. Kalm was a
member of the royal Swedish academy of sciences, and
died in 1779. His collection of dried plants, made in
his various journeys, and doubtless valuable for the pur
poses of botanical information, is said to remain in the
hands of his family in a state of neglect. '
1 Stoever's Life gflinnaeus,— Haller Bibl. Bot.— Rees's Cyclopajdia.

KANT.' 261
KANT (Immanuel), a German writer, who has lately
attained extraordinary fame in his own country as the in
ventor of a new system of philosophical opinions, which,
however, are not very likely to reach posterity, vvas born
April 22, 1724, in the suburbs of Konigsberg, in Prussia.
His father, John George Kant, was a sadler, born at
Memel, but originally descended from a Scotch family,
who spelt their name with a C ; but the philosopher, the
subject of this article, in early life converted the C into a
K, as being more conformable to German orthography.
Immanuel, tbe second of six children, was indebted to his
father for an example of the strictest integrity and the;
greatest industry ; but he had neither time nor talent to be
his instructor. From his mother, a woman of sound sense
and ardent piety, he imbibed sentiments of warm and ani
mated devotion, which left to the latest periods of his life
the strongest and most reverential impressions of her me
mory on his mind. He received his first instructions in
reading and writing at the charity-school in his parish ;
but soon gave such indications of ability and inclination to
learn, as induced his uncle, a wealthy shoe-maker, ta de
fray the expence of his farther education and studies.
From school he proceeded to the college of Fridericianum.
This was in 1740; and his first teacher was Martin Kaut-
zen, to whom Kant vvas strongly attached, and who de
voted himself with no less zeal to the instruction of his
pupil, and contributed very greatly to the unfolding of his
talents. His favourite study at the university was that of
mathematics, and the branches of natural philosophy con
nected with them. On the completion of his studies, he
accepted a situation as tutor in a clergyman's family. In
this, an^ in two other similar situations, he was not able to
satisfy his mind that he did his duty so well as he ought ;
he was, according to his own account, too much occupied
with acquiring knowledge to be able to communicate the
rudiments of it to others. HzMng, however, acted as a'
tutor for nine years, he returned to Konigsberg, and main
tained himself by. private instruction. In 1746, when
twenty-two years of age, he began his literary career with
a small work, entitled " Thoughts on the estimation of
the animal powers, with strictures on the proof's advanced
by Leibnitz and other mathematicians on this point," &c.
In 1754 he acquired great reputation by a prize essay on
the revolution of the earth round its axis; and the following

262 KAN T.
year was admitted to his degree of master of arts, and en
tered immediately upon the task of lecturing, which he
performed for many years to crowded audiences, and pub
lished several works, the titles of which are now of little
importance, compared to his new metaphysical system,
the first traces of which are to be found in his inaugural
dissertation, written in 1770, when he was appointed to a
professor's chair in the university of Konigsberg ; the sub
ject was, " De mundi sensibilis atque intelligibilis forraa
et principiis." Seated now in the chair of raetaphysics,
bis subsequent publications were almost entirely of this
nature. He pursued this study with unremitting ardour,
and entered into all the depths of metapb^-sical subtlety,
in order, as we are. told, " to unfold the rational powers
of man, and deduce frora thence bis moral duties." It
was not till 1781, that the full principles of his system ap
peared in his " Review of pure reason ;" and the system it
contains is coraraonly known under the name of the " Cri
tical Philosophy." As this work had been variously mis
represented, he published a second part in 1783, entitled
" Prolegomena for future Metaphysics, which are to be
considered as a science." In 1786 he vvas appointed rec
tor of the university, and was a second time called to the
same office, in 1788; and in a few months he was ad
vanced to be senior of the philosophical faculty. About
1798, he took, leave of the public as an author, and soon
after gave up all his oflScial situations. During his latter
years, his faculties were visibly decayed, in which state
he died Feb. 12, 1804. The chaiMcter of Kant is said to
have been contemplated with universal respect and admi
ration, and during his life he received from the learned
throughout Germany, marks of esteem bordering upon
adoration. How far he deserved all this, is very question
able. His language is equally obscure, and his reason
ings equally subtle with those of the commentators of
Aristotle in the fifteenth century. The truth of this asser
tion will be denied by none who have endeavoured to make
themselves masters of the works of Willich and Nitsch,
two of his pupils ; and the source of this obscurity seems
to be sufficiently obvious. Besides employing a vast num
ber of words of his own invention, derived from the Greek
language, Kant uses expressions which have long been
familiar to metaphysicians, in a sense different from that
in which they are generally received ; and we have no

KANT., 263
doubt that the difficulty of comprehending his philosophy
has contributed, far more than any thing really valuable in
it, to bring it into vogue, and raise the fame of the au
thor. For the fgllOwing analysis of his system we are in
debted to one of our authorities, and we might perhaps
deserve blame for the length of the article, if it did not
appear necessary that some record should remain of a set
of opinions that once threatened to usurp the place of all
true philosophy as well as religion. The reader who studies
for tbe practical improvement of his mind, will perceive
at once, that it is the object of all such metaphysical
projectors to render the world independent of revealed
religion. Kant divides all our knowledge into that vvhich is " a
priori," and that which is " a posteriori." Knowledge
" a priori" is conferred upon us by our nature ; and know
ledge " a posteriori" is derived from our» sensations, or
from experience; and it is in this system denorainated
" empyric." Kant does not, as this division would seem
to imply, intend to revive the doctrine of innate ideas.
He considers all knowledge as acquired ; he maintains that
experience is the productrice of all knowledge, and that
without it we could not have had a single idea. Our ideas
" a priori," he says, are produced with experience, but
not by it, or do not proceed frora it. They exist in, and
are forms of the mind. They are distinguished from other
ideas by fwo marks, which are easily discerned ; they are
universal and necessary ; they admit of no exception, and
their converse is impossible. Ideas which we derive from
experience have no such characters. We can imagine
that what we have seen, or felt, or heard once, we may
see, or feel, or hear again ; but we do not perceive any
impossibility in its being otherwise. Thus, if I see a
building on fire, I am certain of this individual fact ; but
it affords no general knowledge. Butif I take twice two
sraall balls, and learn to call twice two four, I shall imme
diately be convinced that any two bodies whatever, when
added to any other two bodies, will constantly make the
sum of bodies four. Experience affords the opportunity
of acquiring this knowledge, but it has not given it.; for
how could experience prove that this truth should never
vary ? Experience must be limited, and cannot teach what
ii universal and necessary. It is not experience which dis
covers to us that we shall always have the surface of a whole

2.€* KANT..
pyramid, by multiplying its base by the third part of its
height ; or, that two parallel lines extended " in infinitum"
shall never meet.
All mathematical truths, according to Kant, are " a
priori f thus, that a straight line is the shortest of all
possible lines between two given points; that the three
angles in any plane triangle are always equal to two right
angles, are propositions which are true " a priori." Pure
knowledge " a priori," is that which is without any mix
ture of experience. Two and two make four, is a truth of
which the knowledge is "a priori;" but it is not pure
knowledge, because the truth is particular. The ideas of
substance, and of cause and effect, are " a priori ;" and
when they are separated from the objects to which they
refer, they form, according to this system, " void ideas."
It is our knowledge " a priori," that is, the knowledge
which precedes experience, as to its origin, which renders
experience possible. Our faculty of knowledge has an
effect on our ideas of sensation, analogous to that of a vessel
which gives its own form to the liquor with which it is filled.
Thus, in all knowledge " a posteriori," there is something
** a priori," derived from our faculty of knowledge. All
the operations of our minds, all the impressions which our
senses receive and retain, are brought into effect by the
conditions, tbe forms, which exist in us by tbe pure ideas
" a priori," which alone render all our other knowledge
certain. Time and space are the two essential forms of
the mind : the first, for impressions received by the in
ternal sense ; the second, for those received by our ex
ternal senses. It is by means of the form space, that we
are enabled, " a priori," to attribute to external objects
impenetrability, divisibility, &c. ; and it is by means of the
form time, that we attribute to any thing duration, suc
cession, &c. Arithmetic is derived from the internal sense,
and geometry from that of our external. Our understanding
collects the ideas received by the impressions made on our
organs of sense, confers on those ideas unity by a parti
cular energy " a priori," and thereby forms the represen
tation of each object. Thus a person is successively struck
with the impressions of all the parts which form a particular
garden. His understanding unites these impressions, or
the ideas resulting from them ; and in the unity produced
by the act, it acquires the idea of the whole garden. If
the objects which produce the impressions afford also the

KANT. 26S
aaatter of the ideas, then the ideas are " empyric ;" but if
the objects only unfold the forms of the thought, the ideas
are " a priori."
Judgments are divided into two species ; analytic and
synthetic. An a^M/j/^ic judgment is that in which the attri
bute is the mere developement of the subject, and is found
by the simple analysis of the perception ; as, a triangle has
three sides. A synthetical judgment is that in which tbe
attribute is connected with the subject by a cause or basis
taken from the faculty of knowledge, which renders this
connection necessary ; as, iron is heavy ; wood is combus
tible ; the three angles of a plane triangle are equal to
two right angles.
The forms ofthe understanding are, in this system, quan
tity, quality, relation, modality. Quantity is distinguished
into general, particular, and individual ; quality, into af
firmation, negation, infinite ; relation, into categoric, hypo
thetic, and disjunctive ; and modality, into problematic,
certain, and necessary. M. Kant adds likewise to the pro
perties of the four principal forms of the understanding a
table of categories, or fundamental ideas, " a priori."
Pure reason is the faculty of tracing our knowledge " a
priori," to subject it to principles, to trace it from its ne
cessary conditions, till it be entirely without condition, and
in complete unity. The great work of Kant is divided into
several parts, under tbe titles^ " Of .(Esthetic transcen
dental ;" "Of transcendental Logic;" "Of the pure
Ideas of the Understanding ;" " Of the transcendental
Judgment ;" " Of the Paralogism of pure Reason," &c.
We cannot, from the nature of our work, discuss all the
parts of the system ; but may observe, that the author con
tends that we know objects only by the manner in which
they affect us ; and as the impressions which they make
upon us are only certain apparitions or phenomena, it is
impossible for us to know what an object is in itself. Hence
the system of Kant hals been compared with that of Berke
ley, which maintains that sensations are only appearances,
and that there is no truth, only in our reason. But Kant
does not go to this length. According to his theory, the un
derstanding, when it considers the apparitions or pheno
mena, acknowledges the existence of the objects themselves,
inasmuch as they serve for the bases of those apparitions ;
though we know nothing of their reality, and though we
can have jqo certainty but in experience.

266 KAN T.
Truth, according to our author, consists in the agreement
of our iiotions with the objects, in such a raanner as that all
men are obliged to forra the same judgment ; belief con
sists in holding a thing to be true, in consequence of a
persuasion which is entirely personal, and has not its basis
in an object submitted to experience. There is a belief of
doctrine, as, that " there are inhabitants in the planets,"
which is not the same as moral belief; because in moral
belief there is something necessary. Tbe ordinary mode
of teaching the existence of God belongs to the belief of
doctrine ; and it is the same with regard to the immortality
of tbe soul : nevertheless, the author was a firm believer
in the existence of God, and a future state ; because,
said he, " this persuasion renders immovable my moral
principles — principles which I cannot reject, without
rendering rayself conteraptible in ray own eyes. I wish
for happiness, but I do not wish for it without morality ;
ttnd as it depends on nature, I cannot wish it with this
condition, except by believing that nature depends on
a Being who causes this connection between morality
and happiness. This supposition is founded on the want
or necessity of my reason, and not on my duty. We
have, however," says Kant, " no certainty in our know
ledge of God ; because certainty cannot exist, except
when it is founded on an object of experience. The philo
sopher acknowledges that pure reason is too weak to prove
the existence of a being beyond the reach of our senses.
The necessity of believing in God is, therefore, onlj' sub
jective, although necessary and general for all those be
ings who conform to their duty. The proofs of natural
theology, taken from the order and beauty of the universe,
are proofs only in appearance. They resolve themselves
into a bias of our reason to suppose an infinite Intelligence,
the author of all that is possible ; but from this bias it does
not follow that there really is snch an author. To say,
that whatever exists must have a cause, is a maxim " a
priori ;" but it is a maxim applicable only to experience :
for we know not how to subject to the laws of our percep
tions that which is absolutely independent of them. It is
irapossible to know that God exists ; but we can compre
hend, how it is possible to act morally on the supposition of
the existence of an intelligent Creator, — an existence
which practical reason forces theoretical reason to adopt.
This proof not only persuades, but even acts on the cnn-

KANT. 267
viction, in proportion as the motives of our actions are
conformable to the law of morality. Religion ought to be
the means of virtue, and not its object. Man has not in
himself the idea of religion, as he has that of virtue.- The.
latter has its principle in the mind : it exists in. itself, and
not as the means of happiness ; and it may be taught with- •
out the idea of God, for the pure law of morality is " a
priori." He who does good by inclination, does not act
morally. There are compassionate minds, which feel an
internal pleasure in communicating joy around them, and
who thus enjoy the satisfaction of others ; but their actions,
however just, however good, have no moral merit, and
may be compared to other inclinations ;— to that of honour, .
for example, which, while it meets with that which is just
and useful, is worthy of praise and encouragement, but
not of any high degree of esteem. According to Kant, we,
ought not even to do good, either for the pleasure which
we feel in doing it, or in order to be happy, or to render
others happy ; for any one of these motives would be em
piric, and injure the purity of our morals. We ought to
act after the maxims derived " a priori," from the faculty
of knowledge, vvhich carry with them the idea of neces
sity, and are -independent of all experience; after the
maxims which, it is to be wished, could be erected into
general laws for all beings endowed with reason.
If this, says a judicious writer, be a correct view of tbe
object and the results of the Critical Philosophy, we con
fess ourselves unable to discover any motive which should
induce our countrymen, in their researches after truth, to
prefer the dark lantern of Kant Uj the luminous torch of
Bacon. The metaphysical reader will perceive, thaf, in
this abstract, there is httle which is, new except the
phraseology, that what is new is either unintelligible or
untenable, and that his opinions on the existence of the
Supreme Being have a manifest tendency to atheism.
With these sentiments of Kant's philosophy, we hear with
out surprize or regret that it is already much neglected in
Germany, and will probably soon fall into utter oblivion.'
KASTNER (Abraham Gothelf), an eminent mathe
matician, and professor of mathematics at Gottingen, was
born at Leipsic, Sept, 27, 1719. He had part of his edu-
1 Dr. Gleig's Supplement to the Encyclopasdia Britannica, a very elaborate
a»d valuable article,— Rees's Cyclopaedia,

268

K A S T !N E R.

cation at home, under his father and uncle, both of whom
were lecturers on jurisprudence, and men of general lite
rature. In 1731 he attended the philosophical lectures of
the celebrated Winkler, and next year studied mathemarics
under G. F. Richter, and afterwards under Hausen ; but
practical astronomy being at that period very little encou
raged at Leipsic, he laboured for some years under great
difficulties for want of instruments, and does not appear
to have made any great progress until, in 1742, he formed
an acquaintance with J. C. Bauraann, and by degrees
acquired such helps as enabled him to make several obser
vations. Heinsius vvas his first preceptor in algebra ; and,
in 1756, he was invited to GotUngen, to be professor of
mathematics and moral philosophy, and afterwards became
secretary of tbe royal society, and had the care of the
observatory on the resignation of Lovvitz in 1763; but,
notwithstanding liis talents in astronomy and geography,
the services he rendered to the mathematical sciences in
,general are more likely to convey his name to posterity.
He exerted himself with the most celebrated geometers of
Germany, Segner, and Karsten, to restore to geometry its
ancient rights, and to introduce more precision and accu
racy of deraonstration into the whole of mathematical
analysis. The doctrine of binomials ; that of the higher
equations ; the laws of the equilibrium of two forces on the
lever, and their composition ; are sorae of the raost im
portant points ir. the doctrine of matheraatical analysis and
mathematics, which Kastner illustrated and explained in
such a manner as to excel all his predecessors. Germany
is in particular indebted to him for his classical works on
every part of the pure and practical mathematics. They
unite that solidity peculiar to the old Grecian geometry
with great brevity and clearness, and a fund of erudition,
by which Kastner has greatly contributed to promote the
study and knowledge of the mathematics. Kastner's talents,
however, were not confined to mathematics : his poetical
and humorous works, as well as his epigrams, are a proof
of the extent of bis genius ; especially as these talents
seldom fall to the lot of a mathematician. How Kastner
acquired a taste for these pursuits, we are told by himself
in one of his letters. In the early part of his life he.
resided at Leipsic, among friends who were neither mathe
maticians nor acquainted with the sciences ; be then, as he
tells us, contracted " the bad habit of laughing at others ;"

"KASTNER., 269
but be used always to say, Hanc veniam damns petimusque
vicissim. Kastner died at Gottingen, June 20, 1800. Besides
works on tbe pure and practical matheraatics, we are in
debted to Kastner for a history of the matheraatics, from
the revival of literature to the end of the eighteenth cen
tury. Vol. I. contains arithmetic, algebra, the elements of
geometry, trigonometry, and practical geometry, and was
published at Gottingen, 1796, and an appendix iu 1797-
Vol. II. vvhich appeared at the same time, embraces per
spective geometrical analysis, and the higher geometry,
mechanics, optics, and astronomy.'
KAUFFMAN (Mary Angelica), a female artist, well
known in this country, was born in 1740, at Coire, the
capital of the Grisons, and received the elements of art
from her father, who, on some surprising proofs of her
early capacity, at the age of fourteen, conducted her to
Milan, and, after some years' practice there and elsewhere,
to Rome, where her talents, charms, accomplishments, and
graces, soon rendered her an object of general admiration :
in 1764 she removed to Venice, and in the following year
accompanied lady Wentworth, the wife of the British resi-
dent,j to England. Here, enjoying royal favour, the arbi-
tress of public taste, loved, esteemed, perhaps envied by
artists, decorated with academic honours, opulent and
happy, she sunk her own name in that of sir A. Zucchi, a
Venetian artist, whom she niarried*, and, after a residence
of seventeen years, returned, through her native place, tO
Italy, and settled at Rome ; where, after a new career of
success, courted, employed, and rewarded, by monarchs,
princes, and the most distinguished travellers, she died in
1807, of gradual decay, resigned, regretted, and honour
ed by splendid obsequies.
Mr. Fuseli, who was honoured by the friendship of An
gelica, and cherishes her memory, says, that he " has no
* In the Cyclopasdia, we are told, kindness, bnt treated her very ill. At;
that after some years residence here, last, however, by a payment made to i
she was unhappily deceived by a foot- him of 300/, he was induced to return
man of a German count, who, coming to Germany, and promised never to
to England, personated his master, molest her any more. He kept his
contrived to be presented at court, and engagement ; and the lady not hearing
persuaded Angelica to marry him. The of him for seven years, and concluding
cheat was soon discovered, and the him dead, then married an Italian
rascal had not the humanity to endea- painter of the name of Zucchi.
vour to sooth her disappointment hy
' Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine, vol. IX.

270 KAUFFMAN.
wish to contradict those who' make success the standard of
genius, and as their heroine equalled the greatest names
in the first, suppose that she was on a level with them in
powers. Angehca pleased, and deserved to please, the age
in which she lived, and tlie race for vvhich she wrought.
The Germans, with as much patriotism at least as judg
ment, have styled her the Paintress of Minds (Seelen Mah-
lerin) : nor can this be wondered at frora a nation, who,
in A. R. Mengs, flatter theraselves to possess an artist equal
to Raffaello. The male and feraale characters of Ange
lica never vary in form, features, and expression, from
the favourite ideal she had composed in her mind. Her
heroes are all, the man to whom she thought she could have
submitted, though him perhaps she never found ; and to
his fancied manner of acting and feeling, she, of course,
submitted the passions ofthe subject. Her heroines are
herself; and whilst suavity of countenance and alluring
graces shall be able to divert the general eye from the
sterner demands of character and expression, can never
fail to please."
Angelica painted the lighter scenes of poetry with a
grace and taste enrirely her own ; and happily formed to
meet that of an engraver whose labours highly contributed
to the growth and perpetuity of her fame. Bartolozzi was
the man, who, enjoying at the sarae tirae, youth, health,
and ingenuity, alraost enfirely devoted his talents between
Angelica and Cipriani. The three were endowed with con
genial feelings in arts; which, if not of the highest class,
were certainly entitled to rank among the most agreeable.'
KAYE, KEYE, CAY, or CAIUS (John), a learned
English physician and co-founder of Gonvirand Caius
college, Cambridge, the son of Robert Kaye, of a Norfolk
family, was born at Norwich, Oct. 6, 1510. After havin<r
received his school education at Norwich, he was admitted
very young of Gonvil-hall, of which he became fellow.
While here, among other proofs of hterary application, he
informs us that at the age of twenty-one, he translated out
of Greek into Latin, Nicephorus Callistus's treatise of
" Confession in prayer," another of Chrysostom, on the
" manner of prayer;" and out of Latin into English, Eras
mus's paraphrase on Jude. He also epitomized his book
' Pilkington, by Fuseli, in art. Zucchi.— Gent, Mag. vol. LXXVIII — Athp
naium, vol. 111. and IV.-Rees's Cyclopsedia, i-AAVlU.-Athe,

KAYE. 271
" De Vera Theologia." The study of divinity might pro
bably have engaged his attention at this time, but we find
that when he went afterwards, according to the custom of
the age,- to Italy, he studied physic under the learned
Montanus, and soon became himself so eminent in that
faculty, as to read lectures in the university of Padua for
sorae years. We also find him reading lectures on Aris
totle at that university about 1542, but he took his doctor's
degree at Bononia. In 1543 he travelled through the
greatest part of Italy, Germany, and France, and on his
return to England, coraraenced M. D. at Cambridge, and
practised both at Shrewsbury and Norwich with such suc
cess, as to be considered one of the ablest physicians in
England. It was doubtless this high reputation which pro
cured him the honour of being successively physician to
Edward VI. queen Mary, and queen Elizabeth.
In 1547, he was admitted fellow of the college of phy
sicians in London, of which he held all the higher offices,
of censor, president, &c. and upon every occasion shewed
hiraself a zealous defender, of the college's rights and
privileges, and a strict observer of her statutes, never, even
in advanced life, absenting hiraself from the comitia, or
meetings, without a dispensation. He also compiled the
annals of the college from 1355 to 1572, entering every
memorable transaction in its due time and order. In 1557,
being in great favour with queen Mary, and, as it is said,
almost an oracle in her opinion, he determined to employ
this influence in behalf of literature in general, and ac
cordingly obtained a licence to advance Gonvil-hall, in
which he had been educated, into a college. As vet it
was not a. corporation, or body politic ; but, by Caius's in
terest at court, it was now incorporated by the name of
Gonvil and Caius Coljege, which he endowed with con
siderable estates, purchased by hira on the dissolution of
the monasteries, for the maintenance of an additional num
ber of fellows and scholars. He also built, at his own ex-
pence, the new square called Caius Court. The first sta
tutes of this new foundation were drawn up by hira, and
that he might have the better opportunity of consulting its
interest, he accepted, and retained, the mastership, almost
as Ions: as he lived. Some short time before his decease
he caused another master to be appointed in his room, but
continued in colltege as a fellow-commoner, assisting daily
at divine service in a private seat in the clisipel, which Ije

272 KAY E.
had built for himself. Here ;he died July 29, 1573, and
was buried in the college-chapal, with the short epitaph of
" Fui Caius. Vivit post funera virtus."
Caius's religious principles have been disputed. The
most probable conjecture is, that be had a secret inclina
tion to the principles of his early years, but conformed,
at least in outward observances, to the reformation m his
latter days. Of his learning there is no difference of opi
nion. It was various and extensive; and his knowledge ^of
the Greek language, parriculariy, gave bim a superiority
over most of his contemporaries, the study of that lan
guage in this country being then in its infancy. His zeal
for the interests of learning appears from his munificence
to his alma mater, and the same motive led him in 1 557 to
erect a monument in St. Paul's cathedral to the celebrated
Linacre. As an author, he wrote much ; but some of his
works have not been published. He revised, corrected,
and translated several of Galen's works, printed at different
times abroad. He published also, 1. "Hippocrates de
Medicamentis," first discovered in MS. by him ; also " de
ratione Victus," Svo. 2. " De medendi methodo," B,asil,
1544, Lond. 1556, Svo. 3. " De Ephemera Britannica,'*
or an account of the sweating sickness in England, Lond,
1556, and reprinted so lately as 1721. 4. " De Thermis
Britannicis." 5. " Of some rare Plants and Animals,"
Lond. 1570. 6. " De Canibus Britannicis," Lond. 1570,
and inserted entire in Pennant's " Brirish Zoology." 7.
" De pronunciatione Graecse et Latinae linguae," Lond.
1574, with several other works, a history of his college,
&c. still in manuscript*. One only of his works we re
serve for a more particular notice. This was his History
of tbe university of Cambridge, occasioned by the appear
ance of a work written by the subject of our next article,
in which it was asserted that Oxford was the most ancient
* There is considerable difficulty in is entitled, " J. Caii Britanni Opera
recovering the proper titles and dates aliquot et Versiones, partimjam nata,
of books of the sixteenth century ; and partim recognita atque aucta." Lo-
Bale, Pits, and even Tanner, often vaine, 1556, Svo. To this edition is
give as separate publications, what prefixed a print of Dr. Caius, accu-
belong to a collection. We are not rately cut in wood, with a large beard,
sure that in the above list we have not according to the custom of the age.
fallen into the same error ; but we can Dr. Jebb's volume of Caius's tracts in-
refer the reader to a very scarce vo- eludes, " De Canibus ;" " De variai
lume, in ithich the best of Caius's Animalibus;" " De libris propriis ;''
tracts are to be found, and in which and *' De pro.nunciatione Gr. & Lat»" '
they nere collected by tbe author. It

KAYE. 27S
aniversity, founded by some Greek philosophers, tbe com
panions of Brutus, and restored by king Alfred in 870,
consequently older than Cambridge. Dr. Caius, however,
completely defeated his antagonist by going farther back in
ancient history, and asserting, that Cambridge was founded
by Cantaber, 394 years before Christ, and consequently
was 1267 years older than Oxford ! Strype says that Caius
published this work (in 1568, Svo.) at the motion of arch
bishop Parker. It is to be regretted that either should
have embarked in so ridiculous a controversy. '
KAY, or CAIUS (Thomas), the antagonist of Dr. Caius
in the antiquity of the universities, was born, as Wood con
jectures, in Lincolnshire, but, according to Blomefield,
vvas of a Yorkshire family. He was, however, educated at
University college, Oxford, where he entered about the
year 1522. In 1525, he was elected fellow of All Souls,
where he took his degrees in arts, and at that time was"
esteemed an excellent Latin scholar, Grecian, and poet.
In 1534, he was unanimously chosen registrar of the uni
versity ; but, in 1552, was deprived of this office for negli
gence'. Soon after the accession of queen Elizabeth, he
was made prebendary 'of Salisbury. In 1561, he was
elected master of University college, to which he was
afterwards a considerable benefactor; and, in 1563, he
was instituted to the rectory of Tredington in Worcester
shire. He died in his college, in 1572, and was buried in
the church of St. Peter's in the East. He was well versed
in sacred and profane learning, but, according to Smith,
negligent and careless in some parts of his conduct. He
translated Erasmus's "Paraphrase on St. Mark," by com
mand of queen Catherine Parr, Lond. 1548 ; and likewise"
made translations from the Greek of Aristotle, Euripides,
&G. but which do not appear to have been printed. What'
preserves his memory is his vindication of the antiquity of
Oxford, mentioned in the preceding article, entitled,
"Assertio aUtiqilitatis Oxoniensis academise;" printed with
Dr. John Caius's answfer, 1568, 1574, and again by Hearne
2 vols. Svo, 1730. Mr. Smith, in his history of Univer
sity- Cpllege, has nearly ansvvered Caius's ai-guments re
specting Alfred. "
'.Biog. Brit.— Strype's Parker, p. 199—201, 257, 380.— Peck's Desisjttata.
» Ath. Ox. vol. 1. — Smith's Annals of University College, p.- 161.
Vol, XIX. T

274 K E A C H.
KEACH (Benjamin), a Baprist divine of considerable
note in his day, and some of whose writings are still popu
lar, was born Feb. 29, 1640, at Stokeharaan in Bucking-
harasbire : he appears to have had no regular education,
owing to the poverty of his parents, and for some time
worked at a trade. He read much, however, in the reli
gious controversies of the times, and entertaining doubts
of the validity of infant baptism, was himself re- baptised
by immersion, when in his fifteenth year, and joined him
self to a congregation of Baptists. Between this and his
eighteenth year, he probably studied with a view to the
ministry, as at that latter period, be became a preacher,
and some tirae after his settlement in London, attached
himself to the particular or Calvinistic Baptists. After
the restoration, he frequently was involved in prosecutions,
owing to the bold avowal of his sentiments, especially in a
little tract called " The Child's Instructor," in which he
asserted that infants ought not to be baptised ; that laymen,
having abilities, might preach the gospel, &c. For this
he was tried at Aylesbury assizes, Oct. 8, 1664, and sen
tenced to imprisonraent and pillory, the latter of which
was executed at the market-place of Winslow, where he
was then a preacher. In 1668 he was chosen pastor of a
congregation of Baptists in Goat-yard passage, Horsley-
down, Southwark. In 1674 and sorae following years, he
had a controversy, concerning his particular tenets, with
Baxter, Burkitt, Flavel, and' others, and with sorae of his
own persuasion, concerning certain rainute points of dis
cipline. He was in all his opinions sincere, and accounted
a man of great piety, and of very considerable knowledge,
considering the want of early education and opportunities.
He died July IS, 1704, and vvas interred in the burial-
ground belonging to the Baptists, in the Park Southwark.
He published a great many tracts, some controversial and
sorae practical. His " Travels of True Godliness," and
" Travels of Ungodliness," written in the manner of Bun-
yan, have passed through many editions, and are still po
pular; but bis ablest works are his " Key to open Scrip
ture Metaphors," first published in 1682; and his "Ex
position ofthe Parables," 1704, both in folio.'
KEATE (George), a very agreeable English writer, was
descended from sir George Hungerford, his great grands
' Crosby's Hist, of the Baptists — Wilson's Hist, of Dissenting Churches.

KEATE. 275
father, by lady Frances Ducie, only daughter of Francis
lord Seymour, baron of Trowbridge. ,He vvas born, as
may be conjectured, about 1729 or 1730, and received his
education at Kingston school, under the rev. Mr. Woode-
sou. From thence be went to Geneva, where he resided
some years ; and during his stay there, became acquainted
with Voltaire, with whom he continued to correspond many
years after he returned to England. After finishing the
tour of Europe, he settled as a student in the Inner Tem
ple, was called to the bar, and sometimes attended West
minster-hall ; though he did not meet with encouragement
enough to induce his perseverance in his profession, nor
indeed does it seem probable that he had sufficient appli
cation for it. His first performance was " Ancient and
Modern Rome," a poem, written at Rome in 1755, and
published in 1760, with merited applause. Soon after, he
printed " A short Account of the Ancient History, present
Government, and Laws ofthe Republic of Geneva." This
work he dedicated to his friend Voltaire. In 1762 be
produced an " Epistle from lady Jane Gray to lord Guild
ford Dudley;" and in 1763 "The Alps," a poem, which,
for truth of description, elegance of versification, and vi
gour of imagination, greatly surpasses all his other poeti
cal productions. In 1764 he produced " Netley Abbey;"
and in 1765, the "Temple Student, an Epistle to a Friend,"
in which be agreeably rallies his own want of application in
the study ofthe law, and intimates his irresistible penchant
for the belles lettres. In 1769 he married miss Hudson,
of Wanlip, Leicestershire. Some months before which, he
had published " Ferney," an epistle to Mons. de Voltaire, in
which he introduced a fine eulogium on Shakspeare, which
prociired him, soon after, the compliment, from the mayor
and burgesses of Stratford, of a standish, mounted with sil
ver, made out of the mulberry-tree planted by that illus
trious bard. In 1773 he published " The Monumeat in
Arcadia," a dramatic poem, founded on a well-known pic
ture of Poussin; and in 1779, "Sketches from Nature,
taken and coloured in a Journey to Margate," 2 vols.
12mo, an imitation of Sterne's " Sentimental Journey." —
In 1781 he collected his poetical works in two volumes,
with a dedication to Dr. Heberden, including a nuraber of
new pieces never before printed, and an excellent por
trait of himself. Of these pieces, one vvas " The Helve-
tiad," a fragment, written at Geneva, in 1756. He had
T 2

276. KEATE.
intended to compose a poem of some length, on the
subject of the emancipation of Switzerland from tbe op
pression of the hou.se of Austria, and had even settled the
plan of his work, when he acquainted M. Voltaire with his
intention, who advised him rather to employ his time on
subjects more likely to interest the public attention :
" For," said he, " should you devote yourself to tbe com
pletion of your present design, the Swiss would be much
obliged to you, without being able to read you, and the
rest of the world would care little about the matter."
Whatever justice there was in this remark, Mr. K. relin
quished his plan, and never resumed it afterwards. In
1781, he published an " Epistle to Angelica Kauffman."
A few years after he became engaged in a long and vex
atious lawsuit, in consequence of the neglect (to say the
least of it) of an architect who professed himself to be his
friend ; the particulars of which it is of no importance to
detail. At the conclusion of tbe business he shewed that
his good humour had not forsaken him: and in 1787 he
gave to the public the principal circumstances of his case
in a performance entitled " The Distressed Poet, a serio
comic Poem, in three cantos," 4to, with some pleasantry,
and without any acrimony.
In the. next year, 1788, the last of his productions ap
peared ; and the composition was very honourable to his
talents and bis liberahty. In 1782, the Antelope packet
was shipwrecked on the Pelew Islands, where the com
mander, captain Wilson, and his crew lived some time be
fore they could get off. The circumstances attending this
extraordinary deliverance having been communicated to Mr.
Keate, he offered to draw up the narrative of them for the
advantage of his friend captain Wilson. This he executed
in " An Account of the Pelew Islands, situated in the
western part of the Pacific ocean; composed from the
journals and communications of captain Henry Wilson and
some of his officers, who in August 1783 were there ship
wrecked, in the Antelope, a packet belonging to the honour
able, East India Company," 4to, a work written with great
elegance, compiled with much care, and which, if embel
lished (as it certainly appears to be) with facts better cal
culated to have found a place in a novel than a genuine
narrative, must be ascribed to the mis-information of
those who were actors in the scene, and must first have
deceived before they obtained credit. Mr. Keate (who

KEATE. 277
undertook the task on the raoSt disinterested principle, and
derived no advantage whatever froth the work) was too
sturdy a raoralist to have had any hand in the imposition.
Besides the pieces already mentioned, Mr. Keate vvas
the author of many prologues and epilogues, Spoken at
Mr. Newcomb's school at Hackney ; and of other occa
sional verses in the literary journals, not, however, Of suf
ficient importance to be enumerated. He had also
adapted his friend Voltaire's " Semiramis" to the stage ;
but this vvas superseded, in 1777, at Drury-lane, by cap
tain Ayscough's translation.
Mr. Keate's life passed without any vicissitudes of fotr-
tune ; he inherited an ample estate, which he did not at
tempt to increase otherwise than by those Attentions ivhich
prudence dictated in the management of it. He wate hos
pitable and beneficent, and possessed the godd v\|ill of
mankind in a very eminent degree. For the last year Or
two, his health visiblj' declined ; but on the day he died,
he appeared to be somewhat mended. His death was sod
den, on June 27, 1797. He left one daughter, married
in 1796 to John Henderson, esq. of the Ad'elphi, His
widow died in 1800. At the time of his death, Mr. Keate
was a bencher of the Temple, and a very old member of
the royal and antiquary societies, of both which he bald
been frequently elected one of the council.'
KEATING (Geoffrey), an Irish historian, vi^as born
in the province of Munster, of English ancestry, and
flourished in the earlier part of the seventeenth century.
He was educated with a view to the Roman catholic church,
and having received at a foreign university the degree of
D. D. he returned to his native country, and became a ce
lebrated preacher. Being well versed in the ancieiit Irish
language, he collected the remains of the early history
and antiquities of the island, and formed thera into a re
gular narrative. This work, which he finished about the
time of the accession of Charles I. commences froth the
first ptariting of Ireland, after the deluge, ahd goes on to
tbe seventeenth year of king Henry II. giving an account
of the lives and reigns of one hundred and seventy-four
kings of the Milesian race, replete with fictitious person
ages and fabulous narratives, which, however, it has been
Said', he giv^es as such, and does not impose them on his
I ' Gentleman's aild Eurottean AJagazlnes for 1791.— Nichols's Bowy»r.

278 KEATING.
readers as true history. The work remained in MS. in the
original language, till it was translated into English by
Dermot O'Connor, and pubhshed in London in 1723; but
a better edition appeared in 1738, with plates of the arms
of the principal Irish farailies, and an appendix, not in the
forraer, respecUng the ancient names of places. Keating
died about the middle of the seventeenth century, or, as
some think, much earlier, about 1625. He wrote some
pieces of the religious cast, and two poems, one, an
" Elegy on the Death of the Lord Decies," the other a
buriesque on his servant Simon, whom he corapares with
the ancient heroes.'
KEBLE (Joseph), an English lawyer, was the son of a
lawyer of eminence, during Cromwell's usurpation, and
born in London, 1 632. After a proper preparation, he was
sent to Jesus -college, Oxford ; whence he shortly removed
to All-souls, of which he was raade fellow by the parlia
ment visitors in 1648. He took the degree of LL. B. in
1644; and, not long after, was admitted student at Gray's
inn, London, and becarae a barrister about 1658. The
following year he went to Paris. After the restoration, he
attended the King's bench bar with extraordinary assi
duity, continuing there as long as the court sat, in all the
terms frora 1661 to 1710, but was hardly ever known to
be retained in any cause, or even to make a motion. He
died suddenly, under the gate-way of Gray's-inn, Aug.
1710, just as he was going to take the air in a coach. He
was a man of incredible industry, for besides having pub
lished several books in his life-time, he left above 100
large folios, and raore than 50 thick 4tos in MS. twenty of
which are in the library of Gray's-inn. Writing must have
been his delight as well as employment, and became so
habitual, that he not only reported the law cases at the
King's-bench, Westminster, but all the sermons at Gray's-
inn chapel, both forenoon and afternoon, which amounted at
last to above 4000. This was the mode of the times when
he was young ; and there is a mechanisra in some natures,
which makes them fond of proceeding as they have set out.
He appears to have been a man of a singular turn in other
respects, yet regular in his conduct, and very benevolent.
The first work he undertook forthe public vvas a new
table, with many new references, to the statute-book, in
1 Harris's edition of Ware's Ireland.— .Moreri.

KEBLE. 279
1674. 2. "An Explanation of the Laws against Recu
sants, &c. abridged," 1681, Svo. 3. "An Assistance to
Justices ofthe Peace, for the easier Performance of their
Duty," 1683, foho; licensed by all the judges. 4. " Re-
'ports taken at the King's-bench at Westminster, from tbe
12th to the 30th year ofthe Reign of our late Sovereign
Lord King Charies II." 16S5, 3 vols, folio. This work
was also licensed by the judges ; but not being digested in
the ordinary method of such collections, and having no
table of references, it was not so well received as was ex
pected ; and the credit of it being once sunk, could not
be retrieved, though the table was added in 1696. Indeed,
as a reporter he does not stand high in the opinion of the
profession. 5. Two essays, one "On Human Nature, or the
Creation of Mankind ;" the other, " On Human Actions."
These were pamphlets.'
KECKERMAN (Bartholoiview), a very learned man,
was born at Dantzic, in Prussia, 1571. He received tbe
first rudiments of learning under James Fabricius, so dis
tinguished by his zeal against Papists, Anabaptists, and
other heretics; and in 1589, was sent to the university of
Wirtemberg, where he studied philosophy and divinity.
Two years after, he removed to the university of Leipsic ;
whence, after half a year's stay, he went in 1592, to
that of Heidelberg. Here he todk a master's degree,
and was so highly esteemed by the governors ofthe uni
versity, that he vvas first made a tutor and afterwards He
brew professor there. In 1597, the senate of Dantzic,
pleased with the reputation and merit of their'countryraan,
sent hira u formal and honourable invitation, by letter, to
come and take upon him part of the management of their
acaderay, vvhich he at first refused, but on a second invi
tation, in 1601, consented, after having first received the
degree of D. D. at Heidelberg. As soon as he was settled
at Dantzic, he proposed to lead the youth through the
very penetralia of philosophy, by a newer and more com
pendious method than had hitherto been' found out, ac
cording to which they raight, within the compass of three
years, finish a complete course. For this purpose he pur
sued the scheme he bad begun at Heidelberg, and drew
up a great number of books and systems upon all sorts of
subjects ; logic, rhetoric, ceconomics, ethics, politics, phy-
' Biog. Brit.---Nichols's Bowyer. — Bridgman's Legal Bibliograpliy,

2p0 KECKERMAN.
sics, metaphysics, geography, astronomy, &c. : and in this
industrious manner he went on till 1609, when, fairiy worn
out with constant attention to tbe business of teaching, he
died at the early age of thirty-eight. His works were
fmblished at Geneva in 1614, 2 vols. fol. The most va*'
uable are his systematic treatises on rhetoric; but they
were all for some time used in teaching, and afterwards
pillaged by other compilers, without acknowledgment, '
KEENE (Ediwund), an English prelate, born in 1713,
was the younger son of Charles Keene, of Lynn, in Nor
folk, esq. sometime mayor of that town, whose eldest son
was sir Benjamin Keene, many years ambassador at Ma
drid, and K. B. who died Dec. 15, 1757, leaving his fortune
to the subject of this article. Mr. Edmund Keene vvas
first educated at the Charter-house, and afterwards at Caius
college, Cambridge, where he was admitted in 1730. In
J738 he was appointed one of his majesty's preachers at
Whitehall chapel, and made fellow of Peterhouse in 1739.
In 1740 he was made chaplain to a regiment of marines ;
and, in the same year, by the interest of his brother with
sir Robert Walpole, he succeeded bishop Butler in the
valuable rectory of Stanhope, in the bishopric of Durham.
In 1748, he preached and published a sermon at Newcastle,
at the anniversary meeting of the society for the relief of
the widows and orphans of clergymen ; and, in December
following, on tbe death of Dr. Whalley, he was chosen
master of Peterhouse. In 1750, being vice-chancellor,
iinder the auspices of the late duke of Newcastle, he ve
rified the concluding paragraph in his speech on being
elected, " Nee tardum nee rimidura habebitis procancella-
rium," by promodng, with great zeal and success, the re-
fulations for improving the discipline of the university.
'his exposed him to much obloquy frora the younger part
of it, particularly in the famous "Fragment," and "The
Key to tbe Fragment," by Dr. King, in which Dr. Keene
was ridiculed (in prose) under the name of Mun, and in
that of the " Capitade" (in verse), under that of Acutus,
but at the same time bis care and attention to the interests
and character of the university justly endeared him to his
great patron, so that in Jan. 1752, soon after the expira
tion of his ofllice, which he held for two years, he was no-
piinated to the see pf Chester, vacant by the death of bishop
' Melchior Ad^m.- :^oreri.— Gen. Diet,

KEENE, 281
Peploe, and was consecrated in Ely-house chapel on Palm
Sunday, March 22. With this he held in commendam his
rectory, and, for two years, his headship, when he was
succeeded, much to his satisfaction, by Dr. Law. In May
• following his lordship married the only daughter of Lan
celot Andrews, esq. of Edmonton, formerly an eminent
linen-draper in Cheapside, a lady of considerable fortune,
and a descendant of the family of bishop Andrews. She
died March 24, 1776. In 1770, on the death of bishop
Mawson, he was translated to the valuable see pf Ely.
Receiving large dilapidatiens, his lordship procured an act
of parliament for alienating the old palace in Holborn, and
building a new one, by which the see has been freed from
a great incumbrance, and obtained sorae increase also of
annual revenue. " The bishopric," it has been humorously
observed, " though stripped of the strawberries which
Shakspeare commemorates to have been so noted in Hol
born, has, in lieu of them, what may very well console a
man not over-scrupulous in his appetites, viz. a nevf man
sion of Portland stone in Dover-street, and a revenue of
5000^. a year, to keep it warm and in good repute." Bishop
Keene soon followed his friend Dr. Caryl, " whom," he
said, "he had long known and regarded, and who, though
he had a few more years over him, he did not think would
have gone before him." He died July 6, 1781, in the
sixty-eighth year of his age, and was buried at his own
desire in bishop West's chapel, Ely cathedral, where is a
short epitaph drawn up by himself. " Bishop Keene," it
is observed by bishop Newton, " succeeded to Ely, to his
heart's desire, and happy it was that he did so ; for, few
could have borne the expence, or have displayed the taste
and magnificence, which he has done, having a liberal for-,
tune as well as a liberal mind, and really meriting the ap
pellation of a builder of palaces. For, he built a new
palape at Chester; he built a new Ely-house in London ;
and, in a great measure, a new palace at Ely; leaving
only the outer walls standing, he formed a new inside, and
thereby converted it into one of the best episcopal houses,
if not the very best, in the kingdom. He had indeed re
ceived the money which arose from the sale of old Ely-
house, and also what was paid by the executors of his pre
decessor for dilapidations, which, all together, amounted
to about 11,000/.; but yet he expended some thousands
more of his ov\'n upon the buddings, and new houses re-

282 KEENE.
quire new furniture." It is chiefly on account of this taste
and munificence that he deserves notice, as he is not
known in the literary worid, unless by five occasional ser
mons of no distinguished merit.'
KEILL (John), an eminent matheraatician and philo
sopher, was born Dec. 1, 1671, at Edinburgh, where he
received the first rudiments of learning ; and, being edu
cated in that university, continued there till he took the
degree of M. A. His genius leading hira to the raatuema-
tics, he studied that science very successfully under David
Gregory the professor there, who was one of the first that
had embraced the Nev^toiiian philosophy; and, in 1694,
he followed his tutor to Oxford, where, being admitted of
Baliol, he obtained one of the Scotch exhibitions in that
college. He is said to have been the first who taught
Newton's principles by the experiments on which they are
grounded, which he was enabled to do by an apparatus of
instruments of his own providing; and the lectures he de
livered in his chambers upon natural and experimental
philosophy, procured hira very great reputation. The first
public specimen he gave of bis skill in matheraatical and
philosophical knowledge, vvas his " Exaraination of Bur
net's Theory of the Earth," which appeared iu 1698, and
was universally applauded by the raen of science, and al
lowed to be decisive against the doctor's " Theory." To
this piece he subjoined " Remarks upon Whiston's New
Theory of the Earth ;" and these theories, being defended
by their respective inventors, drew from Keill, in 1699,
another performance entitled " An Examination of the
Reflections of the Theory of the Earth, together with ' a
Defence of the Remarks on Mr. Whiston's New Theory'."
Dr. Burnet vvas aman of great huraanity, moderation, and
candour; and it was therefore supposed that Keill had
treated him too roughly, considering the great disparity of
years between them. Keill, however, left the doctor in
possession of that which has since been thought the great
characteristic and excellence of his work : and, though he
disclaimed him as a philosopher, yet allowed him to be a
man of a fine imagination. " Perhaps," says he, " many
of his readers will be sorry to be undeceived about his
Theory ; for, as I believe never any book was fuller of
mistakes and errors in philosophy, so none ever abounded
• Benlharp's Ely, — Nichols's Bowyer.— Bishop Newton's Ufe.

KEILL. 28^
with more beautiful scenes and surprizing images of nature.
But I write only to those who might expect to find a true
philosophy in it : they who read it as an ingenious romance
will still be pleased with their entertainment."
The following year Dr. Millington, Sedleian professor
of natural philosophy in Oxford, who bad been appointed
physician in ordinary to king William, substituted Keill as
his deputy, to read lectures in the public schools. This
ofiice he discharged with great reputation ; and the term
of enjoying the Scotch exhibition at Baliol-coUege, with
out taking orders, now expiring, he accepted an invitation
from Dr. Aldrich, dean of Christ-church, to reside "there.
In 1701 he published his celebrated treatise, the substance
of several lectures on the new philosophy, entitled " In-
troductio ad veram physicam," vvhich is supposed to be the
best and most useful of all his performances. In the pre
face he insinuates the little progress that Sir Isaac Newton's
" Principia" . had made in the world ; and says, that
" though the niechanical philosophy was then in repute,
yet, in most of the writings upon this subject, scarce any
thing was to be found but the name." The first edition
of this book contained only fourteen lectures ; but to the
second, in 1705, he added two more. About 50 years
ago, when the Newtonian philosophy beg^n to be esta
blished in France, this piece was in great esteem there,
being considered as the best introduction to the " Prin
cipia ;" and a new edition in English was printed at Lon
don in 1736, at the instance of M. Maupertuis, who was
then in England, and subjoined to it a new hypothesis of
his own, concerning the ring of the planet Saturn.
In Feb. 1701 he was admitted a fellow of the royal
society; and, in 1708, published, in the " Philosophical
Transactions," a paper " Of the Laws of Attraction, and
its Physical Principles," At the sarae time, being offended
at a passage in the " Acta Eruditorura" at Leipsic, in
which Sir Isaac Newton's claim to the first invention of the
method of fluxions was called in question, he comrauni
cated to the royal societj' another paper, in which he
asserted the justice of that claim. In 1709 he was ap
pointed treasurer to the Palatines, and in that station
attended them in their passage to New England ; and,
soon after his return in 1710, was.cho.sen Savilian professor
of astronomy at Oxford. In 1711, being attacked by
Leibnitz, he entered the lists against that mathematician,

, 284 K E I L L.
in the dispute about the invention of fluxions. Leibnitz
wrote a letter to Dr Hans Sloane, then secretary to the
royal society, dated March 4, 1711, in which be required
Keill, in effect, to give him satisfaction for tbe injury he
had done him in his paper relating to the passage in the
"Acta Eruditorum" at Leipsic. He protested, that he
was far from assuming to himself Sir Isaac Newton's me
thod of fluxions; and desired, therefore, that Keill might
be obliged to retract his false assertion. Keill desired, on
the other hand, that he might be permitted to justify what
he had asserted ; which he performed to the approbation
of Sir Isaac, atid other members of the society ; and a
copy of bis defence was sent to Leibnitz, who, in a second
letter, remonstrated still raore loudly against Keill's want
of candour and sincerity ; adding, that it was not fit for one
of his age and experience to enter into a dispute with an
upstart, who acted without any authority frora Sir Isaac
Newton ; and desiring that tbe royal society would enjoin
him silence. Upon this, a special committee was appointed;
who, after examining the facts, concluded their report with
*' reckoning Mr. Newton the inventor of fluxions ; and that
Mr. Keill, in asserting the same, had been no ways injurious
to Mr. Leibnitz." In the mean time, Keill behaved him
self with great firmness and spirit ; which he also shewed
afterwards in a Latin epistle, written in 1720, to Bernoulli,
mathematical professor at Basil, on account of the same
usage shewn to Sir Isaac Newton ; in the title-page of
which he put the arms of Scotland, viz. a thistle, with this
motto, " Nemo me impune lacessit." The particulars of
tbe contest are recorded in Collins's " Commercium Epis-
tolicum." About 1711, several objections were urged against Sir Isaac
Newton's philosophy, in support of Des Cartes's notions
of a plenum ; which occasioned Keill to draw up a paper,
which was published iu the " Philosophical Transactions,"
»' On the Rarity of Matter, and the Tenuity of its Compo
sition," in which he points out various phenomena, which
cannot be explained upon this supposition of a plenum.
But, while he was engaged in this controversy, queen Anne
was pleased to appoint bim her decipherer; a post for
vvhich he was, it seems, very fit. His sagacity was such,
that, though a decipherer is always supposed to be mode
rately skilled in the language in which the paper given him
to decipher is written ; yet he is said once to have deci-

KEILL. 285
phered a paper written in Swedish, without knowing a word
of the language. In 1713, the university conferred on
him: the degree of M. D. at the public act ; and, two years
after, he published an edition of Commandinus's " Euclid,"
with additions of his own, of two tracts on Trigonometry
and the nature of Logarithms. In 1717 he was married to
some lady, who recommended herself to him, it is said,
purel)' by her personal accomplishments. The fiacetious
Mr. Alsop wrote some lines on this occasion (Gent. Mag.
vol. XXXVIII. 238), which intimate that Keill had been
a man of gallantry in his youth ; and this appears, indeed,
• to be confirmed by the writer of his life in the Biographia
Britannica. In 1718 he published his " Introductio ad
veram Astronomiam :" which treatise was afterwards, at the
request of the duchess of Chandos, translated by himself
into English ; and, with several emendations, published in
1721, under the title of "An Introduction to the true
Astronomy, or. Astronomical Lectures read in the Astro
nomical Schools of the University of Oxford." This was
his last gift to the public ; for he was seized this summer
with a violent fever, which put an end to his life Sept. 1,
1721i when he was not quite fifty years old.'
KEILL (James), an eminent physician of the mathe
matical sect, and brother to the preceding, was born in
Scotland March 27, 1673. Having received the early part
of his education in his native country, he went abroad with
the view of completing it in the schools of celebrity on the
continent ; and obtained such a degree of knowledge as
distinguished bim soon after his return to Eng^nd. He
bad early applied to dissections, and pursued th^ study
of anatomy, under Duverney, at Paris ; whence he was
enabled to give anatomical lectures, with great reputation,
in both the English universities. He was honoured with
the degree of M. D. by the university of Cambridge.
In 1703 he settled at Northampton, and began the prac
tice of his profession, in which he attained considerable
fame and success. In 1706 he published a paper in the
Philosophical Transactions, No. 306, containing " an ac
count of the death and dissection of John Bayles, of that
town, reputed to have been 130 5'ears old." The circum
stances which he detailed very much resembled those that
were observed by the celebrated Harvey in tbe dissection of
' Biog. Brit.'— Gen . Dict.»— Martin's Biog. Philosophica.

286 K E I L L'
old Parr. Dr. Keill, like his brother John, was well skilled
in mathematical learning, which he applied to the explana
tion of the laws of the animal economy. His first pub
lication was a compendium of anatomy, for the use of the
pupils who attended his lectures, and was entitled " The
Anatomy of the Human Body abridged," Lond. 1698,
12mo, and was taken chiefly from Cowper : it went through
many editions. In the year 1 708, he gave the world a proof
of his mathematical skill, in " An Account of Animal
Secretion, the quantity of blood in the human body, and
muscular motion," London, Svo. This work was reprinted
in 1717, with the addition of an essay, " concerning the
force of tbe heart in driving the blood through the whole
body," and under the title of " Essays on several parts of
the Animal CEconomy." He likewise published the same
treatise in Latin, with the addition of a " Medicina Statica
Britannica." The essay concerning the force of the heart
drew him into a controversy with Dr. Jurin, which was
carried on in several papers, printed in the Philosophical
Transactions of the royal society, of which Dr. Keill had
been elected a meraber ; and was continued to the tirae of
the death of the latter, which took place at Northampton,
July 16, 1619, in the vigour of his age. He had for sorae
time laboured under a very painful disorder, viz. a cancer
in the roof of his mouth, to which he had applied the cau
tery with his own hands, in order, if possible, to procure
some relief, but in vain. He was buried at St. Giles's
church at Northampton. An handsome monument and in
scription were placed over him by his brother, John Keill,
to whom he left his estate, being never married ; but who
survived him, as vve have seen, little more than two years.'
KEITH (James), field-marshal in the king of Prussia's
service, vvas born in 1696, and was the younger son of
William Keith, earl marshal of Scotland. He had his
grammar-learning under Thomas Ruddiman, author of the
" Rudiments ;" his academical, under bishop Keith and
William Meston, in the college of Aberdeen. . Hewas de
signed by his friends for the profession of the law; but the
bent of his genius inclined him to arms, with which they
wisely complied. His first military services were employed
while a youth of eighteen, in the rebellion of 1715. In
this unhappy contest, through the insrigation of the coun-
' Biog, Brit.— Gen, Diet.— Martin's Biog. Phil  Rees's Cyclc^jedia.

KEITH. 28?
tess his mother, who was a Roman catholic, he joined the
Pretender's party, and was at the battle of Sheriffrauir, in
which he was wounded, yet able to make his escape to
France. Here he applied to those branches of education,
which are necessary to accomplish a soldier. He studied
mathematics under M, de Maupertuis; and made such
proficiency, that he was, by his recommendation, admitted
a fellow of the royal academy of sciences at Paris. He
afterwards travelled through Italy, Switzerland, and Portu
gal ; with uncommon curiosity examined the several pro
ductions in architecture, painting, and sculpture; and sur
veyed the different fields where famous battles had been
fought. In 1717, he had an opportunity of forming an ac
quaintance with Peter, czar of Muscovy, at Paris, who in
vited him to enter into the Russian service. This offer he
declined, because the emperor was at that tirae at war
with the king of Sweden, whose character Keith held in
great veneration. He then left Paris, and went to Madrid ;
where, by the interest of the duke of Lyria, he obtained a
commission in the Irish brigades, then commanded by the
dtike of Ormond. He afterwards accompanied the duke of
Lyria, vvben he was sent ambassador extraordinary to Rus
sia, and was recommended by him to tbe service of the
czarina, who promoted him to the rank of lieutenant-gene
ral, and invested hira with the order of the black eagle.
The Turks at this time invaded the Ukrain on the side
of Russia, and the erapress sent two nuraerous armies to
repel the invaders ; one of which raarched for Oczakow,
under the command of count Munich, which place was in
vested and taken by the valour and conduct of Keith, to
whom the success was chiefly attributed. In the war with
the Swedes, he had a comraand under marshal Lacey, at
the battle of Willmanstrand ; which he gained by fetching
a compass about a hill, and attacking the Swedes in flank,
at a time when victory seemed to declare in their favour.
He likewise, by a stratagem, retook from them the isles of
Aland in the Baltic, which they had seized by treachery.
Afterwards he had no inconsiderable share in the bringing
about that extraordinary revolution, which raised the em
press Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter, to the throne. He
served the Russians in peace also by several embassies :
but, finding the honours of that country no better than a
splendid servitude, and not meeting with those rewards
which his long and faithful services deserved, he left that

238, tt E I T H.
court for that of Prussia, where merit was better known,
and better rewarded.
The king of Prussia received him with all possible marks
of honour, made him governor of Berlin, and field marshal
ofthe Prussian armies ; to which places he annexed addi
tional salaries. He likewise distinguished him so far by
his confidence, as to travel with him in disguise over a
great part of Germany, Poland, and Hungary. In busi
ness, he made him his chief counsellor ; in bis diversions,
bis constant companion. The king was much pleased with
an amusement, which the marshal invented, in imitation of
the game of chess. The marshal ordered several thousand
small statues of men in armour to be cast by a founder :
these he would set opposite to each other, and range them
in battalia, in tbe same manner as if he had been drawing
up an army : he would bring out a party from the wings
or centre, and shevv the advantage or disadvantage result
ing from the several draughts which he made. In this
manner the king and the marshal often amused themselves,
and at the same time improved their military knowledge.
This brave and experienced general, after having greatly
distinguished himself in the later memorable wars of that
illustrious monarch, was killed in the unfortunate affair of
Hohkerchen, Oct. 14, 1758, and was buried in the church
of that place, the enemy joining in paying respect to bis
virtues. His character may be given in the few but com
prehensive words of his brother, the late lord marshal of
Scotland, who on being applied to by M. Formey, who
wished to write his eloge, answered, " Probus vixit, fortis
obiit.'" KELLER (James), or in Latin Cellarius, was born
in 1568, at Seckingen. He entered the Jesuits' order in
1588, was appointed rector of the college at Ratisbon,
afterwards of that at Munich, and was for a long time con
fessor to prince Albert of Bdvaria, and the princess his wife.
The elector Maximilian hiad a particular esteem for bim,
and frequently employed him in affairs of the utmost im
portance. Keller disputed publicly with James Kailbrun-
ner, the duke of Neuburg's most celebrated minister, on
the accusation brought against the Lutheran ministers, of
having corrupted several passages quoted from the Fathers,
in a German work entitled " Papatiis Acatholicus ;" their
' Memoirs of Field Marshal Keith, 1759, Svo.

K E L L E H. 289
dispute was held at Neuburg, 1615. Father Keller died
at Munich, February 23, 1631, aged sixty-three, leaving
some controversial works, and several political ones, con
cerning the affairs of Germany, in which he frequently
conceals himself under the names of Fabius He'rcynianus,
Aurimontius, Didacus Tamias, &c. His book against
France, entitled " Mysteria Politica," 1625, 4to, was burnt
by. a sentence of the Chatelet, censured in the Sorbonne,
and condemned by the French clergy. It is a collection
of eight letters respecting the alliance of France with Eng
land, Venice, Holland, and Transylvania. The " Clinea
Turturis," in answer to the learned Gravina's Song of the
Turtle, is attributed to Keller.'
KELLEY, alias TALBOT (Edward), a famous English
alchymist, or, as some have called him, a necromancer, was
born at Worcester in 1555, and educated at Gloucester-
hall, Oxford. Wood says, that when his nativity was
calculated, it appeared that he was to be a man of most
acute wit, and great propensity to philosophical studies
and mysteries of nature. He belied this prophecy, how
ever, both in the progress and termination of his life ; for,
leaving Oxford abruptly, and rambling about the kingdom,
he was guilty of some crime in Lancashire, for which his
ears were cut off at Lancaster; but what crime this was
we are not informed. He became afterwards an associate
with the famous Dr. Dee, travelled into foreign countries
with him, and was his reporter of what passed between
him and the spirits with whom the doctor held intelligence,
and who wrote down the nonsense Kelley pretended to
have heard. Of their journey with Laski, a Polish noble
man, we have already given an account in the life of
Dr. Dee. We farther learn from Ashraole, if such infor
mation can be called learning, that Kelley and Dee had
the good fortune to find a large quantity of the elixir, or
philosopher's stone, in the ruins of Glastonbury abbey ;
which elixir was so surprisingly rich, that they lost a great
deal in making projections, before they discovered the
force of its virtue. This author adds, that, at Trebona in
Bohemia, Kelley tried a grain of this elixir upon an ounce
and a quarter of comraon mercury, which was presently
transmuted into almost an ounce of fine gold. At another
time he tried his art upon a piece of metal, cut out of a
' Gen. Diet. — Moreri. — Diet. Hist, de L'Avocat.
Vol. XIX. U

290 KELLEY.
warming-pan ; which, without handling it, or melting the
metal, was turned into very good silver, only by warming it
at a fire. Cervantes has given us nothing more absurd in
the phrenzy of Don Quixote. This warming-pan, how
ever, and tbe piece taken out of it, were sent to queen
Elizabeth by her ambassador, then residing at Prague.
Kelley, afterwards behaving indiscreetly, was imprisoned
by the emperor Rodolphus II. by whom he had been
knighted ; and, endeavouring to make bis escape out of
the window, fell down and bruised himself so severely that
he died soon after, in 1595. His works are, " A Poem of
Chemistry," and " A Poem of the Philosopher's Stone ;"
both inserted in the " Theatrum Chymicura Britannicura,"
1652; " De Lapide Philosophorum," Hamb. 1676, Svo; but
it is questioned whether he was the author of this. He was,
however, certainly theauthorof several discourses in "A true
and faithful Relation of what passed for raany Years between
Dr. John Dee and sorae Spirits," &c. Lond. 1 659, folio,
published by Dr. Meric Casaubon. There are "Fragmenta
aliquot, edita a Corabacio," Geisraar, 1647, 12rao; also
" Ed, Kelleii epistola ad Edvardum Dyer," and other little
things of Kelley, in MS. in Biblioth. Ashmol. Oxon.'
KELLISON (Matthew), an English Roman catholic
of considerable eminence as a controversial writer, was
born in Northamptonshire, about 1560, and brought up
in lord Vaux's family, whence he vvas sent for education to
the English colleges at Doway and Rheims, and after
wards, in 1582, to Rome, where he remained about seven
years, and acquired the reputation of a very able divine.
In 1589, he was invited to Rheiras to lecture on divinity,
and, proceeding in his academical degrees, was created
D. D. and, in 1606, had the dignity of rector magnificus,
or chancellor of the university, conferred upon him. After
being public professor at Rheims for twelve years, he re
turned to Doway in 1613, and a few months after was de
clared president of the college, by a patent from Rome.
In this office he conducted himself with great reputation,
and ably promoted the interests of the college. He died
Jan. 21, 1641. Araong his works are, 1. " Survey of the
new rehgion," Doway, 1603, Svo. 2. " A reply to Sut-
cliffe's answer to the Survey of the new religion," Rheims,
1608, Svo. 3. "Oratio coram Henrico IV. rege Chris-
> Ath. Ox. vol, I.— Weevet's Funeral Monumfats.

KELLISON. 291
tianissimo." 4. " The Gagg of the reformed gospel."
This, the catholics tell us, was the cause of the conversion
of many protestants. It was answered, however, by Mon
tague, afterwards bishop of Chichester, in a tract called
" The new Gagger, or Gagger gagged," 1624. Montague
and he happened to coincide in so many points that the
former vvas involved with some of his brethren in a contro
versy, they thinking bim too favourable to the popish
cause. 5. " Examen reformationis, prsesertira Calvinis-
ticae," Svo, Doway, 1616. 6. " The right and jurisdic
tion of the prince and prelate," 1617, 1621, Svo. This
be is said to have written in his own defence, having been
represented at Rome as a favourer of the oath of alle
giance. In the mean time the work was represented to
king James I. as allowing of the deposing power, and of
murdering excommunicated princes, and his majesty thought
proper to inquire more narrowly into the matter ; the re
sult of which was, that Dr. Kellison held no such opinions,
and had explained his ideas of the oath of allegiance with
as much caution as could have been expected. 7, " A
treatise of the hierarchy of the church : against the anar
chy of Calvin," 1629,. Svo. In this treatise, he had the
misfortune to differ from the opinion of his own church in
some respect. His object was, to prove the necessity of
episcopal government in national churches ; and he par
ticularly pointed at the state of the catholics in England,
who were without such a government. Some iraagined that
the book would be censured at Rorae, because it seemed
indirectly to reflect upon the pope, who had not provided
England with bishops to govern the papists there, al
though frequently applied to for that favour; and because
it seemed to represent tbe regulars as no part of the eccle
siastical hierarchy, and consequently not over-zealous in
supporting the dignity of the episcopal order. The court
of Rome, however, took no cognizance of the matter ; but
others attacked Dr. Kellison's work with great fury. The
controversy increasing, the, bishops and clergy of France
espoused his cause, and condemned several of the produc
tions of his antagonists, in, vvhich they had attacked the
hierarchy of the church. Dr. Kellison's other works were,
8. " A brief and necessary Instruction for the Catholics of
England, touching their pastor," 1631. 9. " Comraent.
in lertiara partem Sumrase Sancti ThomEe," 1633, fol.
10. "A Letter to king James I." in MS. Sutcliffe and
u 2

292 KELLY.
Montague were his principal antagonists among the pro
testants. '
KELLY (Hugh), a dramatic and miscellaneous writer,
a narive of Ireland, was born on the banks of the lake
of Killarney, in 1739. His father was a gentleman
of good family in that country, whose fortune lieing re
duced by a series of misfortunes, he was obliged to repair
to Dublin, in order to endeavour to support hiraself by his
personal industry. He gave our author, however, some
school education ; but the narrowness of his finances would
not permit hira to indulge his son's natural propensity to
study, by placing hira in the higher schools of Dublin. He
was therefore bound apprentice to a stay-raaker, an em
ployment but ill suited to his inclination ; yet continued
with his master till the expiration of his apprenticeship,
and then set out for London, in 1760, in order to procure
a livelihood by his business. This, however, he found very
difficult, and vvas soon reduced to the utmost distress for
the means of subsistence. In this forlorn- situation, a
stranger, and friendless, he used sometimes to endeavour
to forget his misfortunes, and passed some of his heavy hours
at a public-house in Russel-street, Covent-garden, much
resorted to by the younger players. Having an uncommon
share of good-humour, and being lively, cheerful, and en
gaging in his behaviour, he soon attracted the notice, not
only of these minor wits, but of a set of honest tradesmen
who frequented that house every evening, and who were
much entertained vvith his conversation. In a little time
Mr. Kelly became so well acquainted vvith the characters
of the club, that he was enabled to give a humorous descrip
tion of them in one of the daily papers ; and the likenesses
were so well executed as to draw their attention, and excite
their curiosity to discover the author. Their suspicions
soon fixed on Mr. Kelly, and from that tirae he becarae
distinguished among them as a man of parts and consider
ation. One of the members of the society, in particular, an
attorney of some reputation in his profession, being much
pleased with Mr. Kelly's company, made particular inquiry
into his history, and thinking him worthy of a better situ
ation,- invited him to his house, and employed him in
copying and transcribing, an occupation which Mr. Kelly
> Dodd's Church Hist, vol. III,— Pits.— Fuller's Worthies.

KELLY. 293
prosecuted with so much assiduity, that he earned about
three guineas a week ; an income which, compared to
what he had been hitherto able to- procure, might be
deemed affluent. But this employment, though profitable,
could not long be agreeable to a man of his lively turn of
inind. From bis accidental acquaintance with some book
sellers, he, in 1762, became the editor of the "Lady's
Museum," the " Court Magazine," ahd other periodical
publications, in which he wrote so many original essays,
and pieces of poetry, that his fame was quickly spread,
and, he now found hiraself fully employed in various
branches of periodical literature ; in the prosecution of
which he exerted himself with the most unwearied in
dustry, being then lately married, and having an increasing
family, whose sole dependence was upon his personal
labour. About this tirae he began to write many political pam
phlets, and among the rest " A Vindication of Mr. Pitt's
Administration," which lord Chesterfield makes honourable
mention of in the second volume of his letters. Letter 178.
In 1767, the "Babbler" appeared in two pocket volumes,
which had at first been inserted in " Owen's Weekly Chro
nicle" in single papers : as did the " Memoirs of a Mag
dalene," under the title of " Louisa Mildmay." About
this time also, perceiving that Churchill's reputation had
been much raised by his criticism of the stage in the
" Rosciad," Mr. Kelly produced his " Thespis," by much
the most spirited of his poetic compositions, in which he
dealt about his satire and panegyric with great freedom and
acuteness. It is somewhat singular, that while Mr. Kelly
was making this severe attack upon the merits of the lead
ing performers at our theatres, which had so great an effect
upon the feelings of Mrs. Barry and Mrs. Clive, that they
both for some tirae refused to perform in any of his pieces,
he was actually writing for the stage; for, in 1768, his
comedy of " False Delicacy" made its appearance, and
was received with such universal applause, as at once
established his reputation as a dramatic writer, and pro
cured him a distinguished rank among the wits of the age.
The sale of this comedy was exceedingly rapid and great,
and it was repeatedly perforraed throughout Britain and
Ireland, to crowded audiences. Nor was its reputation
confined to the British dominions ; it was translated into
most of the modern languages, viz. into Portuguese, by

294 KELLY.
command of the marquis de Pombal, and acted with great
applause at the public theatre at Lisbon ; into French by
the celebrated madame Ricoboni ; into the same language
by another hand, at the Hague ; into Italian at Paris, where
it was acted at the Theatre de la Comedie Italienne ; and
into German.
The success of this play induced Mr. Kelly to continue
to write for the stage ; and he soon produced another
comedy, entitled " A Word to the Wise," which, on a
report then current, that he was employed to write in de
fence of the measures of administration, met with a very
illiberal reception ; for, by a party who had previously de
terrained on its fate, after an uncommon uproar, it was
most undeservedly driven from the theatre. Of this treat
ment he severely complains in an " Address to the Public,"
prefixed to an edition of that play, soon after published
by subscription,^ before which above a thousand names ap
pear as his encouragers ; and though tbe pride of the poet
was hurt,' his fortune was improved, and his friends were
considerably increased.
The ill fate of the " Word to the Wise" cast no damp
on the ardour of our poet in the prosecution of theatric
fame ; and as his friends were strongly of opinion, that his
genius excelled in the sentimental and pathetic, he was
persuaded to make a trial of it in tragedy, and soon after
presented the public with " Clementina." In 1774, under
the patronage of justice Addington, who kindly helped to
conceal the name of the real author, by lending his own to
that performance, he produced his " School for Wives."
By this manoeuvre he completely deceived the critics, who
had not yet forgot their resentment ; for the play was
prepared for the stage, and represented, without the least
discovery of his relation to it ; though they pretended to
be perfectly well acquainted with Mr. Kelly's style and
manner of writing. However, after the character of the
play was fully established, and any farther concealment
became unnecessary, Mr. Addington very genteelly, in a
public advertiseraent, resigned his borrowed plumes, and
the real author was invested vvith that share of reputarion
to which he was entitled.
But, whilst Kelly was employed in these theatric pur
suits, he was too wise to depend solely on their precarious
success for the support of his family. He had, therefore
some years before this period, resolved to study the law^

KELLY. 295
had become a member of the society of the Middle Tem
ple, and was called to the bar so early as 1774. His pro
ficiency in that scienee was such as afforded the most pro
mising hopes that, had he lived, he would in a little time
have made a distinguished figure in that profession.
His next production was the farce of a " Romance of an
Hour," which made its appearance about this time. This
performance, though borrowed from Marmontel, he so
perfectly naturalised, that it bears every mark of an origi
nal. The comedy of " The Man of Reason" followed this
piece of genuine humour, but was attended with less suc
cess than any of his former productions. This was his last
attempt, for the sedentary life, to which his constant
labour subjected hira, injured his health; and early in 1777
an abscess, formed in his side, after a few days illness, put
a period to his life February 3d, at his house in Gough-
square, in the 38th year of his age. He left behind him a
widow and five children, of the last of which she was de
livered about a month after his death. Very soon after his
death, his comedy of " A Word to the Wise" was revived
for the benefit of his wife and family, and introduced by
an elegant and pathetic prologue written by Dr. Johnson,
which was heard with the raost respectful attention. About
the same tirae an edition of his works vvas published in 4to,
vvith a life of the author. '
KELLY (John), a learned English clergyman, was born
Nov. I, 1750, at Douglas, in the Isle of Man. Descended
from a line of forefathers who had from time immemorial
possessed a small freehold near that town, called Aalcaer,
which devolved on the doctor, he was placed under the
tuiton of the rev. Philip Moore, master of the free gram
mar-school of Douglas, where he became speedily distin
guished by quickness of intellect, and the rapidity of his
classical progress. Frora the pupil he becarae the favourite
and the corapanion of his instructor, whose regard he ap
pears to have particularly conciliated by his skill in the
vernacular dialect of the Celtic tongue, spoken in that
island. When not seventeen, young Kelly attempted the
difficult task of reducing to writing the grammatical rules,
and proceeded to compile a dictionary of the tongue. The
obvious difficulties of such an undertaking to a school-boy
piay be esdmated by the reflection that this was the very
I Life as above.

29& KELLY.
first attempt to embody, to arrange, or to grammaticize,
this language : that it was made without any aid whatever
from books, MSS. or from oral communications; but
merely by dint of observation on the conversation of bis
unlettered countrymen. It happened at this moment that
Dr. Hildesley, the then bishop of Sodor and Man, had
brought to maturity his benevolent plan of bestowing on
the natives of the island a translation of the Holy Scrip-i
tures, of the Common Prayer book, and of some religious
tracts, in their own idiom. His lordship most gladly availed
himself of the talents and attainments of this young man,
and prevailed on him to dedicate several years of his life
to his lordship's favourite object. The Scriptures had been
distributed in portions amongst the insular clergy, for each
to translate his part : on Mr. K. the serious charge was
imposed of revising, correcting, and giving uniformity to
these several translations of the Old Testament; and also
that of conducting through the press the whole of these
publications. In June 1768 he entered on his duties: in,
April 1770 he transmitted the first portion to Whitehaven,
where the work was printed ; but when conveying the se
cond, he was shipwrecked, and narrowly escaped perish
ing. The MS. with which he was charged was held five
hours above water ; and was nearly the only article on
board preserved. In the course of " his labours in the
vineyard," he transcribed, with his own hand, all the
books of the Old Testament three several times. The
whole impression was corapleted, under his guidance, in
December 1772, speedily after the worthy bishop died.
In 1776, Mr. Kelly received an invitation from tbe Epis
copal congregation at Air, in North Britain, to become
their pastor. On this title be was ordained by the bishop
of Cariisle, before whom he preached the ordination ser
mon. From that time he continued to reside at Air till
1779, when he was engaged by his grace the duke of
Gordon as tutor to his son the marquis of Huntley. The
studies of this gallant young nobleman Mr. K. conrinued
to direct at Eton and Cambridge ; and afterwards accom
panied bim on a tour to the Continent. After his return,
in 1791, by the interest of his noble patron, Mr. K. ob
tained from the chancellor the presentation to the vicarage
of Ardleigh near Colchester, which preferment he con
tinued to hold till 1807. Being presented by the chancel
lor to the more valuable rectory of Copford in the same

KELLY, 297
neighbourhood. Dr. Kelly had the satisfaction of being en
abled to resign his vicarage of Ardleigh in favour of his
friend ajid brother-in-law the rev. Henry Bishop.
He was of St. John's-coUege, Cambridge, where he pro
ceeded LL. B. 1794, LL. D. 1799. In 1803 he corrected
and sent to the press the grammatical notes on his native
dialect, above alluded to ; these were printed by Nichols
and Son, with a neat Dedication to the doctor's former
pupil, under the title of " A Practical Grammar of the an
cient Gaelic, or language of the Isle of Man, usually called
Manks." In 1805 he issued proposals for printing "A Triglot
Dictionary of tbe Celtic tongue, as spoken in the High
lands of Scotland, Ireland, and the Isle of Man ;" and
bestovved considerable pains in bringing to completion this
useful and curious work. It has been the misfortune of
Celtic literature, that those learned persons whose mater
nal tongue happens to have been one of these dialects,
have usually treated it with neglect : but it has been its
still greater misfortune to be overlaid and made ridiculous
by the reveries of many of those whose " zeal" is utterly
" without knowledge" of the subject on which they descant.
Dr. Kelly furnished the rare and probably solitary example
of a competent skill in these three last surviving dialects of
the Celtic. With every aid which could be afforded by a
well-grounded knowledge of the learned languages, and of
the principal tongues now spoken in Europe, and with
every attention to such prior memorials of the tongue as
are really useful, Dr. Kelly proceeded, con amore, with his
task. As it advanced, it was transmitted to the press : in
1808, 63 sheets were printed; and the first part of the
Dictionary, English turned into the three dialects, was
nearly or quite completed, when the fire at Messrs. Ni
chols's, which we have had such frequent occasion to lament,
reduced to ashes the whole impression. The doctor's MSS.
and some of the corrected proofs, it is understood, remain
with the family ; but whether the printing may ever be re
sumed, is doubtful. The doctor gave to the press an
Assize Sermon, preached at Chelmsford ; and a sermon for
the. benefit of a certain charitable institution preached like
wise at the same place. The former was printed at the
instance of chief baron Macdonald ; the latter at th«
earnest request of the right hon. lord Woodhouse.

298 KELLY.
In 1785 Dr. Kelly married Louisa, eldest daughter of
Mr. Peter Dollond, of St. Paul's church-yard. A short
memoir was printed in 1808 of Mrs. Kelly's grandfather,
Mr. John Dollond, which vve have already noticed in our
account of that ingenious man. Whilst in possession of
good health and spirits, with the prospect of many happy
and useful years yet to come. Dr. Kelly was seized by a
typhus : after a short struggle, he expired Nov. 12, 1809,
very sincerely regretted. To acuteness of intellect, sound
and various learning, were added a disposition gentle, gene
rous, and affectionate. His last remains, accompanied to
the grave by his parishioners in a body, were interred on
the 17th of November in his ovm parish-church, when an
occasional discourse was delivered from the pulpit by the
rev. J. G. Taylor, of Dedham near Colchester. Dr. Kelly
left an only son, a fellow of St. John's-coUege, Cambridge.'
KEMPIS (Thomas a), a pious and learned regular
canon, and one of the most eminent men in the fifteenth
century, was born 1380, at Kemp, a village in the diocese
of Cologn, from whence he took his narae. He studied at
Deventer, in tbe community of poor scholars established
by Gerard Groot, made great progress both in learning
and piet3', and in 1399 entered the monastery of regular
canons of Mount St. Agnes, near Zwol, where his brother
was prior. Thomas a Kempis distinguished hiraself in
this situation by his eminent piety, his respect for his su
periors, and his charity towards his brethren ; and died in
great reputation for sanctity, July 25, 1471, aged ninetj--
one. He left a great number of religious works, which
breathe a spirit of tender, solid, and enlightened piety, of
which a collection was printed at Antwerp, 1615, 3 tom.
Svo. The abbe de Bellegarde translated part of his works
into French, under the title of " Suite du Livre de I'lmi-
tation," 24mo, and Pere Valette, under that of " Eleva
tion a J. C. sur sa vie et ses mysteries," 12mo. The
learned Joducus Badius Ascensius was the first who attri
buted the celebrated book on the Imitation of Jesus Christ
to Thomas a Kempis, in which he has been followed by
Francis de Tob, a regular canon, who in favour of this
opinion quotes the MSS. vvhich may still be seen in Thomas
a Kempis's own hand. On the other band, Pere Possevin,
a Jesuit, was the first who attributed this work to the
1 Gent. Mag. to). LXXX.— Butler's Life of Bp. Hildesley, p. 231, 686.

KEMPIS. 299
abbot John Gersen or Gessen, in his " Apparatus sacer,"
which opinion has been adopted by the Benedictines of
the congregations de St. Maur. M. Vallart, in his edition
of the " Imitation," supposes it to be more ancient than
Thomas a Kempis, and that it was vvritten by Gersen.
Those who wish to be acquainted with the disputes which
arose on this subject between the Benedictines, who are
for Gersen, and the regular canons of the congregation of
St. Genevieve, who are for Thomas a Kempis, raay con
sult the curious account of them which Dom. Vincent
Thuilier has prefixed to tom. 1. of Mabillon's and Rui-
nart's Posthumous Works, or Dupin's History, who has
also entered deeply into the controversy. The first Latin
edition is 1492, 12mo, Gothic. There was at that time
an old French translation under the title of L'Internelle
Consolation," the language of which appears as old as
Thomas a Kempis, which has raised a doubt whether the
book was originally written in Latin or French. The abb6
Langiet has taken a chapter from this ancient translation,
vvhich is not in tbe Latin versions. Dr. Stanhope trans
lated it into English, and there are numerous editions of it
in every known language.'
KEN (Thomas), the deprived bishop of Bath and Wells,
was descended from an ancient family seated at Ken-
place, in Somersetshire, and born at Berkhamstead, in
Hertfordshire, July 1637. At the age of thirteen he was
sent to Winchester-school ; and thence removed to New-
college, in Oxford, of which he became a probationer-
fellow in 1657. He took his degrees regularly, and pur
sued his studies closely for many years; and in 1666 he
removed to Winchester-college, being chosen fellow of
that society. Not long after this, he was appointed do
mestic chaplain to Morley, bishop of that see, who pre
sented him first to the rectory of Brixton, in the Isle of
Wight, and afterwards to a prebend in the church of West
minster, 1669. In 1674 he made a tour to Rome, with
his nephew Mr. Isaac Walton, then B. A. in Christ-
church, in Oxford ; and after his return, took his de
grees in divinity, 1679. Not long after, being appointed
chaplain to the princess pf Orange, he went to Hol
land. Here his prudence and piety gained him the esteem
' Cave, vol. II. — Dupin. — Moreri,— Much information respecting the edi
tions and the author in a series of letters in Gent. Mag. vols, LXXXIII, and
lAXXlV.

300 K E iSl.
and confidence of his mistress ; but in the course of his
office, he happened to incur the displeasure of her c()n-
sort, by obliging one of his favourites to perform a promise
of marriage with a young lady of the princess's train, whom
he had seduced by that contract This zeal in Ken so
offended the prince, afterwards king William, that he very
warmly threatened to turn him away from the service ;
which Ken as warmly resenting, requested leave of the
princess to return horae, and would not consent to stay
till iutreated by the prince in person. About a year after,
however, he returned to England, and was appointed in
quality of chaplain, to attend lord Dartraouth with the
royal commission to demolish the fortifications of Tangier.
The doctor returned with this nobleman April 1684 ; and
was immediately advanced to be chaplain to the king, by
an order from his majesty himself Not only the nature
of the post, but the gracious manner of conferring it, evi
dently shewed that it was intended as a step to future fa
vours ; and this was so well understood, that, upon the
removal of the court to pass the summer at Winchester,
the doctor's prebendal house was pitched upon for the use
of Mrs. Eleanor Gwyn. But Ken was too pious even to
countenance vice in his royal benefactor ; and therefore
positively refused admittance to the royal mistress, which
the king, however, did not take araiss, as he knew the
sincerity of the man; and, previous to any application, no
minated him soon after to the bishopric of Bath and Wells.
A few days after this, the king was seized with the illness
of which he died ; during which, the doctor thought it his
duty to attend him very constantly, and did his utmost to
awaken his conscience. Bishop Burnet tells us that he
spoke on that occasion " with great elevation of thought
and expression, and like a man inspired." This pious
duty was the cause of delaying his admission to the tem
poralities of the see of Wells ; so that when king James
came to the crown, new instruments were prepared for
that purpose.
When he was settled in bis see, he attended closely to
his episcopal function, He published " vVn Exposition of
the Church Catechism" in 1685, and the sarae year,
" Prayers for the Use of the Bath." Nor was he less
zealous as a guardian of the national church in general, in
opposing the attempts to introduce popery. He did not
indeed take part in the popish controversy, then agitatetj

KEN. 301
so WRrmly ; for he had very little of a controversial turn ;
but from the pulpit, he frequently took occasion to mark
and confute the errors of popery ; nor did he spare, when
his duty to the church of England more especially called
for it, to take the opportunity of the royal pulpit, to set
before the court their injurious and unmanly politics, in
projecting a coalition of the sectaries. For some time he
held, in appearance, the same place in the favour of king
James, as he had holden in the former reign ; and some at
tempts were made to gain hira over to the interest of the
popish party at court, but these were in vain ; for when
the declaration of indulgence was strictly commanded to
be read, by virtue of a dispensing power claimed by the
king, this bishop vvas one of the seven who openly opposed
the reading of it : for which he was sent, with his six
brethren, to the Tower. Yet though in this he ventured to
disobey his sovereign for the sake of his religion, yet he
would not violate his conscience by transferring his" alle
giance from him. When the prince of Orange therefore
came over, and the revolution took place, the bishop re
tired ; and as soon as king William was seated on the
throne, and the new oath of allegiance was required, he,
by his refusal, suffered himself to be deprived. After his
deprivation, he resided at Longleate, a seat of the lord
viscount Weymouth, in Wiltshire ; whence he sometimes
made a visit to his nephew, Mr.- Isaac Walton, at Salisbury,
who was a prebendary of that church. In this retirement
he composed raany pious works, some of tbe poetical kind;
for he had an inclination for poetry, and had many years
before written an epic poem of 13 books, entitled " Ed
mund," which was not published till after his death.
There is a prosaic flatness in this work; but some of his
Hymns and other compositions, have more of the spirit of
poetry, and give us an idea of that devotion which ani
mated the author. It is said that when he was afflicted
with the colic, to which he was very subject, he frequently
amused himself vvith writing verses. Hence some of his
pious poems are entitled " Anodynes, or the Alleviation of
Pain." Bishop Ken did not mix in any of the disputes or
attempts of his party, though it is very probable he
was earnestly solicited to it ; since we find the deprived
bishop of Ely, Dr. Turner, his particular friend, with whom
he had begun an intimacy at Winchester school, so deeply

302 K E N,
engaged in it. He never concurred in opinion with' those
nonjurors who were for continuing a separation from the
established church by private consecrarions among them
selves, yet be looked on tbe spiritual relation to his diocese
to be still in full force, during the life of his first successor.
Dr. Kidder; but, after his decease in 1703, upon the
nomination of Dr. Hooper to the diocese, he requested
that gentleman to accept it, and afterwards subscribed
himself " late bishop of Bath and Wells." The queen,
who highly respected him, settled upon him a pension of
200/. per annum, which was punctually paid out of the
treasury as long as he lived. He had been afflicted from
1696 with severe cholicky pains, and at length symptoms
being apparent of an ulcer in his kidneys, he went to
Bristol in 1710 for the benefit of the hot wells, and there
continued till November, when he removed to Leweston,
near Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, a seat belonging to the
hon. Mrs. Thynne. There a paralytic attack, which de
prived him of the use of one side, confined him to his
chamber till about the middle of March ; when being,
as he thought, able to go to Bath, he set out, but died at
Longleate, in his way thither, March 19, 1710-11. It is
said that he bad travelled for many years with his shroud in
his portmanteau ; and that he put it on as soon as he came
to Longleate, giving notice of it the day before his death,
to prevent his body frora being stripped.
His works were published in 1721, in four volumes ; and
consist of devotional pieces in verse and prose. Various
reports having been industriously spread that he vvas tainted
with popish errors, and not steadfast to the doctrine of the
church of England, it was thought proper to publish the
following paragraph, transcribed from bis will : " As for
my religion, I die in the holy catholic and apostolic faith,
professed by the whole church, before the disunion of East
and West ; raore particularly, I die in the communion of
the church of England, as it stands distinguished from all
papal and puritan innovations, and as it adheres to the doc
trine of the cross." '
KENNEDY (James), bishop of St. Andrew's, Scotland,
and founder of the college of St. Salvator there, was tbe
younger son of James Kennedy, of Dunmure, by the lady
' Life by Hawkins, prefixed to his works. — Gen. Diet, — Biog, Brit, — Bur
net's Own Times.— Genu Mag. vol, LXXXIV.

KENNEDY. 303
Mary, countess of Angus, his wife, daughter of Robert III.
king of Scotland. He was born in 1405, or 1406, and after
some preparatory education at home, was sent abroad for
his philosophical and theological studies. Entering into
holy orders, he was preferred by Jaraes I. to the bishopric
of Dunkeld in 1437. In order to be better qualified to re
form the abuses which had crept into his diocese, he un
dertook a journey to pope Eugenius IV. then at Florence,
but the schism which then prevailed in the church of Rome
prevented his procuring the necessary powers. The pope,
however, to show his esteem for him, gave him the abbey
of Scoon in commendam. In 1440, while he was at Flo
rence, the see of St. Andrew's becorhing vacant, was con
ferred upon him : and on his return, after being adraitted
in due form, he restored order and discipline throughout
his diocese. In 1444 he was made lord chancellor, but
not finding bis power equal to his inclination to do good in
this office, he resigned it within a few weeks. The nation
being much distracted by party feuds during the minority
of James II. and bishop Kennedy finding himself unable to
compose these differences, determined to go again abroad,
and try what he could do in healing that schism in the pa
pacy which had so long disturbed the quiet of the church.
With this view he undertook a journey to Rome, with a
retinue of thirty persons; and it being necessary to pass
through England, he obtained a safe conduct from Henry
VI. dated May 28, 1446.
It does not appear that he was very successful as to the
objects of this journey ; but on his return home he achieved
what was more easy and more to his honour. This vvas his
founding a college, or university, at St. Andrew's, called
St. Salvator's, which he liberally endowed for the main
tenance of a provost, four regents, and eight bursars, or
exhibitioners. He founded also the collegiate church with
in the precincts of the college, in which is his tomb, of ex
quisite workmanship : a few years ago, six magnificent
silver maces were discovered within the tomb, exact models
of it. One was presented to each ofthe three other Scotch
universities, and three are preserved in the college. He
founded also the abbey of the Observantines, which was
finished by his successor, bishop Graham, in 1478, but is
now a ruin. During the minority of James III. he was ap
pointed one of the lords of the regency, but in fact was
allowed the whole power, and, according to Buchanan and

304 KENNEDY.
Spptswood, conducted hiraself with great prudence. He
died May 10, 1466, and was interred in his collegiate.
church. In his private character he was frugal, but magni
ficent in his expences for the promotion of religion and
learning. He is said to have written some political advices,
" Monita Politica," and a History of his own times, both
probably lost. '
KENNEDY (John, M. D.), a native of Scotland, who
resided sorae time in Srayrna, and died at an advanced age,
Jan. 26, 1760, is recorded as an antiquary of some abilities,
although we know very little of his history. He bad'a col
lection of about 200 pictures, amongst which were two
heads of himself by Keysing; he had also a very valuable
collection of Greek and Latin coins, which, with the pic
tures, were sold by auction in 1760. Amongst the Roman
coins were 256 of Carausius, 9 of them silver, and 89 of
Alectus ; these coins of Carausius and Alectus were pur
chased by P. C. Webb, esq. the 256 for 70/. and the 89
for 16/. 10.J. They were afterwards bought by Dr. Hunter,
who added to the number very considerably. Dr. Ken
nedy, in his " Dissertation on the Coins of Carausius," as
serted, that Oriuna was that emperor's guardian goddess.
Dr. Stukeley, in bis " Palaeographia Britannica, No. HI.
1752," 4to, affirmed she was his wife; to which Dr. Ken
nedy rephed in " Farther Observations," &c. 1756, 4to ;
and, upon his antagonist's supporting his opinion in his
" History of Carausius," 1757 — 59, he abused him in a
sixpenny 4to letter.-
" Oriuna, on the medals of Carausius," says Mr. Wal
pole, in his preface to Historic Doubts, " used to pass for
the Moon ; of late years it is become a doubt whether she
was not his consort. It is of little importance whether she
was moon or empress ; but how little raust we know of those
times, when those land-marks to certainty, royal names,
do not serve even that purpose ! In tbe cabinet of the
king of France are several coins of sovereigns whose coun
try cannot be guessed at." ^
KENNET (White), an English writer, and bishop of
Peterborough, was the son of the rev. Basil Kennet, rec
tor of Duuihurch, and vicar of Postling, near Hythe, in
Kent, and was born at Dover, Aug. 10, 1660. He was
called White, from his mother's father, one Mr. Thomas
1 Mackenzie's Lives,-!-Crawford's Lives of Statesmen, s Nichols's Bowyer.

KENNET. 305
White, a wealthy magistrate at Dover, who had formerly
been a master shipwright there. When he was a little
grown up, he was sent to Westminster-school, with a view
of getting upon the foundation ; but, being seized with
the small-pox at the time of the election, it was thought
advisable to take him away. In June 167S he was entered
of St., Edmund-hall in Oxford, where he was pupil to Mr.
' Allara, a very celebrated tutor, who took a particular plea
sure in imposing exercises on him, which he would often
read in the common room with great approbation. It was
by Mr. AUam's advice that he translated Erasmus on Folly,
and some other pieces for the Oxford booksellers. Under
this tutor he applied hard to study, and commenced an
author in politics, even while he was an under-graduate;
for, in 1680, he published "A Letter from a student at
Oxford to a friend in the country, concerning the ap
proaching parliament, in vindication of his majesty, the
church of England, and the university :" with which the
whig party, as it then began to be called, in the House of
Commons, were so much offended, that inquiries were made
after the author, in order to have him punished. In March
1681 he published, in the sarae spirit of party, " a Poem,"
that is, " a Ballad," addressed " to Mr. E. L. on his majesty's
dissolving the late parliament at Oxford," which was printed
on one side of a sheet of paper, and began, " An atheist
now must a monster be," &c. He took his bachelor's de
gree in May 1683 ; and published, in 1684, a translation
of Erasmus's " Morise encomium," which he entitled " Wit
against Wisdom, or a Panegyric upon Folly," which, as
we have already noticed, his tutor had advised hira to
undertake. He proceeded M. A. Jan. 22, 1684; and, the
sam^ year, was presented by sir William Glynne, bart. to
the vicarage of Amersden, or Ambroseden, in Oxfordshire;
which favour was procured hira by his patron's eldest son,
who was his contemporary in the hall. To this patron he
dedicated " Pliny's Panegyric," which he translated in
1686, and published vvith this title, "An address of thanks
to a good prince, presented in the Panegyric of Pliny upon
Trajan, the best of the Roman emperors." It was re
printed in 1717 ; before which tirae several reflections hav
ing been made on him for this performance, he gave the
following account of it in a " Postscript" to the translation
of his "Convocation Sermon," in 1710. " The remarker
says, the doctor dedicated Pliny's Panegyric to the late
Vol, XIX. X

306 K E N N E T.
king James : and, what if he did ? Only it appears he m
notf This is an idle tale among the party, who, perhaps,
have told it till they believe it : when the truth is, there
was no such dedication, and the translation itself of Pliny
was npt designed for any court address. The young trans-^
lator's tutor, Mr. Allam, directed his pupil, by way of ex
ercise, to turn sorae Latin tracts into English. The first
was a little book of Erasmus, entitled, ' Moriffi Encomium ;'
which the tutor was pleased to give to a bookseller in Ox-
fordj who put it in the press while the translator was but an
under-graduate. Another sort of task required by his tutor
was this ' Panegyric of Pliny upon Trajan,' which he like
wise gave to a bookseller in Oxford, before the translator
was M. A. designing to have it pubhshed in the reign of
king Charies ; and a small cut of that prince at full length
was prepared, and afterwards put before several of tbe
books, though the impression happened to be retarded till
the death of king Charles ; and then the same tutor, not
long before his own death, advised a new preface, adapted
to the then received opinion of king James's being a just
and good prince. However, there was no dedication to
king James, but to a private patron, a worthy baronet, who'
came in heartily to the beginning of the late happy revo
lution. This is the whole truth of that story, that hatb
been so often cast at the doctor ; not that he thinks himself
obliged to defend every thought and expression of his-
juvenile studies, when he had possibly been trained up to
some notions, which he afterwards found reason to put
away as childish things.'^
In 1689, as be was exercising himself in shooting, he
had the misfortune to be dangerously wounded in the fore
head by the bursting of the gun. Both the tables of his
skull were broken, vvhich occasioned him constantly to
wear a black velvet patch on that part. He lay a consider
able time under this accident ; and it is said, that while he
was in great disorder both of body and brain, just after he
had undergone the severe operation of trepanning, he made
a copy of Latin verses, and dictated them to a friend at
his bed-side. Tbe copy was transmitted to his patron, sir
William Glynne, in whose study it was found, after the
author had forgot every thing but the sad occasion : and
the writer of his life tells us, that " it vvas then in his pos
session, and thought, by good judges, to be no reproach
to the author." He was too young a divine to engage ire

KENNET. 307
the famous popish controversy; but he distinguished him
self by preaching against popery. He likewise refused to
read the declaration for liberty of conscience in 1688, and
went with the body of the clergy in the diocese of Oxford,
when they rejected an address to king James, recommend
ed by bishop Parker in the same year. While he conti
nued at Amersden, he contracted an acquaintance with Dr.
George Hickes, whom he entertained in his house, and
was instructed by him in the Saxon and Northern tongues;
though their different principles in church and state after
wards dissolved the friendship between them. In Septem
ber 1691, he was chosen lecturer of St. Martin's in Oxford^
having some time before been invited back to Edmund-hall,
to be tutor and vice-principal there ; where he lived in
friendship with the learned Dr. Mill, the editor of the New
Testament, who was then principal of that house. In
February 1692, he addressed a letter from Edmund-hall to
BrOme, the editor of Somner's " Treatise of the Roman
Ports and Forts in Kent," containing an account of the
life of that famous antiquary ; which gave him an oppor
tunity of displaying his knowledge in the history of tbe
Saxon language in England. In February 1693, he was
presented to the rectory of Shottesbrook, in Berkshire, by
William Cherry, esq. the father of one of his fellow,stu-
dents at college, but he still resided at Oxford, where he
diligently pursued and encouraged the study of antiquities.
We have a strong attestation to this part of his character
from Gibson, afterwards bishop of London, who publish
ing, in 1694, a translation of Somner's treatise, written in
answer to Chifflet, concerning the situation of the Portus
Iccius on the coast of France, opposite to Kent, where
Caesar embarked for the invasion of this island, introduced
it to the world with a dedication to Mr. Kennet.
On May 5, 1694, he took the degree of B, D. ; that of
D. D. July 19, 1699 ; and in 1700, was appointed minister
of St. Botolph Aldgate in London, without any solicitation
of his own. In 1701, he engaged against Dr. Atterbury,
in the disputes about the rights of convocation, of vvhich
he became a member about this time, as archdeacon of
Huntingdon; to which dignity he was advanced the same
year by Dr. Gardiner, bishop of Lincoln. He now grevtf
into great esteem by those who were deemed the Ipw-
church party, and particularly with Tenison the archbishop
of Canterbury. He preached a sermon at Aldgate, January
X 2

308 KENNET.
30, 1703, which exposed him to great clamour, and occa
sioned many pamphlets to be vvritten against it; and in
1705, when Dr. Wake was advanced to the see of Lincoln,
was appointed to preach his consecration serraon ; which
was so much admired by lord chief-justice Holt, that he
declared, " it had raore in it to the purpose of the legal and
Christian constitution of this church than any volume of
discourses." About the same time, some booksellers, hav
ing undertaken to print a collection of the best writers of
the English history, as far as to the reign of Charles I. in
two folio volumes, prevailed with Dr. Kennet to prepare a
third volume, which should carry the history down to the
then present reign of queen Anne. This, being finished
with a particular preface, was published with the other two,
under the ritle of " A complete History of England, &c."
in 1706. The two volumes were collected by Mr. Hughes,
who wrote also the general preface, without any participa
tion of Dr. Kennet: and, in 1719, appeared the second
edition with notes, said to be inserted by Mr. Strype, and
several alterations and additions. Not long after this, he
was appointed chaplain to her majesty ; and by the ma->
nagement of bishop Burnet, preached the funeral sermon
on the death of the first duke of Devonshire, Sept. 5, 1707.
This sermon gave great offence, and made some say, that
" the preacher had built a bridge to heaven for men of wit
and parts, but excluded the duller part of mankind from
any chance of passing it." This charge was grounded on
the following passage ; where, speaking of a late repent
ance, he says, that " this rarely happens but in men of
distinguished sense and judgment. Ordinary abilities may
be altogether sunk by a long vicious course of life; the
duller flame is easily extinguished. The meaner sinful
wretches are coraraonly given up to a reprobate raind, and
die as stupidly as they lived ; while the nobler and brighter
parts have an advantage of understanding the worth of their
souls before they resign thera. If they are allowed the
benefit of sickness, they coraraonly awake out of their
dream of sin, and reflect, and look upward. They acknow
ledge an infinite being ; they feel their own iramortal part ;
they recollect and relish the holy Scriptures ; they call for
the elders of the church ; they think what to answer at a
judgment-seat. Not that God is a respecter of persons,
but the difference is in men ; and, the more intelligent
nature is, the more susceptible of the divine grace." .Of

KENNET. 309:
this sermon a new edition, vvith " Memoirs of the Family
of Cavendish," and notes and illustrations, was published
in 1797, which is now as scarce as the original edition, the
greater part of the impression having been burnt at Mr.
Nichols's (the editor's) fire in 1808.
Whatever offence this sermon might give to others, it
did not offend the succeeding duke of Devonshire, to whom
it was dedicated, who, on the contrary, recommended the
doctor to the queen for the deanery of Peterborough, which
he obtained in 1707. In 1709, he published " A Vindi
cation of the Church and Clergy of England from some
late Reproaches rudely and unjustly cast upon them ;" and,
" A true Answer to Dr. Sacheverell's Sermon before tbe
Lord-Mayor, November 5 of that year." In 1710, he
was greatly reproached, for not joining iu the London
clergy's address to tbe queen. When the great point in
Sacheverell's trial, the change of the ministry, was gained,
and addresses succeeded, an address was prepared from
the bishop and clergy of London, so worded that they,
who would not subscribe it, might be represented as ene
mies tq the queen and her ministry. Dr. Kennet, however,
refused to sign it, which was announced in one of the
newspapers. Dyer's Letter of Aug. 4, 1710. This zealous
conduct in Kennet, in favour of his own party, raised so
great an odium against him, and made him so very ob
noxious to tbe other, that very uncommon methods were
taken to expose him ; and one, in particular, by Dr. Wel-
ton, rector of Whitechapel. In an altar-piece of that
church, which was intentled to represent Christ and his
twelve apostles eating the passover and the last supper,
Judas, the traitor, was drawn sitting in an elbow-chair,
dressed in a black garment, between a gown and a cloak,
with a black scarf and a white band, a short wig, and a
mark in his forehead between a lock and a patch, and with
so much of the countenance of Dr. Kennet, that under it,
in effect, was written " the dean the traitor." It was ge
nerally saidj that the original sketch was designed for a
bishop under Dr. Welton's displeasure, which occasioned
the elbow-chair, and that this bishop was Burnet : but the
painter being apprehensive of an action of Scandalum Mag-
natum, leave was given him to drop the bishop, and make
the dean. Multitudes of people came daily to tbe church
lo admire tbe sight ; bnt it was esteemed so insolent a con
tempt of all that is sacred, that, upon the complaint of

no ' KENNET.
others, (for the dean never saw or seemed to regard it,
the bishop of London obliged those who set the picture up
to take it down again.
But these arts and contrivances to expose him, instead
of discouraging, served only to animate him ; and he con
tinued to write and act as usual in the defence of that cause
which he had espoused and pushed so vigorously hitherto.
Jn the mean tirae, he eraployed his leisure-hours in things
of a different nature ; but which, he thought, would be no
less serviceable to the public good. In 1713, he made a
large collection of books, charts, maps, and papers, at his
own expence, with a design of writing " A full History of
the Propagation of Chrisfianity in the English American
Colonies ;" and published a catalogue of all the distinct
treatises and papers, in the order of tirae as they were first
printed or written, under this title, " BibliothecEe Ameri-
canse primordia." About the sarae time he founded " an
antiquarian and historical library" at Peterborough ; for
which purpose he had long been gathering up pieces, from
the very beginning of printing in England to the latter end
of queen Elizabeth's reign*. In the rebellion of 1715, he
published a serraon upon " the witchcraft of the present
Rebellion ;" and, the two following years, was very zealous
for repealing the acts against occasional conformity and
the growth of schism. He also warmly opposed the pro
ceedings in the convocation against Hoadly, then bishop of
Bangor ; which was thought to hurt bim so as to prove au
effectual bar to his farther advancement in the church':
nevertheless, he was afterwards promoted to the see of
Peterborough, November 1718. He conrinued to print
several things after his last promotion, which he lived to
enjoy something above ten years ; and then died in his
house in James's-street, December 19, 1728. His nume
rous and valuable MS collections, which were once in the
collection of Mr. West, were purchased by the earl of
Shelburne, afterwards marquis of Lansdowne, and sold
* This collection, amounting to abont founded the Gentlemen's society at Pe-
1500 volumes and small tracts, was terboroiigh. There is a large written
placed in a private room at Peterbo- catalogue of this collection, inscribed,
rough, with a view of being daily sup- " Index librorum aliquot vetustorum
plied and augmented by the care of quos in commune bonum congessit W.
the rev. Mr. Sparke, a member of that K. decan' Petriburgh. 1712." This
church, of very good literature, and library is now arranged in the chapel
well qualified to assist in the design, of St. Thomas Becket, over the we'st
who published tbe oklest histories of porch of the cathedral charch.
the abbey,and with BIr. Timothy Neve

K E N N E T. 311
with the rest of his lordship's MSS. to the British Museum,
where they are now deposited. Among these are two vo-
liimes in a large Atlas folio, which were intended for pub
lication under the following comprehensive title : " Dip-
tycha Ecclesije Anglicante : sive Tabulae Sacree ; in quibus
facili ordine recensentur Archiepiscopi, Episcopi, eorum-
¦que Suffraganei, Vicaiii Generales, et Cancellarii ; Eccle-
siarum insuper Cathedralium Priores, Decani, Thesaurarii,
Praecentores, Cancellarii, Archidiaconi, & melioris notae
Canonici, continua serie deducti a Gulielmi L Conquestu,
ad auspicata Gul. IIL tempera.'^
There is also in the British Museum, a curious Diary by
bishop Kennet, in MS. of which the following specimen,
extracted for our last edition, may not be unacceptable :
" Dr. Swift came into the coffee-house, and had a bow
from every body but me, who, I confess, could not but
despise him. When I came to the anti-chamber to wait
before prayers, Dr. Swift was the principal man of talk and
business, and acted as a master of requests. He was soli
citing the earl of Arran to speak to bis brother the duke of
Ormond, to get a chaplain's place estabhshed in the gar
rison of Hull for Mr. Fiddes, a clergyman in that neigh
bourhood, who had lately been in gaol, and published ser
mons to pay fees. He was promising Mr. Thorold to un-
<iertake with my lord treasurer, that, according to his peti
tion, he should obtain a salary of 200l. per annum, as mi
nister of the English church at Rotterdam. Then he stopt
F. Gwynne, esq. going in with his red bag to the queen,
and told him aloud he had soraewhat to say to hira from
my lord treasurer. He talked with the son of Dr. Dave
nant to be sent abroad, and took out his pocket-book, and
wrote down several things, as memoranda, to do for him.
He turned to the fire, and took out hjs gold watch, and,
telling the time of the day, complained it was very late.
A gentleman said, ' he was too fast.' ' How can I help it,'
says the doctor, ' if the courtiers give me a watch that
won't go right ?' Then he instructed a young nobleman,
that the best poet in England vvas Mr. Pope (a papist), who
had begun a translation of Homer into English verse; for
which 'he must have 'em all subscribe ;' for, says he, the
author shall not begin to print till I have a thousand guineas;
for him. Lord Treasurer, after leaving the queen, carae
through the roora beckoning Dr. Swift to follow hJm ; both
went off just before prayers.

312 KENNET.
" Nov. 3. I see and hear a great deal to confirm a doubt,
that the pretender's interest is much at the bottom of some
hearts : a whisper, that Mr. N  n (Nelson) had a prime
hand in the late book for hereditary right ; and that one of
thera was presented to majesty itself, whom God preserve
from the effect of such principles and such ihtrigues !"
Bishop Kennet took such an active part in the eccle
siastical and political contro'wersies of his tirae, that who
ever exaraines into the state of these must expect to find
his character very differently represented. Upon a fair
exaraination of his conduct, however, as well as his writings,
it will probably be found that he did not fall much short
of his contemporaries as an able divine and an honest poli
tician. But it is as a historian and antiquary, that we feel
most indebted to his labours, and could wish he had been
enabled to devote more of his time to the illustration of
literary history, to which he was early attached, and had
every requisite to become a useful collector and biographer.
As to his character in other respects, if we can rely on the
rev. William Newton, the writer of his life, there was much
that vyas exemplary. He was always indefatigable in the
duties of his sacred function, had a great sense of the worth
of souls, and was very solicitous to serve in the most effec
tual manner those committed to his care.
He was a man of great diligence and application, not
only in his yduth, but even to the close of his life ; and
like many other men of eminence, he began early that
pursuit, vvhich he more or less followed during the whole
of his life. He assisted Anthony Wood in collecting ma
terials for the " Athenae," and would have probably given
a valuable work of that kind to the world, had he found
leisure to methodize and complete his collecrions, by
which, however, men of research may yet be benefited.
He had a very extensive and valuable library, collected at
a great expence, and many of his happiest hours were
spent there. He had one practice, into vvhich most men
of literary curiosity have fallen ; that of writing notes, cor
rections, additions, &c. to all his books, many of which,
thus illustrated, are now in various public and private
libraries. His manners and behaviour were easy, affable, and
courteous. He was accessible and communicative, much
a friend to the younger clergy, recollecting how greatly
he had himself been indebted to the kiiidness qf early

KENNET. 313
patrons ; and was always ready tP assist them in their stu
dies ; and, according to their merit, to promote them ia
the church. He was also liberal to the poor, and generous
to his relations.
Among his works, besides those already noticed, are his
1. " Parochial Antiquities, attempted in the History of Am
broseden, Burcester, and other adjacent parts, in the
counties of Oxford and Bucks," Oxford^ 1695, 4to. 2.
" Preface to sir Henry Spelman's History of Sacrilege,"
1698. 3. " Ecclesiastical Synods, and Parliamentary Con
vocations in the Church of England, historically stated, and
justly vindicated from the misrepresentations of Mr. Atter
bury," Lond. 1701, Svo. 4. "An occasional Letter, on
the subject of English Convocations," ibid. 1701. 5. " The
History of the Convocation suramoned to meet Feb. 6,
1700, &c." ibid. 1702, 4to. 6. " The case of Impropria
tions, and of the Augmentation of Vicarages, &c." ibid.
1704, Svo. 7. " Preface to sir Henry Spelman's and Dr.
¦Ryve's two tracts," ibid. 1704. 8. " Account of the So
ciety for propagating the Gospel in foreign parts," ibid.
1706, 4to. 9. " The Christian Scholar, in rules and di-
rectipns for children and youth sent to English schools,"
ibid. 1708. 10. " The French favourite, or the seven
discourses of Balzac's Polirics," ibid. 1709. 11. "A Let
ter, about a motion in convocation, to the rev Thos, Brett,
LL.D." ibid. 1712. 12. " A Memorial for Protestants on
the 5th of November, &c. in a letter to a peer of Great
Britain," ibid. 1713. 13. "A Letter to the lord bishop of
Carlisle, concerning one of his predecessors, bishop Merks,
on occasion of a new volurae for the Pretender, entitled.
The Hereditary Right of the Crown of England asserted,"
ibid. 1713. 14. "The wisdom of looking backwards to
judge the better on one side and the other, by the speeches,
writings, actions, and other matters of fact on both sides,
for the four last years," ibid. 1715, Svo. This is a very
curious volume, and fills up a gap in our literary history ;
but he rendered a more important service afterwards by his
" Register and Chronicle," 1728, foHo. Dr. Kennet pub
lished also a great many sermons on occasional subjects.'
KENNET (Basil), younger brother of the preceding,
was bom Oct. 21, 1^74, at Postling in Kent, the vicarage
} Life by the Rev. W. Newton, 1730, 8vo.— Ath. Ox. vol. II.— Gent, Mag.
>ee Index, and vol. LXXV, p, 971.— Uiog, Brit— Geu. Diet.— Nichols's Atter
bury and Bowyer.

314 KENNET.
of his father, who bred this son also to the charch. He
was sent to Corpus Christi college, Oxford, in 1690, where
he soon distinguished himself by his uncommon abilities,
and extraordinary advances in classical literature. He took
the degree of M.A. in 1696, and coraraenced author the
same year, by the publication of his " Romae Antiquae
Notitia, or. The Antiquities of Rome ; in two parts ; 1. A
short History of the Rise, Progress, and Decay of the
Comraonwealth. 2. A Description of the City : an Account
cf the Religion, Civil Government, and Art of War ; with
the reraarkable Customs and Ceremonies, public and pri
vate ; with Copper Cuts of the principal Buildings, &c.
To vvhich are prefixed. Two Essays, concerning the Roman
Learning, and the Roman Education," in Svo. The dedi.c
cation is addressed to his royal highness William duke of
Gloucester ; and the work must have been written for his
tise particularly, if any credit may be given to a report,
then at Oxford, that Mr. Kennet was to be appointed sub-
preceptor to that darling of the nation. This book being
very well received by the public, he was encouraged to go .
on with his design of facilitating the study of classical
learning; and with this view published, in 1697, "The
Lives and Characters of the ancient Grecian Poets," in
Svo, which he also dedicated to the duke of Gloucester.
This, however, did not succeed so well as the " Roman
Antiquities," which is scarcely yet superseded in common
nse. The same year he was admitted fellow of his college,
and became a tutor. About this time he entered into
orders ; and, some years after, gave proofs of the progress
he had made in the study of divinity. In 1705 he pub
lished " An Exposition of the Apostles Creed, according
to bishop Pearson, in a new Method, by way of Paraphrase
and Annotations," in Svo, which was followed by " An
Essay towards a Paraphrase on the Psdlms, in Verse ; with
a Paraphrase on the third Chapter of the Revelations,"
1706, Svo.
The same year be was, by the interest pf his brptber,
appointed chaplain to the English factory at Leghorn ;
where he no sooner arrived than he met with great oppo
sition from the papists, and was in great danger of the
inquisition. This establishment of a church-of-England
chaplain was a new thing ; and the Italians were so jealous
of the Northern heresy, that, to give as little offence as
possible, he performed the duties of his office with thft',

KENNET. 315
utmost privacy and caution. But, notwithstanding this,
great offence was taken at it ; and complaints were imme
diately sent to Florence and Rome. Upon this, the pope,
and the court of inquisition at Kome, declared their reso
lution to expel heresy, and the public teacher of it, from
the confines of the holy see ; and therefore secret orders
were given to apprehend Mr. Kennet at Leghorn, and to
hurry him avva^ to Pisa, and thence to some other religious
prison, to bury him alive, or otherwise dispose of him in
the severest manner. Upon notice of this design, Dr.
Newton, the English envoy at Florence, interposed his
offices at that court ; vvhere he could obtain no other
answer, but that " he might send for the English preacher,
and keep him in his own family as his domestic chaplain ;
otherwise, if he presumed te cputinue at Leghorn, he must
take the consequences of it ; for, in those matters of reli
gion, the court of inquisition was superior to all civil
powers." The envoy comraunicated this answer of the
great duke to the earl of Sunderland, then secretary of
state, who sent a raenacing letter by her majesty's order ;
and then the chaplain continued to officiate in safety,
though he was with much difficulty preserved from their
intended fury till that letter arrived.
He continued at Leghorn, and persevered with great
steadiness in his duty, till the bad state of his health
obliged him to think of returning to his native air. He
arrived at Oxford in 1714 : he was also admitted D. D. the
sarae year. But he lived to enjoy these new honours a
very short tirae ; for, his health having been much impaired
in Italy, he died of a slow fever, Jan. 1714-15. A little
before his death, he finished the preface to a volurae, which
came out under the title of " Sermons on several occa»
sions, preached before the Society of British Merchants in
foreign Parts." Lond. 1715, Svo.
Besides this collection, and the pieces already mentioned,
of his own composing, he published English translations of
eminent authors, the chief of which are as follow : 1. " Puf-
fendorf of the Law of Nature and Nations." 2. " Placette's
. Christian Casuist." 3. " Godeau's Pastoral Instructions.'*
4. " Pascal's Thoughts on Religion." To which he pre
fixed an account of the manner in which those thoughts
were delivered by the autiior. 5. " Balsac's Aristippus ;
with an Account of his Life and Writings," 6. " The
Marriage of Thames and Isis ;" from a Latin poera of

316

KENNET.

Mr. Camden. Dr. Basil Kennet is said to have been a
very amiable man ; of exemplary integrity, generosity, and
modesty.' KENNICOTT (Benjamin), a very learned divine, the
son of Benjamin Kennicott, parish clerk of Totnes in
Devonshire, was born April 4, 1718, at that place. From
his early age he manifested a strong inclination for books,
which his father encouraged by every means within the
compass of bis ability ; for he had frora the scanty pittance
of a parish clerk *, and the profits of a small school, saved

. * It is said that when Dr. Kennicott
had taken orders, he came to officiate in
bis clerical capacity in his native town:
when his father as clerk proceeded to
place the surplice on his shoulders, a
struggle ensued between the modesty
of the son and the honest pride of the
parent, who insisted on paying that re
spect to his son which he liad been ac
customed to shew to other clergymen :
to this filial obedience was obliged to
submit. A circumstance is added, that
his mother had often declared she slionid
never be able to support the joy of
hearing her son preach ; and that on
her attendance at the church for the
first time, she was so overcome as to be
taken out in a state of temporary in
sensibility. The following anecdotes are from
Polwbele's History of Devonshire. " In
his younger days Dr. Kennicott was
much attached to the study and prac
tice of music. I have at this time in
iny possession an anthem, to which the
tenor and counter-tenor were added by
him. He also taught the choir at Tot
nes church, and much delighted to walk
into the fields with a few of the best of
the singers, and would there join with
them in the praise of that God to whose
honour he has erected so lasting a mo
nument. I have been assured that his
voice and manner far exceeded medio
crity. He was also a ringer ; and there
is an inscription on a brass chandelier
in the belfry, where his name is men
tioned as being one of its donors, to the
ringers of Totnes church, for ever. I
shall further add, that when the doctor
first returned from Oxford, in orders,
he was thought by his benefactors to
affect a little too much the gentleman,
and even to assume so far as to pay
his addresses to the sister of one of his
I Biog. Brit,,

subscribers : this gave offence, and the
doctor desisted ; but this repulse gave
his mother an opportunity to say,
' Truly, I think it a lucky thing; for
if my son had married Miss, he would
have been a country curate all his life,
but I now trust I shall live to see him a.
bishop.' " As I have already taken notice
that the doctor was a ringer, some re
gulations, in his own hand-writing, for
the establishment of = society for the
cultivation of that amusement, are here
copied. The disposition of a man is
more strongly marked by ^rifles of this
sort, than hy matters of more weighty
import, as the mind is here biassed
neither by interest nor ambition. —
"Totnes, Nov. 8th, l':42. Among the
many recreations approved of by the
sons of pleasure, ringing is a diversion
that may be emphatically said to bear
away the bell, and so much does it en
gage the natives of Great Britain, be
yond all ether nations, that it has even
the distinguishing appellation cf the
' ringing isle,' The art, then, for which
this kingdom is renowned, shews a ju
dicious taste in those of its inhabitants
who have, by their performances, con
tributed thereto : since this art wants
no foreign encomiast, but the harmo
nious bells are the heralds of your own
praise. The ingenuity required for,
the diversion administered irt, and tbe
health subsequent upon, this exercise,
give it a particular sanction among man
kind, and recommend it as an employ
ment at vacant hours, worthy the regard
of all denominations. We, therefore,
whose names are subscribed, taking
into consideration the great pleasure
that results from this manly employ
ment, the innocence with which it is
performed, and the advantage enjoyed
-Gen. Diet.

KENNICOTT. 317
money to purchase a very good library. Dr. Kennicott
was placed as a foundation boy under the care of Mr. Row,
then master of the grammar-school at Totnes, where he
distinguished himself by industry and regularity of con
duct. At this school he continued about seven y^ars, with
a constant wish and expectation of one day being sent to
the university. After he left Mr. Row, he became master
of the charity-school in Totnes, and occasionally added to
the small embluments of his school by writing for the
attornies. A short poera which he wrote, entitled " Bid-
well," recommended bim to the attention of the neigh
bouring gentlemen ; and before hewas thirty, he published
a poem on the recovery of Mrs. Courtenay of Painsford.
This strongly entitled him to her favour, and subscriptions
were solicited for his support, at Oxford, to the success of
which scheme he now bent all his efforts ; but every exer
tion, on the first attempt, failed ; and a mind less firm than
his, would, perhaps, have sunk under the disappointment.
Soon after, however, another subscription was set on foot,
under the auspices of the benevolent Mr. Allen of Bath,
in consequence of which, in 1744, he was entered of Wad-
ham college, where he soon proved that he was deserving
of the patronage confei:red upon him. In 1747 he pro
duced his first performance, entitled " Two Dissertations :
the first. On the Tree of Life in Paradise, with some ob
servations on the Creation and Fall of Man : the second.
On the Oblations of Cain and Abel," Svo, printed at the
university press. To this work he prefixed a dedication,
from so healthy an exercise of our bo- tion, adjourn to any house the com-
dies; and also, having the peculiar sa- pany shall chuse, and there tarry till
tisfaction of ringing with ease a set of the hour of ten, and no longer. And
eight bells, of established fame and whereas the stays supporting the bells
applauded excellence, do hereby agree are liable to damage from unskilful
to meet together, in the usual place of hands, we agree, that whoever hurts,
ringing, every Monday evening, at six shall repair thesame at his own proper
o'clock, for our improving this science: charge. We make no rules for con-
and for the greater certainty of attend- versation, nor penalties for any mis-
ance, we do hereby severally promise behaviour in it, resolving to render it
to forfeit the sum of three-pence, if not innocently agreeable to each other ;
attending at the hour aforesfiid, and and whenever a breach of this rule is
sixpence if not present at seven o'clock, committed, that a reprimand be ad-
to be deposited in the hands of the mitted from the society. In all cases
treasurer for the time being, and spent and disputes not hereinbefore decided,
as the major part of the society shall the majority of the company shall de-
deem fit. And for the better regulation termine ; that so this society, amicably
of this our fraternity, we do also here- begun, may be amicably carried on,
by agree, that we remain in the bellfry and not meet the fate of others that
(Juring pleasure, and then, for the fur- have gone before it.
flier pleasure and benefit of convcrsa- (Signed) Be^j, ICennicott."

318 KENNICOTT.
addressed to a numerous hst of benefactors, to whom he
had been indebted for his educadon, which speaks strongly
the language of an humble and grateful heart ; and of this,
indeed,''he exhibited many proofs in the course of his life.
The aijprobation bestowed on this performance was not
without some mixture of opposition, and some answers
appeared against it. It procured him, however, so much
reputation at Oxford, that a vacancy for a fellowship of
Exeter college occurring before he could qualify hiraself
to be a candidate by taking his first degree, the university,
as a mark of favour, conferred his bachelor's degree on
hira before the statutable period, and without fees. Soon
after, he was elected fellow of Exeter college, and on the
4th of May 1750, took the degree of M. A.
Pursuing his studies with great diligence, he in 1753
published " The State of the printed Hebrew Text of the
Old Testament considered. A Dissertation in Two Parts.
Part the First compares 1 Chron, xi. with 2 Sam. v. and
xxiii. ; and Part the Second contains Observations on
seventy Hebrew MSS. with an Extract of Mistakes and
various Readings;" Oxford, Svo. In this work he first
exhibited the utility and necessity of a collation of the
Hebrew Text with the various ancient MSS. existing.
At this period the university of Oxford was much tainted
with disaffection to the reigning family on the throne, and
Tory, if not Jacobite principles, were very prevalent there,
and met with much encouragement. In the rage of party
it was not likely that any active member should escape the
disorders of the times. Mr. Kennicott adhered to the side
of government, and in consequence much of the abuse
then liberally distributed araongst the friends of what was
called the new interest, or Whig party, fell to his share.
He defended himself however with spirit and acuteness in
his " Letter to Dr. King, occasioned by his late Apology" *,
* Dr. King, in his " Apology, or fortune, yet above want; in youth.
Vindication of Himself," 1155, 4to, industrious in the station assigned bim
Sdedit. p. 43, upbraids our author as by providence; exact in his morals;
the; son of a low mechanic, whom be exemplary in his religion ; at middle
afterwards styles a cobler. In answer age, loyal in principle ; peaceable in
to which illiberal sarcasm, Dr. Kenni- practice ; enabled to exchange the
Cott, after drawing a. portrait of Or. more active life for a more contempla-
King with equal spirit and acrimony, tive ; ever warm for the glory of the
thus repells the attack on his parent, church nf England ; concerned for, yet
by the fallowing contrast: "Buf on the charitable towards those who are n()t
right hand (I am now drawing a real of her communion ; qualified by iin-
Chsracter), behold a man born to no common reading to judge of bi&~itwn

KENNICOT T; 319
and, as it was supposed, in a newspaper llien published,
entitled " The Evening Advertiser." About this time he
was appointed one of the preachers at Whitehall. In Ja
nuary 1757, he preached before the university of Oxford
a sermon, which, being misrepresented, occasioned its
publication under the title of " Chrisrian Fortitude." Be
tween this period and 1760 he was presented to the vicar
age of Culham, in Oxfordshire. *
He had now employed himself for several years ia
searching out and collating Hebrew MSS. It appears,
when he began the study of the Hebrew language, and
for several years afterwards, he was strongly prejudiced ia
favour of the integrity of the Hebrew text ; taking it for
granted that if the printed copies of the Hebrew Bible at
all differed from the originals of Moses and the prophets,
the variations were very few and quite inconsiderable. In
1748 he was convinced of his mistake, and satisfied that
there were such corruptions in the sacred volume as to
affect the sense greatly in many instances. The particular
chapter which extorted from him this conviction, was re
commended to his perusal by the rev. Dr. Lowth, after
wards bishop of London. It was the 23d chapter of the
2d book of Samuel. Being thus convinced of his mistake,
he thought it his duty to endeavour to convince others ;
and accordingly in 1753 published the work already men
tioned. In 1758 the delegates pf the press at Oxford were
recommended by the Hebrew professor to encourage,
amongst various other particulars, a collation of all those
Hebrew MSS. of the Old Testament, which were pre
served in the Bodleian library ; apd archbishop Seeker
strongly pressed our author to undertake the task, as the
person best qualified to carry it into execution. In 1760
he was prevailed upon to give up the remainder of his life
to tbe arduous work, and early in that year published
*' The State of the printed Hebrew text considered. Dis
sertation the Second," Svo, in which he further enforced
fiapplnesi as a protestant and an Eng- his numerous surviving frien^ls I Happy
lishman ; arid most effectually recom- would it be for you, sir, (addrepsiug
A'lending to others (witli zeal reguteted himself to Dr. King), were your latter
by prudence) the importatit dutieb end to be like his 1" — Lfitter to Dr.
aridiii^ from both these characters'; K.mg, occasioned by his late Apology,
arid now, in old age, I shall otily say, sfnd in particular by sueh parts ofit as
6n)oying tbe prospect of that 'awfuj pe- are nJpaot (o deVame Mr. Kcunicott,
tibd, which, however favourable .to Fellow of E»eter-coUege, ^''55, Sto,
iiBi»elf,'wiii cause deep distress amoiig Pr'*!. , •, >

320 KENNICOTT.
the necessity ofthe collation be had so strenuously recom-'
mended. In the same year he published his proposals,
and was immediately encouraged by a liberal subscription
from the universiries of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin;
the archbishops of Canterbury, York, and Dublin ; many
of the bishops ; sorae nobleraen ; the principal of the dis
senting rainisters ; and various clergymen, as well as other
encouragers of Fiterature. The time he proposed to be
employed in the work was ten years, and he set about to
fulfil his engagement with alacrity ; determining to exert
the utmost of his endeavours to serve the public, and not
at all doubting the generosity of the public for the reward
of his labours. On the 6th of December 1761, he took
the degree of B. D. and on the 1 0th of the same month
that of D. D. In that year his majesty's name was added
to the list of annual subscribers for the sum of 200/. ; and
about this time he was presented to his majesty at court.
The importance of the work being generally acknow
ledged, numberless articles of information were received
from various parts of Europe, and the learned in every
quarter seemed willing to promote the success of a plan so
apparently beneficial to the interests of revelation. Some,
however, doubted the necessity, and some the usefulness
of tbe undertaking; and objections soon were started by
different persons, some with a friendly view, and some
with a petulant one. Amongst others, the professor of
divinity at Cambridge, Dr. Rutberforth, published, " A
Letter to the Rev. Mr. Kennicott, in which his Defence
ef the Samaritan Pentateuch is examined, and his Second
Dissertation on the State of the printed Hebrew Text of
the Old Testament is shewn to be in many instances inju
dicious and inaccurate. With a postscript, occasioned by
his adverrizing, before this Letter was printed, that he
had an Answer to it in the press," 1761, Svo. To this
Dr. Kennicott published an immediate reply, under the
title of " An Answer to a Letter from the Rev. T. Rutber
forth, D. D. F. R. S." &c. 1762, Svo, in the postscript to
which he declared it to be his resolution not to be diverted
from his principal design by engaging in any further con
troversy. This resolution he was unable to persevere in. An an
tagonist of superior order, whose influence was too mighty
to be treated with neglect, made his appearance. This
was Dr. Warburton, bishop of Gloucester, theii possessed

KENNICOTT. S2l
•fall his powers, and exercising authority in the world of
letters almost without controul. This learned writer, find
ing an explanation of a passage in the Proverbs different
from his own sentiments, attacked the Collation of the
Hebrew MSS. in the Preface to his Doctrine of Grace,
1764, in a style not unusual with him, and calculated to
make an unfavourable impression on the public mind. Tp
repel the attack. Dr. Kennicott published " A Sermon
preached before the university of Oxford at St. Mary's
church, on Sunday May 19, 1765," Svo, in the notes ^o
which he defended himself with great spirit, and even as
sailed his opponent, whose reflections, he observed, with
regard to his wprk, were a mere fortuitous concourse of
words, of heterogeneous and incompatible meanings, which
were incapable of forming any regular systera of opposi
tion, and had therefore the benevolent faculty of destroying
•ne another.
In the summer of 1766 he visited Paris for the purpose
•f examining the MSS. in that place, and was received
with the honours due to bim on account of his learning and
diligence,: and of the utility of his undertaking. In No
vember 1767 he was appointed by the archbishop of Can
terbury, and the other electors, to the oflSce of Radcliffe
librarian. In 1768 he published " Observations on the
First Book of Samuel, chap. vi. verse 19," Svo. These
were dedicated to Dr. Lowth, the earliest and most steady
encourager of tbe work. They were the fruit of his visit
to Paris, and were soon after translated into French.
At length, in 1769, the important work was concluded
within the period of ten years, originally promised. On
this occasion he published the ten annual accounts of th«
progress of this laborious undertaking, by which it ap
peared that the whole money received from the subscribers
amounted to the sum of 9117/. 7s. 6d. on the recital of
which Dr. Kennicott exclaims, " Reader! What a sum is
here ! Let foreign nations read with astonishment this story
of Britons and their king, joined by one foreign prince
and one foreign academy, voluntarily contributing for teQ
years their several bounties, with a degree of public spirit
beyond all example, for the accomplishmeht of a work
purely subservient to the honour of revelation ; a work si-
cred to the glory of God, and the good of mankind I And,
under the potverful influence of this view of my work, it i*
imppssible for ma to be gufficientlf tkankfuJ, eitbtr t«
Vol. XIX Y

3/2 KENNICOTT.
those who have honoured with their patronage me, as the
humble instrument in beginning and completing it, or to
Divine Providence for granting me life to finish it, as well
as resolution to undertake it." He then states, that after
deducting his income to live on during these ten years,
the money spent in collations abroad, and assistants at
home, there remained only 500/. all which was likely to
be swallowed up in further expences, which he had en
gaged to pay. His industry had been unremitted ; bis
general rule being to devote to it ten or twelve hours in a
day, a,nd frequently fourteen; at least, he says, "This
•was my practice, till such severe application became no
longer possible, through the injuries done to my constitu
tion." In this final statement, he also, with proper indig-
uation, notices sorae insinuations which had been thrown on
him during the progress of the work. He had declared at the
outset of his undertaking, that be had no doubt of receiving
from the public the reward of his labours. Accordingly,
on the death of Dr. Ballard, in June 1770, be was ap
pointed a prebendary of Westminster, which in October
be exchanged for a canonry of Christ-church Oxford.
His circumstances being thus rendered easy, he entered
into the marriage state Jan, 3, 1771, with Miss Ann Cham-'
berlayne, sister to Mr. Chamberlayne, one of the solicitors
of the treasury, a lady of learned accomplishments, who
still survives him.
In 1776 he gave the public the first fruits of his long atid
laborious task, bj' the publication ofthe first volume ofthe
Hebrew Bible, ivith the various readings; and this was
followed in 1780 by the second volume, with a general
dissertation, which completed the work. He had enjoyed
an extraordinary share of good health until near tbe con
clusion of his labours, when the>infirmities of age impaired
his exertions, and terminated his life Aug. 18, 1783. He
was buried in Christ-church cathed,ral. His last employ
ment was to prepare for tbe press, " Remarks on select.
passages in the Old Testament ; to which are added, eight
sermons ;" part was printed in his life-time, and the whole
published in 1787. In the introduction he professes him
self a zealous advocate for an authorized revisal of the
Enghsh version of the Old Testament, and the great ob
ject of hi^ work seems to be, to demonstrate the necessity
and facihtate the execution of this prpject ; but the prp-
pjriety or tiecessiity ef such an iaterposition of authority

KENNICOTT. 323
has not yet appeared sufficiently obvious, and indeed the
objections to it have been generally thought insuperable.
Dr. Geddes's attempt on the Old Testament, and a more
recent Socinian translation of the New, are unfortunate
examples of what may be done without authority. Refer
ring to the works quoted in the note for further informa
tion on the controversies in which Dr. Kennicott's labours
involved him, we shall add, in the words of a judicious
biographer, that if in brilliancy of genius, or elegance of
taste, he had many superiors ; if in the study of Oriental
languages in general he was comparatively deficient ; and
if in critical acumen, and felicity of conjecture, he stood
not in the very first rank ; yet in a profound knowledge of
Hebrew, and in the persevering industry with which he
applied .it to the illustration of the sacred page, he had
few equals. His collation of the Hebrew MSS. was a work
which added splendour to a great nation and an enlight
ened age. To the Hebrew scholar it unlocked the richest
stores of sacred philology ; while, by establishing the ge
neral purity of the Hebrew text, so far as the essentials of
religion are concerned, it has confirmed the faith and hopes
•f every pious Christian.
We have yet to add an anecdote very honourable to his
memory. He was for many years possessed of Mynhen-
yote, a very valuable living in Cornwall, in the gift of the
dean and chapter of Exeter, and obtained for him by his
steady friend bishop Lowth. It had been his avowed in
tention, as soon as his great work should be finished, tO
reside there, at least occasionally ; but when that period
arrived, be was in such a state of health, that the measure
was altogether unadvisable. He, therefore, with the con
sent of the friends of his wife, and of herself, freely and
voluntarily resigned the hving about a year or more before
his death. t)r. Kennicott never seems to have forgotten
the humble station from which the liberality of his friends
first raised him ; and all his future preferments seem to
have exceeded his wishes. Contentment, gratitude, and
sincerity, were the leading features of his character. '
KENRICK (WitLiAM), tbe son of a stay-maker at or
near Watford in Hertfordshire, is said to have been brought
up to some mechanical employment in London, most proba-
' Earopean Mag. for 1799.— Gent. Mag. LIX. 235. — Jones's Life of Bishop
Home, p, 84, 95.~Polttbala'»Siit. ofDevonihir*.— Meatb, B«v,T«l. LXXVIII.
— Nicholi'i Bowyer^
Y 2

324 KENRICK.
bly that of mathematical instrument maker, or, as others
have reported, that of scale-maker. Whatever it was, he
seeras to have early abandoned it, and devoted his talents
to the cultivation of literature, by which he supported, him
self during the remainder of a life which, from his unhappy
temper, and irritable vanity, may be said to have passed
in a state of warfare, as he was seldom without an enemy
to attack or defend himself from. One account informs us
that he was for some time a student at Leyden, and there
received a degree of LL. D. : it was, however, more gene
rally current that he had been indebted for this honour to
sorae of the Scotch universities. In either Case, it was not
unworthily bestowed, for Dr. Kenrick was really a man of
talents, and deficient only in the knowledge of making a
proper use of thera ; it was his misfortune likewise to settle
upon no regular plan of study, and to fancy himself equal
to any task which his necessities imposed upon him.
The first appearance he made as an author, as far as we
can trace him, was in a paraphlet, entitled " The grand
question debated, or an Essay to prove that the soul of
man is not, neither can it be, immortal," 1751, which was
immediately followed by a " Reply to the grand question
debated, fully proving that the soul of man is, and must
be, immortal." Both are superficial enough, and seem in
tended as a trial of that author-craft which he afterwards
so often practised, in attacking or defending himself, under
anonymous signatures, when he found no one else disposed
to do either. About the sarae tirae he published a poem
entitled " Kapelion, or the poetical ordinary ;" which was
followed in 1753, by the first of those attacks on his bre
thren which kept him in perpetual warfare. It was entitled
" The Pasquinade, with notes variorum, book the first,"
4to, and intended as an imitation of the Dunciad. Dr.
(afterwards sir John) Hill and Christopher Smart were the
chief heroes. This was immediately followed by another
imitation, equally unsuccessful, of Dodsley's " CEconomy
of Human Life" (which then passed for lord Chesterfield's),
entitled " The whole Duty of a Woman," 12mo.
His " Epistles, Philosophical and Moral," or " Epistle
to Lorenzo," appeared in 1758, and may be reckoned
among the best specimens of his poetry, which is not with
out ease and elegance. As it was rather severely handled
ih the Critical Review, he defended himself, in a pam
phlet without his name, entitled « A Scrutiny, or the Cri-

KENRICK. 325
iics criticised." It was not easy for him, however, in any
shape, to vindicate what was too plainly a defence of infide
lity, nor was it much excuse that it was written while under
confinement for debt. About this time he probably ob
tained an engageraent as a writer in the Monthly Review,
which ceased in 1766, silently on the part of the proprie
tors of that work ; but Dr. Kenrick thought the rupture of
too much consequence to be concealed, and therefore an
nounced, in the newspapers, in 1766, " that he declined
to write any more in the Monthly Review ; that lie had
been author of the Appendix to that work, consisti*ig of a
review of foreign publications, for the volumes 28 to 33
inclusive ; and that he had formed connexions with several
gentlemen of the first rank in the world of letters, for esta
blishing a literary review on a new, liberal, and indepen
dent plan."
This last threat he did not carry into effect for some
years; but, as a specimen of his " liberal and indepen
dent" style, he publi.sbed about this time (1765) "A Re
view of Dr. Johnson's new edition of Shakspeare," which
being answered by a young man of Oxford, ofthe name of
Barclay, in a pamphlet called " An Examination of Mri
Kenrick's Review," 1766, he immediately published " A
Defence of Mr. Kenrick's Review," under the name of " A
Friend," which was a very proper assumption, as he sel
dom had another. In this last year he produced his " Fal-
staff's Wedding," a comedy, in imitation of Shakspeare,
and, as far as the language of Falstaff and his companions
are concerned, not an unpleasant one, although rather
approaching to the extravagant. It went through two
editions, but was acted only once, for a benefit. This
was followed by another comedy, " The Widowed Wife.','
This, by Garrick's assistance, ran through its nine nights
with some diflSculty, which the author, with a degree of
gratitude peculiar to himself, attributed to the very person
to whom he had been most indebted; In 1768 he pub
lished ." An Epistle to George Colman," " Poems, ludi
crous, satirical and moral ;" and " An Epistle to James
Boswell, esq. occasioned by his having transmitted the mo
ral writings of Dr. Johnson to Pascal Paoli." By all these
he acquired little reputation, and no enemies ; for Col
man, Johnson, and Boswell, disdained to norice hira. In
1770 and 1771 he published two pieces connected with
his discovery, or pretended discovery, of the perpetual

326 KENRICK.
motion ; the one, " An account of the Automaton, or Per.
petual Motion of Orffyreus, with additional rema:rks, &c. 5
the other '^ A Lecture on the Perpetual Morion," which
he had delivered at a tavern. In all this. Dr. Kenrick was
harmlessly, if not successfully eraployed, and certainly
evinced a considerable knowledge of the science of me
chanics. About the same time he published a translation
ofthe abbe Milot's "Elements ofthe History of England,"
and advertised a translation of " De Lolrae on the Consti
tution," which we presurae he did not execute.
In 1772 he disgraced his character by an atrocious at
tack on Garrick in a poem called " Love in the Suds," for
which that gentleman commenced a prosecution in the
court of king's bench. Kenrick immediately published
^* A Letter to David Garrick, &c." in which he informed
the public of the cause of his quarrel with him, and the
motives of his writing " Love in the Suds." A public
apology also appeared in the newspapers, Nov. 26, as
mean and false as the libel itself. The issue pf the prpse-
cution we have not discovered.
In 1773 he collected the works of Lloyd, 2 vols. Svo,
with a life of that unfortunate poet, reraarkable for being
written without any dates. In the same year, he produced
"The Duellist," a comedy, acted only one night; and
published a " DicUonary" of the English language, 4to, in
the preliminary parts of which are many shrewd and use
ful discussions and remarks. The littie credit he bad with
the world at this time must, we think, have impeded the
success of this work, in which he shews himself a philo-
loger of no mean talents. In 1774, we find him giving lec
tures at the Devil tavern, vvhich he called " A School of
Shakspeare ;" and about the same time addressed the ar
tists and manufacturers of Great Britain respectino- an
applicadon to parliament for ascertaining the right of pro
perty in new discoveries and inventions. Fancyino- that
he had discovered the perpetual motion, he was at thfs time
alarmed by the hterary property bill ; but we hear no more
afterwards of his discovery.
In January 1775, he commenced his " Londbn Review,'?
and along with his own name, placed in the title those of
H. Reimarus, J. U. D. ; R. Williams, M. D. ; E. Warner,
A. M. ; and the rev. S. T. Maty. Except Reimarus, we
beheve it will be difficult to find these names in any list of
*'. gentlemen of the first ranH iu the world of letters." The

KENRICK. 327
Review, however, went pn fpr spme years^ and centains,
from the pen pf its chief author, repeated attacks upon his
brethren in every profession. It continued a few months
after his death, and then sunk into oblivion. In the same
year 1775, he began a translation of Buffon, to be pub
lished in numbers, and in 1778 a translation of Voltaire's
works. His last dramatic attempt was " The Lady of the
Manor," a comic opera, taken from Johnson's " Country
Lasses ;" and his last original publications, both of some
degree of merit, were " Observations on the marriage
contract ;" and " Observations on Jenyns's View of the
Internal Evidence, &c." This last had formed an article in
bis Review, whence other articles of equal ability might
be selected, were they not all contaminated by a style vitu
perative and malignant. In his latter days, his constitu
tion was so much injured by inebriet}', that he generally
wrote with a bottle of brandy at liis elbow, which at length
terminated his career June 10, 1779, less lamented than
perhaps any person known in the literary world, yet pos
sessed of talents which, under a steady and virtuous direc
tion, might have procured him an honourable place among
the authors of his time.'
KENT (William), an ingenious artist, was born in
Yorkshire, in 1685, and put apprentice to a coach-painter,
but, feeling the superiority of his talents, he left his mas
ter, and came up to London, where he soon proved himself
worthy of encouragement and patronage. In 1710 he was
sent, by the munificence of some gentlemen of his own
country, to Rome, whither he accompanied Mr. Tallman.
There he studied under Cavalier Luti, and in the academy
gained the second prize of the second class. He also be
came acquainted with lord Burlington, whose sagacity dis
covered the rich vein of genius that had been hid even from
himself; and, on their return to England in 1719, lodged
him in his own house, and shewed for him all the marks of
the most disinterested friendship. By his interest he was
employed in various works, both as a painter in history and
portrait ; and yet there appear but very faint traces of that
creative talent he displayed in a sister art. His portraits
did not resemble the persons that sat for them. His colour
ing was worse than that of the hiost errant journeyman to
the profession ; and his drawing was defective, witness the
J Gent. Mag. ^laMi'm.— Month. Review,— -Encyclopsedia BritsD.

528 K ENT.
hall atWanstead, and his picture at St. Clement's. He
designed sorae of the drawings of Gay's Fables, the prints
for . Spenser's Fairy Queen, and the vignettes to the large
edition of Pope's works. In architecture, however, of the
ornamental kind, he was deservedly adraired ; he executed
the temple of Venus at Stowe ; the earl of Leicester's
house at Holkham in Norfolk; the great ball at Mr. Pel-
ham's, Arlington-street ; and the stair-case at lady Isabella
Finch's in Berkeley-square. Mr. Walpole considers him
likewise as the inventor of modern gardening, in which it
is certain that he excelled, and every thing in that branch
has been since his time raore natural, graceful, and pleasing.
By the patronage of the dukes of Grafton and Newcastle,
Mr. Pelham, and the earl of Burlington, he was made mas
ter-carpenter, architect, keeper of the pictures, and, after
the death of Jervas, principal painter to the crown ; the
whole, including a pension of 100/. a year, which was
given him for his works at Kensington, produced 600/. a
year. In 1743 he was disordered in his eyes, but reco
vered, and in March 1748 an inflammation in his bowels
put an end to his life at Burhngton-bouse, April 12, 174S,
aged sixty-three years. He was buried in lord Burlington's
vault at Chiswick. '
KENYON (Lloyd, Lord), lord chief jusrice of the
King's Bench, was born at Gredington, in Flintshire,
1733 ; and was the eldest surviving son of Lloyd Kenyon,
esq. originally of Bryno in the same county, and one of
the younger sons of the ancient faraily of Kenyon of
Peele in Lancashire. He received the elementary part of
his education at Ruthen in Denbighshire, whence he was
taken, at an eariy age, and articled to Mr. W. J. Tom-
linson, an erainent attorney at Nantwich, in Cheshire. On
the expiration of his articles, Mr. Kenyon determined to
enter into a line which afforded a more ample scope to his
industry and talents, and, accordingly, becarae a member
of the Society of Lincoln's Inn, in Trinity Term 1754, and
after a sedulous applicadon to tbe requisite studies, was
called to the bar in Hilary Terra 1761. In the early part
of his professional career^ his advancement was but slow ;
he was unassisted by those means which powerful connex
ion and interest afford. The branch of his profession to
' Walpole's Anecdotes,— and Essay on Gardening.— Bowles's Edition of
Pope's Works j see Iqdex,

KENYON. 829
which he chiefly applied himself; that of conveyancing,
was not calculated to bring him forward into public notice^
but the sterling merit of genuine abilities and persevering
industry were not to be overlooked. He rose gradually
into practice ; few opinions at the bar, at tbe time, carried
more weight and authority, and he was frequently recur
red to as an advocate. In 1773, he formed a matrimonial
connexion with his relative, Mary, the third daughter of
George Kenyon, of Peele ; and, not long after, contracted
an intiraacy with Mr. afterwards lord Thurlow and chan
cellor. About this period too, and for some years after,
bis practice in the Court of Chancery was very extensive
and of the most lucrative kind, by which, as well as in the
other branches of his profession, he acquired a very con
siderable property. In 1780, a circumstance occurred
which not a httle contributed to establish his reputation as
an advocate and a public speaker, his being employed as
leading counsel for the defence of the late lord George
Gordon, on a charge of high treason ; on this interesting
occasion his second was Mr. now lord Erskine, who on
that day distinguished himself in such a raanner as in a great
degree laid the fotfndation of his future fame. In April
1782, soon after the accession of the Rockingham party to
ministerial power, Mr. Kenyon was, without serving the in
termediate office of solicitor, appointed to the important
situation of attorney-general, and, at the same time, chief
justice of Chester; in the former office he succeeded the
late James Wallis, esq. The circumstance of his direct
promotion to tbe office of attorney-general was regarded
as a singular instance ; this however is erroneous, similar
promotions have before occurred, and the case of sir Ed
ward Law (the late attorney-general, now lord Ellen-
borough, his successor as lord chief justice), is a recent
instance. In parliament Mr. Kenyon took a decided part
in politics, warmly attaching himself to the party of Mr.
Pitt ; and distinguishing himself not a little by his speeches
on the npted affair pf the ccalitipn, Mr. Fox's India-bill,
&c. In March 1784 he was appointed master of the rolls,
ah office of high judicial dignity, and generally leading to
still higher legal henpurs ; yet its emoluments fell very
short of thpse which he necessarily relinquished by discon
tinuing bis professional pursuits as a counsel. About this
time he was created a baronet. In this situation sir Lloyd
Kenyon continued till the latter end of May 1788, when^

530 K E N Y 0 N.
on the resignation of the venerable earl of Mansfield, who»
for the. long interval of thirty-two years, had held the ho
nourable and very important oflice of chief justice of the
court of King's-bench, he was appointed to succeed hira,
and at the sarae tirae was elevated to the peerage, by the
title of lord Kenyon, baron of GredingtOn in the county
of Flint. He was novy fixed in a situation, which, though
not nominally the highest, is perhaps the most important
office in tbe administration of the law of this country ; and
lord Kenyon furnished an instance nearly as striking as
that of the illustrious Hardwicke, that the profession of the
law is that which, of all others, affords the fairest oppor-
tunies for the exertion of genuine talents and persevering
industry ; whether the object be the gratification of am
bition in the attainment of the highest honours in the state,
or the possession of abundant wealth. His conduct in
those arduous and important situations attracted and
fixed the applauses and gratitude of his countrymen. He
was distinguished for his laudable, firm, and persevering
exertions to keep the channels of the law clear and unpol
luted by low and sordid practices, which were particularly
exemplified in the vigilant and salutary exercise of his au
thority over the attorneys of his own court, the utility of
which has been experienced in a very considerable degree.
Nor was he less distinguislied for his zeal in the cause of
morality and virtue, which most conspicuously appeared in
his conduct with respect to cases of adultery and seduc
tion. On these occasions neither rank, wealth, nor sta
tion, could shield deliqiiency from the well-merited censure
and rebuke of offended justice and morality. Tbouo-h
much, unhappily, remains to be done, yet his lordship's
exertions, combined with those of some of the most vir
tuous and exalted characters of the upper House of Par
hament, have contributed greatly, notwithstanding the ac
knowledged inadequacy and imperfection of the law in these
respects, to restrain the fashionable and prevailing vices
alluded to. What likewise redounded to the honour of his
lordship's magisterial character, was the strictness, not to
say severity, wuh which he adrainistered the justice of the
law against the pernicious tribe of gamblers of every de
scription, who have for some years infested the metropolis.
On these occasions, as well as in those above mentioned
the conduct of this truly virtuous judge was such as incon-
trovertibly shewed that " the law is no respecter of per-

KENYON. 831
sons;" and his persevering exertions to restrain the de
structive vice of gaming have been attended with no incon-f
siderable degree of success. Nor' should we omit to men
tion the very laudable spirit and firmness, which on all oc
casions he evinced in maintaining: due order and decorum
in his court. It was justly said of him, that though he
might not equal in talents or eloquence the pre-eminent
character whom he succeeded on the bench of justice ; ne
vertheless, he possessed qualities more appropriate to, and
knowledge more connected with, the important office which
he held. Profound in legal erudition, patient in judicial
discrimination, and of the most determined integrity, he
added no common lustre to his exalted station. He did
not sacrifice his official to his parliamentary character; the
sphere of his particular duty was the great scene of his
activity, as of his honour ; and though, as a lord of parlia
ment, he never lessened his character, it was as a judge
that he aggrandized it. In private life, the character of
lord Kenyon was amiable and praise-worthyin the highest
degree ; no man could excel him in the relations of hus
band and father ; in the former he may be considered as a
pattern of conjugal virtue. In his mode of living he was
remarkably temperate and regular; while the gratuitous
assistance in his professional capacity, which it was well
known he had often afforded to necessitous and injured in
dividuals, is a proof that a fondness for money was not a
prevailing trait in his character. He died at Bath, April
2, 1802, supposed to be worth 300,000/. all acquired by
his own professional exertiOns, and a rigid spirit of eco
nomy. Lord Kenyon had issue by his lady, three sons ;
Lloyd, born in 1775, whom his father appointed to the
office of filazer of the Court of King's-bench ; but who
died in 1800. The manner in which his lordship was af
fected by this melancholy event, is supposed, in some de
gree, to have accelerated his own dissolution. Secondly,
George, the present lord Kenyon, born in 1776. His lordr
ship was appointed by his late father to the very lucrative
situation of joint chief clerk of the Court of King's-bench,
on the demise of the late earl of Mansfield, better known
as lord viscount Stormont, and joined in the patent with
the late John Waye, esq. And, thirdly, the hon. Thomas
Kenyon, born in 1780.^
» Gent. Mag. LXXII,— Peerage by sir E. Brydges.

S32 KEPLER.
KEPLER (John), the greatest astronomei' perhaps that
any age has produced, was born at Wiel in the dutchy of
Wirtemberg, Dec. 27, 1571. His father, Henry Kepler,
was descended from a family which had raised themselves
under the emperors by their mUitary services, and was
himself an officer of rank in the army ; but afterwards, ex
periencing ill fortune, was obliged to sell all he had, and
support himself and his family by keeping a public-house.
He died in 1590, and left his son John without provision.
His education had been therefore neglected, but, by the
favour of his prince, he was enabled to enter upon his
studies in philosophy at Tubingen, imraediately upon his
father's death, and, two years after, pursued the mathe
matics in the same university, under the famous Michael
Msestlinus, an astronomer of eminence, and of the Coper-
nican school, but at this time Kepler informs us be had no
particular predilection for astronomy. His passion was ra
ther for studies more flattering to the ambition of a youth
ful mind; and when his prince selected him, in 1591, to
fill the vacant astronomical chair, it was purely from de
ference to his authority, and the persuasions of Msestlinu^'
who had high expectations from his talents, that he reluc
tantly accepted of the office. He appears to have thought
it unsuitable to his pretensions ; and the state of astronomy
was besides so low, uncertain, and in many respects vision
ary, that he had no hope of attaining to eminence in it.
But what he undertook with reluctance, and as a tempo
rary provision conferred on a dependant by his prince,
soon engaged his ardour, and engrossed alraost his whole
attention. The first fruits of his application to astronomi
cal studies appeared in his " Mysterium Cosmographicura,"
published about two years after his settlement in Gratz;
and hasty and juvenile as this production was, it displayed
so many marks of genius, and such indefatigable patience
in the toil of calculation, that on presenting it to Tycho
Brahe, it procured him the esteem of that illustrious astro
nomer, and even excited his anxiety for the proper direc
tion of talents so uncommon. Accordingly, not contented
with exhorting Kepler to prefer the road of observation to
the more uncertain one of theory, Tycho added an invita
tion to live with bim at Uraniburg, where his whole obser
vations should be open to Kepler's perusal, and those ad
vantages provided for making others, which his situation
iat Gratz denied. This after some time was accepted.

K E P L E. R. S3S
In 1597, Kepler entered into the married state, which
at fir^t created him great uneasiness, from a dispute which
arose about his wife's fortune ; and, the year after, he was
banished from Gratz on account of his religion, but after
wards recalled, and restored to his former dignity. How
ever, the growing troubles and confusions of that place
incUned him to think of a residence elsewhere; and ha
now determined to accept T. Brahe's invitation, and ac
cordingly left the university of Gratz, and removed into
Bohemia with his family in 1600. In his journey he was
seized with a quartan ague, which continued seven or eight
months ; and prevented his profiting by Tycho's kindness,
and, what was worse, some petty differences interrupted
their connection. Kepler was offended at Tycho, for re
fusing some services to bis family, which he had occasion
for : he was also dissatisfied with his reserveduess ; for,
Tycho did not coramunicate to him all that he knew ; and,
as he died in 1601, he did not give Kepler time to be very
useful to him, or to receive any considerable advantages
from him. Before his death, however, he introduced him
to the emperor Rodolphus at Prague (for, it was upon
this condition that Kepler had consented to leave Gr^tz),
who received him very kindly, and made him his mathe
matician, upon condition that he should serve Tycho as an
arithmetician. From that time Kepler enjoyed the title of
mathematician to the emperor all his life, and gained more
and more reputation every year by his works. Rodolphus
ordered him to finish the tables begun by Tycho, which
were to be called the " Rodolphine Tables ;" and he ap
plied himself very vigorously to this work ; but such* diffi
culties arose in a short tirae, partly from the nature
of it, and partly from the delay of the treasurers, that
the tables were not finished and published till 1627.
He complained, that, from 1602 and 1603, he was looked
upon by the treasurers with a very invidious eye; and
when, in 1609, he had published a noble specimen of
the work, and the emperor had given orders that, besides
the expence of the edition,, he should immediately be
paid the arrears of his pension, which, he said, amounted
to 2000 crowns, and likewise 2000 more; yet, that it was
not till two years after, that the generous orders of Rodol
phus, in his favour, were put in execution. He met with
no less discouragement from the financiers under the em
peror Matthias, than under Rodolphus; and therefote^

854 K E P L E ft.
after struggling with poverty for ten years at Prague, he^
gan to think of quitting his quarters again. He was theri
fixed at Lints by the emperor Matthias, who appointed
him a salary from the states of Upper Austria, which was
paid for sixteen years. In 1613 he went to the assembly
at Ratisbon, to assist in the reformation of the calendar ;
but retm-ned to Lints, where he continued to 1626. In
Npvember of that year, he went to Ulm, in order to pub
lish the "Rodolphine Tables;" and afterwards, in 1629,
with the emperor's leave, settled at Sagan in Silesia, where
he published the second part of his " Ephemerides ;" for
the first had been published at Lints in 1617. In 1630, he
went to Ratisbon, to solicit the payment of the arrears of
his pension ; but, being seized with a fever, which, it is
said, was brought upon him by too bard riding, he died
there in November, in his 59th year.
To this sagacious philosopher we owe the first discovery
of the great laws of the planetary motions, viz. that the
planets describe areas that are always proportional to the
times ; that they move in elliptical orbits, having the sun
in oue focus; and that the squares of their periodic tunes,
are proportional to the cubes of their mean distances ; which
are now generally known by the name of Kepler's Laws.
Kepler bad a particular passion for finding analogies
and harmotaies in nature, after the manner of the Pytha
goreans and Platonists ; and to this disposition we owe such
valuable discoveries, as are more than sufficient to excuse
his conceits. Three things, he tells us, he anxiously
sought to find out the reason of, from his early youth ; viz.
Why the planets were six in number ? Why the dimen
sions of their orbits were such as Copernicus had described
from observations .? And what was the analogy or law of
their revolutions ? He sought for the reasons of the two
, firsfc of these, in the properties of numbers and plane
figures, without success. But at length reflecting, that
while the plane regular figures may be infinite in number,
the regular solids are only five, as Euclid had long Ago
demonstrated : he imagined, that certain mysteries in na
ture might correspond with this remarkable limitation in
herent in the essences of things ; and the rather, as he
found that the Pythagoreans had made great use of those
five regular solids in their philosophy. He therefore en
deavoured to find some relation between the dimensions of
these solids and the intervals of the planetary spheres ^

KEPLER. S3S
jthus, imagining that a cube, inscribed in the sphere of
.Saturn, would touch by its six planes the sphere of Jupi
ter ; and that the other four regular solids in like manner
fitted the intervals that are between the spheres of the
other planets : he became persuaded that this was the true
reason why the primary planets were precisely six in num
ber, and that the author of the world had determined their
distances from the sun, the centre of the system, frpm a
regard to this analogy. Being thus possessed, as h«
thought, of the grand secret of the Pythagoreans, and
greatly pleased with his discovery, he published it, as we
have already observed, under the title of " Mysterium
Cosmographicura ;" and was for some time so charmed with
it, that he said he would not give up the honour of having
invented what was contained in that book, for the electo
rate of Saxony. Tycho Brahe, however, gave him advice
on the subject, which altered his opinion, and to which we
are indebted for the more solid discoveries of Kepler,
This great man, soon after the death of Tycho, found that
astronomers had erred from the first rise of the science, in
ascribing always circular orbits and uniform motions to the
planets ; and he discovered that each of them moves in an
ellipsis, which has one of its foci in the centre of the sun ;
that the motion of each is really unequable, and varies in
such a manner, that " a ray supposed to be always drawn
from the planet to the sun describes equal areas in equal
tiraes." it was some years later before he discovered the
analogy that there is between the distances of the several
planets from the sun, and the periods in which they com
plete their revolutions. He has, however, left it upon
record, that on the 15th of May, 1618, he found that " the
squares of the periodic times are always in the same pro
portion as the cubes of the mean distances from the sun."
When Kepler saw, according to better observations, that
his disposition of the five regular solids among the planet
ary spheres was not agreeable to the intervals between their
orbits, he endeavoured to discover other schemes of har
mony. For this purpose, he compared the motions of the
same planet at its greatest and least distances, and of the
different planets in their different orbits, as they would ap
pear viewed from the sun ; and here he fancied that he had
found a similitude to the divisions of the octave in music.
Of these notions, which are wholly unfouiided in nature,
he was so fond, that hearing of the discovery of the four

339 K E P L E Jll.
satellites of Jupiter by Galileo, he owns that his first re
flections were from a concern how he could save, his fa-
vpurite scheme, which was threatened by this additien to
the number pf the planets. The same attachment led him
intp a wrpng judgment cnncerning the sphere pf the fixed
stars: fpr being obliged, by his doctrine, to allow, avast
superiority to the sun in the universe, he restrains the fixed
stars within very narrow limits ; nor did he consider thera
as suns placed in the centres of their several systems, hav
ing planets revolving round them.
Kepler's great sagacity, and continual meditations on
the planetary mptipns, suggested to him some views of the-
true principles from which these motions flow. In his pre
face to the Commentaries concerning the planet Mars, he
speaks of gravity as of a power, that was mutual between
bodies, and tells us, that the earth and moon tend towards
each other, and would meet in a point, so many times
nearer tP the earth than to the moon, as the earth is greater
than the moon, if their motions did not hinder it. He adds,
that the tides arise from the gravity of the waters towards
the moon. But not having notions sufficiently just of the
laws of motion,^ it seems he was not able to make the best
use of these thoughts; nor does it appear that he adhered
to them steadily, since in his Epitome of Astronomy, pub
lished many years after, he proposes a physical account of
the planetary motions, derived from different principles.
He supposes, in that treatise, that the motion of the sun
on his axis, is preserved by some inherent vital principle ;
that a certain virtue, or immaterial image of the sun, is
diffused with his rays into the ambient spaces, and, revolv
ing with the body of the sun on his ax:is, takes hold of the
planets, and carries them along with it in the same direc
tion ; like as a loadstone turned round near a magnetic
needle, makes it turn round at the same time. The pla
net, according to him, by its inertia, endeavours to con
tinue in its place, and the action of the sun's image and
this inertia are in a perpetual struggle. He adds, that
this action of the sun, like his light, decreases as the dis
tance increases ; and therefore moves the same planet with
greater celerity when nearer the sun, than at a greater dis
tance. To account for the planet's approaching towards
the sun as it descends from the apheUon to the perihelion,
and receding from the sun while it ascends to the aphehon
ajain, be supposes that the sub attracts one part of eack

KEPLER. 337
planet, and repels the opposite part ; and that the part
attracted is turned towards the sun in, the descent, and the
other towards the sun in the ascent. By suppositions of
this kind, he endeavoured to account for all the other va
rieties of the celestial motions.
But, now that the laws of raotion are better known than
in Kepler's time, it is easy to shew the fallacy of every
part of this account of the planetary motions. The planet
does not endeavour to stop in consequence of its inertia,
but to persevere in its motion in a right line. An attrac
tive force makes it descend from the aphelion to the peri
helion in a curve concave towards the sun : but the repell
ing force, which he supposed to begin at the perihelion,
would cause it to ascend in a figure convex towards
the sun. It was shown afterwards, from sir Isaac New
ton, how an attraction or gravitation towards the sun,
alone produces the effects, which, according to Kep
ler, required both an attractive and repelling force ; and
that the virtue which he ascribed to the sun's image, pro
pagated into the planetary regions, is unnecessary, as it
could be of no use for this effect, though it were admitted.
For now his own prophecy, with which he concludes his
book, is verified ; where he tells us, that " the discovery
pf such things was reserved for the succeeding ages, when
the author of nature would be pleased to reveal these
mysteries," The works of this celebrated author are many and valu
able ; as, 1. his " Cosmographical Mystery," in 1596. 2.
" Optical Astronomy," 1604. 3. " Account of a new Star
in Sagittarius," 1605. 4. " New Astronomy ; or. Celes
tial Physics," in commentaries on the planet Mars. 5.
"Dissertations;" with the Nuncius Siderius of Galileo,
1610. 6. " New gauging of wine-casks," 1615; said to
be written on occasion of an erroneous measurement of the
wine at his marriage by the revenue officer. 7. " New
Ephemerides," from 1617 to 1620. 8. " Copernican Sys
tem," the three first books, 1618. 9. " Harmony of tbe
World ;" and three books of" Comets," 1619. 10. " Cos
mographical Mystery," second edition, with notes, 1621.
11. " Copernican Astronoray ;" the three last books, 1622.
12. " Logarithms," 16 '^4 ; and the " Suppleraent," in i625.
13. His " Astronoraical Tables," called the. " Rudolphine
Tables," in honour of the eraperor Rudolpbus, his great
and learned patron, in 1627. 14. " Epitome of the Co-
VOL. XIX. Z

338 KEPLER.
pernicdn Astronomy," 1635. Besides these, he wrote seve
ral pieces on various other branches, as chronology, geo
metry of solids, trigonometry, and an excellent treatise of
Dioptrics,, for that time.'
KEPPEL (AuGtJSTUs), 4 celebrated English admiral,
the second son of William earl of Albemarle, was born
April 2, 1725. He entered the sea-service while he was
young, accompanied commodore Anson round the world,
and by the zeal which he manifested in his profession, was
raised to the first honours which it had to bestow. The
most important occurrence in his life took place in 177 8,
when he had the command of the channel fleet, to which
he had been appointed at tbe personal and urgent solicita
tion of the king, and which he readily accepted, though he
could not help observing, that " his forty years' services
were not marked by any favour from the crown, except
that of its confidence in the time of danger." On the 12th
of July he fell in with the French fleet, under count d'Or-
villiers, off Ushant : an engageraent ensued, which, though
partial, was very warm while it lasted. It was necessary
to take a short time to repair the damages : which being
done, the admiral made proper signals for the van and
rear division to take their respective stations. This order
was obeyed with great alacrity by sir Robert Harland of
the van, but admiral sir Hugh Palliser of tbe rear took no
notice of the signal, and refused to join his commander,
till night prevented a renewal of the battle. The French,
taking advantage of the darkness, escaped to their own
coast. Admiral Keppel, willing to excuse sir Hugh Pal
liser, at least to screen him from public resentment, wrote
home such a letter as seemed even to imply great impro
priety of behaviour in the commander hiraself. The con
duct, however, of the rear-admiral was attacked in the
public papers : he demanded of his commander a formal
disavowal of the charges brought against him, which Kep
pel. indignantly refused. He immediately exhibited arti
cles of accusation against the commander-in-chief, for mis
conduct and neglect of duty, although he bad a second
time sailed with ,him, and had never uttered a syllable to
his prejudice. The lords of the admiralty instantly "fixed
a day for the trial of admiral Keppel, who was most honour-
'• Small's Account of Kepler's Discoveries.— Hutton's Diet.— Rees's CyclopiB-
tiu,— .Mdclaurin's Account of Newton's Philosophical Discoveries.

K E P I» E L. 339
ably acquitted, and received the thanks of both houses of
parliament for his services. Palliser was next tried, and
escaped with a censure only, but the resentment of the
public was so great, that he was obliged to resign several
offices which he held under government, and to vacate his
seat in parliaraent. The acquittal of Keppel was cele
brated with the most magnificent illurainiations, and bthei'
marks of rejoicing which had never been known at that
time in this country; and the houses of lord Sandwich,
first lord of the admiralty, and sir Hugh Palliser, were
with difficulty Saved from destruction ; the windows and
much of the furniture being demolishecl by the fury of the
populace. In 1782, admiral Keppel was raised to a peer
age, with the titles of viscount Keppel baron Elden : he
was afterwards, at two different periods, appointed first
lord of the admiralty. He died Oct. 3, 1786, unmarried,
and of course his titles became extinct. He was a thorougl*
seaman, and a man of great integrity and humanity.*
KERKHERDERE (John Gerard), a learned professor
of the university of Louvain, was born in the neighboulf-
hood of Maestricht, about the year 1678. He pursued his
academical studies at Louvain, and distinguished himself
during several years for his accurate and comprehensive
knowledge of history and the belles-lettres. In 1708 he
was appointed historiographer to the emperor Joseph L
and died in 1738. He was author of many works in general
history and theology, of which the principal are entitled,
" De Monarchia Romse Paganse secundum Concordiam
inter S. S. Prophetas Danielem et Joannem," &c. and "Pro-
dromus Danielicus, sive novi Conatus historici, cfitici, in
celeberrimas difficultates Historise Veteris Testamenti."
These pieces are distinguished by profound erudition and
great critical acumen, and are said to throw much light on
many obscure passages in the Scriptures relating to historj-,
chronology, and geography. He also published a Latin
grammar, and a number of Latin poems. **
KERSEY (John), deserves mention as having been the
author of a book on " The Elements of Algebra," one of
the clearest and most comprehensive pf the kind in any
language; but nothing is known of his personal history.
He also published an improved edition of " Wingate's
Arithmetic ;" and a " Dictjonarium Anglp-Britanaicum, or
' Sir E. Brydges's edition of Collins's Peerage. ' Diet. Hist.
Z 2

340 KERSEY.
General English Dictionary." He lived in the reign of
Charles the Second ; and a head of him, by Faithorne,
finely engraved, is prefixed to his algebra.'
KETTLEWELL (John), an English divine, remarkable
for piety and learning, was born at North-Allerton in York
shire, March 10, 1653. He was grounded in classical
learning in the free-school of that town, and sent to St.
Edraund's-hall, Oxford, in 1670. Five years after, he
was chosen fellow of Lincoln college, through the interest
of Mr. George Hickes, who was fellow of the same, where
he became eminent as a tutor. He entered into orders as
soon as he was of sufficient age, and distinguished himself
early by an uncommon knowledge in divinity. He was
very young when he wrote his celebrated book, entitled
*' Measures of Christian Obedience :" he composed it in
1678, though it was not published till 1681. Dr. Hickes,
to whom he submitted it for correction, advised him to
dedicate it to bishop, Compton, intending, by that means,
to have hira settled in London ; and, accordingly, it came
out at first with a dedication to bis lordship ; but when that
prelate appeared in arms against James IL Kettlewell gave
orders to have the dedication razed out of the copies unsold,
and alsO to have it omitted in the subsequent editions. In
tbe mean tirae, this book occasioned him to be so much
taken notice of, that the old countess of Bedford, mother
of the unfortunate William lord Russel, appointed him, on
that account, to be one of her domestic chaplains ; and a
greater favour he received, upon the same consideration,
from Siraon lord Digby, who presented him, July 1682,
to the vicarage of Coleshill in Warwickshire. After he bad
continued above seven years at this place, a great^ alteration
happened in his condition and circumstances ; for, at the
Revolution, being one of those conscientious men who
refused to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy to
king William and queen Mary, he was deprived of his living
in 169Q, However, he did not spend the remainder of his
days in indolence ; but, retiring to London with bis wife,
whom he had married in 1685, he continued to write and
publish books, as he had done during his residence in the
country. There, amongst other learned men, he was par
ticularly happy in the friendship of Mr. Nelson, with whom
he concerted the " Model of a ftmd of charity fpr the needy
' Granger.

KETTLEWELL. 341
suffering, that is, the nonjuring, clergy:" but being natu
rally of a tender and delicate frame of body, and inclined
to a consumption, he fell into that distemper in his 42d
year, and died April 12, 1695, at his lodgings in Gray's-inn
lane. He was buried, three days after, in the same grave
where archbishop Laud was before interred, in the parish
church of Allhallows-Barking, where a neat marble monu
ment is erected to his memory. Mr. Nelson, who mus^
needs have known him very well, has given this great and
noble character of him, in a preface to his " Five Dis
courses," &c. a piece printed after his decease : " He was
learned without pride ; wise and judicious without cunning;
he served at the altar without either covetousness or ambi
tion ; he was devout without affectation ; sincerely religious
without moroseness; courteous and affable without flattery
or mean compliances ; just without rigour ; charitable
without vanity ; and heartily zealous for the interest of
religion without faction." His works were collected and
printed in 1718, in two volumes, folio: they are all upon
religious subjects, unless his " Measures of Christian Obe
dience," and some tracts upon " New Oaths," and the
" Duty of Allegiance," &c. should be rather considered as
of a political nature.'
KEYSLER (John George), a learned antiquary of
Germany, and fellow of the royal society in London, was
born in 16S9, at Thournau, a town belonging to the counts
of Giech. His father, who was of the count's council, took
an extraordinary care of his education; and, after a suitable
preparation, sent him to the university of Halle, where he
applied himself chiefly to the civil law ; not neglepting, in
the mean time, the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages,
history, antiquity, and the sciences. Soon after he left
Halle, he was invited to be preceptor to Charles Maximir
lian and Christian Charles, counts of Giech-Buchau, with
whom, in 17 1 3, he returned thither, and afterwards attended
them in their travels. The first place of nite they visited
was Utrecht, where he became acquainted with the learned
Reland, who, discerning his uncommon capacity and parti
cular turn, advised him to undertake an accurate history
of the antiquities of his country. Keysler visited the chief
cities of Germany, France, and the Netherlands, with his
• Memoirs of the Life of, 1718, 8to, a very curious work, which comprizes
a history of the nonjuring clergy and their proceedings. — Ath. Ox, vol, II.—
Oen. Diot—Biog, Brit.— Birch's Tillotson.

842 KEYSLER.
two young counts ; and gained great reputation among the
learned, by illustrating, as he went along, several monu
ments of antiquity, particularly some fragments of Celtic
idols, then lately discovered in the cathedral of Paris.
Having returned safe with his pupils, and acquired great
honour by his care and management of them, he was after
wards fixed upon as a proper person to undertake the
education of two grandsons of baron Bernstorf, first minister
of state to his Britannic majesty, as elector ; and accord
ingly he went to Hanover in 1716, and entered upon his
office. However, in 1718, he obtained leave to go over to
England, where he distinguished himself so much as an
antiquary, that he was coraplimented with being fellow of
the royail society. This honour he particularly owed to a
learned essay, " De Dea Nebalennia numine veterum
Walachiorum topico." He' gave an explication also of tbe
Anglo-Saxon monument of antiquity on Salisbury Plairl,
called Stonehenge; and likewise a " Dissertation on the
consecrated Misseltoe of the Druids." All these detached
essays, with other select discourses on the Celtic and
Northern antiquities, he published soon after his return to
Hanover, in Latin, under this titie, " Antiquitates selectac
Septentrionales et Celtics," &c. Hanov. 1720, 12mo.
After the two young barons Bernstorf had been ten years
under his care, he went with them to Tubingen, at which
university they remained a year and a half. Then they
set out on a grand tour, visiting the upper part of Ger
many, Switzerland, and Italy ; and then returned to Vi
enna, where they spent three months. Their next pro
gress was in Upper Hungary, Bohemia, and other parts
of Germany. In 1731 they passed through Lorrain into
France, thence crossed the channel into England, and made
Holland the last stage of their travels. From this tour pro
ceeded a large and entertaining work, which has been
translated into English, in 4 vols. 4to and Svo, and published
under the following title, " Travels through Germany,
Bohemia, Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, and Lorrain;
giving a true and just description of the present state of
those countries ; their natural, literary, and poUtical his
tory, manners, laws, commerce, manufactures, painting,
sculpture, architecture, coins, antiquities, curiosities of
art and nature, &c. illustrated with copper- plates engraven
from drawings taken on the spot. By John George Keys
ler, F. R, S. Carefully translated from the second editioi^
ofthe German, Lond. 1756."

KEYSLER. 34&
Keysler, after his return, spent the remainder of his
days under the patronage and protection of his noble pupils,
-who comraitted to his care their fine library and museum,
and allowed hira a very handsorae income. He led a
-happy tranquil life, declining all public employment,
keeping himself single that he might not be incumbered
with family affairs, and chiefly conversing with the illus
trious dead, who were the corapanions of his retirement.
He died in his fifty-fourth year, June 20, 1743, of an
asthma, after viewing with intrepidity the gradual approach
of death.'
KIDDER (Dr. Richard), a very learned English bishop,
was born, as Wood says, at Brighthelmstone in Sussex, but
as others say, in Suffolk. In June 1649, he was adraitted
sizarin Emanuel -college, Cambridge, where he took his de
gree of A. B. 1652, was elected fellow in 1655, and took his
degree of A.M. in 1656. He was presented by his col
lege to the vicarage of Stanground, in Huntingdonshire ;
from which he was ejected for nonconformity, in 1662, by
virtue of tbe Bartholomew act ; but conforraing soon after,
he was presented by Arthur earl of Essex to the rectory or
Raine, in Essex, 1664. Here he continued till 1674,
when he was presented to the rectory of St. Martin's Out-
wicb, London, by the Merchant-tailors corapany. In
September 1681, he was installed into a prebend of Nor
wich; and in 1689 made dean of Peterborough, in the
room of Simon Patrick, promoted to tbe see of Chichester.
On this occasion he took the degree of D. D. Upon the
deprivation of Ken, bishop of Bath and Wells, for not
taking the oaths to king Williara and queen Mary, and
Beveridge's refusal of that see, Kidder was nominated in
June 1691, and consecrated the August following. In
.1693 he preached the lecture founded by the honourable
Robert Boyle, being the second that preached it. His
sermons on that occasion are inserted in his " Demonstra
tion of the Messias," in three parts ; the first of which
was published in 1694, the second in 1699, and the third
in 1700, Svo. It is levelled against the Jews, whom the
author was the better enabled to combat from his great
knowledge of the Hebrew and oriental languages, for
which he had long been celebrated. He wrote also, " A
Commentary on the Five Books. of Moses; with a Disser-
! Life prefixed to tjie English edition of his Travels.

344 KIDDER.
tation concerning the author or writer of the said books,
and a general argument to each of them." This commen
tary was pubhshed in 1694, in two volumes, Svo; and the
reader in the preface is thus acquainted with the occasion
ofit: " Many years are now passed since a considerable
number of the London clergy met together, and agreed
to publish some short notes upon the whole Bible, for the
use of families, and of all those well-disposed persons
that desired to read the Holy Scriptures to their greatest
advantage. At that meeting they agreed upon this worthy
design, and took their several shares, and assigned some
part to them who were absent, I was not present at that
meeting ; but I was soon informed that they had assigned
to me the Pentateuch, The work was begun with common
consent ; we did frequently meet ; and what was done
was communicated from time to time to those that met to
gether and were concerned. The methods of proceeding
had been adjusted and agreed to ; a specimen was printed,
and an agreement was made when it should be put to the
press,. I finished my part in order thereto ; but so it fell
out, that soon after all this, the clouds began to gather
apace, and there was great ground to fear that the popish
party were attempting to ruin the church of England. —
Hence it came to pass that the thoughts of pursuing this
design were laid aside ; and those that were concerned in
it were now obliged to turn their studies and pens against
that dangerous enemy. During this time, also, some of
the persons concerned in this work were taken away by
death ; and thus the work was hindered, that might else
have been finished long since. I, having drawn up my
notes upon this occasion, do now think myself obliged to
make them public," &c. To the first volume is prefixed
a dissertation, in which he sets down, and answers all the
objections made against Moses being the author of the
Pentateuch ; and having considered, among the rest, one
objection drawn by Le Clerc, from Gen. xxxvi. 3i, and
spoken in pretty severe terms of him, some letters passed
between them, which were printed by Le Clerc in his
" Bibliotheque Choisie." Dr. Kidder had likewise borne
a part in the popish controversy, during which he pub
lished the following tracts : 1 " A Second Dialogue be
tween a new Catholic Convert and a Protestant ; shewing
why he cannot believe the doctrine of Transubstantiatibn,
though he do firmly believe the doctrine of the Trinity."

KIDDER. 345
2. " An Examination of Bellarmine's Thirtieth note ofthe
Church, of the Confession of Adversaries." 3. " The
Texts which Papists cite out of the Bible for the proof of
their Doctrine, ' of the Sacrifice of the Mass,' examined."
4. " Reflections on a French Testament, printed at Bour
deaux, 1686, pretended to be translated out of the Latin
by the divines of Louvain." He pubhshed also several
sermons and tracts of the devotional kind.
This prelate died Nov. 1703, in his palace at Wells,
and was privately bused in the cathedral. Through a
most unhappy accident, in the night between the 26th
and 27th of that month, he was killed in his bed, with his
lady, by the fall of a stack of chimneys, occasioned by the
great storm. It is reported that his heirs were sued for di
lapidations 1 He was a very clear, elegant, learned writer;
and one of the best divines of his time.'
KIDDERMINSTER.— See KYDERMYNSTER.
KILLIGREW, an English name for many ingenious
persons of both sexes, and of the same family too. The
first we meet with, is Catharine, the daughter of sir An
thony Cooke, who was born at Giddy-hall, in Essex, about
1530; and married to Henry Killigrew, esq. a Cornish
gentleman of good abilities, who, fbr the service he did
his country in the quality of an ambassador, was knighted.
This lady having the advantages of an excellent education,
joined to an elegant natural genius, became, like many
other ladies Jier contemporaries, very learned. She under
stood the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin tongues, and was
famous for her skill in poetry ; a small specimen of which
is preserved by sir John Harrington, in his notes to the
translation of" Ariosto ;" and by Fuller, in his " Worthies."
KILLIGREW (William), descended from this family,
was the eldest son of sir Robert Killigrew, knt. and born at
Hanworth in Middlesex, 1605. He became a gentleman-
commoner of St. John's college, Oxford, iu 1622 ; where
continuing about three years, he travelled abroad, and,
after his return, was made governor of Pendennis castle,
and of Falmouth haven, in Cornwall. After this he. was
called to attend Charles I. as one of the eentlemen-usbers
of his privy-charaber ; in which employment he continued
till the breaking out of the civil wars, and then had the
command given him of one of the two great troops of horse
I Biog. .Brit.— Birch's Tillotson,— Cole's MS Atiienae in Brit. Mus.

346 KILLIGREW.
that guarded the king's person. He was in attendance
upon the king when the court resided at Oxford, and was
created doctor of civil law in 1642; and, when the king's
affairs were ruined, he suffered as the other cavahers did,
and compounded with the republicans for his estate. Upon
the restoration of Charles II. he was made gentleman- usher
of the privy chamber again ; and, on that king's marriage,
was created his first vice-chamberlain, in which station he
continued twenty-two years. He died in 1693, and was
buried in Westminster-abbey. He was tbe author of four
plays, which were printed at Oxford, 1666, in folio, and
have been applauded by men very eminent in poetry ; par
ticularly by Waller, who addresses a copy of verses to him
upon his altering " Pandora" frora a tragedy into a coraedy,
because not approved on tbe stage. There is another play
ascribed to hira, called "The Imperial Tragedy," 1690,
folio. There is also a little poem of his extant, which was
set to music by the noted Henry Lawes. Wood says, that
after be retired from court, in his declining age, he wrote
" The artless midnight Thoughts of a gentleman at court,
who for many years built on sand, which every blast of
cross fortune has defaced, but now has laid new foundations
on the rock of his salvation," 1684, Svo, of which the
second edition, with additions, was dedicated to Charles II. ;
and another work entitled " Midnight and daily Thoughts,
in prose and verse," 1694, Svo.
KILLIGREW (Thomas), brother' of the former, was
born in 1611, and distinguished also by uncomraon natural
parts. He was page of honour to Charles I, and groom of
the bed-charaber to Charles II, with whom he had suf
fered many years exile. During his abode beyond sea,
he took a view of France, Italy, and Spain ; and was ho
noured by his majesty with the employment of resident at
the state of Venice, whither he was sent in Aug. 1651. In
this absence from his country he applied his leisure hours
to poetry, and the composition of several plays ; of which
sir John Denham, in a jocular way, takes notice in his
poem on our author's return from his embassy to Venice.
Though Denham mentions but six, our author wrote nine
plays in his travels, and two at London ; all which were
printed, with his picture before them, in one volurae folio,
at London, 1664. There is, besides these plays of his,
" A Letter concerning the possessing and dispossessing of
several Nuns in the Nunnery at Tours, in France ;" dateti

KILLIGREW. 347
Orleans, Dec. the 7tb, 1635, and printed in three sheets
folio. He died in 1682, and was buried in Westminster-
abbey. He had been twice married. He was a man of an
uncommon vein of humour, with which he used to divert
Charles II. ; who, on that account, was fonder of him than
of his best ministers, and would give him access to his
presence when he ilenied it "to thera. It was usually said
of hiin, that, when he atterapted to write, he was nothing
compared to what he was in conversation ; which was just
the reverse of Cowley, who slione but little in company,
though he excelled so much with his pen. » Hence Den
ham, who knew them both, has taken occasion thus to
characterize their respective excellencies and defects ;
" Had Cowley ne'er spoke, Killigrew ne'er writ,
Combin'd in one, they'd made a matchless wit."
KILLIGREW (Henry), brother of the former, was bora
in 1612, educated in grammar learning under the cele
brated Farnaby, and sent to Christ Church, Oxford, in
1628. Ill 1638, having taken his degrees in arts, he went
into orders, and became a chaplain in the king's army. In
1642 he was created doctor of divinity ; and the same year
made chaplain to Jaraes duke of York, and prebendary of
Westminster. Afterwards be suffered as an adherent in
the king's cause ; but, at the restoration, was made al
moner to the duke of York, superintendant to the affairs
of his chapel, rector of Wheathamstead, in Hertfordshire,
and master of the Savoy hospital in Westminster. He
wrote, when only seventeen years of age, a tragedy called
" The Conspiracy," which was adraired by sothe wits of
those times ; particularly by Ben Jonson, then living,
" who gave a testimony of it (says Langbaine) even to be
envied," and by lord Falkland. An imperfect copy of this
appearing in 1638, he afterwards caused itto be repub
lished in 1652, with tbe new titie of " Pallantus and Eu-
dora." He publisned a volumr of sermons, which had
been preached at court in 1685, 4to ; and also two or
three occasional sermons. The year of his death does not
appear. KILLIGREW (Anne), " a Grace for beauty, and a Muse
for wit," as Wood says, was the daighter of Henry Killi
grew, just recorded ; and born in London, a little before
the restoration. She gave the eariiest discoveries of ge
nius ; which being improved by a polite euucation, she
"became emiuent in the arts of poetry and painting. Dry-

348 K I L L I G Tl E W.
den seems quite lavish in her commendation ; but Wood
asisures us that he has not said any thing of her which she
was not equal, if not superior to. She was a great pro
ficient in the art of painting, and painted a portrait of the
duke of York, afterwards Jaraes II. and also of tne duchess,
to whom she was a maid of honour ; which pieces are
highly applauded by Dryden. She drew several history-
pieces, also some portraits for her diversion, and likewise
some pieces of still-life. Mr. Becket did her picture in
mezzotinto, after ber own painting, which is prefixed to
her poems. To these accomplishments she joined an ex
emplary piety, and unblemished virtue. This amiable wo
man died of the small-pox, June 1685, when only in her
25th year; on which occasion Dryden wrote an ode to her
memory. The year after were printed and published her
" Poems,'? in a large thin quarto, which, besides the pub
lisher's preface, and Dryden's ode, contains an hundred
pages. She was buried in the Savoy chapel, where is a
very neat monument fixed in the wall, with a Latin inscrip
tion on it, commemorating her beauty, accomplishments,
virtue, and piety. '
KIMBER (Isaac), a dissenting divine, was born at
Wantage in Berkshire, Dec. t, 1692, and was educated at
a private grammar-school in Wantage, under the rev. Mr.
Sloper, an excellent scholar, who was also tutor to bishop
Butler. At this school, Mr. Kimber made considerable
progress in Greek and Latin, after which, turning his
thoughts to the ministry, he went to London to complete
his knowledge of the languages under professor Ward of
Gresham -college, and also to attend the dissenting acade
my under the rev. John Eames. For some time after he
was admitted into the ministry, he had little encourage
ment ; and having married, he found it necessary to em
ploy his pen for a subsistence. One of his first produc
tions was " The Life of Oliver Cromwell," Svo, and soon
after he was concerned with Messrs. Bailey, Hodges, and
Ridpath, in compiling a " History of England," 4 vols.
Svo, the third and fourth volumes of which were entirely
his. A few years afterwards he wrote "The Life of bishop
Beveridge," prefixed to the folio edition of his works, of
which he was the editor. In 1724 he was called, in con-
• As ouran'horities for these Killigrrws are nearly the ^sme, we shall Iiere
refer generally to the Biog. Brit, new ei it. vol. IV. p. 99 — Hiog. D omatica. 
Swift's Works— Cibber's Lives — Granger, — Fuller's Worthies.— .Ath Ox. vol. II.

KIMBER. 34&
junction with Mr. Samuel Acton, to the pastoral charge of
Namptwich in Cheshire, but, owing to differences of opi
nion with his hearers, he was obliged to leave them at
the latter end of 1727. On his return to London, he
officiated, as raorning preacher, or assistant, to Dr. John
Kinch, in Old Artillery-lane, and occasionally, at Pinner's-
hall, for Dr. Hunt ; and was also engaged as a corrector of
the press for Mr. John Darby, and others. About the
same time he compiled a periodical pamphlet called " The
Morning Chronicle," which subsisted from Jan. 1728 to
May 17:32, and vvas then dropped. In part of this period,
he was likewise concerned with Mr. Drew of tbe Union
fire-office, as his assistant, and supported these various
labours with a quiet and even temper, and a cheerful raind,
though visited with a heavy affliction in his wife's being
deprived of her reason. During the remainder of his life,
he was chiefly supported by his firm friend Mr. Charles
Akers, an eminent printer in London. In 1740 he wrote
an account of the reign of George 11. which is added to
Howell's " Medulla Hist. Angl." and soon afterwards an
abridgment of the History of England, in 1 vol Svo, 1745.
He died in 1758, about which time a volurae of his " Ser
mons" was printed, with an account of his life, from which
the preceding particulars are taken. He had a son Ed
ward, who was a compiler of various works for the book
sellers, and died in 1769. Araong bis compilations, are
the Peerages of Scotland and Ireland, the Baronetage of
England, in conjunction with R. Johnson, 3 vols; Svo ; a
History of England, 10 vols. Svo, &c.'
KIMCHI (David), a celebrated Spanish rabbi in the
twelfth ceiitury, son of Joseph, and brother of Moses Kim-
chi. He lived at Narbonne 1190, was appointed, 1232,
arbiter of the dispute between the .Spanish and French
synagogues respecting the books of Mairaonides; acquired
great fame by his learning and writings, and died, in a
very advanced age, about 1240. His Hebrew works are
numerous, and so much valued by the Jews, that they
consider no one as learned who has not studied them. The
principal are, an excellent Hebrew grammar, entitled
" Michlol, I. e. Perfection," Venice, 1545, Svo; Leyden,
1631, 12mo. This work has served as a model to all He
brew grammarians. A book of " Hebrew Roots," 1555,
' Life as above.

350 K I M C H L
Svo. or fol. without date. " Dictionarium ThalmudiCiim,**
Venice, 1506, fol. "Commentaries" on the Psalms, Pro
phets, and most of the other books in the Old Testament.
Kimchi keeps chiefly to tbe literal and grammatical sense,
and not unfrequently cites Jewish traditions. He discovers
much less aversion to the Christians than the other rabbins,
and his Coraraentaries are generally considered as the best
which have been written by the Jews. His style is pure,
clear, and energetic. Father Janvier translated his Com
ment on the Psalms into Latin, 1669, 4to, and his argu
ments against the Christians have been translated by Gene-
brard, 1566, Svo.'
KING (Edward), an excellent youth, whom we here
mention rather with a view to gain than to give information,
was a fellow of Christ's-college, Cambridge, in 1632 and
1633. He was unfortunately drowned August 10, 1637,
in his passage from Chester to the Irish seas; a circum
stance which gave birth to the admirable " Lycidas" qf
Milton. How well  " He knew
Himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme,"
may be see by tbe admirable specimens exhibited in the
" Collection" which furnishes this brief memorial. It is
not easy to deterraine whether his hexaraeters, his Alcaic
odes, or his iambics, have the greatest share of merit.
Even his epigrams, allowing the method of them to be
truly epigrammatic, shew the hand of a master; and the
whole of his performances prove him to be possessed of a
genius which was by no means over-rated by the attention
and the friendship of Milton. °
KING (Edward), a learned and philosophical antiquary,
was a native of Norfolk, where he was born in 1735, and
having inherited from an uncle, Mr. Brown of Exeter, an
ample fortune, vvas early enabled to pursue his inclinations,
which led him chiefly to the study of antiquities. He was
partly educated at Clare-hall, Cambridge, but afterwards
entered of Lincoln's-inn, and, we presume, studied the
law, as he was afterwards chosen recorder of Lynn in Nor
folk. He was elected F. R. S. in 1767, and F. S, A. in 1 770 ;
and to the Archseologia made various communications, vvhich
gave him such reputation with the society, that in 1784,
on the demise of Dr. Milles, he was elected president, ons
' Moreri. 3 Nichols's Poems,— Todd and SymmoBs's Lives of Milton.

KING. 351
which occasion he introduced a number of new regulations,
and the appointment of two regular secretaries, and a
draughtsman, to attend constantiy. On St. George's day
following, however, he was obliged to resign the chair, in
favour of George lord de Ferrars, afterwards earl of Lei
cester and marquis Townsend, a majority of nearly two to
one having appeared against him. He afterwards printed
a letter in vindication of himself, and reflecting upon the
noble earl, and from that period ceased to make any com
munications to the society.
His first separate publication appeared in 1767, under
the title of " An Essay on the English Government;" and
his second, after a long interval, in 1780, without his
name, " Hymns to the Supreme Being, in imitation of the
Eastern Songs." Of this pleasing publication two editions
were printed. In 1784 he circulated, also without his name,
". Proposals for establishing, at sea, a Marine School, or
seminary for seamen, as a raeans of improving the plan
of the Marine Society," &c. His object was to fit up a
man of war as a marine school. In 1788 he published a
large 4to volume, entitled " Morsels of Criticism, tending
to illustrate some few passages in the Holy Scriptures upon
philosophical principles and an enlarged view of things."
The fate of this work was sotnewhat singular. The author
received sixty copies for presents; and the greater part ofthe
remaining impression, being little called for, was converted
into waste paper. Sorae time after, however, the notice
taken of it in that popular poem, " The Pursuits of Lite
rature," brought it again into notice ; a second edition
appeared in 8vo,, and a second volume of the 4to in 1801.
This works abounds in singular opinions : among others,
the author attempts to prove that John the Baptist was an
angel from heaven, and the same who formerly appeared
in the person of Elijah : that there will be a second appear
ance of Christ upon earth (something like this, however, is
held by other writers) : that this globe is a kind of comet,
which is continually tending towards the sun, and will at
length approach so near as to be ignited by the solar rays
upon the elementary fluid of fire : and that the place of
punishment allotted for wicked men is the centre of the
earth, which is the bottomless pit, &c. &c. It is unnecessary
to add, that these reveries did not procure Mr. King much
reputation as a philosophical commentator on the Scrip
tures.

352 KIN G.
His next publications indicated the variety of his medi
tations and pursuits. In 1793 he produced " An Imitation
of the Prayer of Abel," and " Considerations on the Uti
lity of the National Debt." In 1796 he amused himself
and the public with " Remarks concerning Stones said to
have fallen from the Clouds, both in these days and in
ancient times;" the foundation of which was the surprizing
shower of stones said, on the testimony of several persons,
to have fallen in Tuscany, June 16, 1796, and investigated
in an extraordinary and full detail by the abbate Soldani,
professor of mathematics in the university of Sienna. This
subject has since eraployed other pens, but no decisive
conclusionsi have been agreed upon. Mr. King's next
publication, however, belonged to the province in which
he was best able to put forth his powers of research :
" Vestiges of Oxford Castle ; or, a sraall fragment of a
work intended to be published speedily, on the history of
ancient castles, and on the progress of architecture," 1796,
a thin folio. This interesting memoir was accordingly fol
lowed by a large history of ancient castles, entitled " Mu-
nimenta Antiqua," of which 3 vols, folio have appeared,
and part of a fourth. These volumes, although he main
tains sorae theories which are not ranch approved, undoubt
edly entitle him to the reputation of a learned, able, and
industrious antiquary. It was his raisfortune, however, to
be perpetually deviating into speculations which he was less.
qualified to establish, yet adhered to them with a pertina-'
city which involved him in angry controversies. In 1798
he published a pamphlet called " Reraarks on the Signs of
the Times ;" about which other ingenious men were at
that time inquiring, and very desirous to trace the history
and progress of the French Revolution and war to the
records of .sacred antiquity ; but Mr. King ventured here
to assert the genuineness of the second book of Esdras in.
the Apocrypha. Mr, Gough criticised this work with much
freedom and justice in the Gentleman's Magazine, and
Mr. King thought himself insulted. On his adding " A
Supplement to his Remarks" in 1799, he met with a more
powerful antagonist in bishop Horsley, who published
" Critical Disquisitions on Isaiah xviii, in a Letter to
Mr. King." While preparing a fourth volume of his
" Munimenta," Mr. King died, April 16, 1807, and was
buried in the church-yard at Beckenham, where his coun
try-seat was. Mr. King was a man of extensive reading,

K I N G. 35$
and considerable learning, and prided himself particularly
on intense thinking, which, however, was not always
under the regulation of judgment.'
KING (Gregory), a heraldic and Commercial writer,
the son of a father, of both his names, was born at Lich
field,- Dec. 15, 1648, and was educated at the grammar-
school of that city, and at the age of fourteen had been
taught Greek, Latin, and somewhat of Hebrew. At that
age he was recommended by Dr. Hunter, of Lichfield, to
sir William Dugdale, then Norroy, who took him into his
service; which was very acceptable to his father, who had
five other children to provide for ; and Dn Hacket, bishop
of Lichfield, had intended to have sent him to the uni
versity, had not this opening taken place. He was at this
time so small of his age, that when he became clerk to
Dugdale, and for two years after, he was unable to mount
a horse from the ground. Yet he accompanied that king
of arms in his visitations, and tricked the arras of Stafford
shire, which though not equal to what he afterwards did,
still remain in the college. He at that tirae applied him
self to the French language,' and painting of 'pedigrees^
and within a year or two, painted several for Mr. Dugdalej
particularly a large one of Claverin, of Northuraberland,
and sorae time after painting and engrossing the grants of
arms filled up the greatest part of his time; but Dugdale
gave him leave to take with him into the northern counties
blank escocheons on vellum, upon which he depicted the
arms of those who desired an attestation of them under
Dugdale's hand ; and this he was enabled to do, instead
of an arms painter, who had usually attended that ofi^cef
of the college. He shewed uncommon attention to im-
. provement during the time Dugdale visited his whole pro
vince, in 1662, and 1666, for be took prospects of the
towns, castles, and other remarkable places in tbe coun
ties through which he passed. In 1667 he passed into
the service of lord Hatton, who was a great lover of
antiquities, and the particular patron of Dugdale during
the civil war; and now employed Mf- King until 1669,
when he was dismissed with great promises of future
kindness. He then went to Lichfield, where he found
his father re-raarried; and here he supported hiraself
for some time in the humble occupations of teaching
' Nichols's Bowyer.
Vol. XIX. A a

354 KING.
writing and arithmetic, painting coaches, signs, and other
kinds of work in oil colours, as hatchments, &c. and
in instructing the registrar of the dean and chapter,
and some other inquisitive persons, to read ancient re
cords. At this tirae Mr. Chetwynd of Ingestry, invited
hira to peruse and transcribe his faraily muniraents, which
he did in a fair vellum book, tricking the most consider
able seals.
At the end of this year, 1669, he became the steward,
auditor, and secretary of the lady dowager Gerard, of Ge
rard's Bromley, relict of Charles, and mother of Digby,
lord Gerard. He resided with ber ladyship's father George
Digby of Sandon, in Staffordshire, esq. until August,
1672. This task was somewhat arduous, for his predeces
sor, Mr. Chaunce, kept all his accounts, and other mat
ters of moment, in characters which he had to decipher ;
and besides he drew and painted many things for lady Ge
rard, whilst in her sefvice. From Staffojdshire he went
-to London, where he renewed his acquaintance at the
Heralds'-college, paying a suitable attention to his old
master, Dugdale. Here he became known to Hollar, the
celebrated engraver. He recommended him to Mr. Ogil-
vy, to manage his undertakings, who having his majesty's
license to print whatever he coraposed or translated,
kept a press in his house, and at that tirae was printing
sir Peter Leicester's " Antiquities of Chester." Mr. King
made his first attempt in etching sorae ancient seals in
that work. Giving satisfaction he was employed in etching
some sculpts in Mr. Dugdale's Esop (not the antiquary),
which was reduced from the folio to Svo size, and se
veral of Ogilvy's " History of Asia," vol. I. translated from
De Meurs' impression at Amsterdam. He also assisted in
his new " Briiiannia," travelling into Essex with the surveyor,
Mr. Falgate, a native of that county. They in the middle
ofthe winter, 1672, a very inclement one, took the ich-
nography of Ipswich, in Suffolk, and Maiden, in Essex,
which were afterwards very curiously finished, and sent to
those two places. He assisted and superintended the map
of London, which Hollar engraved. He contrived and
managed a lottery of books, to repay Mr. Ogilvy's great
expences in these concerns, and a lesser one of books for
Bristol fair, which turned to good advantage, Mr. King
attending there. He then engaged in Ogilvy's " Book of
Roads," superintending the whole, digesting the notes,
directing the engravings, three or four of vvhich he exe-

KING. 355
cuted with his own hand, which was the first time he at
tempted handling the graver. Mr. Ogilvy was so sensible
of his merit and fidelity, that he treated him with peculiar
attention on all occasions, and allowed him a music-raaster
to teach him to play upon the violin, and offered to renew
his place of cosmograpber to the king, and put his name
in jointly, or in reversion ; this he declined, but accepted
the offer to undertake, on his ovVn account, the map of
Westminster, which he corapleted in 1675, on the scale
of 100 feet to an inch. He employed himself also in en
graving the letter-work of various maps. ' He laid out
sorae of the principal streets of the metropolis, particularly
those of Soho ; and raost of the first building articles, or
leases, were drawn up by him. At length his connexions
with the heralds procured hira to be created Rouge-dragon
in 1677, but the fees of this office 4Deing small, he found
it expedient to continue bis employment of engraving and
herald-painting. He designed a map of Staffordshire; yet
through sir Henry St. George, Norroy, and his old master,
Dugdale, Garter, tbe duties of the office took a good part
of his time. Being very useful to these kings at arms,
they pressed him to remove to the college, which he did at
Lady-day, 1680, Dugdale accommodating hira vvith a cham
ber, and some other conveniences, and St. George with a
kitchen. He assisted St. George in his visitations, as one of
bis deputies, in 1681 and 1682 ; and, upon the death ofthe
duke of Norfolk, his successor nominated him registrar in
the room of Mr. Devenish, York ; although opposed by
the college as without a precedent. He was also trusted
and consulted about the burialof Charles 11. tbe proclaiming
and the coronation of his successor, and took a part in the
magnificent publication of the latter ceremony with Mr.
Sandford, Lancaster herald. The Revolution sofcn following,
he became extreraely useful in the ceremonial of William
and Mary's coronation. Mr. Sandford resigning his tabard
to hira, he became, for three or four months, Lancaster^
and Rouge-dragon, tbe patent not passing until thefollow-
ing July.
Frora this time bis merit was so well known, and so en
tirely acknowledged, that he bore a deserved sway in the
college, such as perhaps no other herald of his standing
ever did ; for being skillf d in the languages, especially
the Latin and French, and being intimately conversant in
whatever related to the order of the Garter, he was fixed
A A 2

356 KIN G.
upon to be deputy to sir ThPmas St, Geerge, Garter, to
take the insignia to invest the elector of Brandenburgh :
and was afterwards frequently employed in similar com
missions and foreign installations.
Among his other literary labours were his composing a
pack of cards containing the arms of the English nobility,
in imitation of " Claud Oronce Fine Brianille ;" and " the
order of the installation of prince George of Denmark^
Charles duke of Somerset, and George duke of Northum
berland, at Windsor, Aprils, 1684," printed in London,
in 1684, in folio. As also the "Installation of Henry
duke of Norfolk, Henry earl of Peterborough, and Lau
rence earl of Rochester, Windsor, July 22, 1685," printed
in London in the same year, 1636, in folio. Besides these
various occupations he afterwards became secretary to the
commissioners for settling the public accounts, and secre
tary to the .comptrollers of the army. In both he acquired
the highest commendation. Mr. King was a man of great
varied powers, and as an herald and genealogist, he equalled
his great master Dugdale. He also wrote a valuable work,
lately pubhshed from his MS. in the British Museum, by
Mr. George Chalmers, entitied, " Natural and political
observations and conclusions upon the State and Condition
of England." Dying August 29, 1712, aged 63, he was
buried in the chancel of St. Bennet's church, Paul's Wharf,
where is a handsome mural monument of marble. He wa*
twice married, but left no issue. '
KING (John), a learned English bishop, was great
nephew of Robert King, the first bishop of Oxford, and
son of Philip King of Wormenbale or Wornall, near Brill
in Buckinghamshire, by Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund
Conquest of Houghton Conquest in Bedfordshire. He
was born at Wornall about 1559, educated in Westminster-
school, and sent to Christ church, Oxford, in 1576 ; where
he took, in due time, his degrees in arts. He was after
wards chaplain to queen Elizabeth ; archdeacon of Not
tingham in 1590;. doctor of divinity in 1601; dean of
Christ church in 1605; and bishop of London in 1611.
Besides his " Lectures upon Jonah," printed in 1594, he
published several sermons. James I. used to style him
"the *m^ of preachers;" and lord chief justice Coke often
I Noble's College of Jrms,— t^ent, Maf, vol. LXXI.

KING. 357
declaredj that " he was the best speaker in the star-cham
ber in his time." He was so constant in preaching, after
he was a bishop, that he never missed a Sunday, when his
health permitted. He died March 30, 1621, and was in
terred in St. Paul's cathedral. Soon after, the papists re
ported, that he died a member of their church, in a
pamphlet entitled " The Bishop of London his Legacy ;"
but ,the falsity of this story was sufficiently exposed by his
son Henry, in a sermon at St. Paul's cross, Nov. 25, 1621,
and by bishop Godwin, in the appendix to his " Commen
tarius de Prsesulibus AnglivE."'
KING (Henry), bishop of Chichester in the seventeenth
century, was eldest son ofthe preceding, by Jane, daugh
ter of Mr. Henry Freeman of Staffordshire, and was born
at Wornall in Buckinghamshire in January 1591, and edu
cated in grararaar learning partly in the free-school at
Thame in Oxfordshire, and partly at Westminster-school,
from which he was elected a student of Christ church in
1608. On June the 19th, 1611, he took the degree of
bachelor of arts ; and July the 7th, 1614, that of mEister.
He then entered into holy orders, and became an eminent
preacher, and chaplain to king James I. He was after
wards made archdeacon of Colchester ; residentiary of St.
Paul's, and canon of Christ church. On May the 19tb,
1625, he took the degree of doctor of divinity. He was
afterwards chaplain to king Charles I. and February the
6th, 1638, was installed in the deanery of Rochester. In
1641 he was advanced to the see of Chichester, to which
he was consecrated December 19th of that year. But
though he was always esteemed a puritan, and had been
promoted to that see in order to please that party; yet
upon the breaking out of the civil wars, and the dissolu
tion of episcopacy, he was treated by them with great se
verity ; " nor was he suffered to live quietly at his friend's
house (for some time, at least), when they could discover
hira." He lived for the most part with sir Richard Hobart,
who had married his sister, at Langley in Buckinghamshire,
by whom he was supported. At the restoration he reco
vered his bishopric. Wood tells us, that " he was es
teemed by many persons of his neighbourhood and diocese,
the epitome of all honours, virtues, and generous noble-
' Ath. Ox. vol. I. — Gen. Diet. — 'Bibliographer, vol. I. p. 506.— -Dodd's Ch.
Hist. vol. I. where is a diseussicn oh the report of his turning papist.

358 KING.
ness, and a person never to be forgotten by his tenants and
by the poor." He died October the 1st, 1669, and was
interred on the south side of the choir belonging to his
cathedral of Chichester, where a monument was erected
to him, with an inscription, in which it is said, that he
was " antiqua, eaque regia Saxonum apud Danmonios in
Agro Devoniensi prosapia oriundus," and that he was
" natalium splendore illustris, pietate, doctrina & virtuti-
bus illustrior," &c. He married Anne, daughter of sir
William Russel of Strensham. in Worcestershire, bart. who
after the bishop's decease married sir Thomas Millington
the physician.
He published several works, viz. 1. '' Sermons," printed
at different times. 2. " Exposition of the Lord's Prayer,"
1628, and 1634, 4to. 3. " The Psalms of David, frora the
new translation of the Bible, turned into Metre, &c." 1651,,
12mo. 4. " A deep Groan fetched at the Funeral of the
incomparable and glorious monarch king Charles I." 1649,
in one sheet. 5. " Poems, Elegies, Paradoxes, Sonnets,"
1657, Svo. 6, Various Latin and Greek poems, published
in several books. 7. There is a letter of his J:o Mr. Isaac
Walton, concerning the three imperfect books of Hooker's
Ecclesiastical Polity; dated, Nov. 17, 1664, and prefixed
to Walton's " Life of Hooker." The merit of his poeras,
with extracts, has been ably discussed by Headley, Ellis,
and Park, as appears by our authorities. He bad a brother,
John, who became a student of Christ church in 1608,
and was afterwards public orator of the university, canon
of Christ church in 1624, and the 3'ear following doctor of
divinity and canon of Windsor, and about that time pre
bendary of St. Paul's, and lector of Remenbam in Berk
shire. He died January 2, 163 8-9, and vvas interred at
Christ church in Oxford. He published a single sermon,
and one or two Latin orations.'
KING (John), rector of Chelsea, was born at St. Co-
lurab in Cornwall, May 1, 1652. He was educated at Exe
ter college, Oxford, but took the degree of D. D. at Ca
therine-hall, Cambridoe, where his friend sir William
Dawes was master. When first in orders, he had tbe cu
racy of Bray, in Berkshire. By bis second wife he ac
quired the patronage of Pertenhali, in Bedfordshire, and
' Ath. Ox, vol. II. — Gen. Diet. — Nichols's Poems. — Cibber's Lives.— Topo
grapher, vol. I. p. 408, — Heailley's lleauties. — Cunsura Lit. vo!. V. and VI. — ^
Ellis's Specimens, vol. 111. — Usher's Life a^d Letters, p, 567.

KING. 359
was instituted to that rectory in June 1690; but in 1694,
exchanged it for Chelsea, the value of which he consider
ably advanced by letting out the glebe on lives for building.
In 1731 he was collated to the prebend of Wighton in
York cathedral, by sir William Dawes, archbishop. He
died May 30, 1732, and was buried at Pertenhali. Besides
two occasional sermons, he published, 1, " Anim.adversions
on a pamphlet entitled A Letter of advice to the churches
ofthe Nonconformists of the English nation ; endeavour
ing their satisfaction in that point. Who are the true church
of England .?" 2d edit. 1702, 4to. 2. " The case of John
Atherton, bishop of Waterford in Ireland, fairly repre
sented against a partial edition of Dr. Barnard's relation
and sermon at his funeral, &c." 1716, Svo. In the appen
dix are two anonymous letters ; but it appears by inter
lineations in Dr. King's own hand, that the first was from
Dr. Thomas Mill, bishop of Waterford, and the second
was to that bishop frora the rev. Mr. Alcock, chancellor of
Waterford. 3. *' Tolando-Pseudologo-mastix, or a curry
comb for a lying coxcomb. Being an answer to a late
piece of Mr. Toland's called Hypatia," Lond. 1721, Svo.
There is also in the British Museum, a small quarto volume
in MS. by Dr. King, containing a supplement and remarks
on the life Of sir Thomas More ; a letter on sir Thomas
More's house at Chelsea, and other miscellanies.
Dr. King's eldest son, John, was born Aug. 5, 1696,
and from Eton school vvas sent to King's college, Cam
bridge, of which he became fellow, and took the degree of
M. A. He afterwards settled at Stamford in Lincolnshire,
and practised physic there with great reputation, but was
cutoff by a fever, Oct. 12, 1728. He published " Epis
tola ad virum ornatis. Joannem Freind, &c. in qua D. W.
Trilleri, Phil, et M. D. epistolara raedico-criticam super
primo et tertio epidemiorum, a viro ornatissimo editis, ad
examen revocavit J. King," Cambridge, 1722, Svo; and
an excellent, and now rare, edition of " Euripidis Hecuba,
Orestes, & Phoenissae," ibid. 1726, Svo.'
KING (John Glen), a learned English writer and anti
quary, was born in the county of Norfolk iu 1731. He
was educated at Caius college, Cambridge, where be took
his degrees of B. A. and M. A. in 1752 and 1763, and at
' Preface to Martyn's Dissertations on the ^neids. — Nichols's Bowyer,—
Faulkner's Hist, of Chelsea. — Hsrwood's Alumni Etonenses.

560 KIN G.
subsequent periods he was admitted to the degree of D. D.
and received a member of tbe royal society, and of the
society of antiquaries. In 1764, he obtained the appoint
ment of chaplain to the English factory at Petersburgh. In
this situation he was led to inquire into the ceremonies of
the Russian church, which he continually saw practised,
and determined to give a faithful description of the same
in his own language. He accordingly published, in 1772,
in a handsome quarto, illustrated with engravings, a work,
entitled " The Rites and Cereraonies of the Greek Church
in Russia; containing an account of its doctrine, worship,
and discipline." In 1778, he wrote and published a letter
to the bishop of Durhara, containing sorae observations on
the climate of Russia, and the northern countries, with a
view of the flying-mountains at Zarsko Sello, near St. Pe
tersburgh. Soon after his return to bis native country, he
was presented to the rectory of Worraley, in Hertfordshire,
in 1783 ; and in 1786 he purchased Dr. John Warner's cha
pel in Broad-court, Drury-lane, in which he officiated as
preacher. While be resided at Petersburgh, the empress
of Russia bad appointed him her medallist, and he was en
gaged in a medallic work at the tirae of his death, which
happened Nov. 2, 1787, in the fifty-sixth year of his age,
and was buried at Worraley. Besides the works already
mentioned. Dr. King was author of " Observations on the
Barberini Vase," which are printed in the eighth volume
of the Transactions of the Antiquarian Society.'
KING (Peter), chancellor of England, and famous for
his ecclesiastical learning, as well as his knowledge in the
law, was born in 1669 at Exeter, Devonshire, where his
father, an eminent grocer and sailer in that city, though a
man of considerable substance, and descended from a good
family, determined to bring up his son to his own trade.
With this view, he took him into his business ; and kept
hini, at his shop for sorae years : however, the son's incli
nation being strongly bent to learning, he took all oppor
tunities of gratifying his passion, laying out all the money
he could spare in books, and devoting every moment of his
leisure hours to study ; so that he became a scholar of very
great accomplishments, which were hid under the appear
ance of an attention tp the business of the shop. This,
' Gent. Mag. LVII. and LIX.— His Letter to the Bishop of Durham is in tbe
JVestminster jylagaaine for HBO, — Niohols's Bowyer.

KING. 361
however, was discovered by the celebrated Locke, who was
his uncle by his mother's side, and who, after some dis
course, being greatly surprised and pleased with the pro
digious advances his nephew had made in literature, ad
vised him to commence a regular course of study at Ley
den : and it is said to have been by his advice, that
Mr. King afterwards entered himself a student at the In
ner-Temple, and applied himself to the law; in which
profession his talents and industry soon rendered him
celebrated. In the mean time, he attracted the notice of the learned
world, by a publication on a subject somewhat foreign
from those which were connected with his professional
studies, but which occupied no small portion of the time
which he could spare from them. When he was in bis
twenty-second year, he published the first part of a work
entitled, " An Inquiry into the Constitution, Discipline,
Unity, and Worship, of the Primitive Church, that flou
rished within the first three hundred years after Christ,
faithfully collected out of the extant writings of those ages,"
1691, Svo. This was written with a view to promote what
was then thought very promising, the scherae of a cora-
prebension with the dissenters : and tbe author had at least
the raerit of showing that spirit of peace, unity, and raode-
ration, which would have done honour to all parties con^
cerned ; but his attempt to prove bishops and presbyters
of the same order was not successful. He afterwards pub
lished the second part of the " Inquiry into the Consti
tution, &c. ;" and having solicited, in a modest and unaf
fected way to be shewn, either publicly or privately, any
mistakes he might have made, that request was first com
plied with by Mr. Edmund Elys ; between whom and our
author several letters were exchanged upon the subject
in 1692, which were published by Mr. Elys in 1694, Svo.
under the title of " Letters on several subjects." But the
most formal and elaborate answer to the " Inquiry" ap
peared afterwards in a work entitled " Original draught of
tbe Primitive Church," by a Mr. Sclater, vvhich is said to
have made a convert of Mr. King hiraself.
Mr. King had not been many years at the Temple, when
he had acquired as high a reputation for his knowledge in
law, as he had before for his knowledge in divinity; and,
in 1699, obtained a seat in the House of Commons, as re
presentative for the borough of Beer-Alston, in Devon-

362 KIN G.
shire ; and the same honour was continued to him, not
only in the ensuing and last parliament of king William,
but in the five succeeding parliaments of queen Anne. In
the mean time he published his inquiries into church
history, and the history of early opinions, and having com
pleted some collections be bad already made, and digested
them into proper order, he pubhshed, in 1702, " The His
tory of the Apostles' Creed, with critical Observations on its
several articles," Svo ; a treatise written with judgment and
learning. Peter de Coste, who sent an abstract of it in
French to Bernard, to be published in his " Nouvelles de
la Republique de Lettres" for November and December,
1702, has related a very remarkable particular concerning
it. He tells us that an English prelate, distinguished for
his erudition, fancying it could only be a compilation from
several discourses already printed, or perhaps an abridg
ment of Pearson's " Exposition of the Creed," who seemed
to have exhausted the subject, began to read it with this
disadvantageous prepossession ; but was quickly convinced
of his mistake, and surprized to find so many curious
things, not to be met with in Pearson, and to observe so
little borrowed from that writer's " Exposition."
From this time, however, our author found himself
under a necessity of relinquishing pursuits of this kind, on
account of the increasing and urgent business which his
abilities as a lawyer brought into his hands ; and in a few
years his raerit in the law was distinguished by the highest
honours. July 1708, he was chosen recorder of London ;
and knighted by queen Anne September following. In
1709, he was appointed one of the managers of the House
of Comraons, at the trial of Sacheverell. Upon the acces
sion of George I. he was appointed lord chief-justice of
the court of common-pleas, and soon after sworn of the
privy-council. He was created a peer May the 25tli,
1725, by the title of lord King, baron of Ockham, in Sur
rey ; and tbe great seal being taken from lord Macclesfield,
was delivered to him the 1st of June following. He did
not, however, make that figure as chancellor, which vvas ex
pected from the character that raised hira to it ; and it is
said that more of his decrees were repealed by the House
of Lords than of any other chancellor in the same space of
tirae. Yet it is allowed that he took extraordinary pains
in tbe discharge of his office, vvhich, irapairino- his consti
tution by degrees, brought on at last a paralytic disorder ;

KING. 363
and his distemper increasing, he resigned the seals the
26th Nqv. 1733, and died July the 22d following, at his
seat at Ockham, leaving behind hira two sons and two
daughters, and a widow, the daughter of Richard Seys,
of Boverton, in Glamorganshire, esq. Lord King was a man
of great integrity, knowledge, and diligence, although not of
transcendant abilities. He was interred in Ockham church,
Surrey, where a monument was erected to his meraory.'
KING (Dr. Williaim), a learned archbishop of Dublin,
was descended of an ancient family, and born at Antrim,
in Ireland, May the 1st, 1650. At twelve years of age,
he was sent to the grararaar-school at Dungannon, in the
county of Tyrone ; and at seventeen, to Trinity-college,
near Dublin, where he took the degrees in arts, when he
became of proper standing. In 1674 he was admitted into
priest's orders by abp. Parker of Tuara, who, taking him
for his chaplain in 1676, presented him the sarae year to a
prebend, and afterwards to the precentorship, of Tuara.
In 1679, he was promoted by his patron, then archbishop
of Dublin, to the chancellorship of St. Patrick, and to the
parish of St. Warburgh in Dublin. He had the reputation
of uncommon abilities and learning; and a season was
now approaching which gave him a fair opportunity of dis
playing them. Accordingly, in the reign of James II.
when popery began to raise her head, he, following the
example of his English brethren, boldly undertook the de
fence of the Protestant cause in Ireland, against Peter
Manby, the dean of Londonderry, who had lately gone
over to the Catholic faith: In 1687, Manby having pub
lished a paraphlet in vindication of his conduct, entitled
" Considerations which obliged hira to embrace the Ca
tholic religion," our author drew up " An Answer," and
printed it at Dublin the same year in quarto. Manby, en
couraged by the court, and assisted by tbe raost learned
champions of the church of Rorae, published a reply,
calletl " A reformed Catechism, &c," ; and our author
soon after rejoined, in " A Vindication of the Answer to
the Considerations, 1688," 4to. Manby dropped the con
troversy, but dispersed a sheet of paper, artfully written,
vvith this title, " A Letter to a Friend, shewing the vanity
of this opinion, that every man's sense and reason are to
guide him in matters of faith ;" but our author did not suf-
' Biog. Brit.— Whiston's Life.— Gent. Vlnj. vol. LXII. and LXX.

364 KIN G.
fer this to pass without confuting it, in " A Vindication of
the Christian Religion and Reformation, against the at
tempts of a late letter, &c. 1681," 4to.
The deanery of St. Patrick's becoming vacant at this
time. Dr. King was elected to it ; and appeared so active
in supporting the Revolution, which had now taken place,
that, after the landing of king James in Ireland in 1689,
he was twice confined iu Dublin-castle. He was attacked,
not long after, in a weekly paper called " The Abhor
rence," with an intent to render him more obnoxious ;
and was also assaulted in the street, where a musket with
a lighted match was levelled at him. He was . likewise
disturbed in the perforraance of divine service at his church
several riraes, particularly on Candleraas-day ; when seven
officers who were there swore aloud that they would cut
his throat. All this did not discourage him ; but he still
persisted, and took his doctor's degree this same year, 1689.
Upon king James's retreat to France, after the battle of
the Boyne in 1690, he preached a thanksgiving-sermon on
that occasion in November ; and, January following, was
promoted to the bishopric of Derry. In 1691 he published
at London in 4to, " The State of the Protestants in Ire
land, under the late King James's Government ; in which
their carriage towards him is justified ; and the absolute
necessity of their endeavouring to be freed from his go
vernment, and of submitting to their present majesties, is
demonstrated." The third edition, with additions, was
printed at London the year after, in Svo. Burnet speaks
of this book in the following terms : " This copious history
is so well received, and so universally acknowledged to be
as truly as it is finely written, that I refer my readers to
the account of those matters, which is fully and faithfully
given by that learned and zealous prelate." It was at
tacked, however, the same year, by Mr. Charles Lesley ;
who asserted, that " there is not one single fact he has in
quired into, but he found it false in whole or in part,
aggravated or misrepresented, so as to alter the whole face
of the story, and give it perfectly another air and turn ;
insomuch that, though many things he says were true, yet
he has hardly spoke a true word, that is, told truly and
nakedly, without a warp." Though few, as we imagine,
will form their judgment of King's book from this account
of it by Lesley ; yet all may allow, that there is a kind
of colouring peculiar to, and characteristic of, each party;

K t N G, 365
and that the very same facts, when related by an historian
of different political principles, shall have a very different
appearance, and also make a very different impression upon
a reader. Tbe public tranquillity being now perfectly restored, the
bishop applied himself more particularly to the duties of his
pastoral care ; and, reviewing the state of his diocese, pre
sently discovered, that, by the great number of colonies
lately transported from Scotland, many of his people vvere
dissenters from the established church, which they opposed
with as much zeal as the Papists. As he had therefore
employed his pen against the Papists when danger was
apprehended from them, so now he took it up against the
Presbyterians, whora he endeavoured to persuade to con-
forraity, in a piece entitled " A Discourse concerning the
Inventions of Men in the Worship of God," Dublin, 1694,
4to, But this attempt only served to engage him in a
second controversy with these dissenting adversaries, one
of whose ministers, Mr. Joseph Boyce, presently published
"Remarks," &c. in which, however, he allows, that the
bishop's discourse was written with an air of seriousness
and gravity, becoming the weight of tbe subject, as well
as the dignity of his character. Upon this, the bishop
returned an answer, under the title of " An Admonition to
the Dissenting Inhabitants of the Diocese of Derry, con
cerning a book lately published by Mr. J. B. entitled
Remarks, &c." 1695, 4to ; to which Mr. Boyce replying,
the bishop rejoined in " A Second Admonition to the Dis
senting Inhabitants, &c." published the same year at
Dublin, in 4to ; and thus the controversy ended.
In 1702 he published at Dublin, in 4to, his celebrated
treatise " De Origine Mali," which was republished the
same year at London in Svo; in which he endeavours to
shew how all the several kinds of evil with which the world
abounds, are consistent with the goodness of God, and may
be accounted for without the supposition of an evil prin
ciple. We do not find that any exceptions were raade at
first to this work at horae ; but it fell under the cognizance
of some very eminent foreigners. Mr- Bernard having
given an abridgment of it in his " Nouvelles de la Re
publique des Lettres" for May and June 1703, that
abridgment fell into the hands of Mr Bayle, whp, observ
ing his Manichean system to be in danger from it, did not
stay till he could see and consult the book itself, but exa-

566 KIN G.
mined the hypothesis of our author as it was represented
in Bernard's extracts, and in a passage cited by the writers
of the " Acta Eruditorum Lipsiae," which had been
omitted by Bernard. Bayle was blamed for this by Ber
nard, and not without reason, as he had manifestly mis
taken the prelate's meaning in many particulars, and at-'
tacked him upon principles which he would have denied ;
but the dispute did not end so : Bayle afterwards replied
to Bernard ; and, having procured the bishop's book, made
several new observations upon it, which were published in
the fifth torae of his " Reponse," &c. Leibnitz also wrote
" Reraarks" on this work, which, however, he styles " a
work full of elegance and learning." These remarks,
which are in French, were published by DesMaizeaux, in
the third volume of the " Recueil de diverses Pieces sur la
Philosophie, &c. par Mess. Leibnitz, Clarke, Newton, &c."
at Amsterdam, 1720, in three vols. 12mo. In the mean
time, the bishop, though he did not publicly and forraally
reply to these writers, left a great number of manuscript
papers, in which he considered their several objections to
his systera, and laboured to vindicate it. These papers
were afterwards coramunicated to Mr. Edraund Law, M. A.
fellow of Christ's college in Cambridge, afterwards bishop
of Cariisle, who had tran.slated the bishop's book, and
written notes upon it ; and who then printed a second
edition of his translation, in the notes to which he inserted
the substance of those papers. The whole came out with
this title, " An Essay on the Origin of Evil, by Dr. Williara
King, late lord archbishop of Dublin : translated from the
Latin, with Notes, and a Dissertation concerning the
Principle and Criterion of Virtue, and the Origin of the
Passions. The second edition. Corrected and enlarged
from the author's manuscripts. To which are added, two
Sermons by tbe same author ; the former concerning
Divine Prescience ; the latter on the Fall of Man." Lond.
1732, 2 vols. Svo. A third edition vvas published in 1739,-
and it was for some years a book in great vogue at Cam
bridge, but its reputation has been declining for a much
longer period.
. The same year also that he published- his book " De
Origine Mali," viz. 1702, hewas translated to the arch
bishopric of Dublin. He vvas appointed one of the lords
justices of Ireland in 17 17, and held the same office twice
afterwards, in 1721 and 1723. He died at his palace ii?

KING. 367
I)ublin, May 8, 1729. Besides the works above-mentioned,
he published several occasional Sermons. That " Con
cerning Divine Prescience," which was printed by Mr.
Law, was preached and published in 1709, with this title:
" Divinifi, Predestination and Fore-knowledge consistent
with th^f reedom of Man's Will ;" and as the bishop, in
this disqcarse, had started a doctrine concerning the moral
attributes of tbe Deity, as if different frora the moral
qualities of the same name in man, he was attacked upon
this head by writers of very unlike complexions ; by Dr.
John Edwards, in a piece called " The Divine Perfections
vindicated," &c. ; and by Anthony Collins, esq. in a pam
phlet entitled " A Vindication of the Divine Attributes,"
&c. both in 1710. The archbishop did not enter into a
controversy, yet endeavoured to remove all objections to
his general scheme, vvith which this was intimately con
nected, in those papers ; the substance of which, as we
have observed, was printed in Mr. Law's notes, after his
death. Archbishop King, as appears by his correspond
ence with Swift, was a man of humour, and many of his
bans mots were at one time current.'
KING (Dr. William), an ingenious and humourous
English writer, was born in London, 1663, the son of
Ezekfel King, a gentleman. He was allied to the noble
families of Clarendon and Rochester. From Westminster
school, where he was a scholar on the foundation under'
the care of Dr. Busby, he was at eighteen elected to
Christ-church, Oxford, and admitted a student there in
Michaelmas term, 1681.
Early in life Mr. King became possessed of a small pa
ternal estate in Middlesex. From his occasionally men
tioning " his tenants in Northampton and Leicestershire,"
his biographers have supposed him to have been a land
holder also in those counties ; but there is little authority
for such a supposition. However, frora his going out
compounder when he took his first degree, it is plain that
he had a tolerable fortune, which enabled him to indulge
bis genius and inclination in the choice and method of his
studies. He took his first degree in arts Dec. 8, 1685 ;
proceeded regularly to M.A. July 6, 16S8 ; and the same
year commenced author. A religious turn of mind, joined
' Biog. Brit. — Swift's AVorks, see Index. — Burnet's Own Times. — Jones's
Life of bishop Home, p. 92. — Bowles's edition of Pope's Works, — Burdy's
Life of Skelton, p, 134.

36» KIN G.
to the warmest regafd for the honour of his Country, pi'o--
moted him to rescue the character and name of Wickhffe,
our first reformer, from the calumnies of mons. Varillas.
The thing had been publicly requested also, as a proper
undertaking for such as were at leisure, and would take
the trouble. Mr. King, therefore, deeming himself to h&
thus called forth to the charge, readily entered the lists ;
and with a proper mixture of wit and learning, handsomely
exposed the blunders of that French author, in " Reflec
tions upon Mons. Varillas' History of Heresy, book I. tom. L
so far as. relates to English matters, more especially those
of Wickliffe." About this time, having fixed on the civil
law as his profession, he entered upon that study in the
university. In 1690 he translated from the French of Monsieur and
Madame Dacier, " The Life of Marcus Aurelius Antoni
nus, the Roman Emperor ; together with sorae select re
marks on the said Antoninus's Meditations concerning him
self, treating of a natural man's happiness, &c. as also
upon the Life of Antoninus." About the same time he
wrote " A Dialogue shewing the way to Modern Prefer
ment," ahumourous satire, which contains some solid truths,
under the disguise of a conversation between three illus
trious personages; the tooth-drawer to cardinal, Porto-
Carero ; the corn-cutter to pope Innocent XI. ; and the
receiver -general to an Ottoman mufti. On July 7, 1692,
he took his degree of B. and D. LL. and Nov. 12, that
year, by favour of abp. Tillotson, obtained a fat, which,
admitting him an advocate at Doctor's coramons, enabled
him to plead in the courts of the civil and ecclesiastical
law. In 1693 he published a translation of " New Man
ners and Characters of the two great Brothers, the Duke of
Bouillon andMareschalTurenne, written in French by Jaraes
de Langdale, Baron of Saumieres." Either in this, or early
in the following year, appeared avery extraordinary TTwrfeau,
under the title of" An Answer to a Book which will be pub
lished next week entitied A Letter to the Rev. Dr. South,
upon occasion of a late Book entitied Animadversions on Dr.
Sherlock's Book, entiiled A Vindication of the Holy and
Ever-blessed Trinity. Being a Letter to the Author." In
August 1694, Mr. Molesworth publishing his " Account of
Denmark as it was in the year 1692," in which he treats
the Danes and their monarch with great contempt, and
takes the opportunity of insinuating those wild principles.

KING, 36*
by which he supposes liberty to be established, and by which
his adversaries suspect that all subordination and govern
ment is endangered. Dr. King therefore took up his pen
once more in his country's cause, the honour of which was
thought to be bleraished by that account, Mr. Scheel, the
Danish minister, having presented a memorial against it.
Animated with this spirit. Dr. King drew up a censure of
it, which he printed in 1694, under the titie of " Animad-
¦versions on the pretended Account of Denmark." This was
so much approved by prince George, consort to the prin
cess Anne, that the doctor was soon after appointed secre
tary to ber royal highness.
In 1697 he took a share with his fellow-collegians at
Christ-church, in the memorable dispute concerning the
authenticity of Phalaris's Epistles. His first appearance
in that controversy was owing to his being accidentally
present at a conversation between Dr. Bentiey and Mr.
Bennet the bookseller, concerning the MS. of Phalaris in
the King's library. Mr. Boyle, when answering Bentley's
Dissertation, applied to our author for tbe particulars of
what passed on that occasion ; which he received in the
short but expressive letter which Boyle has printed in his
book, in 1698, with the testimonies of Mr. Bennet and
Mr. Gibson (who had been employed as the collator).
Stung by these stubborn facts. Dr. Bentiey, in the en
larged edition of his Dissertation, 1699, endeavoured to
invalidate their force, by an attempt to weaken the credi
bility of the witnesses. On Dr. King, in particular, he
has condescended tp bestow near eight pages of his pre
face, a short specimen of which is annexed to the Letter
we have last referred to. In a second letter to Mr. Boyle,
our author with great modesty refutes the groundless ca
lumny, and proves that Dr. Bentley himself has confirmed
his testimony in every particular, except having omitted
the great critic's beautiful simihtude of " a squeezed
orange." In the progress of the controversy. Dr. King published
his " Dialogues of the Dead," written (as he says) " in
self-defence,", and replete with that species of banter
which was his peculiar talent, and which must have greatly
mortified his adversary. How much Dr. King had this
controversy at heart, may be seen by the various memo
randa concerning it which are scattered up and down ia
V»L. XIX. B »

370 K I N G.
his work5. At the end of 1698, or early in 1699, came
out " A Journey to London in the year 1698, after the
ingenious method of that made by Dr. Martin Lister the
same year;" which he designed as a vindication of his
country. This was an excellent specimen of that parti
cular humour in which he excelled. Dr. King thought it
better than any of his former works, as he frequently wrote
afterwards under the name of " The Autiior of the Journey
to London."
It has been generally allowed that Dr. King, though he
could not endure his business as an advocate, made an ex-
, cellent judge in the court of delegates, as often as be vvas
called to that bench. The fatigue, however, of a civilian's
duty was too great for his natural indolence ; and he re
tired to his student's place at Christ-church, to indulge
his predominant attachment at better leisure. From this
time, giving way to that fuga negotii so incident to the
poetical race, he passed his days in tbe pursuit of the
same ravishing images, which, being aptly moulded, came
abroad in manuscript, in the form of pleasant tales and
other pieces in verse, at various tiraes, as they happened to
be, finished. Many of these he afterwards collected, and
published, with other pieces, in his " Miscellanies." In
1700 he published without a name, a severe satire on the
credulity of sir Hans Sloane, entitied " Tbe Transac-
tioneer, with some of his philosophical fancies, in two
dialogues." The irony in this tract is admirable ; and it
must be acknowledged, notwithstanding the deservedly
high character of sir Hans as a physician and a naturalist,
that our author has in many places discovered the vulner
able heel of Achilles, and that his satirical observations are
in general well-founded.
Early in 1701, Dr. King was recalled to tbe busy scenes
of life. His friend James tbe third eari of Anglesea (who
had succeeded to that titie April 1, 1690), married Oct.
28, 1699, the lady Catharine Darnley, natural daughter
to king James II. by Catharine countess of Dorchester,
and had. by her one daughter. After living together littie
more than a year, a dispute arose between them, which
ended in a separation. Lord Anglesea solicited tiie as
sistance of Dr. King ; and the force of friendship prevailed
over his natural aversion to the wrangling of the bar. He
Qomplied with tbe request ; took abundant pains for his
old friend, more than he was ever known to do ; and dis-

KING. 371
tinguished himself so in the earl's defence, as shewed him
to have had abilities in his profession equal to any occa
sion that might call for them, and effectually established
his reputation in the character of a civilian, as he had al
ready done in that of a polite writer.
Notwithstanding the reputation acquired by Dr. King in
this cause, he never afterwards attained any striking emi
nence in a profession vvhere constant assiduity and a long
course of years are requisites for the acquisition of fame.
Captivated by the muses, he neglected business, and by
degrees, as is natural to such tempers, began to dread and
' abhor it. Heedless of those necessary supplies which a
due attention would actually have brought to his finances,
they were so much impaired by his neglect, and by the
gay course of life which he led, that he gladly accepted
the offer of preferraent in Ireland ; a sure sign that his
practice was then not very considerable, as he is perhaps
the only civilian that ever went to reside in Ireland after
once having experienced the emoluments of a settlement
in Doctors Comraons, The exact period of his quitting this
kingdom cannot now be ascertained. It has been generally
supposed that he went with the earl of Pembroke, who
was appointed lord lieutenant in April 1707. But he was
certainly in Ireland much earlier, as we have a correct copy
of " Mully of Mountown," in 1704, from the author him
self, with a complaint that, before that time, some spurious
copies had crept into the world. It is probable, therefore,
that his preferment was owing to the united interests of the
earl of Rochester, bis relation (lord-lieutenant of Ireland
from Dec. 12, 1700, to Feb. 4, 1702-3), and his noble pa-
tron the earl of Pembroke (lord high admiral of England
and Ireland from Jan. 1601-2 to May 1702). If this con
jecture be allowed, the date is fixed clearly to tbe begin
ning of 1702, and the thread of the history is properly
' connected. Dr. King was now in a new scene of action.
He was judge of the high court of admiralty in Ireland,
sole commissioner of tbe prizes, and keeper of the records
in Bermingham's tower. The latter, intleed, was rather a
matter of lionour than profit ; the salary being at that time
but ten pounds a year, though afterwards advanced to 400.
He was likewise appointed vicar-general to the lord pri
mate, Dr. Narcissus Marsh. With these honours he was
well received and countenanced by persons of the highest
rank, and might have made his fortune, if the change of
B B 2

372 KIN G.
climate could have wrought a change in his disposition.
But so far was he from treasuring up the money in a man
ner thrown into his lap, that he returned to England with
no other treasure than a few merry poems and humourous
essays. Such indeed was his profusion, that he might have
said with Virgil's shepherd, 7ion unquam gravis are domum
mihi dextra redibat.
Ou Nov. 25, 1708, the earl of Wharton was appointed
lord lieutenant. His secretary, Mr. Addison, immediately
on his arrival in Ireland, was made keeper of the records ;
and Dr. King returned to London, where he almost imme
diately gave the world those adrairable instances of the
humour so peculiarly his own, by publishing " Useful
transactions in philosophy and other sorts of Learning."
The last of these, containing " A Voyage to the Island of
Cajamai in America," is one of the severest and most hu
mourous satires that ever was written in prose.
He next employed himself in finishing his "Art of Love,"
with a preface containing the " Life of Ovid." The doc
tor's virtuous disposition is nowhere more remarkably dis
tinguished than in this piece; in which both the subject
and the example so naturally lead into some less chaste
images, some looser love which stands in need of a remedy.
It is divided into fourteen books, most of them ending with
some remarkable fable and interesting novel. In 1709 he
also published, " The Art of Cookery, in imitation of Ho
race's Art of Poetry ; with some letters to Dr. Lister and
others, occasioned principally by the title of a book pub
lished by the doctor, being the Works of Apicius Caehus,
concerning the soups and sauces of the ancients. With
an extract of the greatest curiosities contained in that
book." Neither the poem nor any of the letters has a
date ; nor has " The Art of Love." Whetiier we should
impute this to our author's indolence, or to affectation (for
he has treated such exactness in his " Dialogues of the
Dead" with some contempt), is uncertain ; but he carried
it to great excess. Even the volume of "Miscellanies,"
which he collected himself, is without a date, either in the
general titie-page, or in that of any particular tract.
On Aug. 3, 1710, appeared the first number of "The
Examiner," the ablest vindication of the measures of the
queen and her new ministry. Swift began with No. 13,
and ended by writing part of No. 45 ; when Mrs. Manley
took it up, and finished the first volume ; it was afterwards

KING. 373
r^umed by Mr. Oldisworth, who completed four volumes
more, and published nineteen numbers of a sixth volume,
when the queen's death put an end to the work. The
original institutors of that paper seem to have employed
Dr. King as their publisher, or osten.sible author, before
they prevailed on their great champion to undertake that
task. It is not clear which part of the first ten numbers
ivere Dr. King's; but he appears pretty evidently the
writer of No. 11, Oct. 12 ; No. 12, Oct. 19 ; and No. 13,
Oct. 26;. and this agrees with the account given by the
publisher of his posthumous works, who says lie undertook
that paper about the 10th of October. On the 26th of
October, no Examiner at all appeared ; and the next num
ber, which was published Nov. 2, was written by Dr. Swift.
Our author's warm zeal for the church, and his contempt
for the whigs (" his eyes," says Dr. Johnson, " were open
to all the operations of whiggism"), carried him naturally
on the side of Sacheverell ; and he bad a hand, in his dry
sarcastic way, in many political essays of that period. He
published, with this view, " A friendly Letter from honest
Tom Boggy, to the Rev. Mr. Goddard, canon of Windsor,
occasioned by a sermon preached at St. George's chapel,
dedicated to her grace the duchess of Marlborough," 1710;
and " A second Letter to Mr. Goddard, occasioned by the
late Panegyric given him by the Review, Thursday, July
13, 1710." These were succeeded by "A Vindication
of the Rev. Dr. Henry Sacheverell, from the false, scan
dalous, and malicious aspersions, cast upon hira in a late
infamous pamphlet entitled 'The Modern Fanatic;' in
tended chiefly to expose the iniquity of the factipn in ge
neral, without taking any particular notice of their poor
mad tool, Bisset, in particular : in a dialogue between
a tory and a whig*." This masterly composition had
scarcely appeared in the world before it was followed by
" Mr. Bisset's Recantation ; in a letter to the Rev. Dr.
Sacheverell ;" a singular banter on that enthusiast, whom
our author once more thought proper to lash, in " An An
swer to a second scandalous book that Mr. Bisset is now
writing, to be published as soon as possible." Dr, White
* Dr. King was undoubtedly assist- presented and set in a clear light. In
ed in this severe .treatise by Charles two dialogues between a sceptic and
Lambe, Al. A. and by Sacheverell bim- a deist, 1 70S," Svo; an admirable
self ; and there is good reason to be- defence both of natural and revealed
lieve that they were also jointly authors religioD.
»f " The Principles of Deism truly r«-

374 KING,
Kennet's celebrated serraon on the death of the first duk«*
of Devonshire, occasioned, amongst many other publica
tions, a jeu d'esprit of Dr. King, under the title of " An
Answer to Clemens Alexandrinus's Sermon upon ' Q.uis
Dives salvetur?' ' What rich man can be saved ?' proving
it easy for a camel to get through the eye of a needle." In
1711, Dr. King very diligently employed his pen in pub
lishing that very useful book for schools, his " Historical
account of the Heathen Gods and Heroes, necessary for
the understanding of the ancient Poets ;" a work still in
great esteem, and of which there have been several edi
tions. About the same tirae he translated " Political con
siderations upon Refined Politics, and tbe Master-strokes
of State, as practised by the Ancients and Moderns, writ
ten by Gabriel Naude, and inscribed to tbe cardinal Bag-
ni." At the same period also he employed himself on
" Rufinus, or an historical essay on tbe Favourite Ministry
under Theodosius and his son Arcadius ; with a poem
annexed, called « Rufinus, or the Favourite." These were
written early in 1711, but not printed till the end of that
year. They were levelled against the duke of Marlborough
and his adherents ; and were written with much asperity.
Towards the close of 1711 his circumstances began to re-
assume a favourable aspect ; and he was recommended by
his firm friend Swift to an office under government. "I
have settied Dr. King," says that great writer, " in tbe
Gazette ; it will be worth two hundred pounds a year to
him. To-morrow I am to carry him to dine vvith the se
cretary." And in another letter, he tells the archbishop
of Dublin, " I have got poor Dr. King, who was sorae tirae
in Ireland, to be gazetteer ; which vVitl be worth two htin-
dred and fifty pounds per annum to hira, if he be diligent
and sober, for which I ara engaged. I mention this be
cause I think he was under your grace's protection in Ire
land." From what Swift tells the archbishop, and a hint
which he has in another place dropped, it should seem,
that oUr author's finances Were in such a state as to render
the salary of gazetteer no contemptible object to him. The
office, however, was bestowed on Dr, King in a manher
the most agreeable to his natural temper ; as he had not
even the labour of soliciting for it. On the last day of
December, 1711, Dr. Swifl, Dr. Freind, Mr. Prior, and
some other of Mr. secretary St. John's friends, came to
viiit him ; and brought with thfeai the key of the Gazet-

KING. " 375
teer's office, and another key for the use ofthe paper-office,
which had just before been raade the receptacle of a curious
collection of mummery, far different from the Other con
tents of that invaluable repository. On the first of January
our author had the honour of dining with the secretary ;
and of thanking him for his remembrance of him at a time
when he had almost fdrgotten himself He entered on his
office the same day; but the extraordinary trouble he met
with in discharging its duties proved greater than he Could
long endure. Mr. Barber, who printed the gazette, obliged
him to attend till three or four o'clock, on the mornings
when that paper was published, to correct the errors of
the press; a confinement which his versatility would never
have brooked, if his health would have allowed it, vvhich at
this time began graduaUy to decline. And this, joined to
his natural indisposition to tbe fatigue of any kinl of busi
ness, furnished a sufficient pretence for resigning his office
about Midsummer 1712. On quitting his employment he
retired to the house of a friend, in the garden-grounds
between Lambeth and Vauxhall, where he enjoyed him
self principally in his library ; or, amidst select parties, iii
a sometimes too liberal indulgence of tbe bottle. He still
continued, however, to visit his friends in the metropolis,
particularly his relation the earl of Clarendon, who resided
in Somerset-house.
We have two publications of Dr. King, in the course of
this year, besides his " Rufinus" already mentioned. One
was "Britain's Palladium ; or lord Bolingbroke's Welcome
from France." This was published Sept. 13, 1712. The
other piece was, "Useful Miscellanies," Part I. 1712.
He seems to have intended a continuation, if his life had
been prolonged. As autumn advanced, the doctor drooped
insensibly, and then neither cared to see, or to be seen
by, any one : and, winter drawing on, he shut himself up
entirely from his nearest friends; and would not even see
his noble relation, till his lordship, hearing of his weak
condition, sent his sister to fetch him in a chair to a lodg
ing be bad provided for bim opposite Somerset- house in
the Strand, where, next. day, about noon, being Christmas-
day, 1712, he yielded up his breath, with the patience
and resignation of a philosopher, and vvith tbe true devo
tion of a Christian hero ; hut wOuld not be persuaded to
go to rest the night before, or even to lie down, till he had
made such a will as he thought was agreeable to the incli-

376 KIN G.
nations of lord Clarendon. After his death, this noble lord
took care of his funeral ; and had him decently interred _in
the North cloisters of Westminster-abbey, where he lies
next to his raaster Dr. Knipe, to whom he had a little be
fore dedicated his " Historical Account of the Heathen
Gods." In 1732, his " Reraains," with an account of his
hfe and writings, were published. They were republished
in 1734, under the new title of " Posthumous Works,"
and with the addition of the editor's name, " Joseph
Brown, M. D." who purchased the original manuscripts
from Dr. King's sister ; and again, with a title to the sarae
purport, in 1739. They are incorporated by Mr. Nichols
in a coraplete edition of Dr. King's " Original Works in
verse and prose," 1776, 3 vols. Svo, in such places as
were most suitable to the connexion of the respective
pieces. — The most striking parts of our author's character
are these : In his morals, he was religious and strictly vir
tuous. He was a man of eminent learning and singular
piety, strictly conscientious in all his dealings, and zealous
for the cause rather than the appearance of religion. His
chief pleasure consisted in trifles ; and he vvas never hap
pier than when he thought he was hid from the world : yet
he loved corapany, provided they were such as tallied with
his huraour (for few people pleased him in conversation).
His discourse was chearful, and his wit pleasant and enterr
taining. His philosophy and good sense prevailed over
his natural temper, which was sullen, morose, and peevish ;
but he was of a tiraorous disposition, and the least slight
or neglect would throw him into a state of despondency.
He would say a great many ill-natured things, but never
do one. He was made up of tenderness and pity, and
tears would fall frora hira on the sraallest occasion. Of his
poetry, Dr. Johnson says, that " it will naturally be sup
posed his poems were rather the amusements of idleness,
than efforts of study ; that he endeavoured rather to divert
than astonish ; that his thoughts seldom aspire to sublimity,
and that, if his verse was easy and his images familiar, he
attained what he desired." His talent for humour, how
ever, was his great excellence, and in that we know not
where to find his equal. '
KING (Dr. William), son of the rev. Peregrine King,
was born at Stepney, in Middlesex, in 1685 ; and, after
• Life prefixed to ]Mr. Nichols's edition pf his works.-rBioe. Brit.— Coote's
Catalogue of Civilians.

KING. 377
a school-education at Salisbury, was entered of Baliol-col-
lege, Oxford, July 9, 1701. Proceeding on the law line,
be took his doctor's degree in 1715; was secretary to the
duke of Ormond and the earl of Arran, when chancellors
of the university ; and was made principal of St. Mary-
hall, in 1718. When he was candidate for the university,
in 1722, he resigned his office of secretary ; but his other
preferment he enjoyed (and it was all he did enjoy) to the
time of his death. Dr. Clarke, who opposed him, carried
his election; and, after this disappointment, 1727, he went
over to Ireland. With what design he went thither is to
us unknown; but his enemies say, it was for the purposes
of intrigue, and to expose himself to sale. But he says
himself, and there are no facts alleged to disprove it, " At
no time of my life, either in England or Ireland, either
from the present or any former government, have I asked,
or endeavoured by any means to obtain, a place, pension,
or employment, of any kind. 1 could assign many reasons
for my conduct ; but one answer I have always ready : I
inherited a patrimony, which I found sufficient to supply
all my Wants, and to leave me at liberty to pursue those
liberal studies, which afforded me the most solid pleasures
in 'my youth, and are the delight and enjoyment of my old
age. Besides, I always conceived a secret horror of a state
of servility and dependence : and I never yet saw aT place
man or a courtier, whether in a higher or lower class,
whether a priest or a layman, who was his own master."
During bis stay in Ireland, he is said to have written an
epic poem, called "The Toast," bearing the name of
Scheffer, a Laplander, as its author, and of Peregrine
O'Donald, esq. as its translator ; which was a political
satire, and was printed and given away to friends, but never
sold. Dr. Warton says that the countess of Newburgh was
aimed at in this satire.
On the dedication of Radcliffe's library, 1749, he spoke
a Latin oration in the theatre at Oxford, which was re
ceived with the highest acclamations by a splendid auditory.
Mr. Warton, in " The Triumphs of Isis," pays fiim a very
great compliment on that occasion. But this oration, which
was soon after printed, did not meet with such favourable
reception from the public ; for he was attacked in several
pamphlets on account of it, in which be was charged with
writing barbarous Latin, with being disaffected to the go-
yprnment, and that he instigated the younger members qf

378 KIN G,
the university to sedition and licentiousness; very heavy
accusations, if we may not candidly suppose them dictated
by the spirit of marlevolence and party zeal. And again,,
in 175.'', when the memorable election contest happened
in Oxfordhhire, his attachment to the old interest drew on
him the resentment ofthe new. He was libelled in news
papers and in pamphlets, and charged with the following
particulars, viz. that he was an Irishman ; that he had re
ceived subscriptions for books never published to tbe
amount of 1500/. of which sum he had defrauded his sub
scribers ; that he had offered hiraself to sale both in Eng-
lan j and Ireland, and was not found worth the purchase;
tliat he was the writer of " The London Evening Post;"
the author of a book in queen Anne's reign, entitled "Po
litical Considerations," 1710, in vvhich there was false En
glish ; and of a book then just published, CEtlled, " The
„Oreanier," 1754, Svo. At this time he published his
"Apology" in 4to, and plausibly vindicated himself from
the several matters ch,irged on him, except only tbe last
article, of his being the author of "The Dreamer;" and
warmly retaliated on his adversaries.
He was the author of 1. " Miltoni epistola ad Pollio-
nera" (lord Polwartb). 2. " Sermo Pedestris." 3. " Scam-
num, ecloi^a " 4. " Templum libertatis," in three books.
5. " Tres Oratiunculas." G. *' Epistola objurgatoria." 7.
" Antonietti duels Cnrscorum epistola ad Corscos de rege
eligendo." 8. " Eulogium Jacci Eronensis." 9. " Aviti
epistola ad Perillam, virginem Scotam," &c. 10. " Ora-
tiuiicula habita in domo convocatioiiis Oxon. cum epistola
dedicator^a," 1757, and " Epitaphium Richardi Nash." Be
sides these, he published the first five volumes of Dr.
South's sermons. — He was known and esteemed by the
firit men of his time for wit and learning ;^ and must be
allowed to have been a polite scholar, an excellent orator,
and an elegant and easy writer, both in Latin and English.
He died Dec. 30, 1763, having sketched his own charac
ter in an elegant epitaph, in whiuh, while be acknowledges
his fallii-t,s, he claims the praise of benevolence, tem
perance, and fortitude. This epitaph was to be engraved
on a silver case, in which be directed his heart should be
preserved in sorae convenient part of St. Mary Hall. He
was buried in Ealing church, but the inscription is on a
marble tablet in the chapel of St. Mary-hall. There is a
striking likeness of Dr. King in Woriidge's view of the

K I N G S M I L L. 379
installation of lord Westmorland as chancellor of Oxford
in 1761.'
KINGSMILL (Andrew), one of the earliest puritan
divines, was born at Sidraanton, in Hampshire, in 1538,
educated at Corpus Christi college, Oxford, and elected
fellow of All-souls in 1558. He first studied civil law, and
had made very considerable proficiency in it, when a care
ful perusal of the Holy Scriptures led hira to the profes
sion of divinity. So ranch was he intent on the sacred
volume, and such his strength of meraory, that he could
readily repeat by heart in Greek, the whole of the Epistles
to the Romans ahd Galatians, the first Epistle of John,
and other parts of the New Testament. Having taken
orders, he became very early an admired preacher at Ox
ford, at a time when preachers were so scarce, the Roman
catholic clergy having left the place, that Wood informs
us Dr. Humphrey, Dr. Sampson, and Mr. Kingsmill, were
all the univerSii;y could boast. It appears, however, that
Mr. Kingsmill was dissatisfied with the habits or ceremo
nies, and went therefore to Geneva, vvhtere he found a
church more suited to his opinions on these points, and
where he was much admired for his learning and piety.
He removed afterwards to Lausanne, and died there in
September 1569, in his thirty-first year. Wood says he
was too good for this world, and left behind him a raost
excellent pattefn of piety, devotion, and every other
virtue. He published, 1. "A View of Man's Estate,
wherein the great mercy of God in man's free justification
is shewed," Lond. 1574, 1580, &c. Svo. 2. " A Godly
Advice touching' Marriage," ibid. 15S0, Svo. 3. "Ex
cellent and comfortable Treatise for such as are eithet
troubled in raind, or afflicted in body," ibid. 1577, 1578,
1585. 4. " Godly and learned Exhortation to bear pa
tiently all afflictions for the Gospel of Christ," 1577.
There is some doubt whether this was his production. 5.
" Conference between a learned godly Christian, and an
afflicted Conscience," ibid. 1585, SVo. All these were
posthumous, and edited by his friend Francis Mylls, of All-
Sbuls college. He was the author also of a sermon, and of
some pieces ih the collection at the end of Burnet's " Hist.
ofthe Refprmatipn." — Thomas KingsmIll, Hebrew profes
sor at Oxford in 1569, was probably a near relation of this
' Nichols's Bowyer. — Swift's Works,

380 KINGSMILL.
author, as he was born at the same place. In 1 579 he be
came disordered in his senses, and the celebrated Hookey
was his substitute as Hebrew professor for some years.'
KIPPIS (Andrew), an eminent dissenting divine and
biographer, was born at Nottingham, March 28, 1725. His
father, Mr. Robert Kippis, a silk- hosier at that town, was
maternally descended from clergymen who were ejected
for nonconformity, the principles of which were naturally
conveyed to their posterity. His father dying when he was
about five years of age, he was rempved to his grand
father at Sleaford in Lincolnshire, where his talents and
application during his gramraatical education attracted the
peculiar notice of Mr. Merrivale, pastor of a congregation
of dissenters in that town ; and his views being, in con
sequence of his advice, directed to the profession of a
dissenting minister, he was placed, at the age of sixteen,
in the academy at Northampton, under the care of Dr.
Doddridge. Here he prosecuted his studies with such di
ligence and iraprovement, and conducted himself vvith such
exemplary propriety, as to conciliate the affectionate esteem
and attachment of his tutor ; and having corapleted his
course, he was settled as minister of a dissenting congre
gation at Boston, in Lincolnshire, in September 1746. From
Boston he removed to Dorking in Surrey, in 1750 ; and in
1753, he succeeded Dr. Hughes as pastor to the congrega
tion in Prince's-street, Westminster, which was his last
charge. In the same year he married miss Elizabeth Bott,
the daughter of a merchant at Boston, in whom he found a
sensible, prudent, sprightly, and cheerful companion, and
by whose attentions his raind was relieved from all family
concerns ; so that he was left at full leisure to prosecute
the various duties which his numerous engagements de
volved upon him. His settiement with the society in West
minster laid the foundation of that celebrity which he after
wards acquired, and of that extensive usefulness which dis
tinguished his future life. Among his othter public ser
vices amcng tbe dissenters, he was soon introduced intp a
cpnnection with the presbyterian-fund, to the prosperity of
whjch he was afterwards very ardently devoted; and ip
June 1762, he became a member of Dr. Williams's trust,
an appointment which afforded him an additional opportu
nity of being eminently and extensively useful in a v^iriety
• Ath, Ox, vol, I.—3trype's Life of Parker, p. 1S7^

K 1 l^ P I S. isi
of respects. His connection with the general body of Pro
testant dissenting ministers, belonging to the cities of Lon
don and Westminster, ami with many charitable institu
tions belonging to the dissenters, gave him frequent occa^
sion to exercise his talents to their advantage.
His literary abilities and attainments were acknowledged
by all who knew him. It vvas, therefore, natural to ima
gine, that when a favourable opportunity offered, he would
be employed in the department of public education. Ac
cordingly, on the death of Dr. Jennings in 1763, one of
the tutors of the academy supported in London by the
funds of William Coward, esq. he was appointed classical
and philological tutor to that institution. In 1767, he
received the degree of doctor in divinity from the university
of Edinburgh ; an honour, in the unsolicited grant of which
the principal and professors very cordially concurred. In
March 1778, he was elected a fellow of the society ef an
tiquaries; and in June 1779, a fellow of the rOj>al society.
He was a member of the council of tbe former society from
1782 to 1784, and of that of the latter from 1786 to 1787.
In both these societies be was a regular attendant and use
ful member.
Having, in 17S4, quitted his connection with Mr. Cow
ard's academy, which, upon the resignation of the two
other tutors, was discontinued, he cordially Concurred
with a body of dissenters, in 1786, in establishing a new
institution in the neighbourhood of London, with a view of
educating ministers and young gentlemen intended for
civil life. Dr. Kippis was very assiduous and active in his
endeavours to accomplish this design, from which great
effects were expected ; and though his other engagements
rendered it very inconvenient for him to accept any official
connection with it, he at length, though not without re
luctance, acquiesced in the appointment to be one of the
tutors of this new institution ; but the distance of his resi
dence from Hackney, vvhere the college was fixed, and
some other circumstances, induced him in a few years to
withdravv from it, and, not long after, it was dissolved.
Dr. Kippis continued to prosecute his other usef il la
bours without intermission ; and till within a fortnight of
his death, his friends had no reason to imagine that they
were so near their close. In the course of the summsr, a
few weeks before his death, he took a long journey on
public business, and returned, as his fellow-travellers

382 KIPPIS.
apprehended, with recruited spirits and established health ;
and they were equally surprised and grieved when they
heard that he was confined to his bed with a fever, which
baffled the skill of the most eminent physicians, and was
hastily advancing to the fatal crisis. His disorder was of
such a nature, that he found himself both disinclined and
unable to make any exertion, or to converse much even
with his most constant attendants. There is reason, how
ever, to believe, that in a very early stage of his disorder
he was not without apprehensions of its terminating in his
dissolution. The last public service he performed was on
the 20th of September, 1795; and on Thursday evening,
the 8th of October, he expired, in the seventy-first year
of his age.
As an author. Dr. Kippis commenced his career in
early life, as many other young men have done, by con
tributing to the magazines of the time, particularly the
Gentleman's Magazine. He afterwards became a more
constant writer in the Monthly Review. His articles were
chiefly historical and theological, with occasional strictures
on vvorks of general erudition. He also furnished a peri
odical publication, called the " Library," of which he was
the editor, with several valuable papers. He laid the foun
dation of the " New Annual Register." " The History of
Ancient Literature," and the " Review of modern Books,"
were, at its first commencement, written by him, and con
tinued to the year 1784 inclusive. He was also the author
ofthe " Review ofthe Transactions ofthe present Reign,"
prefixed to the Register for 1780; and of the " History
of Knowledge, Learning, and Taste, in Great Britain,"
prefixed to the succeeding volumes, to the year 1794 in
clusive. During the application of the dissenting ministers
to parliament, for the enlargement of the Act of Tole
ration, in 1772, to which he devoted much of his time
and attention, be published a pamphlet, vindicating that
measure, as to the matter, manner, and time of it, en
titled, " A Vindication of the Protestant Dissenting Mi
nisters, vvith regard to their late Application to Parlia
ment," Svo.
Soon after his admission into the Royal Society, he pub
hshed a pamphlet, entitied " Observations on the late Con
tests in the Royal Society," 1784, Svo, with a view of
allaying the animosities that subsisted in that body, which
produced a good effect. His intimate connection with sir

KIPPIS. 3a3
John Pringle, bart. who was formerly president of the
royal society,' led Dr. Kippis, after his decease, to re-
piiblish his " Six Discourses, delivered at the assignment
of sir Godfrey Copley's raedal," to which he has prefixed
a valuable life of the author, 1783, Svq. At the close of
the American war he published a political pamphlet, formed
from materials which were communicated to him by persons
in office, and designed to justify the peace, which was
entitled " Considerations on the Provisional Treaty with
America, and the Preliminary Articles of Peace with France
and Spain." He also published several sitigle discourses,'
which were delivered on particular occasions ; some of
which are reprinted in his volume of sermons, 1794. His
sentiments as a divine were originally Calvinistic, but ap
proached in his latter days to those of the modern Soci
nians, or Unitarians as they affect to be called. To these
works we may also add his account of the " Life and Voy
ages of captain Cook," 1788, 4to; his new editioti of
" Dr. Doddridge's Lectures," with a great number of
additional references ; his life of Doddridge, prefixed
to a new edition of his Exposition of the New Tes
tament, 1792 ; his " Life of Dr. Lardner," prefixed to the
complete collection of his works, in 11 vols. Svo, 1788;
" An Address delivered at the Interment of Richard Price,
D. D. F. R. S. &c." 1791 ; and an " Ordination Charge,"
1788, 8vo. He also assisted in selecting and preparing
" A Collection of Hymns and Psalms, for public and pri
vate Worship," 17^5, Svo and 12mo, which is used in some
places of worship araong the dissenters. But the work to
which Dr. Kippis devoted his principal attention, for many
of the last years of his life, was the " Biographia Britan
nica." " His indefatigable industry in collecting materials
for it, his access to the best sources of information, his
knowledge of men and books, his judgment in selecting
and marking every circumstance thai could serve to distin
guish talents and character, and the habit which he had
acquired, by long practice, of appreciating the value of
different works, qualified him in a very high degree, for
conducting this elaborate performance." He did not,
however, live to carry on this edition of the " Biographia"
fi^rther than to about a third part of the sixth volume,
^hich was destroyed in the fire at Mr. Nichols's premises.
Notwithstanding those qualifications for this great under
taking just mentioned by his biographer, and for which

384 E^ I P P I S.
•we are as much disposed to give him credit as the masi
zealous of his admirers, we have often taken occasion, as
our readers may perceive, to differ from him in his esti
mate of many eminent characters. Whether from tinaidity,
or a false notion of liberality of sentiment. Dr. Kippis wis
accustomed to yield too much to the influence of connexion
and of private friendship ; to give the pen out of his own
hand, and to suffer the relatives or interested admirers of
certain persons to write lives according to their own views,
in which opinions vvere advanced that we are certain could
"hot have his sincere concurrence. Nor do we discern that
judgment in the conduct of this work for which he has
been so highly praised, and for want of which, had he
lived to so distant a period, it must necessarily have been
protracted to an immense extent, if written upon the same
plap. Instead of re-writing, or methodizing those lives
which were injudiciously or incorrectly given in the first
edition of the " Biographia," his practice was to give the
article verbatim as it stood in that edition, and then to
make his additions and corrections ; thus giving the whole
the air of a tedious controversy between himself and the
preceding editors. Many of his additions, likewise, vvere
of that redundant nature, that no reasonable prospect
could be entertained of the termination of the work. In
dexes to volumes of sermons, with the texts, extracts of
opinions from magazines and reviews (many of which he
had himself written in these journals), and from every
author that had incidentally mentioned the object of his
narrative, threatened, what in fact took place, that this
work, with all the assistance he had, was little more than
begun after the lapse of twenty years ; from his advancing
age became more irksome as he proceeded ; and at last
was left in a state which forbids all hope of completion
upon his plan. Had it, however, been entrusted to him at
an earlier period of life and vigour, we are persuaded that
his many qualifications for the undertaking would have
been exerted in such a manner as to obviate some, at least,
of these objections, which we notice with reluctance in
the case of a man whom we knew personally and highly
respected. We can cordially, therefore, as far as respects
his personal character, acquiesce with his affectionate bio
grapher, who states that " his mild and gentie temper, bis
polished manners, his easy and graceful address, and a
variety of external accomplishments, prepossessed those

KIPPIS. 385
who first saw him in his favour, and could not fail to con
ciliate esteem and attachment on a raore intimate acquaint
ance. These qualities contributed very much to recom
mend him to persons in the higher ranks of life, to several
of whom he had occasional access; and quahfied him, in
a very eminent degree, for the situation in which he exer
cised his ministerial office. But he was no less condescend
ing, courteous, and affable to his inferiors, than to those
who occupied superior stations. Dr. Kippis had nothing
of that austerity and reserve, of that haughtiness and
superciliousness, of that parade and self-importance, and
ostentatious affectation of dignity, which forbid access,
and which mar the freedom and the pleasure of all the
social intercourses of life."
He had been accustomed from his youth to early rising;
and he thus secured to himself a certain portion of tirae,
during which he was not liable to be interrupted by any
foreign avocations. This habit was no less conducive to his
health than to the discharge of his various literary and pro
fessional obligations. The natural powers of his mind^were
cultivated with an assiduity apd perseverance of applica
tion, in which he had few superiors, and not many equals.
They had been habituated through life to regular and con
stant exercise, and had acquired strength and vigour from
use. He was never hurried and distracted by the variety
of his literary pursuits; and though he had many engage
ments which required bis attention, and which diverted his
mindfrom the objects of study to which he was devoted,
he never seemed to want time. Every kind of business
was referred to its proper season. By a judicious arrange
ment of his studies as well as of his other occupations, the
number and variety of which he never ostentatiously dis
played, and by the punctuality of his attention to every
kind of business in which he was employed, he avoided
confusion ; he retained on all occasions the possession of
himself; and he found leisure for reading and writing,
and for all his literary, avocations, without encroaching on
that time which he appropriated to his professional duties
and social connexions.
Perhaps few persons ever read so much, and with such
advantage to themselves and others, as Dr. Kippis. He
informed the present writer, that he once read, for three
years, at the rate of sixteen hours a day ; and one of the
works which he read entirely through was the " General
Vol. XIX. C c

388 KIPPIS.
Dictionary," in ten volumes folio. This, he added, laid
the foundation of his taste and skill in biographical com
position. The studies in which Dr. Kippis principally excelled,
were thos^ of the classics, the belles-lettres, and history ;
beside those which were immediately connected with his
profession. He had diligently studied the history of his
own country, and the principles of the British constitution.
To these he was zealously attached, and these he ably
defended. Yet, as a protestant dissenter, he did not
entirely escape the suspicion, in which almost the whole
body of protestant dissenters was involved, of being dis
affected to the constitution, although in his case it was
unjust. He was, indeed, a warm advocate of civil and
religious liberty ; and he lamented, in common with some
of the best and wisest of men, the existence of certain
acknowledged abuses ; but he was no friend to that wild
theory and indiscriminate innovation, which then threatened
the desolation of Europe ; and while be wished for a
reformation of abuses in a peaceable, legal, and constitu
tional way, it v/as still his opinion, that the British con
stitution, with all its defects (and what contrivance of
human wisdom can be perfect ?), was admirably calculated
to preserve rational liberty, and to continue productive of
national prosperity. With these sentiments, when he
apprehended that certain political societies, with which he
had long associated, were going too far, he withdrew his
name ; but he never abandoned the principles upon which
his first connection with them was founded.'
KIRBY (John Joshua), eminent for bis talents in per
spective, was the eldest son of Mr. John Kirby, who was
originally a schoolmaster at Orford, and who is known to
topographers by a map of Suffolk which he published, and
by " The Suffolk Traveller," l2mo, a new edition of which
was published in 1764. He was born at Parham, near
Wickham-market, in 1716, and settied as a house-painter
at Ipswich about 1738. He had a turn for drawing, and
published, early in life, twelve prints of castles, ancient
churches, and monuments, in Suffolk, with a small de
scriptive pamphlet. He afterwards became intimate with
the celebrated artist Gainsborough, the contemplation of
ML^^^rv*^'vJ^"Vt v!;^?!' *'"•' ^'¦- ^'PP'^- «"* ^^ Cy«lop«dia.-(5enU
uiag. iiAV. La VI, ana LaaIv .

KIRBY. i 387
whose works increased his taste for painting, but he had
very little leisure to cultivate it, and has left only a few
landscapes in the possession of his family ; one of which,
a view of the old kitchen at Glastonbury-abbey, was ex
hibited at Spring-gardens in 1770.
Being of a very serious and studious turn of mind, he,
in his early years, from his very childhood, employed every
leisure hour, and even abridged his natural rest, in the
acquisition of useful knowledge ; but the study which ren
dered his name best known to the world, was that of per
spective, on which he wrote a valuable treatise. When he
had made a considerable progress in this, he happened to
meet with Dr. Brook Taylor's book, which furnished him
with additional hints, and rendered his system more perfect.
On the publication of this work in 1754, he was requested
by the society of arts to read lectures on the subject, for
which he received the unanimous thanks of its members.
But though his work was for the most part original, such was
bis modesty and candour, that he only called it " Dr. Brook
Taylor's Method of Perspective made easy."
On being admitted to the friendship and intimacy of sir
Joshua Reynolds, Hogarth (who furnished the curious fron
tispiece to his perspective), and most of the other artists of
the kingdom, he removed from Ipswich to London, where
he obtained the patronage of the earl of Bute. This no
bleman introduced hitn to his present majesty when prince
of Wales, by whom he was ever after highly and de
servedly honoured. He was made clerk of the works at
Kew, and under his majesty's patronage, who defrayed
the expence of the plates, he pubhshed in 1761 his very
splendid work, " The Perspective of Architecture," 2 vols.
folio. In this work Mr. Kirby wholly confined himself to
architectural representations ; and gave a variety of de
signs, elegantly drawn and engraved, which he submitted
as " new principles for a complete system of the perspec
tive of architecture, both as it relates to the true delinea
tion of objects, and the doctrine of light and shadow."
Mr. Edwards, however, remarks, as a curious circumstance,
that the plates of this work contain no example of archi
tectural features disposed obliquely to the picture ; a cir
cumstance from which he would infer that Mr. Kirby was
no great adept in architecture, and that his practice in per
spective was not very comprehensive, especially as his first
work is equally deficient with the last in what relates xo
c C 2

388 K I R B Y.
mouldings, when inclined to the picture, which position, if
not the most abstruse in theory, is yet among the most
troublesome in operation, and therefore ought to have
been demonstrated.
Before the appearance of this work he wrote a pamphlet
in vindication of the fame of Dr. Brook Taylor, which was
indirectly struck at in the translation of a treatise on per
spective by a foreigner. This pamphlet (which has no
date) was entitied " Dr. Brook Taylor's Method of Per
spective, compared with the examples lately published on
the subject, as Sirigatti's," 4to. In 1766, in conjunction
with his brother William, then of Witnesham, in the county
of Suffolk, attorney at law (v^ho died Sept. 25, 1791, aged
seventy-two) he published an improved edition of their
father's map of Suffolk, on a larger scale, with engravings
of the arras of the principal families in the county. In
1768 he published a third edition of his treatise on per
spective, with a dedication to the earl of Bute. He was a
member both of the royal and antiquary societies ; and
when the chartered society of artists was disturbed by the
illiberal conduct of some of the members, Mr. Kirby was
elected president in the place of Hayman, but he soon re
signed the chair. He died June 20, 1774, and bis widow
the following year, and were both buried in Kew church
yard. By his wife he had only two children, William, a
promising artist, who died in 1771, and Sarah, afterwards
the wife of Mr. James Trimmer, of Brentford, a lady justly
celebrated for her numerous works for the religious instruc
tion ofthe young. '
KIRCH (Godfrey), tbe first of a family of astronomers,
of considerable note, was born at Guben, in Lower Lusa-
tia, in 1640, and educated at Leipsic, where he acquired
reputation by the almanacs vvhich he published. In 1692
he married Mary Margaret Winckelinan, who rendered him
much useful assistance by making astronomical observa
tions for the construction of his Ephemerides. In 1701,
on the establishment of the academy of sciences at Berlin
by Frederic I. king of Prussia, that prince appointed bim
a member of the society, and astronomer in ordinary, with
an honourable pension for his support. He died at Beriin
in 1710, at the age of seventy-one years. He had been
' Biographical Anecdotes of Hogarth, by Mr. Nichols, vol, L 4to.— Edwards'^;
Snpplement to Walpole.— Mrs. Trimmer's Life, luioly published, 2 vols. Svo.

KIRCH. 389
in the habit of corresponding with all the learned societies
of Europe, and published a variety of astronomical treatises,
which are in considerable estimation. His wife, Mary
Margaret, , the daughter of a Lutheran clergyman at Pa-
iiitzsh, a village near Leipsic, where she was born in 1670,
was early noticed for her astronomical talents, and in 1702,
some years after her marriage, she first saw a comet, upon
which M. Kirch published his observations. In 1707 she
discovered a peculiar aurora borealis, mentioned in the
Memoirs of the academy of sciences at Paris for 1716.
These exertions of her genius procured her the esteem of
the learned at Berlin, notwithstanding vvhich she was in
very low circumstances when her husband died. She con
trived to maintain herself and educate her children, by con
structing alraanacs; and, in 1711, she published a disser
tation entitled " Preparations for observing the grand Con
junctions of Saturn, Jupiter, &c." Soon after this she found
a patron in the baron de Throsick, and on his death two
years afterwards, removed to Dantzic, when Peter the Great
wished to engage her to settle in his empire. She preferred
her native country; and, in 1716, accompanied her son to
Berlin, where she was appointed astronomer to the academy
of sciences in that city, and died there in 1720. Their
son Christian Fkederic, born at Guben in 1694, who also
discovered an early and very strong bias for scientific pur
suits, commenced bis studies at Berlin, and afterwards
continued them at Halle, whence he made excursions for
improvement to Nuremberg, Leipsic, and Prussia. He
was employed a considerable time in the observatory at
Dantzic, and during his residence here, the czar, Peter
the Great, offered him an establishment at Moscow; but
his attachment to his mother, who was averse from leaving
Germany, led him to decline it. In 1717 he was made
member of the academy of sciences at Berlin, and in 1723
he was chosen a corresponding member of the royal aca
demy of sciences at Paris, and he shewed himself worthy
of that distinction by the frequent valuable contributions
which he transmitted to them during the remainder of his
life. -He died in 1740, in the forty-sixth year of his age.
He published several vvorks connected with astronomy,
which were in considerable reputation at the period in
which he flourished. '
I Bibl. Germanique, vol. III, — Chaufepie.— Moreri. — Hutlon'a Dictionary.

390 K I R C H E R.
KIRCHER (Athanasios), a philosopher and mathema
tician of considerable learning, was born at Fulde, m Ger
many, 1601. He entered into the society of Jesuits 1618 ;
and after going through the regular course of studies, du
ring which his talents and industry were equally conspi
cuous, he taught philosophy, mathematics, the Hebrew
and Syriac languages, in the university of Wirtzburg, in
Franconia. The war which Gustavus Adolphus of Swe
den made in Germany, disturbing his repose here, he re
tired into France, and settled in the Jesuits college at Avig
non, where he was in 1635. He was afterwards called tO
Rome to teach mathematics in the Roman college ; vvhich
he did six years. He spent the remainder of his life in
that city ; and for some time professed the Hebrew lan
guage. He died in 1680, after having published no less
than twenty-two volumes in folio, eleven in quarto, and
three in octavo, in all which, however, he discovers too
much of that species of learning which is of little use. He
was always credulous, inaccurate, and careless of what he
asserted. Some reckon as his principal work, his " Oedipus
./Egyptiacus : hoc est, universalis hieroglyphicae veterum
doctriniE temporum injuria abolitae, instauratio. Romae,
1652, &c." in 4 vols, folio. Kircher was more than or
dinarily addicted to the study of hieroglyphical characters;
and could always find a plausible, if not a true meaning
for them. As his rage for hieroglyphics wasjustly esteemed
ridiculous, some young scholars resolved to divert them
selves a little at his expence. With this view they en
graved sorae unmeaning fantastic characters, or figures,
upon a shapeless piece of stone, and had it buried in a
place which was shortly to be dug up. It was then carried
to Kircher, as a most singular curiosity ; and he, enraptured
at the discovery, applied himself instantly to explain the
hieroglyphic, and made it, at length, in his opinion, very
inteUigible. Among Kircher's other works are, " Prselu-
siones Magneticae," 1654, fol. ; " Primitiae Gnomonicae Ca-
toptica;," 4to ; " Ars magna luciset umbrae," Romae, 1646,
fol.; " Musurgia Universalis," 1650, 2 vols, folio. Dr.
Burney says this, which treats of music, is a large book ;
but a much larger might be composed in pointing out its
errors and absurdities. For what is useful in it he was
obliged to father Mersenne, in his " Harmonic Universelle."
" Obeliscus Paraphilius," 1650, fol.; " Itinerarium exta-
ticum," 4to ; « Obeliscus iEgyptianus," fol, ; " Mundus

KIRCHER. 391
subterraneus," 1678, 2 vols. fol. ; " China illustrata," 1667,
fol. translated into French by F. S. d'Alqui^, 1670, fol. ;
" Turris Babel," fol. ; " Area Noe," fol. ; " Latium,"
1671, fol. a valuable work; "Phonurgia nova," 1673, fol.;
"Ars sciendi combinatoria," 1669, foL; "Polygraphia,"
1663, fol. &c. '
KIRCHER (Conrad), a German Protestant divine,
was settled at Augsburg, and wrote a very learned and labo
rious work, of considerable use in illustrating the genuine
sense of the Holy Scriptures, entitled " Concordantia ve
teris Testamenti Graecae, Ebraeis vocibus respondentes
sro^uxfwItK. Simul enim et Lexicon Ebraico-latinum," &c.
Francfort, 1607, 2 vols. 4to. This work, which is a He
brew Dictionary and Concordance, is strongly recom
mended b\' father Simon, when treating of the best me
thods to be adopted in undertaking any new translation of the
Scriptures. It contains all the Hebrew words in the Old
Testament, introduced in an "alphabetical order, and under
neath is the Greek version of them from the Septuagint,
foUowed by a collection of thrf passages of Scripture in
which those words are differently interpreted. Its prin
cipal fault is, that he follows the edition of Alcala de
Henarez, instead of that of Rome; which is the best. The
Concordance published by Trommius has eclipsed Kir
cher's, and is justly preferred to it. Of Kircher's private
history we find no account.*
KIRCHMAN (John), a learned German, was born in
1575, at Lubeck, where his father was a merchant. He
studied in his native place till he was eighteen years of
age, and then went to Francfort on the Oder, where he
continued four years, in a constant attendance upon lec
tures, and close application to his books. He afterwards
studied in the university of Jena, and then in that of
Strasburg ; and some time after, a burgo-master of Lune-
burg, who had received a great character of him, chose
him to accompany his son as travelling tutor, into France
and Italy. He returned to Germany in 1602 ; and, stop
ping at Rostock, acquired so much reputation, that the
next year he was appointed professor of poetry. The
work which he published in 1604, " De funeribus Ro-
manorum," added not a little to his fame. He afterwards
1 Niceron, vol. XXVII,— Moreri. — Diet. Hist,— Barney's Hist, of Music.
» M«reri.— Did. Hist.

392 K I R C H M A N.
published another work, " De annulis," which was also
much esteemed, as a correct illustration of those antiqui
ties. He was much employed in education, and a great
many scholars were sent to him from the other cities of
Germany. At length the magistrates of Lubeck, wanting
a new principal or rector for their college, desired him to
take that office upon him ; and he was accordingly installed
into it in 1613. He performed the functions of it the re
mainder of his days with the greatest care, and it is un
justly that some have attributed the decline of the college,
which happened in his time, to his negligence. He died,
JVIarch 20, 1 643 ; and the 4th of May, his funeral oration
was pronounced at Lubeck, by James Stolterfhot, who
had married his eldest daughter.
The two works already mentioned, are his principal per
formances, yet he was the author of other things ; of trea
tises upon logic and rhetoric, and funeral orations. He
published also in Latin, " The horoscope of the first-born
son of the most illustrious prince, Adolphus Frederic, duke
of Mecklenburg," 1624, 4to, in which he shows a good
deal of superstition.'
KIRSTENIUS (Peter), professor of physic at Upsal,
and physician extraordinary to Christina queen of Sweden,
was born Dec. 25, 1577, at Breslaw, in Silesia, where his
father was a merchant. He lost his parents when he vras
very young; but his guardians, as they intended him for
his father's profession, had him well instructed in such
knowledge as might prepare him for it. Kirsteuius, how
ever, had a turn for general literature, in which they thought
it proper to indulge him. He accordingly learned the Greek
and Latin tongues, and even Hebrew and Syriac ; and with a
view to his intended object, cultivated natural philosophy,
botany, and anatomy, with the greatest care, in his native
place. Afterwards he spent four years at the universities
of Leipsic, Wittemberg, and Jena; and having made a
great progress under, the ablest professors, he took ajour
ney into the Low-Countries, and into France. He had
been told that a man could not distinguish himself in the
practice of physic, unless he understood Avicenna ; and,
knowing the translation of that physician's works to be
very bad, he had a strong inclination to learn Arabic. To
this he was urged by Joseph Scaliger and Isaac Casaubon,
' Gen. Diet, — Moreri.

KIRSTENIUS. 393
who thought he might do great service to the public of
letters in that pursuit ; antl he resolved to read not only
Avicenna, but also Mesue, Rhasis, Abenzoar, Abukasis,
and Averroes. This course, however, did not hinder him
from gratifying the inclination he had to travel, ih which
he spent seven years. He took a doctor of physic's de
gree at Basil, in 1601 ; and then visited Italy, Spain,
England, and even Greece and Asia. Soon after his re
turn into Silepia, he went to Jena, and married a wife, by
whom he had eight children. In 1610 he was appointed
by the ihagistrates of Breslaw, to the direction of their
college and schools; but a fit of sickness inclined him to
resign that difficult employment, and he now applied him
self entirely to the study of Arabic, and to the practice of
physic. He succeeded greatly in his application to the
Arabic, and was so zealous to promote the knowledge of it,
that he employed all the money he could spare in printing
Arabic books. For some reasons not stated by his bio
graphers, he removed into Prussia, where he had an op
portunity of entering into the family of chancellor Oxen-
stiern, whom he accompanied into Sweden; and in 1636
he was appointed professor of physic in the university of
Upsal, and physician to the queen. His constitution,
however, being much broken, he did not enjoy these ad
vantages above four years, dying April 8, 1640. Hewas
one of those few who joined piety to the practice of phy
sic. It is observed in his epitaph, inscribed by Schroer
to his memory, that he understood twenty-six languages.
He published several works, valuable to divines as well
as to those of his own faculty : 1, " Grammatica Arabica,"
J 608. 2. " Tria specimina characterum Arabtcorum," &c.
fol. 3. "Decas sacra Canticorura & Carrainura Arabico-
rum ex aliquot MSS. cum Latina ad verbum interpreta-
tione," 1609, Svo. 4. " Vitae quatuor evangelistarum ex
antiquissimo codice MS. Arabico erutae," 1609, folio. 5.
" Liber secundus canonis Avicennse, typis Arabicis ex
MSS. editus, & ad verbum in Latinum translatus, notisque
textura concernentibus illustratus," 1610, fol. 6. " Liber
de vero usu & abusu medicinse," 1610, Svo. 7. " Notae
in evangelium S. Matthcei ex collatione textuum Arabico-
rum, Syriacorum, .^igyptiacorum, Graecorum, et Latino-!-
rum," 16(1, fol. 8. " Epistola S. Juds ex MS. HeideU
bergensi Arabico ad verbum translata," &c. 1611, fol. and

394 K I R W A N.
a " Latin Oration," delivered when he was installed rector
of the college at Breslaw, in 1610.'
KIRWAN (Walter Blake), a celebrated Irish preacher,
descended from an ancient Roraan catholic family, was
born in Gal way, about 1754. He was sent in early youth
to the college of the EnglishJesuits at St. Omer's ; and at
the age of seventeen embarked for the Danish island of
St. Croix, in the West Indies, under the protection of his
father's cousin-german, who had large possessions there ;
but after enduring for six years a climate pernicious to his
delicate constitution, and spectacles of oppression and
cruelty shocking to his feelings, he returned to Europe in
disgust. He then went to the university of Louvain, where
he received priest's orders, and was soon after honoured
with the chair of natural and moral philosophy. In 1778
he was appointed chaplain to the Neapolitan ambassador
at the British court, and at this time attained some fame
as a preacher, and published sorae sermons, of which,
however, we find no notice in any literary journal, and as
his family could not discover any copies, we suspect his
biographer has been mistaken in this point. In 1787 be
resolved to conform to tbe established religion, for what
reason we are not told, unless " a conviction that he should
thus obtain more extensive opportunities of doing good."
He was accordingly introduced by the rev. Dr. Hastings,
archdeacon of Dublin, to his first protestant congregation,
in St. Peter's church, where he preached on June 24th of
that year. His audience was impatient to hear the causes
of his CPU version, but neither at this time, nor any other,
either in the pulpit, or in his most confidential communi
cations, did he " breathe a syllable of contempt or re
proach against any religious persuasion whatever."
For some time after his conformity, be preached every
Sunday in St. Peter's church ; and the collections for the
poor on every occasion rose four or five-fold above their
usual amount. Before the expiration of his first year, he
was wholly reserved for the task of preaching charity ser
mons; and on Nov. 5, 1788, the governors of the general
daily schools of several parishes entered into a resolution,
" That from the effects which the discourses of the rev.
Walter Blake Kirwan, from the pulpit, have had, his of
ficiating in this metropolis was considered a peculiar
' Gen. Diet.— Moreri  Haller Bibl. Med.

KIRWAN. 395
national advantage, and that vestries should be called to
consider the most effectual method to secure to the city
an instrument, under Providence, of so much public be
nefit." In the same year he was preferred by the arch
bishop of Dublin, to the prebend of Howth, and in the
next year to the parish of St. Nicholas-Without, the j.oint
income of which amounted to about 400^. a year. He re
signed the prebend, however, on being presented in 1800,
by the marquis Cornwallis, then lord-lieutenant, to the
deanery of Killala, worth about 400Z. a year.
Wonders are told of "his popularity. Whenever he
preached, such multitudes assembled that it was necessary
to defend the entrance of the church by guards and pali-
sadoes. He was presented with addresses and pieces of
plate from every parish, and the freedom of various cor
porations ; his portrait was painted and engraved by the
most erainent artists, and the collections at his sermons
far exceeded any that ever were known. Even in times of
public calamity and distress, his irresistible powers of per
suasion repeatedly produced contributions exceeding a
thousand or twelve hundred pounds at a sermon ; and his
hearers, not content with emptying their purses into the
plate, sometiraes threw in jewels or watches, as earnest of
further benefactions. He died, exhausted as we are told,
by the fatigues of his mission, Oct. 27, 1805, leaving a
widow with two sons and two daughters, to whom his ma
jesty granted a pension of 30©/. a year for the life of the
widow, with reversion to the daughters. In 1814, a vo
lume of his " Sermons" was printed for the benefit of his
sons, who are not included in the above provision. From
these it would be difficult to discover the causes of his ex
treme popularity. There are in them many animated and
brilliant passages addressed to the feelings and passions,
and these, we presume, were assisted by a tnanner suited
to his audience, pf which we can form no opinion. His
talents, however, as directed to one point, that of recom
mending charity, were unquestionably successful beyond
all precedent, and his private character well corresponded
to his public sentiments. He was a man of acute feeling,
amiable, humane, and beneficent.'
KLEIST (Christian Ewald Von), a German poet, was
born at Zoeblin, in Pomerania, in 1715, and educated
> Life iirefixed to his Sermons,

396 K L E I S T.
• partiy ,at tbe Jesuits' college in Upper Poland, and partly
at the acaderay of Dantzic, and the university of Konigs
berg. At the age of twenty-one he entered the Danish
military service, and then into that of Prussia, where he
had a coraraission in the regiraent of prince Henry, which
gave hira an opportunity of forraing an intimacy with all
the great characters at Potsdam. He was particulariy no
ticed by tbe king, and advanced in the army. Having ob
tained leave to take an active part in the campaign of 1759,
he was killed at the battie of Kunnersdorff, in the forty-
fourth year of his age. His principal work, as a poet, was
entitied " Spring," which was first published in 1749, and
has been translated into several languages, and compared
with our Thomson. He wrote idylls in the manner of Ges-
ner, in which he has not confined himself to the language
of shepherds, but has introduced gardeners and fishermen.
He was the author also of some moral treatises, which have
not been published, and of a military romance entitled
" Cissides," printed in 1759, in which there are many
* aniraated descriptions of scenes of war. Kleist was a ge
neral scholar, and spoke with facility, the German, Latin,
French, Polish, and Danisji languages. '
KLOPSTOCK (Frederic Theophilus), a German poet
of the greatest renewn, was born at Quedlinburg, July 2,
1724. He was the eldest of eleven children, and distin
guished himself in his youth among his companions in bo
dily and mental exercises. At the age of sixteen he went
to college, and being placed under Freitag, a very able
tutor, he made himself familiar with tbe languages, and
acquiring a taste for the beauties of the best classical au
thors, made attempts in composition both in prose and
verse. In the latter he wrote some pastorals, but not con
tented with these humbler efforts, he formed at this eariy
period the resolution of composing an epic poem, and fixed
upon the " Messiah" as his subject. Such an effort was
not known in the German language ; and the high opinion
he had of Virgil, his favourite poet amongst the ancients ;
the honour of being the first who should offer the German
public a work hke the vEneid ; the warmth of patriotism
that eariy animated him to raise the fame of German lite
rature in this particular to a level with that of other Euro
pean countries ; the indignation he felt in reading the book
' Diet. Hist.— Month. Rev. vol, XI.IV. N. S. p. 264.

KLOPSTOCK. 397
of a Frenchman, who had denied the Germans every talent
for poetry ; — all combined with the consciousness of his
own superior powers, to spur him on to the execution of
his exalted purpose. In 1745 he went to the university of
Jena, where he commenced the study of theology ; but in
the midst of his academical pursuits he was planning his
projected work, and sketched out his three first cantos,
first in prose, but afterwards in hexameters, and was so
pleased with having introduced a metre into German
poetry, as ever afterwards to defend this mode of versifica
tion. In 1746, he removed from Jena to Leipsic, and be
came a member of a society of young men who bad formed
themselves into a literary club for mutual improvement.
About this time he exercised his genius in lyric composi
tions. Several of his odes, together with the three first
cantos of his Messiah, appeared in a periodical paper en
titled " Bremen Contributions." At length the publica
tion of ten books of his Messiah made his name known
throughout Germany, and raised his reputation very high.
It found friends and enemies, admirers and critics, every
where ; but its approbation was owing as much to the sa-
credness of the matter as the beauty of the poetry : Chris
tian readers loved it as a book that afforded them at length,
amidst the themes of orthodoxy, some scope for devout
feeling ; young preachers quoted it in the pulpit, and
coupled the name of Klopstock with that of the prophets.
The stauncher class of divines, indeed, gave the poera the
appellation of presumptuous fiction, contarainating the
scripture-history with fables, and undermining the faith.
The partisans of the Gferraan gramraarian Gottsched raised
the greatest clamour against the work, on the ground ofthe
language, and sought by poor arguments and sorry wit to
depreciate its merits. The Swiss critics, as opponents to
the Saxons, on the other hand, extolled and defended it
with all their might. Bodmer, in particular, the admirer
and translator of Milton, embraced the cause of the Ger
man epic bard with enthusiastic ardour, and contributed
very greatly, by his warm eulogium, to accelerate the
universal celebrity of his poem. Klopstock heard and pro
fited by the pubhc disquisitions, but never engaged in any
of the disputes.
Klopstock travelled into Switzerland in 1750, to pay a
visit to Bodmer of Zurich, in consequence of an invitation,
where he was received with every token of respect. The

398 KLOPSTOCK.
sublime scenery of that country, the simplicity of the in
habitants, and the freedom they enjoyed, were much suited ¦
to his taste. Here he intended to have spent the remainder
of his life, but baron Bernstorff caused an invitation to be
sent to htm to reside at Copenhagen, with assurances of
such a pension as would make him independent. Klop
stock acceded to the proposal, and set out in 1751, by the
way of Brunswick and Hamburgh, at which latter place he
became acquainted with Miss Muller, a lady perfectiy
adapted to his own mind, whom he soon after married.
They seemed destined to be one of the happiest couples,
but he was soon deprived of her, for she died in childbed :
her memory, however, was sacred to Klopstock to the last
moment of his existence. He lived chiefly at Copenhagen
till 1771, after which he resided at Hamburgh as Danish
legate, and counsellor of the margrave of Baden, who gave
him a pension. The latter part of his life was little varied
by incidents, and after he had brought the Messiah to a
conclusion, he continued to employ himself in composition,^
and in the correction and revision of his works. He died
at Hamburgh, March 14, 1803, being seventy-nine years
of age, and was interred with the greatest solemnity, not
unmixed with superstitious and fanciful circumstances. By
those who were intimate with him he is represented as a
truly amiable man, happiest in a small circle of private
friends, and particularly fond of the society of young per
sons. The character of Klopstock, as a poet, is that of
exuberance of imagination and sentiment. His sublimity
is great, but he is apt to lose himself in mystical abstrac
tion, and his excess of feeling sometimes betrays him into
rant and extravagance. His odes and lyric poems have
likewise been much admired by his countrymen, and his
dramas display great force and dignity, but they are better
adapted to the closet than the stage. The great merit of
his works is in the diction ; he enchants by his noble and
energetic style, but their beauties cannot be preserved in
a translation, and it is in Germany alone that they can be
sufficiently appreciated. As an excellent specimen of his
talents as a prose writer, we may notice his " Grammatical
Dialogues," which abound with judicious remarks, '
KLOTZ (Christian Adolphus), an eminent German
critic, was born in 1738, at Bischofswerden, near Dres-
• Memoirs of Frederic and Margaret Klopstock, 1809, 8vo.— Kees's Cyclo-
fwdia.- Diet. Hist. r . . J

KLOTZ. 399
den, where his father was a clergyman. As to bis first
years, he used to tell Harles that he could not remember
how they were spent, except that he was seven years old
before his parents could by any means prevail on him to
learn any thing. Soon after that, however, he was sud
denly seized with such an attachment to letters, that his
parents spared no expence to gratify his taste, and to en
able him to cultivate his talents to the best advantage. He
employed his leisure hours in composing and reciting Ger
man verses, and profited very much under Foerstelius, who
was his private preceptor, and afterwards at Misna, under
Weiss and Clemannus. He studied afterwards at Gorlitz,
under Baumeister, who taught him the classics, and lodged
him in his house. Here Klotz used to say he spent more
happy days than he was persuaded he should ever see
again. During his stay here, which lasted two years, he
gave a specimen of his powers in versification, by a poem
composed on the " Destruction of Zittau," which was laid
waste in 1757. In 1753 he proceeded to Leipsic to study
jurisprudence, and while here he published several papers
in the " Agta Eruditorum," and some separate pieces. In
1761 he published his *^ Opuscula Poetica," containing
twenty-three odes, three satires, and as many elegies. From
Leipsic he repaired to Jena, where he opened a school,
which was well attended. Having accepted of an invitation
to a professorship at the university of Gottingen in 1762^
be set off for that place, and almost iramediately after his
arrival he was attacked by a severe illness, from which,
however, he recovered, and iramediately published a trea
tise " De Verecundia Virgilii," to which were added three
dissertations relative to the eclogues of the poet. He also
published " Miscellanea Critica," and applied himself to
the study of ancient gems and paintings, with which he
became well acquainted. His celebrity had novY increased
so much, that he received two offers in the same day, one
from the prince pf Hesse Darmstadt, to be professor of the
Oriental languages at Giessen, and the other from his
Prussian majesty, to be professor of eloquence at Halle.
White he was deliberating respecting the choice he should
make, he was nominated by his Britannic majesty to be
professor of philosophy at Gottingen, with an increased
salary, which induced him to remain iu that city, till some
attempts were made to ruin his reputation. He then quitted
Gotting'en, and accepted an offer made him by his Prus-

400 KLOTZ,
sian majesty^ of being professor of philosophy and elo-»
quence at Halle, with the rank and tide of aulic counsellor.
While preparing for his departure, he published " Historia
Nummorum Conturaeliosorum et Satyricorum," containing
a history of these coins ; and on his removal to Halle he
gave the public another work of the same kind, and at the
same time he effected, what had been often atterapted
before without success, the institution of a new society,
called the " Literary Society of Halle." Here also the
king conferred upon him the rank of privy-counsellor, and
accompanied this mark of honour with a considerable addi
tion to his salary. He died in 1771, and just before his
death, revised every thing vvhich he had written on coins,
and published " Opuscula, nummatia quibus Juris Antiqui
Historieeque nonnulla capita explicantur." His other works,
not already noticed, were, 1. " Pro M. T. Cicerone adver
sus Dionem Cassium et Plutarchum dissertatio," Gorlitz,
1758, 4to. 2. " Ad virum doct. I. C. Reichelium epistola,
qua de quibusdam ad Homerum pertinentibus disputatur,"
Leipsic, 1758, 4to. 3. " Carminum liber unus,"ibid. 1759,
Svo. 4. "Mores Eruditorum," Altenburgb, 1760, Svo.
5. "Genius Saeculi," ibid. 1760. 6. "Opuscula Poetica,"
ibid. 1761, Svo. 7. " Oratio pro Lipsii latinitate," Jena,
1761, Svo. 8. " Libellus de minutiarum studio et rixandi
libidine grammaticorum quorundam," ibid. 1761, Svo. 9.
" Aniraadversiones in Theophrasti characteres Ethico.s,"
ibid. Svo. 10. "Dissertatio de fehci audaciaHoratii," 1762,
4to, 11. " Elegise," ibid. Svo. 12. " Funus Petri Bur-
nlanni tsecundi,'? Altenburgb, Svo. This is a very com
plete account ofthe life, &c. of Burman. 13. "Ridicula
Litteraria," ibid. Svo, a satirical work on useless studies
and pursuits. 14. « Vindiciae Horatianae," against Har-
douin, Breraen, 1764, Svo. 15. " Stratonis epigrammata,
nunc primura edita," Altenburgb, 1764, Svo. 16. "Epis
tolae Honiericas," ibid. 1764, Svo. 17. An edition of Vida,
1766, and of Tyrtteus, 1767. To these may be added
many philosophical dissertations, theses, prefaces, &c. enu
merated by Harles. '
•KNELLER (Sir Godfrey, baronet), an eminent por
trait painter, was born at Lubec about 1648. His father
was surveyor-general of the mines, and inspector of count
Mansfeldt's revenues. At first Godfrey was destined for a
' Harles de Vitis Philologorutn, vol. I.— Rees's Cyclopsdii^.

KNELLER. 401
military life, and was sent to Leyden, where he applied
to raathematics and fortification ; but the predominance of
nature determining hira to painting, his father acquiesced,
and placed hira under Bol, at Arasterdam, and he had also
some instructions from Rembrandt. He visited Italy in
1672, and remained some time at Venice, where he painted
some of the first families, and araongst them the cardinal
Bassadonna. It is probable that he here learned that free,
loose style of execution in which he delighted, but by no
means excelled ; with hira it fell to negligence and clumsi
ness, particularly in his draperies, whilst sometimes his
heads exhibit a perfect master of the pencil.
Kneller did not stay long in Italy, as in 1674 he came
to England with his brother, John Zachary, who assisted
him in painting, without intending to reside here ; but
being recommended to Mr. Banks, a Hamburgh merchant,
he painted him and his family. Mr. Vernon, secretary to
the duke of Monmouth, saw them, and sat to Kneller ; and
persuaded the duke also to sit. His grace was delighted,
and engaged the king his father to have his picture by the
new artist, at a time when the duke of York had been pro
mised the king's picture by Lely. Charles, unwilling to
have double trouble, proposed that both artists should paint
him at the same time. Lely, as the established artist,
chose his light and station : Kneller took the next best he
could, and performed his task with so much expedition and
skill, that he had nearly finished his piece when Lely's was
only dead-coloured. The circumstance gained Kneller
great credit ; and Lely obtained no less honour, for he had
tbe candour to acknowledge and adraire the abilities of his
rival. This s'iccess fixed Kneller here; and the immense
number of portraits he executed, prove the continuance of
his reputation.
He was equally encouraged by Charles, James, and Wil
liam ; and had the honour of painting the portraits of ten
sovereigns (viz. Charles II. James II. and his queen, Wil
liam and Mary, Anne, George I. Louis XIV. the czar
Peter the Great, and the eraperor Charles VI, ), which is
more than can he said of any other painter. His best friend
was William, for whom he painted the beauties of Hampton
Court; and by whora he was knighted in 1692, and pre
sented with a gold medal and chain worth 30,0^. In his
reign he also painted several of the admirals for Hampton
Court, and the Kit-Cat club. He lived to paint George L
Vol. XIX. D D

4t)3 KNELLER.
and was fnade a baronet by him. In 1722, sir Godfrey
was seized with a violent fever, from the immediate danger
of which he was rescued by Dr. Mead. He languished,
however, some time, and died in October 1723. His body
lay in state, and was buried at his country seat called Wil
ton ; but a monuraent was erected to hira in Westminster
abbey, for which he left 300l. and gave particular instruc
tions for the execution of it to Rysbrach.
During the latter partof his time, that is, after the death
of Lely, in 1680, Kneller stood at the head of the profes
sors of his art in this country, and that most conspicuously.
It is not therefore surprising that he experienced the en
couragement he did. He has left some few good pictures
behind him as prcfofs of the natural powers he possessed ;
but his most sincere admirers, who are judges, must
acknowledge that the far greater portion of those he al
lowed to pass into the world under, his name, are a disgrace
to him and his patrons. His picture of the converted
Chinese, at Windsor, he is said to be most proud of, as
justly he might be. It exhibits that he really knew what
was good, and could produce it if he chose. According
to his own doctrine, he did as much and no more than was
necessary to pass current among his employers. " History
painters," he said, "make the dead live, and don't begin
to live till they are dead. I paint the living, and they
make me live."
There is a singular paucity of iraagination in Kneller*s
pictures. He did ihdeed (and M'^alpole justly commends
him for it) indulge in an ideal drapery for woraen, instead
of the monstrous dresses they wore at the time ; but his
ingenuity does not appear equal to assist them much ;
so. that there is a ridiculous mixture of positive formahty in
the stiff neckcloths and wired skirts of coats of the men
and of an aflSected flow and grace in the loose robes of the
women, which consist of nothing more than a chemise thrown
open, and discovering the bosom, and a robe-de-chambre
loosely drawn over it. AU that Kneller can be justly
praised, or deservedly esteemed for, generally speakino-,
is, that his heads, or rather his faces, have a good deal of
liveliness and gentility. It seldom amounts to character
in the general run of his portraits. Now and then tlie
master-hand appears, when the subject or the moment
were favourable. There is, at Petworth, a head of sir
Isaac Kewton that would be an honour to any man to have

KNELLER. 403
produced ; and portraits of branches of the Seymour family,
which are a disgrace to the name they bear. In our days,
happily, the weaknesses as well as the merits of Kneller
are duly appreciated, and hundreds of bis works consigned
to the oblivion he probably wished they might experience.
When the mass may be thus disposed of, and the select
only remain, then be will obtain, unalloyed, the praise his
talents, when carefully exerted, fully deserved.
A rapid pencil, and a ready talent of taking likenesses,
were the foundation of his reputation ; and a most fortu
nate ignorance of the art among the best informed even of
the public, by whom he was employed, aided his progress.
Not but that he was equal to the production of good works
if he had been more carefully trained, and had lived
amongst those who knew how to value works of art upon
just principles ; but he was amongst the most vain of man
kind, and bad no regard whatsoev^ for that posthumous
fame which leads men to sacrifice present enjoyments to
future glory. His motto was, " to live whilst he lived,"
and, consequently, to make money was a matter of greater
moment with him than to make good pictures ; and he
succeeded fully ; for although he lost 20,000^. by the South
Sea speculation, be left, at his death, an estate of 2000/.
a year. His prices, whilst he painted here, were 15 guineas
for a head ; 20 if with one hand ; 30 for a half, and 60 for
a whole length.
Sir Godfrey was a man of wit, not unmixed with pro-
faneness, of which lord Orford has given some instances'
that might as well have been suppressed. The following
is of another stamp. In Great Queen-street, Lincoln's-
inn-fields, he lived next door to Dr. Ratcliffe. Kneller
was fond of flowers, and had a fine collection. As there
was great intimacy between him and tbe physician, he per
mitted the latter to have a door into his garden ; but, Rat-
cliffe's servants gathering and destroying the flowers,
Kneller sent him word he must shut up the door. Rat
cliffe replied, peevishly, " Tell him he may do any thing
with it but paint it." " And I," answered sir Godfrey,
•' can take any thing from him but physic." '
KNIGHT (Samuel, D. D.), an EngUsh antiquary and
biographer, was a native of London (where his father was
free of the Mercers' company), and received the early
' Walpole's Anecdotes, — Biog. Brit. Supplement, — Rees's Cycl9p9dia.
D D 2

404 K N I G H T.
part of his education at St. Paul's school. He was thence
admitted of Trinity college, Carabridge, where, having;
taken his degree of B. A. in 1702, and of M. A. in 1706,
he became chaplain to Edward eari of Orford, who pre
sented him to the vicarage of Chippenham, and also to the
rectory of Borough-green in Cambridgeshire, to which last
he was instituted Nov. 3, 1707. He afterwards was col
lated by bishop Moore to a prebendal stall in the church of
Ely, June 8, 1714 ; and presented by him to the rectory
of Blunteshara in Huntingdonshire, June 22, 1717. He
was made chaplain to George II. in Feb. 1730-1, and pro
moted by bishop Sherlock to the archdeaconry of Berks,
1735. He died December 10, 1746, in the 72d year of his
age, and was buried in the chancel of Bluntesham church,
where a neat monument of white marble is erected to his
meraory, with an inscription written by his friend Mr. Castle,
dean of Hereford. His only son, Samuel, was fellow of
Trinity college, Cambridge, and rector of Fulham, in
Middlesex. With the ample fortune which his father left
hira, he purchased the manor of Milton near Cambridge,
and died Jan. 1790.
Dr. Knight, whose attention appears to have been much
directed to literary and ecclesiastical history, was an use
ful assistant to many authors of his time, and his assist
ance was acknowledged by Peck, Grey, M^ard, and others.
He had made collections for tbe lives of bishops Grosseteste,
Overal, and Patrick. Whiston had the latter, vvhich is
probably in the hands of his grandson, Samuel Knight, esq.
His own publications were the " Life of Erasmus," 1724,
Svo, and of " Dean Colet," 1726, Svo. Neither of these
are written with much animation or elegance, but they
contain many curious and useful materials, and are now
sold at very high prices, especially the Erasmus, on account
pf the numerous and well-engraven portraits and plates.'
KNIGHTON (Henry), who flourished at the close of
the 14th century, under Richard 1\. is celebrated as an
ancient chronicler. He was a canon-regular of Leicester-
abbey, and wrote a history of English affairs in five books,
from the Conquest to the year 1395. He wrote hkewise
an account of the deposition of Richard II. His works are
printed with the ten English historians published by Selden.*
< Bentham's Ely.— Nichols's Bowyer.— Cole's MS Athense in Brit, Mus.—
Peck's Desiderata, preface, pp. xiv, and xvii. and work, p. 233.
' Nicolson's Hist, Library,

K N O L L E S. iOS
KNOLLES (Richard), author of an excellent History
•of the Turks, was born in Northamptonshire, and educated
at Oxford, where he was admitted about 1560; but we are
not told of what college, though it is said he was, after
taking his degrees, chosen fellow of Lincoln college. When
he had continued there some time. Sir Peter Manwood, of
St. Stephen's near Canterbury, " minding to be a favourer
of his studies," says Wood, " called hira from the univer
sity, and preferred him to be master of the free-school at
Sandwich in Kent," where he apphed himself with dili
gence, and produced many good scholars for the univer
sities. For their use he composed " Grammaticse Latinae,
GrsecsB, & Hebraicae, compendium, cum radicibus," Lond.
1600: but his fame rests chiefly on his " History of the
Turks," which was first printed in 1610, folio, and which
was the labour of twelve years. In the latter editions of
this book, for there have been several, it has this title :
" The general History of the Turks, from the first begin
ning of that Nation, to the rising of the Ottoman Family,"
&c. Sorae have suggested, that Knolles was not the sole
author of this history, because there appear in it several
translations frora Arabic histories, which language they
affirmed him not to have known : but such conjectures are
not sufficient to deprive him of the credit which justly
attends the work. It has been continued, since Knolles's
death, by several hands. One continuation was made,
from the year 1628 to the end of 1637, collected out of the
dispatches of sir Peter Wyche, knight, ambassador at
Constantinople. But the best continuation of the Turkish
history is made by Paul Ricaut, esq. consul of Smyrna,
from 1623 to 1677, printed at London, 1680, in folio.
Ricaut began his " History of the Turkish Empire," from
a period earlier than Knolles had left off; for he tells us,
in his preface to the reader, that " the reign of sultan
Amurat, being imperfectly written in Knolles's history,
consisting, for the most part, of abrupt collections, he had
thought fit, for the better corapleting the reign of the
sultan, and the whole body of our Turkish history, to de
liver all the particular transactions thereof with his own
pen." Knolles wrote also " The Lives and Conquests of the
Ottoman Kings and Eraperors, to the year 1610," which
was not printed till after his death, in 1621, to which time
it was continued by another hand ; and " A brief Discourse

405 KNOLLES.
of the Greatness of the Turkish Empire, and wherein the
greatest Strength thereof consisteth," &c. He also trans
lated Bodin's " Six Bookes of a Common-wealthe," 1606,
folio. He died at Sandwich in 1610, and left behind him
the character of a learned and worthy man.
None of our writers, in the opinion of Dr. Johnson, can
justly contest the superiority of Knolles, who, in his His
tory of the Turks, has displayed all the excellencies that
narration can admit. His style, though somewhat obscured
by time, and soraetimes vitiated by false wit, is pure,
nervous, elevated, and clear. A wonderful multiplicity of
events is so artfully arranged, and so distinctly explained,
that each facilitates the knowledge of the next. When
ever a new personage is introduced, the reader is prepared
by bis character for his actions. When a nation is first
attacked, or city besieged, he is made acquainted with its
history or situation : so that a great part of the world is
brought into view. The descriptions of this author are
without minuteness, and the digressions without ostentation.
After other praises of the work. Dr. Johnson concludes with
remarking, that nothing could have sunk Knolles into
obscurity, but the remoteness and barbarity of the people
whose story he relates. It is perhaps unnecessary to add
that our great critic took the fable of his " Irene" from
this work.'
KNORR a Rosenroth (Christlan), a learned Ger
man orientalist, was born in 1636. He pursued bis
studies at various colleges, and then travelled for improve
ment into France, England, and Holland, but bestowed too
much attention on chemistry and the cabalistic art, which
vitiated the greater part of his works, although it obtained
him the esteem and friendship of Lightfoot, More, and Van
Helmont. By the count palatine of Sulzbach, he was, in
1688, nominated one of his privy council, and afterwards
chancellor. His reputation is chiefly founded on his
" Kabbala Denudata, seu Doctrina Hebraorum transcen-
dentalis, et metaphysica, atque theologica," &c. 3 vols.
4to; a farrago of wild reveries, fanciful chimeras, and
mystical absurdities, with occasionally some learned notices
of the philosophy of the Hebrews.'
KNOTT (Edward), a learned Jesuit and controversial
writer, whose true name was Mattliias Wilson, and who,
1 AUi:Oji, vol. I.— Johnson's Rambler, No, 128. » MoierU

KNOT T. 407
in some of his works, takes the name of Nicholas Smith,
was born at Pegsworth near Morpeth in Northumberland,
1580. He was entered among the Jesuits in 1606, being
already in priest's orders; and is represented in the " Bib-
hotheca Patrum societatis Jesu," as a man of low stature,
but of great abilities : " vir magnis animi dotibus humili in
corpore praeditus." He taught divinity a long time in the
English college at Rome, and was a rigid observer of that
discipline himself which he has as rigidly exacted from
others. He was then appointed sub-provincial of the pro
vince of England ; and, after he had exercised that em
ployment out of the kingdom, he was sent thither to per
form the functions of provincial.' He was twice honoured
with that employment. He was present, as provincial, at
the general assembly of the orders of the Jesuits, held at
Rome in 1646, and was elected one of the definitors. 'He
died at London, January 4, 1655-6, and was buried in tlie
church of St. Pancras, near that city.
This Jesuit was the author of several works, in all which
he has shewn great acuteness and learning. In 1630, he
published a small volume, called " Charity mistaken, with
the want whereof Catholics are unjustly charged, for affirm
ing, as they do with grief, that Protestancy, unrepented,
destroys salvation." This involved him in a controversy,
first with Dr. Potter, provost of Queen's-college, Oxfijrd,
who, in 1633, wrote " Want of Charity justly charged on
all such Romanists, as dare, without truth or taodesty, af
firm, that Protestancy destroyeth salvation ;" and after
wards with Chillingworth, who, in answer to this Jesuit,
wrote his " Religion of Protestants;" of which, as well as
of his controversy with Knott, we have already given an
account in his life (vol. IX.) It only remains to be added
here, that Chillingworth's latitude of principles afforded
Knott many advantages, which, at that time, would, bcL
raore apparent than now. Knott's larger answer to Chil
lingworth did not appear until 1652, when it was printed
at Ghent, under the title of " Infidelity unmasked; or,
the confutation of a book published by W. CMllingworth,
&c." Knott was also the author of "Monita utiiissima-
pro patribus missionariis Anglicanis," or useful advice for
the fathers of the English mission ; hut this work was never
printed. '
' Biog. Brit.; Supplemeat.— Gen, Diet.— Life of Chillingwotth,— Dodd's CK.
Hiitory, Tol. IIL

408 , K N O W L E S.
KNOWLES (Thomas), was a native of Ely, where he
was born in 1723, and received his education at the gram
mar-school of that place, from whence he was removed to
Pembroke-hall, Carabridge, where he coraraenced B. A.
in 1743, M. A. in 1747, and was also chosen fellow of
that society. He was afterwards lecturer of St. Mary's, in
Bury St. Edmund's, upwards of thirty years, prebendary
of Ely, rector of Ickworth and Chedburgh, and vicar of
Winston, all in the county of Suffolk. He died October
6, 1802.
His works, which discover great learning in a style plain
and perspicuous, were, 1. " The scripture doctrine of the
Existence and Attributes of God, in twelve Sermons, with
a preface, in answer to a pamphlet concerning tbe argu
ment a priori." 2. " An Answer to bishop Clayton's Essay
on Spirit;" for which archbishop Seeker conferred on him
the degree of D. D, 3. " Lord Hervey's and Dr. Mid-
dleton's Letters on tbe Roraan Senate." 4. " Observa
tions on the Tithe Bill." 5. « Dialogue on the Test Act."
6. "Priraitive Christianity in favour of the Trinity ;" at
tempted to be answered by Mr. Capel Lofft. 7. " Obser
vations on the divine mission of Moses." 8. " Advice to
a young clergyman, in six letters." 9. " The Passion, a
sermon." 10. "On Charity Schools, on Sunday Schools,
and a preparatory discourse on Confirmation." Though he
occasionally meddled with controversial points, yet he al
ways, conducted himself with the urbanity of a scholar,
the politeness of a gentleman, and the meekness of a
Christian. He had particularly directed his studies to the
acquirement of biblical learning ; and, by temporary se
clusion from the world, had stored his mind with the trea
sures of divine wisdom. As a preacher, he was justly ad
mired. His delivery in the pulpit was earnest and impres
sive ; his language nervous and , affecting ; his manner
plain and artiess. His discourses were evidently written to
benefit those to whom they were addressed, not to acquire
for himself tbe titie of a popular preacher. It was his grand
object to strike at the root of moral depravity, to rouse up
the languishing spirit of devotion, to improve the age, and
to lead men to the observance of those moral duties,
which his Divine Master taught them to regard as tbe es
sentials of his religion. To the doctrines of the Church of
England he was a zealpus friend; but, at the sarae tirae,
he was also the' friend of toleration. As a parish priest,

KNOWLES. 409
he stood unrivalled among his order; exemplary in his
conduct, unremitted in his attention to the duties of his
station, blending in his ordinary conversation affability and
openness, with that gravity of demeanour which well be
comes a minister of the gospel ; persuasive in his addresses
to his hearers, and adorning his doctrine by his life ; he
will be long and unaffectedly lamented by his numerous
parishioners. His only daughter was married, in 1780, to
the rev. Benjamin Underwood, rector of East Barnet, and
of St. Mary Abchurch, Lendon. '
KNOX (John), the chief instrument and promoter of
the reformation in Scotland, was descended of an ancient
and honourable faraily, and born 1505, at Gifford, in the
county of East Lothian, Scotiand. His parents gave him
a liberal education, which in that age was far from being
common. He was first placed at the grammar-school of
Haddington, and after acquiring the principles of the
Latin tongue, was sent to the university of St. Andrew's
under professor John Major, the same who was Buchanan's
tutor, a very acute schoolman, and deep in theology.
Knox, however, examining the works of Jerom and Austin,
began to dis-relish this subtilizing raethod, altered his taste,
and appHed himself to plain and solid divinity. At his
entrance upon this new course of study, he attended the
preaching of Thomas Guillaume, or Williams, a friar of
eminence, whose sermons were of extraordinary service to
him ; and he acquired still more knowledge of the truth
from the martyr, George Wishart, so much celebrated in
the history of this time, who came from England in 1554,
with commissioners from king Henry VIII. Knox, being
of an inquisitive nature, learned from him the principles
of the reformation ; with which he was so well pleased,
that he renounced the Romish religion, and having now
rehnquished all thoughts of officiating in that church,
which had invested him with clerical orders, he entered as
tutor into the family of Hugh Douglas of Long Niddrie, a
gentleman in East Lothian, who had embraced the re
formed doctrines. Another gentleman, in the neighbour
hood, also put his son under his tuition, and these two
youths were instructed by him in the principles of religion,
as well as of the learned languages, and he taught the
former in such a way as to allow the rest of the family,
1 Gent. Mag. LXXIL

?10 KNOX.
and the people of the neighbourhood, to reap advantage
from it. He catechised them publicly in a chapel at Long
Niddrie, in which he also read to them at stated times, a
chapter of the Bible, accompanied with explanatory re
marks. The meraory of this has been preserved by tradi
tion ; and the chapel, the ruins of which are still -apparent,
is popularly called " John Knox's kirk." It was not, how
ever, to be expected, that he would long be suffered to
continue in this employment, under a government enrirely
at the devotion of cardinal Beaton (see Beaton) ; and
although he was, in the midst of his tyranny, cut off by a
conspiracy in 1546, Hamilton, successor to the vacant
bishopric, sought Knox's life with as much eagerness as
his predecessor. Hence Knox resolved to retire to Ger
many, where the reformation was gaining ground ; know
ing that, in England, though the pope's authority was
suppressed, yet the greater part of his doctrine remained
in full vigour. He was, however, diverted from his pur
pose, and prevailed on to return to St. Andrew's, Janu
ary 1547 ; where he soon after accepted a preacher's place,
though sorely against his will.
He now set openly, and with a boldness peculiar to his
character, to preach the doctrines of the reformation, al
though he had received no ordination, unless such as the
small band of reformers could give ; a circumstance which,
although objected to by some ecclesiastical historians, was
not accomited any impediment to bis afterwards receiving
promotion at the hands of the English prelates. His first
serraon was upon Dan. vii. 23 — 28 ; from which text he
proved, to the satisfaction of his auditors, that the pope
was Antichrist, and that the doctrine of the Romish church
was contrary to the doctrine of Christ and his apostles;
and he likewise gave the notes both of the true church,
and of the antichristian church. Hence he was convened
by his superiors ; be was also engaged in disputes ; but
things went prosperously on, and Knox continued dihgent
in the discharge of his ministerial function till July 1547,
when the castle of St. Andrew's, in which he was, was
surrendered to the French ; and then he was carried with
the garrison into France. He remained a prisoner on
hoard the galleys, till the latter end of 1549, when being-
set at liberty, he passed into England ; and, going to Lon
don, was there licensed, either by Cranmer, or Somerset
the protector, and appointed preacher, first at Berwick,

KNOX. 411
and next at Newcastle. During this employ, ha received
a summons, in 1551, to appear before Gutbbert Tonstall,
bishop of Durham, for preaching against the mass. In
1552, he was appointed chaplain to Edward VI. ; it being
thought fit, as Strype relates, that the , king should retail
six chaplains in ordinary, who should not only wait on
him, but be itineraries, and preach the gospel over all the
nation. The same year he carae into sorae trouble, on
account of a bold sermon preached upon Christmas-day,
at Newcastle, against the obstinacy of the papists. In
1552-3, he returned to London, and was appointed to
preach before the king and council at Westminster; who
recommended Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury to give
him the living of AUhallows in London, which was accord
ingly offered him ; but he refused it, not caring to con
form to the English Uturgy, as it thee stood. Some say,
that king Edward would have promoted him to a bishopric;
but that he even fell into a passion when it was offered
him, and rejected it as favouring too much of Antichris-
tiani.sffl. He continued, however, his place of itinerary- pireachec
till 155.S-4-, when queen Mary came to the throne, when
leaving England, he crossed over to Dieppe in France,
and went thence to Geneva. He had not been long there,
when he was called by the congregation of English refu
gees, then estabhshed at Francfort, to be preacher to thera ;
which vocation he obeyed, though unwillingly, at the com
mand of John Calvin ; and he continued his services araong
them till some internal disputes about ceremonies broke up
their society. Some of the English, particularly Dr, Cox,
afterwards bishop of Ely, wished for a liturgy according to
king Edward's form, but Knox and others preferred the
Geneva service ; at length the party of Cox, to get rid of
the Scotch reformer, taking advantage of certain unguarded
expressions in one of his former publications, threatened
to accuse him of treason unless he quitted the place, which
he did, and went again to Geneva. After a few months
stay at Geneva, he resolved to visit his native country, and
went to Scotland. Upon his arrival there, he found th«
professors of the reformed religion much increased in
number, and formed irrto a society under the inspection of
some teachers ; and he associated with them, and preached
to them. He conversed famiharly vvith several noble per
sonages, and confirmed them in the truth of the prptestant

412 K N O X.
doctrine. In the winter of 1555, he taught for the most
part in Edinburgh, About Christraas he went to the west
of Scotiand, -at the desire of some protestant gentlemen ;
but returned to the east soon after. The popish clergy,
being greatly alarraed at the success of Knox in promoting
the protestant cause, suraraonedhim to appear before them
at Edinburgh, May 15, 1556; but, several noblemen and
gentlenien of distinction supporting him, the prosecution
was dropped. This very month he was advised to write to
the queen-regent an earnest letter, to persuade her, if
possible, to bear the protestant doctrine ; which, when the
queen had read, she gave to Jaraes Beaton, archbishop of
Glasgow, with this sarcasra : " Please you, my lord, to
read a pasquil."
While our reformer was thus occupied in Scotland, he
received letters frora the English congregation at Geneva,
earnestly intreating hira to come thither ; accordingly, July
1556, he left Scotiand, went first to Dieppe in France,
and thence to Geneva. He had no sooner turned his back
than the bishops suramoned him to appear before them;..,
and, upon his non-appearance, passed a sentence of death
upon him for heresy, and burnt him in effigy at the Cross
at Edinburgh. Against this sentence, he drew up, and
afterwards printed at Geneva, in 1558, " An Appellation
frora the cruel and unjust Sentence pronounced against
him by the false bishops and clergy of Scotland," &c. He
had a call to Scotland in 1557 ; and having consulted Cal
vin and other persons as to the prudence and necessity of
the step, he set out, and had proceeded as far as Dieppe,
when he was advised that some of his best friends seemed,
through timidity, to be abandoning their principles, and
that therefore it would not be safe for hira to proceed. He
immediately wrote letters to those who had invited him,
complaining of their irresolution, and even denouncing
the severe judgments of God on all those who should be
tray the cause of truth and of their country, by weakness
or apostacy. These letters made such an impression on
those to whora they vvere imraediately addressed, that they
all came to a written resolution, " that they would follow
forth their purpose, and commit themselves, and what
ever God had given thera, into his hands, rather than
suffer idolatry to reign, and the subjects to be defrauded
of th§ only food of their souls.'-' To secure each other's
fidelity to the protestant cause, a common bond, or cove-

KNOX. 413
nant, was entered into by them, dated at Edinburgh, De
cember 3, 1557; and from this period they were distin
guished by the name of " The Congregation." In the
mean time Mr. Knox returned to Geneva, where, in 1558,
he published his treatise, entitled " The First Blast of the
Trumpet against the monstrous Regiraent of Women.'*
His chief motives to write this, were the cruel and bloody
government of queen Mary of England, and tbe endea
vours of Mary of Lorrain, queen-regent of Scotland, to
break through the laws, and introduce tyrannical govern
ment. He designed to have written a subsequent piece,
which was to have been called " Tbe. Second Blast :" but
queen Mary dying, and be having a great opinion of queen
Elizabeth, and great expectations to the protestant cause
from her, went no farther.
In April 1559, he determined to return to his native
country, and would have visited England in his way, but
queen Elizabeth's rainisters would not suffer bim, because
be had rendered hiraself obnoxious to their royal mistress
by inveighing against the government of women. He ac
cordingly arrived in Scotland in May. At this tirae a pub
lic prosecution was carried, on against the protestants, and
their trial was just ready to coraraence at Stirling : Knox
instantly hurried to share with his brethren in the threat
ened danger, or to assist them in their common cause.
Dr. Robertson, in describing this business, says, " While
their minds were in that ferment which the queen's per-
fidiousness and their own danger occasioned, Knox mounted
the pulpit, and, by a vehement harangue against idolatry,
inflamed the multitude with the utmost rage. The indis
cretion of a priest, who, iramediately after Knox's dis
course, was seen preparing to celebrate mass, and began
to decorate the altar for that purpose, precipitated them
into immediate action. With tumultuous, but irresistible
violence, they fell upon the churches in that dity, over
turned the altars, defaced the pictures, broke in pieces the
images, and proceeding next to the monasteries, laid those
sumptuous fabrics alraost level with the ground. This
riotous insurrection was not the effect of any concert, or
previous deliberation. Censured by the reforraed preachers,
and publicly condemned by the persons of most power and
credit with the party, it must be regarded merely as an
accidental eruption of popular rage-" From this time Mr.
Knox continued to promote the reformation by every means

414 K N O X.
in his power, sparing no pains, nor fearing any danger.
Mf. Knox, by his correspondence with secretary CeciV
was chiefly instrumental in establishing those negociations
between "The Congregation" and the English, which ter
minated in the march of an Enghsh array into Scotland to
assist the protestants, and to protect themagainst the per
secutions of the queen-regent. This army, being joined
by almost all the great men of Scotiand, proceeded with
such vigour and success, that they obliged the French
forces, who had been the principal supports ofthe tyranny
of the regent, to quit the kingdom, and restored the par
liament to its former independency. Of that body, a great
majority had embraced the protestant opinions, and en
couraged by the zeal and number of their friends, they
improved every opportunity in overthrowing the whole
fabric of popery. They sanctioned the confession of faith
presented to thera by Knox, and the other reformed
teachers : they abolished the jurisdiction of the ecclesias
tical courts, and transferred the causes to the cognizance
of the civil courts ; and they prohibited the exercise of re
ligious worship, according to the rites of the Romish church.
In August 1561, the queen arrived from France, and
immediately set up a private mass in ber own chapel;
which afterwards, by her protection and countenance, was
much frequented. This excited tbe zeal of Knox, who
expressed great warmth against allowing it : and, an act of
the privy-council being proclaimed at Edinburgh the 25th
of that month, forbidding any disturbance to be given to
this practice, under pain of death, Knox openly, in his
sermon the Sunday following, declared, that " one mass
was raore frightful to him than ten thousand armed enemies,
landed in any part of the realm." This freedom gave great
offence to the court, and the queen herself had a long con
ference with him upon that and other subjects. In 1563,
he preached a sermon, in which he expressed his abhor
rence of the queen's marrying a papist ; and her majesty,
sending for him, expressed much passion, and thought to
have punished him ; but was prevailed on to desist at that
time. The ensuing year, lord Darnley, being married to
the queen, was advised by the protestants about the court,
to hear Mr. Knox preach, as thinking it would contribute
much to procure the good-will of the people : he accord
ingly did so ; but was so much offended at bis sermon,
that he complained to the council, who silenced Knox for

KNOX. 415
some time. His text was Isaiah xxiv. 13 and 17, " O
Lord, our God, other lords than Thou have reigned over
us." From these words he took occasion to speak of the
government of wicked princes, who, for the sins of the
people, are sent as tyrants and scourges to plague them ;
and, among other things, he said, that " God sets over
them, for their offences and ingratitude, boys and women."
In 1567, Knox preached a sermon at the coronation of
Jaraes VI. of Scotiand, and afterwards the First of Great
Britain ; and also another at tbe opening of the parliament.
He went vigorously on with the work of reformation ; but,
in 1572, was greatly offended with a convention of mi
nisters at Leith, where it was agreed that a certain kind of
episcopacy should be introduced into the church. At this
tirae his constitution was quite broken ; and what seems to
have given him the finishing stroke was the dreadful news
ofthe massacre of the Protestants at Paris about this time.
He bad strength enough to preach against it, which he
desired the French ambassador might be acquainted with ;
but he fell sick soon after, and died November 24, 1572,
after having spent several days in the utmost devotion.
He was interred at Edinburgh, several lords aUending,
and particularly the earl of Morton, that day chosen re
gent, who, as soon as he was laid in his grave, said,
"There lies he who never feared the face of man, who hath
been often threatened with dag and dagger, but yet hath
ended his days in peace and honour. For he had God's
providence watching over him in a special manner, when
his very life was sought."
Knox was twice married, and had children by both his
wives ; two sons by the first, who were educated at St.
John's college, in Cambridge, and chosen fellows of the
same. He requested the general assembly which met at
Edinburgh in 1566, for leave to visit these sons in Eng
land ; but they were only at school then, being sent to the
university after his death. As to his writings, they were
neither numerous nor large : 1. " A f^iithful admonition
to the Professors of the Gospel of Christ within the King^
dom of England," 1554. 2. « A Letter to Queen Mary,
Regent of Scotland," 1556. 3. "The Appellation of
John Knox," &c. mentioned above, 1558. 4. "The First
Blast," &c. mentioned above, 1558. 5. "A brief Ex-
hoVtation to England, for the speedy Embracing of Christ's
Gospel, heretofore by the Tyranny pf Mary suppressed
»nd banished," 1559. After his death, came out, 6. His

416 KNOX.
« History of the Reformation of Religion within the Realnt
of Scotiand," &c. at. the end of the fourth edition of
which, at Edinburgh, 1732, in folio, are subjomed all the
foreraentioned works. He published also a few pieces m
the controversial way, against the anabaptists, as well as
papists ; and also his sermon before lord Darnley.
The character of this erainent raan has been variously
represented, according to the sentiments of ecclesiastical
writers. The friends of popery, and of the episcopal es
tablishment in Scotiand, and the more recent admirers and
advocates of queen Mary, have spared no pains to give an
unfavourable turn to all his actions, while the adherents to
the church of Scotland have always continued to reverence
bis character and actions. Dr. Robertson, by no means a
partii-l admirer of Knox, and certainly no bigot to the
doctrines or discipline of his church, says that "he was
the prime instrument of spreading and establishing the re
formed religion in Scotiand. Zeal, intrepidity, disin
terestedness, were virtues which he possessed in an emi
nent degree. He was acquainted, too, with the learning
cultivated among divines in that age, and excelled in that
species of eloquence which is calculated to rouse and in
flame. His maxiras, however, were often too severe, and
the irapetuosity of his temper excessive. Rigid and un
complying himself, he shewed no indulgence to the infir
mities of others. Regardless of the distinctions of rank
and character, he uttered his adraonitions with acrimony
and veheraence, more apt to irritate than to reclaim. This
often betrayed him into indecent and undutiful expressions
with respect to the queen's person and conduct. Those
very qualities, however, which now render his character
less araiable, fitted him to be the instrument of Providence
for advancing the reformation among a fierce people, and
enabled bim to face, dangers, and to surmount opposition,
from which a person of a more gentle spirit would have
been apt to shrink back." Knox has lately found more
zealous biographers in Cook, and especially M'Crie, whose
life of hira is an iraportant addition to the ecclesiastical
history of his country, and does honour to Mr. M'Crie's
talents, judgment, and extensive research. It is not per
haps necessary to add many authorities to this notice of
that work.'
' M'Crie's Life. — Cook's History of the Reformation in Scotland. — Robertson's
History — ^There are many important remarks on M'Crie's Life, in a criticism o«
it in the British Critic for 1813.

KNOX. 417
KNOX (Capt Robert), the son of capt. Robert Knox,
commander of the Anne frigate, in the East India service,
was born about 1641, and probably brought up to the sea
service. He went with his father to Fort George in 1657,
and returning thence to England in 1659, put into Ceylon
on account of a storm, where he, his father, and fourteen
others were made prisoners, and his father died in this capti
vity, Feb. 9, 1 660. After a servitude of nineteen years and a
half, the subject of this memoir escaped from the inland
parts of the island, where he was prisoner at large, to
Areppa, a Dutch settlement on the north-west coast. Here
lie was hospitably received, and carried in one of their ships
to Batavia, and thence, in an English ship, to England.
Many of his companions whom he left at Ceylon, had be
come reconciled to their fate, married, and had families ;
but captain Knox, although often solicited, preserved his
repugnance to such connexions, and his love of liberty.
After his return he wrote "An historical relation of the
Island of Ceylon, in the East Indies," with an account of
liis captivity and escape ; illustrated with' plates and a map
of the island, London, 1681, fol. The preface is by Dr.
.Robert Hooke, who probably bad some share in the com
pilation. It was long esteemed a book of authority. It is
uncertain when captain Knox died. He was cousin to
Strype the historian. '
iCNUTZEN (Matthias), who was born in tbe country
of Holstein, acquired some celebrity in his day for an at
tempt to propagate atheisticvil tenets, and for undertaking
long journeys on purpose to make proselytes. He first
broached his impious notions at Koningsberg, in Prussia,
about 1673. He boasted that he had a great many fol
lowers in the chief cities of Europe ; at Paris, at Amster
dam, at Leyden, in England, at Hamburgh, at Copen
hagen, at Stockholm, at Rome ; and that he had even
seven hundred at Jena. His followers were called con-
scienciaries, because they asserted, that there is no other
God, no other religion, no other lawful magistracy, but
conscience. He gave the substance of his system in a
short letter dated from Rome ; the contents of which may
be reduced to the following heads : " First, there is neither
a God nor a devil ; secondly, magistrates are not to be
valued, churches are to be despised, and priests rejected ;
1 Cole's MS, in Brit. Mus.»-His " Relation of Ceylon."
Vol, XIX. E e

418 K N U T Z E N.
thirdly, instead of magistrates and priests, vve have learn
ing and reason, which, joined with conscience, teach us to
live honestly, to hurt no man, and to give every one his
due; fourthly, matrimony does not differ frora fornication ;
fifthly, there is but one life, which is this, after vvhich
there are neither rewards nor punishments ; sixthly, the
holy scripture is inconsistent with itself." The letter may
be found in the edition of " Micrtelii Syntagma Historiae
Ecclesiasticae, 1699." Knutzen dispersed also some, writ
ings in the German tongue, but his opinions were amply-
refuted, in the same language, hy a Lutheran professor,
named John Musaeus, who undertook that task in order to
remove the suspicions that might be entertained to the pre
judice of the university of Jena. When he died is not
mentioned, nor does his history appear now of much im
portance. '
KNUTZEN (Martin), proftssor of philosophy in Prus
sia, was born at Konigsberg, in 1713, vvhere he was for
some years professor of philosopliy, and librarian. He died
in 1751, leaving several learned works, of which the prin
cipal are, " Systema Causarum Efficieniium ;" " Elementa
Philosophicee Rationalis, Methodo iMathematico demon-
strata;" " Theoremata de Parabolis infinitis ;" and "A
Defence of the Christian Religion," vvhich is said to be
his ablest performance. "
KOENIG (George Matthias), a learned German, was
born at Altorf, in Franconia, in 1616; and afterwards be
came professor of poetry and of the Greek tono-ue, and
library-keeper, in the university there, in vvhich last office
he succeeded his father. He vvas vvell versed in the belles
lettres, in divinity, and in the oriental languages ; but, beino-
afflicted with deafness some years before he died, he vva°
much impeded in the discharge of his academical func
tions. He died Dec. 29, 1699, having survived a wife, whom
he raarried in 1648, and four children. He gave several
public specimens of his learning, but is principally known
for a work entitled " Bibliotheca vetus et nova," printed
at Altorf, 1678, 4to, This is a biographicaldictionary,
which, though not free from defects, is a very useful col
lateral help ill the investigation of literary history.'
KOENIG (Dr. John Gerard), a botanist and disciple
of Linneeus, was born in Couriand in 1728, and in 1765
' Ri'n. Diet. — Moreri. — Clianfepie. 3 Di|.t fjjjj.
1 Niceron, vol. XII, — Gen, Diet. — Moreri.

KOENIG. 41S>
travelled to Iceland, and after having investigated the ve
getable productions of that dreary country, and of its cir
cumjacent seas, visited the richer climes of India, and died
at Jagrenatpour, in Bengal, in 1785. His communications
have greatly enriched the collections of Europe, especially
those of Linnaeus, Retzius, and sir Joseph Banks. The
fine Banksian library contains his botanical manuscripts.
His letters to Liimi=eus are very nuraerous and instructive.
The Koenigia, a plant which he discovered in Iceland, was
so called by Linnaeus in honour of him. '
KOENIG (Samuel), a learned philosopher and mathe
matician, was a Svviss by birth, and came early into emi
nence by his mathematical abilities. He was professor of
philosophy and natural law at Franeker, and afterwards at
the Hague, where he became also librarian to the stadt-
holder, and to the princess of Orange; and where he died
in 1757. The academy of Berlin enrolled him among her
members ; but afterwards expelled him on the following
occasion. Maupertuis, the president, had inserted'in the
volurae of the Memoirs for 1746, a discourse upon the
laws of motion ; which Koenig not only attacked, but also
attributed the memoir to Leibnitz. Maupertuis, stung vvith
the imputation of plagiarism, engau;ed the academy of Ber
lin to call upon hira for his proof; which Koenig failing to
produce, he was struck out of the academy. All Europe
was interested in the quarrel which this occasioned between
Koenig and Maupertuis. The former appealed lo the pub
lic; and his appeal, written with the animation of resent
ment, procured him many friends. He was author of some
other works, and had the character of being one of the
best mathematicians ofthe age. He bad a brother, Daniel,
who was murdered at the age of twenty-two, at Franeker.
The populace, overhearing hira talk in French, imagined
that he was a French spy, and would have killed him on
the spot, if the academicians had not rescued him from
.their fury : but the wounds which he received hurried him
tp the grave in a few months. He translated into Latin
Dr. Arbuthnot's " Tables of Ancient Coins," vvhich re
mained in MS. till 1756, when it was published at Utrecht,
with a curious and useful preface, by professor Reitz.'
KOLBEN, (Peter), a celebrated traveller, was born in
1674, at Dorflas, in the principality of Baireuth, of which
' Rees's Cyclopaedia, ' Diet. Hist.— Hutton's Dictionary.
es 2

420 K O L B E N,
place his father was a judge, and afterwards a receiver of
taxes. His early years were passed in poverty, until, in
1696, he was received into the house of Eimart, an astro
nomer, under whose dii-ections he made considerable pro
gress in the sciences. He entered the university of Halle
in 1700, and afterwards gave a course of lectures in mathe
matics and philosophy. He was introduced to baron von
Krosie, privy counsellor to his Prussian m-ajesty, to whom
he became secretary, and whom he accompanied in his
travels ; and a proposal being made to him to go to the
Cape of Good Hope, he gladly embraced the opportunity.
Here he remained ten years, making observations on the
country and the people, till he was afflicted with blindness,
from which, however, on his return to Europe, he so far
recovered as to be able to read uith the assistance of
glasses. In 1716 he inserted in the Acta Eruditorum a
treatise " De aquis Capitis Bona; Spei." This work intro
duced him into farther notice, and he was appointed rector
of the school of Neustadt, where he died in 1726. His
chief publication vvas " A Description of the Cape of
Good Hope," in folio, with twenty -four plates. This
work was translated into Dutch in 1727; and at Lon
don, into English, in 1731, by Mr. Medley, who lopped
off some of its redundancies. It vvas afterwards abridged,
and published in French in three vols. 12mo. The first
attack on the Veracity of this work vvas made by the abb6
de la Caille, who, in his Journal of the voyage to the Cape,
said that he took Kolben's description vvith him, but found
it full of inaccuracies and falsehoods, and more resembling
a series of fables than an authentic narrative. It has been
also said that Kolben having passed the whole of his time
with his bottle and his pipe, was perplexed to find that he
had nothing to show in Europe, as the first fruits of his
supposed labours, and therefore engaged some inhabitants
of the Cape to draw up for him that description of the
colony which he imposed upon the public as his own.
Forster, on the other hand, in his " Voyage round tha
World," ascribes to La Caille certain interested motives in
thus decrying Kolben's work, and says it would be easy to
refute almost every criticism which the abb6 has passed on
that intelligent and entertaining voyager. These different
opinions might perplex us, if more recent travellers had
not rendered us independent both of Kolben and La Caille.'
IBees's Cyclopsedia ..—Month'. Ret. toI. LV and LVI.

K O R T H O L T. 421
KORTHOLT (Christian), a learned professor of divi
nity at Kiel, was born Jan. 15, 1633, at Burg, in the isle
of Femeren, near the Baltic sea, in the country of Holstein.
He was sent first to school at Burg, whence in his six
teenth year he removed to Sleswick, where he applied to
his books two years more; and afterwards studied in the
college of Stetin, and gave public proofs of his progress
by some theses. Going to Rostoch in 1652, he assiduously
frequented the lectures of the professors, and took the de
gree of doctor in philosophy, in 1656. He then pursued
his studies in the university of Jena, and gained great re
putation by the academical acts, and by private lectures
read on philosophy, the Eastern tongues, and divinity.
He left Jena in 1660, and after visiting the universities of
Leipsic and Wittemberg, returned to Rostoch, where he
was made Greek professor in 1662 ; and took a doctor of
divinity's degree the same year. He married in 1664, and
next year was invited to be second professor of divinity in
the university just founded at Kiel, He was so zealous
for the prosperity of that new university, and so grateful
for the kindness of the duke of Holstein, his master, that
he refused all the employments, though very beneficial and
honourable, which were offered him in several places.
This prince bestowed upon him, in 1680, the professorship
of ecclesiastical antiquities; and declared him vice-chan
cellor of the university for life, 1689; and he discharged
the duty of those offices with great ability, application, and
prudence. His death, which happened March 31, 1694,
was a great loss to the university of Kiel, and to the re
public of letters. His works in Latin and German are nu
merous, and esteemed by the learned ; the principal are,
1. "Tractatus de persecutionibus Ecclesise primitivae, ve-
terumque Martyrum cruciatibus," the best edition of which
is, Keil, 1689, 4to. 2. " Tractatus de Calumniis Pagano-
rum in veteres Christianos," Keil, 1698, 4to. 3. " Trac
tatus de Religione Ethnica, Mahummedana et Judaica,"
1665, 4to. 4. " De Origiue et Natura Christianismi ex
mente Gentilium," 1672, 4to. 5. " De tribus Impostori-
bus magnis Liber, Edwardo Herbert, Thomae Hobbes, et
Benedicto Spinosa oppositis," Hamburg, 1701, 4to. 6.
"De rationis cum revelatione in Theologia concursu,"
J6S2, 4to ; " Oratio de Scholarum et Academiarum ortu
etprogressu, presertim in|Gernj^pia," 1666, folio, ^c*
> Gen. Diet.— Moreri.

422 KORTHOLT.
KORTHOLT (Christian), grandson of the preceding,
was born in 1709, at Keil, where his father, Sebastian Kor
tholt, was professor. He discovered an early disposition
towards the sciences, and made so rapid a progress in
thera, that he was admitted at twenty to assist in tbe
" Journal of Leipsic," in which may be found some good
pieces of his till 1736, and some well chosen extracts from
works on ecclesiastical history. Kortholt visited Holland
and England, and was esteemed by tbe learned there.
While in England he drew up a short account of tbe so
ciety of Antiquaries of London, " Epistola ad Kappium de
Soc. Ant. Lond." Leipsic, 1730, 4to. He went afterwards
to Vienna, as chaplain to the Danish ambassador, and was
appointed professor of divinity, 1742, at Gottingen, where
he died in the flower of his age, 175 I, leaving several valu
able works. The principal araong the Latin ones are,
" De Ecclesiis suburbicariis ;" " De Enthusiasmo Muham-
m.edis ;" and several excellent " Dissertations." The most
esteemed of those in German are, a "Treatise on the truth
of Christianity ;" " Sermons," &c. He published four vo
lumes of Latin letters by Leibnitz, a volume of his French
letters, and a collection of various pieces on philosophy,
mathematics, history, &c. by the same author.'
KOTTER (Christopher), born in 1585, was one of
the three fanatics whose visions were published at Amster
dam in 1657 (by Comenius, as noticed in his life), vvith
the following titie : " Lux in Tenebris." He lived at
Sprottovv in Silesia; and his visions began in June 1616.
He fancied he saw an angel, under the form of a man, who
commanded him to go and declare to the magistrates, that,
unless the people repented, the wrath of God would fall
dreadfully upon them. His pastor and friends restrained
him for some time, nor did he execute his commission, even
though the angel had appeared six times; but in 1619,
being threatened by the same spirit, he divulged his com
mission. This brought upon him some ridicule, but his
visions continued, and were followed by extasies. and pro
phetic dreams. He waited on the elector Palatine, whom
the protestants had declared king ol' Bohemia, at Breslaw,
in 1620, and informed him of his commission, and pub
lished it in other places, and, in 1625, at Brandenburc^.
He became acquainted, the same year, with Comenius,

' Diet. Hist,

KOTTER. 423
who greatly favoured his prophecies; but, as they chiefly
presaged happiness to the elector-palatine, and the
reverse to the emperor, he became at length obnoxious,
and, in 1627, vvas closely imprisoned, as a seditious im
postor, afterwards set on the pillory, and banished the
emperor's dominions. Upon this he went to Lusatia, which
was then subject to his electoral highness of Saxony ; and
lived there unmolested till his death, in 1647. Whether
fool, or knave, he vvas not discouraged frorn prophesying,
though his predictions vvere continual!}" convicted of false
hood by the event.'
KRANTZ (Albert), a famous historian of the fifteenth
century, was a native of Hamburg, and had no sooner
finished his classical studies, than he set out upon his tra
vels, visiting several parts of Europe, during which he
studiously cultivated the sciences, and became a man
of general knowledge. His talents procured him the
title and offices of doctor of divinity and of the canon
law, and professor of philosophy and divinity in the uni
versity of Rostoch, of vvhich also he was rector in 1482.
He went from Rostoch to Hamburg, and was elected dean
of the chapter in the cathedral there in 1498. He exe
cuted many important affairs for the church and city of
Hamburg; and was so famed for his abilities and pru
dence, that, in 1500, John king of Denmark, and Fre
derick duke of Holstein, did not scruple to make him um
pire, in a contest they had with the province of Dietmar-
sen. He died Dec. 7, 1517, after having written some
very good works, vvhich were afterwards published : as, J.
" Chronica Regnorum Aqnilorum, Daniaj, Sueciae, Norve-
giae," Argentorat. 1546, folio. 2. " Saxonia, sive de Sax-
onicae Gentis vetusta Origine, longinqnis Expeditionibus
susceptis, et Bellis Dorai pro Libertate diu fortiterque ges-
tis Historia, Libris 13 comprehensa, et ad Annum 1501
deducta," Colon. 1520, folio. 3. " Vandalia, sive Historia
de Vandalor-ura verS. Origine, variis Gentibus, crebris e
Patria Migrationibus, Rejjnis item, quorum vel Autores
fuerunt vel Eversores, Libris 14 a prima eorum Origine ad
A.C. 1500 deducta," Colon. 1519, folio. 4. " Metropolis,
sive Historia Ecclesiastica Saxoniae," Basil, 1548, fol. 5.
" Institutiones Logicae," Leipsic, 1517, 4to, &c.'
KRAUS, Martin. See CRUSIUS."
' Gen. Diet.— Moreri.— Diet. Hist. ' Niceron, Tol, XXXVIII.— Moreri,

424 K R O M A Y E R.
KROMAYER (John), a learned divine, was born in
1576, atCobelen in Misnia, of a noble and ancient family.
He was appointed minister at Eisleben, then preacher to
the duchess dowager of Saxony, and afterwards superin
tendant of Weimar, where he died in 1 643, leaving, " Har-
monia Evangelistarum ;" " Examen Libri Christianae Con-
cordiaj;" " Historiae Ecclesiae compendium;" and a valu
able paraphrase on the book of Jeremiah and the Lamen
tations, which is in the Bible of Weimar.'
KROMAYER (Jerome), nephew of the preceding, was
born in 1610, at Zeitz, and became celebrated for his
learning and writings, professor of history, rhetoric, and
divinity at Leipsic, in vvhich city he died, in 1670, leaving
numerous works, of which the following are the principal:
" Theologia Positivo-Polemica ;" " Historia Ecclesiast. ;"
"Loci anti-Syneretistici ;" " Polymathia Theologica;"
"Comment, in Epist. ad Galatas et Apocal. ;" " Scruti-
nium Religionum," &c.'
KUHLMAN (Quirinus), a celebrated fanatic, was born
at Breslaw in Silesia in 1651, and gave great hopes by the
uncomraon progress he made in literature; but this vvas
interrupted by a sickness he laboured under at eighteen
years of age. He was thought to be dead on the third day
of his illness, but had then, it seeras, a most terrible vision.
He fancied himself surrounded with all the devils in hell,
and this at mid- day, when he was awake. This vision vvas
followed by another of God himself, surrounded by his
saints, and Jesus Christ in the midst ; when he saw and
felt things inexpressible. Two days after, he had more
visions of the same kind ; and when he was cured of his
distemper, though he perceived a vast alteration with re
gard to these sights, yet be found himself perpetually en
compassed with a circle of light on his left hand. He had
no longer any taste for human learning, nor any value for
university-disputes or lectures ; he would have no other
master but the Holy Ghost. He left his country at nine
teen years of age. His desire to see Holland made him
hasten thither, even in the midst of a desolating war ; and
he landed at Amsterdam, Sept. 3, 1673, which vvas but
three days before the retaking the city of Naerden. He
went to Leyden a few days after, and meeting with Jacob
Behmen's works, his disorder increased, for he now
» Freheri Theatrum.TrDict. Hist. a Ibit(.

KUHLMAN. 425
said he found that Behmen had prophesied of things,
of which he thought nobody but himself had the least know
ledge. There was at that tirae in Holland one John Rothe,
a prophet likewise of the same stamp ; for whom Kuhlraan
conceived a high veneration, and dedicated to him his
" Prodromtis quinquennii mirabilis," printed at Leyden in
1674. This work was to be foUowed by two other volumes,
iu the first of which he intended to introduce the studies
and discoveries he had made from the time of his first
vision to 1674. He communicated his design to father
Kircher; and, commending some books which that Jesuit
had published, he let him know, that he had only sketched
out what himself intended to carry much farther, Kircher
wrote him civil answers, in which he did not trouble him
self to defend his works, but declared, that", having writ
ten only as a man, he did not pretend to equal those who
wrote by inspiration. " I frankly own myself," says he,
*' incapable of your sublime and celestial knowledge:
what I have written, I have written after a human man
ner, that is, by knowledge gained by study and labour,
not divinely inspired or infused. — I do not doubt but that
you, by means of the incomparable and vast extent of
your genius, will produce discoveries much greater and
more admirable than my trifles. — You promise great and
incredible things, which, as they far transcend all human
capacity, so I affirm boldly, that they have never been
attempted, nor even thought of, by any person hitherto ;
and therefore I cannot but suspect, that you have obtained
by the gift of God such a knowledge as the scriptures
ascribe to Adam and Solomon: I raean, an Adaraic and
Solomonic knowledge, known to no mortal but yourself,
and inexplicable by any other." Our fanatic, not perceivr
ing that his correspondent was jesting with him, carefully
pubhshed Kircher's answers, using capital letters in those
passages where he thought himself praised. Kircher, how
ever, gave him serious advice, when Kuhlman consulted
him about writing to the pope : he told him with what cir
cumspection and caution things were conducted at Rome;
and assured him, that in his great work, which he pro
posed to dedicate to the pope, he must admit nothing
which might offend the censors of books, and especially
take care not to ascribe to himself an inspired knowledge.
When Kuhlman left Holland does not appear; but it is
related, that he wandered a long tirae in England, France,

426 K U H L M A N.
and the East, and at last was burnt in MUSC0V3', Oct. 3,
1689, on account of some predictions of the seditious kind.
In the character of this fanatic, there is little to excite re
spect or compassion. He kept two women in succession,
without the sanction of marriage, and made use of the
Vvorst arts to get monej'. He used to write letters to peo
ple, in which he denounced terrible judgments, if certain
sums were not advanced for the promotion of the new
kingdom of God. The celebrated Van Helmont received
one of these letters, but paid no attention to it. Another
proof that there was nothing very sincere in his enthusiasm,
is, that, while he was ready to write respectfully to the
pope for the good of Christianity, he was comforting him
self with Drabicius's prophecies relating, to the destruction
ofthe papacy; and, at tliat very time, wrote to his friends
letters full of hopes that it was then approaching.'
KUHNIUS (Joachim), a learned German, and accurate
classical editor, was born in 1647 at Gripswalde, a town of
Pomerania, where his father was a merchant. Great care
was taken of his education ; and, after he had finished his
juvenile studies in his own country, he was sent to Stade
in Lower Saxony. In 1668, he went to the university of
Jena, where he applied himself to divinity and the belles
lettres. Travelling making one part of the education of a
German, he visited the most celebrated towns of Franconia.
His high reputation engaged Boccius, a minister of Oetin-
gen in Swabia, to employ him as a preceptor to his chil
dren ; which office he discharged with so much credit, that
he was in 1669 made principal of the college in this town.
He held this post three years, and then went to Strasburg;
where, in 1676, he was elected Greek professor in the
principal college. Ten years he acquitted himself honour
ably in this professorship, and then was appointed Greek
and Hebrew professor in the university of the same town.
His uncommon skill in the Greek lanpruase drew a vast
nnmber of scholars about him, and frora places and coun
tries very distant. He died Dec 11, 1697, aged 50.
He published hiraself, 1. "Aniraadversiones in Pollu-
cem," 1680, I2mo. This was a specimen of an intended
edition of Pollux's " Onomasticon," vvhich he was pre
vented by death from executing. His labours, however,
were not lost, but inserted in the folio edition of tha^
' Gen. Dict.--Moreri.

KUHNIUS. 427
author at Amsterdam, 1706. 2. ".^liani variae historiae hbri
xiv." Argent. 168 5, Svo. His notes on this author are
very exact and learned, and not only critical, but explana
tory. 3. " Diogenes Laertius de vitis philosophorum, &c."
Amst 1692, in 2 vols. 4to, Meibomius's fine edition, in
which the short notes of Kuhnius, and other learned men,
are inserted. After his death were published, 4. " Quaes
tiones philosophicae ex sacris Veteris et Novi Testamenti
aliisque scriptoribus," Argent. 1698, 4to. 5. " Pausanios
Graecise descriptio," &c. Lipsiae, 1716, folio. Kuhnius
took great pains with this author, whose text was much
corrupted ; and his edition is justly reckoned the best.'
KUNCKEL (John), a celebrated chemist, was born at
Husum, in the duchy of Sleswick, in 1630. He was ori
ginally intended for the practice of pharmacy ; but having
applied himself vvith equal diligence to the study of che
mistry and metallurgy, he obtained great reputation in
these sciences, and was appointed chemist to the elector
of Saxony. He afterwards went to tbe court of Frederic
William, elector of Brandenburg, with a similar appoint
ment ; and subsequently to that of Charies XL king of
Sweden, who, in 1693, granted him letters of nobility,
under the name of Kunckel de Loewenstern. He was
elected a member of tbe imperial Academia Naturas Curi-
osorum, under the name of Hermes III. He died in Swe
den, in March 1703. Notwithstanding his advantages and
fame, his theoretical knowledge was very imperfect ; he
was altogether destitute ofthe least tincture of philosophy,
and was even said to have been one of the searchers for
the philosopher's stone. He is now principally known as
the discoverer of phosplwrus, which he prepared from
urine, and which bears his name in tbe shops. He
was the author of several works, written in German, in a
very bad style, and with as little method as the rest of the
alchemists. His treatise " On Phosphorus" was printed
at Leipsic in 1678, and his " n-t of Glass-making" in
1689. Two or three of his essays have been translated
into Latin.' . • u
KUSTER (Ludolf), a learned critic, was born in the
month of Feb. 1670 at Blomberg, a littie town in West
phalia, where his father was a magistrate. He learned
polite literature under his elder brother, who taught it in
J Niceron, vol, IV.-Moreri, « Diet, Hist.-Kees's Cyoloptedia from Eloy.

428 KUSTER.
the college of Joachim at Berlin. He distinguished him
self so early in life, that on the recommendation of baron
Spanheim, he was appointed tutor to the two sons of the
count de Schevverin, prime-minister of the king of Prussia.
He had also the promise of a professorship in the college
of Joachim at Beriin ; but, till that should be vacant,
Kuster, who was then but about five-and-twenty, resolved
to travel into Germany, France, England, and Holland.
He went first to Francfort upon the Oder, v\here he
studied the civil law for some time ; and thence to An
twerp, Leyden, and Utrecht, where he remained a con
siderable time, and wrote several works. In 1699, he
passed over into England, and the year following into
franco, where his chief employment was to collate Suidas
with three manuscripts in the king's library. About the
end of this year he returned to England, and in four years
finished his edition of Suidas, on which he may be said to
have meditated day and night. He relates himself, that,
being one night awaked by thunder and lightning, he be
came so alarmed for this work, that he rose immeiliately,
and carried it to bed with him, as his most valuable trea
sure. It was published at Cambridge in 1705, and is by
far the best edition of that valuable Lexicon ; and Le
Clerc tells us, that the university furnished part of the
expence of it. The Bodleian library has lately becorae
possessed of a copy, covered from one end to the other
with manuscript notes by D'Orville and others. Kuster
was honoured with the degree of doctor by the university
of Cambridge, and had several advantageous offers made
him to continue there ; but was obliged to wave them,
being recalled to Berlin, to take possession of the pro
fessorship, which had been promised him. He after
wards resigned this place, and went to Amsterdam; vvhere,
in 1710, he published an edition of "Aristophanes," in
folio, which the public had been prepared some time to
expect by an account as well as a specimen of that work,
given by Le Clerc in his " Bibliotheque choisie," for 1708.
This excellent edition, emphatically called editio optima,
contains for the first time some new Scholia on the " Ly-
sistrata," some notes of Isaac Casaubon on the " Equites,"
and of Spanheim and Bentley, on a few of the earlier
plays. It is, upon the whole, a noble production, and has
been long esteemed by the first literary characters abroad
and at home. Kuster gave an edition also of " Mill's.

KUSTER. ii9
Greek Testament" the same year ; in which he had com
pared the test vvith twelve manuscripts which Mill never
saw. Of these twelve there were nine in the king of
France's library ; but, excepting one, which has all the
books of the New Testament, the rest contain no more
than the four Gospels. The tenth, manuscript belonged to
Carpzovius, a minister of Leipsic, and contains the four
Gospels. The eleventh was brought from Greece by
Seidel, of Beriin ; but it has not the four Gospels. The
last, which Kuster most highly valued, was communicated
to him by Bornier, who bought it at the public sale of
the library of Francius, professor of rhetoric at Amster
dam. After Kuster's preface, follows a letter of Le Clerc
concerning Mill's work. From Amsterdam he removed to
Rotterdam, and went some time after to Antwerp, to confer
with the Jesuits about some doubts he bad in religious
matters ; the consequence of this was his being brought
over to the Roman catholic religion, and his abjuring that
ofthe Protestants July 25, 1713, in the church of the no
viciates belonging to the Jesuits. The king of France re
warded him with a pension of 2000 livres ; and as a mark
of distinction, ordered him to be admitted supernumerary
associate of the academy of inscriptions. But he did not
enjoy this new settlement long; for he .died October 12,
1716, of an abscess in the pancreas, aged only forty-six.
Kuster's other works, not hitherto mentioned, were: I.
" Historia Critica Homeri," Francfort, 1696, Svo, a work
which he did not value much afterwards, when he had
made a greater progress in learning. He thought that he
had begun too eariy the character of an author. In this
tract he took upon him the name of Neocorus, which in
Greek signifies a sexton, as Kuster does in High Dutch..
2. " Bibliotheca Librorum collecta a L. Neocoro," Utrecht,
5 tomes in Svo. This work was continued from the month
of April 1697, to the end of 1699. Mr. Kuster was at first
employed alone in this journal ; but took into his assistance
Mr. Henry Sike, who was afterwards professor of Hebrew
in the university of Cambridge. They wrote in conjunc
tion till June 1699, when Mr. Kuster left this work to Mr.
Sike, who continued it no longer than the last six months
of that year. 3. " Jamblichi de Vita Pythagoras Liber,
Gi-ffic^ & Latine, cum nov^ Versione, Emendationibus, &
Notis L. Kusteri. Accedit Porphyrins de Vit^ Pythagoras
cum notis L. Holstenii & C. Rittershusii ; itemque Ano-

430 Kuster.,
nymus apud Photium de VitS, Pythagorae," Amsterdam,
1707, in 4to. Dr. Kuster's notes are merely critical, in
which he restores a prodigious number of passages in his
authors. 4. " Diatriba L. K, in qua Editio Suidae Canta
brigiensis contra Cavillationes J. G. Aristarchi Leydensis
defenditur," inserted in M. Le Clerc's Bibliotheque
Choisie, tom. XXIV. p, 49, & seqq. and published sepa
rately, in 12mo. A new edition of it, with additions, was
published under the title of " Diatriba Anti-Gronoviana,"
at Amsterdam, 1712, in Svo. 5. " De Musaeo Alexan-
drino Diatriba," inserted in the Sth tome of Gronovius's
collection of Greek Antiquities. 6. " Ludovici Savoti
Dissertationes de Numrais aiiiiquis lingua Gallica in La-
tinam translatae a L. Neocoro," inserted in the 11th tome
of Graevius's Roman Antiquities. 7. " Picturae antiqua:
sepulchri Nasoniorum in ViS, Flaminia delineatae & incisse
a Petro Sancto Bartaeriolo, explicatae a Joanne Petro Bel-
lorio ; ex Italica LinguS, in Latinam transtulit L. Neo
corus," inserted in the 12th volurae of Graevius. 8 " Epis
tola, in qua Praefatio quam v. c. J. P. [Jacobus Perizonius]
novissimae Dissertation! suae de aere gravi praeposuit, re-
fellitur," Leyden, 1713, Svo. 9. " De vero usu Verbo-
rum Mediorum apud Graecos, eoruraque differentia a
Verbis Activis & Passivis. Annexa est Epistola de Verbo
Cerno ad virum clar. J. P. Auctore Ludolpho Kustero,
RegiaB Inscriptionura Academiae socio," Paris, 1714, in
12rao. 10. " Explication d'une Inscription Greque en-
voy^e de Smyrne," inserted in the Memoirs de Trevoux
for September, 1715. 11. " Exaraen Criticum Editionis
novissimas Herodoti Gronovianae," inserted in Le Clerc's
Bibliotheque ancienne & raoderne, tom. V. p. 383 & seqq.
There has been published in Holland under tbe name of
Graevius, and with the title of " Nova Cohors Musarum,"
a little tract of Kuster, vvritten in 1699, for the instruction
of some young noblemen. Our author published a speci
men of a new edition of Robert Stephens's Thesaurus, with
great improvements in La Roche's Memoirs of Literature,
vol. V. p. 298 & seqq.
Kuster's chief excellence was his skill in the Greek lan
guage, to which he devoted himself with an enthusiasm
which undervalued every other pur^it. He thought the
history and chronology of Greek words the most solid en
tertainment of a man of letters, and despised all other
branches of learning. It is reported of him, that one day

KUSTER. 431
faking up Bayle's « Commentaire Philosophique," in a
bookseller's shop, he threw it down, and said, " This is
nothing but a book of reasoning ; non sic itur ad astra."
But many of his characteristic peculiarities will be best un
derstood from the following letter from Joseph Wasse, the
learned editor of Sallust.
" Dr. Kuster, a tall, thin, pale man, seemingly unable
to bear fatigue, was nevertheless indefatigable, and of an
uncommon application to letters. He formed himself
under Graevius. I vvas acquainted with him from 1700 to
171 i. Upon my collecting the remains of Anacreon for
Mr. Barnes, about 1702, he introduced rae to Dr. Bentley.
You must be known, says he, to that gentleman, whom I
look upon, not only as the first scholar in Europe, but as
the best of friends. I only hinted to him the difficulty I
lay under in relation to the officers of the customs; and,
presently after, he accommodated that troublesome affair
to my entire satisfaction, without so much as once letting
me know he had any hand in it till near a year after :
unde satis compertum mihi" Bentleium esse re officiosum
non verbis. Many an excellent emendation upon Suidas
have I received from him. I the rather mention this, says
Mr. Wasse, because when that Lexicon was in the press,
Kuster with indignatioti shewed me an anonymous letter
in Latin, addressed to him, wherein he vvas advised not to
treat the doctor with that distinction, if he intended his
book should make its way in the learned world. But to
proceed ; when he came to write upon Suidas, he found
himself under a necessity of making indices of all the
authors mentioned by the ancients; Eustathius particularly,
and nineteen volumes of Commentaries upon Aristotle,
&c. of the history, geography, and chionological charac
ters occasionally mentioned. Dr. Bentley prevailed upon
me to give him some assistance. Those that fell to my
lot were chiefly Eustathius on the Odyssey, seven or eight
Scholiasts, Plutarch, Galen. You may judge of Kuster's
dispatch and application, when I tell you I could by no
means keep pace with him, though I began the last au
thor Jan. 9, 1703, and finished him March the 8th of the
same year, and in proportion too, the remainder. Though
I corrected all the sheets of the first volume, yet I never
perceived he had omitted some less material words, nor
ever knew the true reason. I have heard him blamed too
for mentioning the names of one or two persons who sent

432 K U S T E R.
him a few notes ; but this was occasioned, I am confident,
by the hurry he was always in, and the great number of
letters, memorandums, and other papers he had about
him. As I remember, he translated de novo in a manner
five or six sheets a week, and remarked upon them ; so
that the work was hastily executed, and would have been
infinitely more perfect, had he allowed himself time. Some
people thought they assisted him when they did not. A
person of figure took him into his closet after dinner, and
told him he would communicate something of mighty im
portance, a HsiiMi^.iov, which in all difficulties had been his
oracle. In an ill hour I met Kuster transported vvith de
light. We found it was Budaeus's Lexicon, large paper,
with only the names of the authors he quotes written in
the margin, without one single remark or addition. Kus
ter, the best-natured man alive, vvas terribly put to it
how to treat one that meant well, and continually in
quired what service it did him, and triumphed that he was
able to contribute so largely to the worthy edition of Sui
das. Towards the close of the work, Kuster grew very
uneasy, emaciated to the last degree, cold as a statue,
and just as much alive as a man three parts dead. Sure
I was to hear, every time I called upon him, ' O utinam
illucescat ille dies, quo huic operi manum ultimam impo-
nam !' It may now be proper to acquaint you in what
manner this gentleman used to relax, and forget his la
bours over a bottle, for even Scipio and L-jelius were not
such fools as to be wise always; and that was generally
in the poetical way, or in conversations that turned upon
antiquities, coins, inscriptions, and obscure passages of
the ancients. Sometimes he performed on the spinnet at
our music-club, and was by the connoisseurs accounted
a master. His chief corapanions were. Dr. Sike, famous
in oriental learning ; Davies and Needham ; Mr. Oddy,
who wrote Greek pretty vvell, and has left notes upon
Dio, and a version of Apollonius Rhodius, which are re-
posited in lord Oxford's library ; he is the person whose
conjectures upon Avienus were printed by Dr. Hudson at
the end of his Geographers ; and Mr. Barnes, the Greek
professor. Upon the publication of his Suidas, Kuster in
a little tirae grew very fat ; and, returning into Prussia,
found his patrons retired from court, and his salary pre
carious. What is more, his principles, which inclined to
what is now called Arianisro, rendered him not very

KUSTER. 433
acceptable to some persons. In a littie time measures
were taken to make him uneasy, and he retired to Amster
dam. Here he reprinted Dr. Mill's New Testament, and
published Aristophanes, and sorae additional remarks upon
Suidas, under Mr. Le Clerc's cover. But his banker
failing, he was reduced to extreme poverty ; and, hap
pening at that very juncture to be invited to Paris by his
old friend I'abb^ Bignon, was unfortunately prevailed upon
to join himself to the Galilean church. He desired me
to write to hira, as usual, but never on the article of reli
gion ; declaring, at the sarae tirae, how he had not been
obhged to make a forraal recantation, or condemn the
reformed by an express act of his, but merely to conform.
How far this is true I know not ; what is certain is, only
that he was promised all the favour and distinction any con
vert could expect. He was presently admitted a member
of the royal academy of inscriptions; and in 1714, in
return for a paper of verses I sent him, raade me a present of
his book ' De vero usu verborum mediorum ; y^mia. x«AxEiav.'
The last I had frora Kuster contained only queries upon
Hesychius ; on whora, before he left England, he had
made about 5000 emendations. His queries were not over
difficult ; and thence I guessed his health much impaired.
And it proved so indeed ; for we heard soon after, that he
had been blooded five or six times for a fever, and that,
upon opening his body, there was found a cake of sand
along the lower region of his belly. This, I take it, was
occasioned by his sitting in a manner double, and writing
on a very low table, surrounded with three or four circles
of books placed on the ground, which was the situation we
usually found him in. He had a clear head, cool and
proper for debate : he behaved in a very inoffensive man
ner ; and I am persuaded, the last error of his life was
almost the only one, and by charitable persons will be
placed in a good measure to the account of his deplorable
circumstances ; for if oppression, which only affects a part,
will, why shall not the loss of all one's fortunes, purchased
with so much labour, ' make a'wise man mad.'" '
KUYP, or CUYP (Albert), a very original artist, was
born at Dort in 1606, and was the son of Jacob Gerritz
Kuyp, a landscape painter of much merit, whom, however,
he far surpassed in his progress. He was one of the most
' Gen. Diet.— Biog, Brit. Supplement.— Moreri.— Dibdin's Classics.
Vol. XIX. F f

434 K U Y P.
agreeable painters that ever lived ; imitating with the greatest
perfection the purity and brilliancy of light. No artist
ever represented the atmosphere which surrounds all objects
more completely than Cuyp ; not even Claude : and in the
effect of sun-shine, none ever approached him. The
simplest scenes and combinations of objects were sufficient
for him to exert his talents upon ; and he never failed to
give an interest to them by the sweetness of his colour,
and the beauty of his light and shade.
Little or nothing is known of his life. His works are
numerous, and therefore he must have lived long ; for thej'
are of so highly finished a quality that he must have given
much time to them. In the various collections among the
nobility in England, works of his shine with almost unri
valled lustre ; and are not very uncommon. At the mar
quis of Stafford's is a very fine one of the landing of prince
Maurice at Dort. There are also several others of great
merit.' KYDERMYNSTER, or KIDDERMINSTER (Richard),
an ecclesiastic and antiquary, was born in Worcestershire
towards the latter end of the fifteenth century. When he
was about fifteen years of age, he was received into the
monastery of Benedictine raonks at Winchcombe in Glou
cestershire; whence, being professed one of that order, he
was sent to Gloucester-hall, Oxford, which was then a
school for young Benedictines. After studying there four
years, be was recalled to his monastery, and made principal
chaplain ; and his good conduct procured bim to be chosen
abbot in 1487. He had considerable reputation as a scho
lar and a promoter of learning ; and was an exact observer
and reformer of the discipline of his house. In one of bis
visits to Oxford, which were frequent, he took the degree
of D. D. in 1500; He also visited Rorae on sorae affairs
belonging to his order, and on his return acquired ranch
reputation as a preacher in the beginnipg of the reign of
Henry VIII. In 1515, when there was a great debate
between the clergy and the laity concerning exceptions ;
some asserting that what is called the " benefit of clergy,"
should not be extended but to the higher orders, our abbot
contended that the minor or inferior orders should also be
included. He died in 1531, leaving " Tractatus contra
doctrinam Lutheri," 1521, one of the first attacks on that
' Pilkington,— Rees's Cyclopadia.

KYDERMYNSTER.

f35

reformer's doctrines from this country. But he was more
known for his history of the foundation of Winchcombe
monastery ; a list of its abbots ; and its charters and privi
leges ; manuscripts which have been partly lost.'
KYNASTON (Francis), an English poet, son of sir
Edward Kynaston, knt. was of an ancient family, whose
seat was at Otely in Shropshire, where, probably, he was
born in 1587. In 1601 he entered as a gentleman- com
moner of Oriel college, Oxford, which he left after taking
his bachelor's degree, being then, as Wood says, " more
addicted to the superficial parts of learning, poetry and
oratory (wherein he excelled), than logic and philosophy."
He afterwards, however, went to Cambridge, and after
taking his master's degree, returned in 1611 to Oxford,
and was admitted ad eundem. He then becarae a courtier,
admired for his talents, and had the honour of knighthood
conferred upon him, and was afterwards made esquire of
the body to Charles I. He was the first regent of a literary
institution called the Musaum, Minerva, of which he drew
up and published "The Constitutions," Lond, 4to, 1636.
It was an academy instituted in the eleventh year of the
reign of Charles I. and established at a house in Covent-
garden, purchased by Sir Francis, and furnished by him
with books, MSS. paintings, statues, musical and mathema
tical instruments, &c. and every requisite for polite and
liberal education : but the nobility and gentry only were
admissible. Sir Francis was chosen regent, and professors
were appointed to teach the various arts and sciences. It
probably, owing to the rebellion, did not survive its
founder, who died about 1642. He translated Chaucer's
" Troilus and Cresseide" into Latin, published at Oxford,
1635, 4to ; but is better known td the lovers of our early
poetry by his " Leoline and Sydanis," with " Cinthiades,"
1641, of which Mr. Ellis has given some beautiful specie-
mens, and the story is analized by Mr. Gilchrist, with
additional extracts, in the " C^nsura." ^
KYNASTON (John), son of Humphry Kynaston, citi
zen of Chester (descended from a younger branch ofthe
Kynastons of Bronguin, in the county of Montgomery),
was born at Chester, Dec. 5, 1728 ; admitted a commoner
in Brazen-nose college, Oxford, March 20, 1746 ; elected
' Ath. Ox. Tol. I. edition by Bliss. — Dodd's Ch. Hist. vol. I. — Wood's Annals.
« Ath. Ox. vol. II.— Faulkner's Hist, of Chelsea,— Ellis's Specimens,— Censuira
Literaria, vol. II.

436 KYNASTON.
scholar, on the foundation of Sarah dutchess dowager of
Somerset, in the said college, Aug. 1 of the same year;
took the degree of B. A, Oct. 16, 1749 ; was elected fellow
June 14, 1751 ; and took the degree of M. A. June 4,
1752. He obtained no small reputation b}' an Oratiuncula,
entitied, "De Irapietate C. Cornelio Tacito f'also objectata;
Oratio ex Instituto Viri cl. Francisci Bridgman *, militis,
habita in Sacello Collegii ^nei Nasi Oxon. Festo Sancti
Thomae, Decembris 21, A.D. 1761, a J. K. A. M. Coll.
ejusdem Socio ;" in which he endeavoured to disprove the
false allegations (for such he really thought them) of Fami-
anus Strada (the excellent critic, and most elegant writer)
against Tacitus, on bis irapiety and sovereign conterapt of
the Supreme. On the apprehension of the notorious miss
Blandy, Mr. Kynaston took an active part, frora the tirae
of her conviction till her body was secured frora indecent
treatment. In this business he barely steered free from
censure. His raethod was, to be with her as much as pos-
tible when the ordinary (the learned, well-known, but cre
dulous Mr. Swinton, whom she gained to countenance her
hypocrisy) was absent ; and was suspected to have given
hopes of pardon, in concert with another person, also of
Brazen-nose College, to the morning of ber execution,
when she appeared in that studied genteel dress and atti
tude which she could not possibly have put on had she
been watchfully attended by a firmer-minded instructor.
In 1764, he published "A collection of papers relative to
the prosecution now carrying on in the Chancellor's Court
in Oxford, against Mr. Kynaston, by Matthew Maddock,
clerk, rector of Cotworth and Holywell, in the county of
Huntingdon, and chaplain to his grace of Manchester, for
the charge of adultery alleged against the said Matthew
Maddock," Svo. From the date of this publication (the
cause of which operated too severely on bis high sense of
honour) he resided,' in not the best state of health, at
* " The founder of this oration, sir the liberal sciences, or any other lite-
Francis Bridgman, bequeathed twenty rary topic.— We happily secured the
pounds a year for ever for a panegyric possession of the founder's gratuity ;
to be spoken annually (in Brazen- and the oration is spoken regularly in
Nose College, by a Fellow) on king rotation, upon whatever suits the turn
James — the Second ! ! ! By an ap- and taste of the speaker. It is a pretty
plication to the Court cf Chancery, addition to the income of one year's
about the year 1711, 1 think, the fellowship; to prevent one from suf-
coUege was (l doubt not) well pleased fering one's Latin to grow rusty."
to have the subject changed; and was Mr. Kynaston, MS.
left at liberty to harangue on. any of

KYNASTON. 437
Wigan pviiicipally, loved and respected by a few select
friends On the 27th of March, 1783, Mr Kynaston bad
the misfortune to break his left arm, near the shoulder;
but, the bones having been properly replaced, be was thought
out of danger. It brought on his death, however, in the
June followino-. '

L.

J-iABADIE (John), a French enthusiast, was born at
Bourg, in Guienne, Feb. 13, 1610; and, being sent to the
Jesuits college at Bourdeaux at seven years of age, he raade
so quick a progress in his studies, that his masters resolved
to take into their society a youth, who gave such promising
hopes of being an honour to it. The spirit of piety, vvith
which he was animated, brought him easily into their views;
but, being opposed in this by his father, who was gentle
man of the bedchamber to Lewis XIII. he could not then
carry his design into execution. On his father's death,
however, he entered into the order; and, having finished
his course of rhetoric and philosophy in three years, he took
upon hiraself the office of a preacher before he was or
dained priest. He continued araong the Jesuits till 1639 ;
when his frequent infirmities, and the desire he had of at
taining to greater perfection, engaged him to quit that so
ciety, as he asserts, while others aver, that he vvas expelled
for some singular, notions, and for his hypocrisy. Whatever,
was the cause, he went immediately to Paris, where he
preached with great zeal, and procured the friendship of
father Gondren, general of the oratory ; and Coumartin,
bishop of Amiens, being present at one of his sermons,
' Nichols's Poems, vol. VII.— Qent. Mag. vol. iX.
?

438 L A B A D I E.
./
was so much pleAsed, that he engaged him to settle in
his diocese, and gave him a canonry in his cathedral-church.
He was no sooner fixed at Amiens, than he endeavoured
to become a director of consciences, and presently saw
himself at the head of a vast nnmber of devotees; but it
is said that his enthusiasm led him to practices more of a
carnal than a spiritual nature ; and that the discovery of
some love-intrigues, in a nunnery, obliged him to seek a
retreat elsewhere. For that purpose he chose first Port-
Royal ; but, as his doctrines or practices were not accept
able, his stay there was short. He therefore reraoved to
Bazas, and afterwards to Toulouse, where M. de Montchal,
archbishop of the city, gave him the direction of a convent
of nuns ; but here, likewise, the indecency of his familiari
ties with his pupils, under pretence of restoring the notions
of primitive purity, and unsuspicious innocence, obliged the
bishop, apprehending the consequences of such a converse,
¦ to disperse those who had been seduced into different con
vents, to be better instructed. Labadie endeavoured to
inculcate the same practices elsewhere, but, despairing at
length to make disciples any longer among the catholics,
by whom he was by this time suspected and watched, he
betook himself to the reformed, and resolved to try if he
could not introduce among them the doctrine and practice
of spirituality and mental prayer; with which view, he
published three manuals, composed chiefly to set forth the
excellence and necessity of that method. But an attempt
which he is said to have made upon the chastity of made
moiselle Calonges lost him the esteem and protection of
those very persons for whose use his books were particu
larly written.
Some time afterwards, an accusation was preferred at
court against him, for raising a sedition respecting the
corpse of a woman which the curate of Montauban thought
proper to inter in the church-yard of the catholics, because
she had changed her religion. Labadie denied the priest's
right to the corpse, and his party appeared in arms to dis
pute -it. But the cause being brought before the court,
it wrjas there decided in favour of the catholics, and Labadie
condemned to quit the church of Montauban as a seditious
person. His banishment however caused a dangerous divi
sion. D'Arbussy, his colleague, was charged with promot
ing his condemnation, out of a spirit of jealousy. Two
parties were formed in the town, almost wholly consisting

LABADIE. 439
of the reformed. They proceeded to the last* extremities,
though the chieftains of each party bore so bad a character
as to be equally detested by all who had followetl them.
Labadie, thus driven out of Montaqban, went to seek an
asylufn at Orange ; but, not finding himself so safe there
as he imagined, he withdrew privately to Geneva, in June
1659. In the mean time, his departure was much regretted
at Orange, where he.|iad imposed upon the people by his
devout manner, and by his preaching; and he was not,
long at Geneva before he excited great comraotions. Thq^e
that joined hira built a large mansion, in which proper
cells were provided for his most zealous followers; while
the rest of the citizens, consulting how to get rid of him,
contrived to procure him an invitation to Middleburg, which
was accepted; and accordingly he repaired thither in 1666,
and presently began to declare his opinions more explicitly
than he had ever done before.
His peculiar tenets were these : 1. He believed that G;od
could and would deceive, and that he had sometimes actu
ally done it. 2. He held the holy scriptures not to be ab
solutely necessary to salvation, since the Holy Spirit a,cted
immediately upon the soul, and gave it new degrees of
revelation ; and, when once struck with that divine light,
it was able to draw such consequences as would lead, to a
perfect knowledge of the truth. 3. Though he did not
deny the lawfulness of infant-baptism, yet he maintained
that it ought to be deferred to riper years. 4. He put this
difference between the old ami new covenant : The first
he said was carnal, loaded with ceremonies, attended vvith
temporal blessings, and open to the wicked as well as the
good, provided they were descendants of Abraham; whereas
the new covenant admitted only spiritual persons, who vyere
freed thereby from tbe law, from its curse, and from its
ceremonies, and put into a state of perfect liberty. 5. He
held the observation of the sabbath to be an indifferent
thing ; maintaining, that in God's account all days were
alike. 6. He distinguished the church intp the degenerate
and regenerate ; and held, that Christ would conne and
reign a thousand years upon earth, and actually convert
both Jews, Gentiles, and Christians, to the truth. 7. He
maintained the eucharist to be nothing more than a b^rp
commemoration of Christ's death; and that, though th^
signs were nothing in themselves, yet Christ was received
therein spiritually by the worthy communicant. ^. He

440 labadie;.
taught, that the contemplative hfe was a state of grace and
of divine union in this world, the fullness of perfection,
and the summit of the Christian mountain, elevated to
that height, that it touched the clouds, and reached up
very near to heaven. 9. That a person whose heart was
perfectly content and calm, was alraost in possession of
God, discoursed farailiarly with him, and saw every thing
in him : that he took all things here below with indiffer
ence, beholding the world beneath hira, and whatever
passed therein ; its rautability not touching him ; all the
storms, to which the world is subject, forraing themselves
under his feet, just as rain and hail form themselves under
the tops of mountains, leaving upon tbe summit a constant
calm and quietude. 10. That this state was to be obtained
by an entire self-denial, mortification of tbe senses, and
their objects, and by the exercise of mental prayer.
It is evident that some of these opinions are not peculiar
to Labadie, and that others of them are rather wildly ex
pressed than erroneous in themselves; but it is equally
evident that they are inconsistent one with another, and
that in order to be a Labadist, a raan must be as great an
enthusiast as the founder hiraself. It was, however, owing
to this practice of spiritualit}-, accorapanied with an appa
rent severity of manners, that Labadie acquired a very
great authority in a little tirae. Those who charged him
with hypocrisy were looked on as worldlings, sold to the
present life ; while his followers were esteemed as so many
saints. Even mademoiselle Schurmaii, so famous in the
republic of letters,, was persuaded, that she chose the
better part, in putting herself under his directions ; she
became one of the most ardent chiefs of his sect, and had
the power to bring over to her way of thinking Elizabeth,
princess Palatine, who opened an asylum to all the wan
dering and fugitive disciples of that preacher, esteemed it
an honour to collect what she called the true church, and
declared her happiness in being delivered from a masked
Christianity, with which she had till then been deceived.
She extolled Labadie to the skies. He was the man, she
said, who talked to the heart, and it is this kind of talking,
which means no more than an influence on weak minds,
through the mediura of the passions, which has promoted
religious imposture in all ages.
The followers of Labadie, who were now distinguished
by the title of Labadists, became so numerous, and so

LABADIE. 441
many persons of each sex abandoned the reformed to close
with them, that the French church in the United Provinces
set themselves in earnest to stop the desertion, which was
daily increasing. But Labadie, perceiving their designs
against him, airaed to ward off the blow, by turning it
upon them. Mr. de Wolzogue, professor and minister of
the Walloon church at Utrecht, had lately published a
piece, several passages of which had given great offence
to the protestants *. Labadie therefore took this oppor
tunity to accuse him of heterodoxy, in the name of the
Walloon church at Middleburgh, to a synod which was
held at Naerden. But, upon hearing the matter, Wol--
zogue was unanimously declared orthodox, the church of
Middleburg censured, and Labadie condemned to make a
public confession before the synod, and in the presence of
Wolzogue, that he had been to blame in bringing the ac
cusation, by which he had done him an injury. This
judgment reaching the ears of Labadie, he resolved not to
hear it pronounced ; and, lest it should be signified to him,
he withdrew privately from Naerden ; and, returning to
Middleburgh, raised such a spirit against the synod in his
churs.h as even threatened no less than a formal schism.
Several synods endeavoured, by their decrees, to cut up
the mischief by the root ; but in sorae of these Labadie
refused to appear; he disputed the authority of others,
and appealed frora the definitive sentences which they
pronounced against him. At length coraraissaries were
nominated by the synod, to deterraine tbe affair at Mid
dleburgh, but they had no sooner arrived than the people
rose against thera, possessed themselves of the assembly-
house,°and locked the church-doors to keep thera out.
The magistrates supported Labadie, and the estates of the
province contented theraselves with proposing an accora-
modation ; which being haughtily rejected by Labadie, the
states were so provoked, that they confirraed the sentence
passed by the coraraissaries, by which he was forbidden
to preach, &c. And because Labadie exclairaed loudly
against being condemned without a hearing, the decision
of the synod to be held at Dort was sent to hira, sumraon-
• A piece came out in 1666, enti- versus Exercitatorem," &c. 1667; but
tied " Philosophia s. scripturaj inter- he was so unfortunate m some unguarded
pres.exercitatioparadoxa." This was expressions, as to be more mveighed
thought a pernicious book, and re- against than the book he endeavoured
futed by Vl^olzogue, in a piece, enti- to refute.
iled, " De Scripturarum Interprete ad-

442 LABADIE.
ing him to appear there. Labadie was deposed by this
synod, and cut off frora all hopes of mercy on any other
condition, except that of thorough repentance, of which
he never gave any proofs. On the contrary, he procured
a crowd of devotees to attend him to Middleburgh, where
they broke open the. church-doors ; which done, he
preached, and distributed the eucharist to such as fol
lowed him. The burgo-raasters, apprehensive of conse
quences, sent him an order to quit the town and the
boundaries of their jurisdiction. He obeyed the order,
and withdrew to Ter-Veer, a neighbouring town, where
he had some zealous partisans, araong the rich merchants
and traders, who had settled, and drawn a large share of
commerce thither. They received hira joyfully, and pro
cured him a protection from the magistrates. However,
tbe states of Zealand, being resolved to drive him from
this fort, made an order to expel him the province. The
magistrates of Ter-Veer took his part against the states,
alledging three reasons in his favour ; first, that he lived
peaceably in their town, and had done nothing worthy of
banishment; secondly, , that it was enough to interdict him
from preaching in public ; and lastly, that they had rea
son to apprehend danger from the populace, who would
not quietly be deprived of so edifying a person. Tbe
province was obliged to have recourse to the prince of
Orange, who was marquis of Ter-Veer ; and who ordered
Labadie to submit, forbidding at the sarae tirae any of the
inhabitants to harbour him.
In this exigence, he resuraed the attempt he had vainly
made before, of associating with madam Bourignon in
Noordstrand ; but not thinking him refined enough in the
mystic theology to become her colleague, nor supple
enough to be put in the number of her disciples, she rejected
his overtures; and pow he formed a little settlement be
twixt Utrecht and Amsterdam, where he set up a printing-
press, and published many of his works. Here the num
ber of bis followers increased, and would have grown very
large, had he not been betrayed by some deserters, who,
publishing the history of his private life, and manner of
teat hing, took care to inform the public of the familiari
ties he took with his female pupils, under pretence of unit
ing them more closely to God. From this retreat he sent
his apostles through the great towns in Holland, in order
to make proselytes, especially in the richest houses ; but.

L A B A JD I E.

443

not being able to secure any residence where he might be
set above the fear of want, he went to Erfart; and, bein.^
driven thence by the wars, was obliged to retire to Altena
m Holstein, where a violent colic carried him off, 1674
in his 64th year. JHe died in the arms of mademoiselle
Schurman, who, as a faithful companion, constantly at
tended him wherever he went. This is the most generally
received account of his death ; yet others tell us, that he
went to Wievaert, a lordship of Frizeland, belonging to the
house of Sommersdyck ; where four ladies, sisters of that
family, provided him a retreat, and formed a small church,
called " The Church of Jesus Christ retired from, the
World." His works are numerous, amounting to upwards
of thirty articles, but surely not worthy to be recorded '
LA BARRE. See BARRE.
LABAT (John Baptist), a celebrated traveller of the
order of St. Dominic, v^-as born in 1663 at Paris, and tauo-bt
philosophy at Nancy. In 1693, be went to America^in
quality of missionary ; and, at his return to France, in 1705,
was sent to Bologna, to give an account of his mission to a
chapter of the Dominicans. He continued several years
in Italy ; but, at length returning home, died at Paris Jan.
6, 1738. His principal works are, 1. " Nouveau Voyage
aux Isles de I'Am^iique," 6 vols. Svo, a very pleasant and
instructive work in many respects, but not always accurate
as to facts. 2. " Voyages en Espagne & en Italie," 8 vols.
12mo. 3, " Nouvelle Relation de I'Afrique Occidentale,"
5 vols. 12mo. As Labat was never in Africa, this work is
Compiled from the relation of others. He also published,
4. " Voyage du Chevalier des Merchais en Guint^e," 4
vols. 12mo. 5. " La Relation bistorique de I'Etbiopie
Occidentale," translated from the Latin of father Cavazzi,
a capuchin, 4 vols, in 12mo; and 6. " Les Memoires du
Chev. d'ArVieux," containing his travels to Constantinople,
Asia, &c. 6 vols. 12mo, in which he is entitled to the
credit of a very judicious editor.'
LABBE (Philip), a celebrated Jesuit, was born July
10, 1607, of a good faraily at Bourges. He taught ethics,
philosophy, and moral theology, with reputation, first at
Bourges, and afterwards at Paris, where he settied. His
memory was uncommon, and his learning very extensive ;
' Niceron, vols. XVIII. and XX.— Chaufepie.— Mosheim.— Gen. Diet, See
Index in vol. X. A Moreri.— Diet. Hi«k— Saxii OnoisasUcon.

444 LABBE.
and he was esteemed by the literati for araiable temper and
politeness, as well as for his writings. He died March 25,
1 667, at Paris. He was not much of an original writer,
the greatest part of his numerous works being compilations,
which cost hira little farther trouble than to collect and
arrange, which, however, he did with judgment. The
principal are, 1. " Nova Bibliotheca MSS. Librorum,"
1657, 2 vols. fol. containing many pieces which had never
been printed before. 2. " De Byzantinae Historiae Scrip
toribus," fol. in which is an account and catalogue of the
writers of the Byzantine History, in chronological order.
3. " Two Lives of Galen," taken fi-om his works, Svo.
4. " Bibliotheca Bibliothecarura," Geneva, 1686, 4to,
with the "Biblioth. nummaria," and an " Auctuariura,"
printed 1705. 5. " Concordia Chronologica," 5 vols. fol.
The 5th vol. is by Pere Bt-iet ; a learned work, but too
obscure, and of little use. He published also, several
pieces respecting the geographical history of France, and
the Greek language, vvhich are forgotten. 6. " Biblio
theca anti-Janseniana," 4to, a catalogue of writings against
Jansenius, and his defenders. 7. An edition of the " An
nals of Michael Glycas," in Greek and Latin, fol. 8. A
good edition of " Notitia dignitatura omnium imperii Ro-
mani,"_l651, 12mo, a necessary book for the history of
the Roman emperors. 9. An edition of Jonas bishop of
Orleans' works, " concerning the Instruction of a Christian
King," 12mo. 10. " De Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis dis
sertatio," 2 vols. Svo, in which is a dissertation against the
story of pope Joan. But the most known among Pere
Labbe's works, is his new " Collection of the Councils,"
1672, 17 vols. fol. with notes; to vvhich is added an 18th
vol. entitled " Apparatus alter," because the 17th is also
entitled " Apparatus." This Collection was finished by
Pere Gabriel Cossart, one of bis brethren, a better and
more judicious critic than himself, and is justly esteemed,
though it is deficient in several respects, and contains
many faults. Vigneul Marville saj's of P. Labbe, that he
was an honest man, accused of being a little piratical, and _
of robbing the learned, not through necessity, but for
amusement.' LABBE' or LABE (Louisa), surnamed the Beautiful
Ropemaker, was born about 1526, at Lyons. Her father's
' Chaufepie, — Niceron, vol. XXV, — L'Avocat,— Dibdin's Bibliomania, p. 53.

LABBE. 445
name was Chariy, called Labbe. She married Ennemond
Perrin, a rope-maker, who lived at Lyons, in the street
which still retains the name of Belle Cordiere ; and dying
1565, without children, left her all he had, only entailing
it on his nephews, James and Peter Perrin, which put a
stop to the disadvantageous reports which had been circu
lated respecting her chastity. She died in 1566. She
was the wonder of all the learned of her time, a mechanic's
wife, who understood Latin, Italian, and Spanish, and
vvrote verses in those three languages, being considered as
an extraordinary phenomenon. Her poems were printed
at Lyons, 1556, and at Rouen, 1610; but these have been
eclipsed in every thing but price, by the edition of Lyons,
1762, Svo.'
LABERIUS, an ancient Roman knight, who excelled
in writing Mimes, or little satirical productions for the
stage, died in 46 A. C. Though in his time men of
birth made no scruple to furnish entertainments of the
theatrical kind, yet it was highly disgraceful to repre
sent them in their own persons. Julius Caesar, however,
ordered Laberius to act one of his own Mimes ; and
though he raade all the opposition he could, yet Caesar
compelled hira. The prologue to the piece is still extant,
and Rollin thinks it one of the raost beautiful raorsels of
antiquity. Laberius bemoans himself for the necessity he
was under in a very affecting manner, but in the course of
the piece glances several strokes of satire at Caesar, which
were so well understood as to direct the eyes of the spec
tators upon him. Caesar, by way of revenge, gave the
preference to Publius Syrius, who was his rival upon the
same theatre ; yet, when the Mimes were over, presented
him with a ring, as if to re-establish him in his rank. The
very small fragments which reraain of Laberius, have
been often collected and printed with those of Ennius,
Lucilius, Publius Syrus, &c. The prologue above-men
tioned is preserved in Aulus Gellius, and there is a good
version of it in Beloe's ti-anslation of that author.^
LABOUREUR (John le), a French historian and an
tiquary, was born in 1623, at Montmorency, near Paris,
of which city his father was bailiff. He had scarcely at
tained his ISth year, when he became known to the lite
rary worid by his " Recueil de Tombeaux," or a collec-
' Gen. Dict.-^Dict. Hist, ^ Moreri.— Vossii Poet, Lat.

44/6 LABOUREUR. ,
tion of monuments of illustrious persons buried in tbe
charch of the Celestines at Paris, together with their
eloges, genealogies, arras, and mottoes. This work ap
peared in 1642, 4to; and although disclaimed by the au
thor on account of its imperfection, yet was so well received
by the public, that a second edition came out the following
year. In 1644 he was at court in quality of a gentleman
in waiting, when he vvas chosen to attend the marshal de
Guebriant, charged with conducting the princess Mary de
Gonzaga into Poland, in order to her marriage with La-
dislaus IV. Our author returned with the ambassadress
the following year, and printed in 1647, at his own ex-
pence, a relation of the journey, which was very enter
taining. Having taken orders in the church, he was made al
moner to the king, and collated to the priory of Juvign^.
In 1664, his majesty, out of his special favour, made him
commander of the order of St. Michael. He had many
years before begun a translation of the History of Charles
VI. written by a monk of St. Denys, and continued by
John le Fevre, called of St. Remy ; but though this trans
lation was finished in 1656, it was not published till 1663,
and then too came out v^ith a ver}' small part of those com
mentaries, which, according to his promise, were to have
filled two volumes. He had also published in 1656, tbe
history of the marshal of Guebriant, with the genealogy
of Budos, and some other houses in Britanny ; and gave
the public tbe memoirs of Michael de Castelnau, with se
veral genealogical histories, 1659, in 2 vols, folio, a scarce
and highly-valued edition. He continued to employ him
self in writing other pieces in the sarae way, some of which
were published after his death, which happened in 1675.
Le Long and others are of opinion that Laboureur had
some hand in the two last volumes of Sully's Memoirs.
He had a brother named Louis Le Laboureur, who was
baihff of Montmorency, and author of several pieces of
poetry. He died in 1679. These also had an uncle,
Claude Le Laboureur, provost of the abbey of L'isle Barbe,
,upon the Seine, near Lyons, who, in 1643, published
"Notes and Corrections upon the Breviary of Lyons ;" and
in 1665, 1681, and 1682, " LesMesures de L'Isle Barbe,''
i. e. an historical account of every thing relating to that
abbey ; but the little caution which he observed in speak
ing of the chapter of St. John at Lyons obliged him to re-

LABOUREUR. 447
?ign his provostship, and raised him an enemy in the per
son of Besian d'Arroy, a prebendary of the church, who,
in 1644, refuted his "Notes and Corrections," and his
" Measures" in 1668, in two publications, tbe first entitied
" L' Apologie de I'Eglise de Lyon ;" and the other, " His
toire del'Abbaie de l'isle Barbe." Dom. Claude published
" A Treatise of the Origin of Arms, against Menetrier,"
and " A genealogical History ofthe House of St. Colombe,"
which was printed in 1673.'
LACARRY (Giles), a French Jesuit, was born in 1605,
aTid became successively professor of polite literature, phi
losophy, and theology ; performed missions ; and went
through several departments of business in his society.
Among all his avocations, he found time to be the author
of several useful works relating to the history of his coun
try ; the most considerable of which are, 1. " Historia Gal-
liarum sub Praefectis Praetorii Galliarum," 1672, in 4to.
2. " Historia Coloniarura a Gallis in exteras Nationes mis-
sarum," 1677, in 4to. 3. " De Regibus Francise et Lege
Salica." 4. "Historia Romana," 1671, 4to. This in
cludes the period from Julius Caesar to Constantine, and is
supported and illustrated by medals and other monuments
of antiquity. 5. " Notitia Provinciarum Iraperii utriusque
cum Notis," 1675, 4to. He gave also good editions of
" Velleius Paterculus ;" and " Tacitus de Gerraania," with
learned notes, of which Dithraan availed himself in his edi
tion of 1726."
LACOMBE (James), a diligent French miscellaneous
historian, was born at Paris in 1724. Of his numerous
works, which have been all well received, the following
are the best : " Abreg6 chronologique de I'Histoire An
cienne," 1757, Svo. " De I'Histoire du Nord." " De
I'Histoire D'Espagne et de Portugal." " Dictionnaire
portatif des Beaux Arts," 1759, Svo. " Le Salon," 1753,
12mo. " Le Spectacle des Beaux Arts," 1757, 12mo.
" Revolutions de I'Empire de la Russie," 1760, 12mo.
"Histoire de Christine Reine de Suede," 1762, 12rao.
This is his best work, and has merit; but the English trans
lation ofit, published at London, 1766, is said to be pre
ferable to the original. The time of La Combe's death is
not mentioned.'
' Niceron, vol. XIV.— Moreri.- Saxii Onomast.
» Moreri.— Diet Hist— Saxii Onomast. ' D'C'- "'«•

448 LACOMBE.
LACOMBE de Prezel (Honoue), brother of the for
mer, born at Paris, 1725, was the author likewise of raany
dictionaries, in the taste of the times, which seems to be
the age among the French for subjecting all subjects to
alphabetical order. The period of his death is likewise
omitted in our authority. His most useful publications are,
" Dictionnaire du Citoyen," 1761, 2 vols. Svo. " Dic
tionnaire de Jurisprudence," 1763, 3 vols. Svo. " Les
Penses de Pope, avec sa vie," 1766, 12rao. " Dictionnaire
de Portraits et d'Anecdotes des Horaraes celebres," 2 vols.
Svo, &c. He is not to be confounded with another author
of the sarae tirae, name, and nation, who has left a very
useful dictionary of old French, 1765, 1 vol. Svo.'
LACTANTIUS (Firmian), or LUCIUS C^LIUS, or
CtECILIUS (Firmianus), an eminent father of the church,
was, as some say, an African, or, according to others, a
native of Fermo, a town in the marche of Ancona, whence
he is supposed to have taken his surname. Arnobius was
his preceptor. He studied rhetoric in Africa, and with so
great reputation, that Constantine the Roman eraperor
appointed hira preceptor to his son Crispus. This brought
him to court; but he was so far from giving into the plea
sures or corruptions incident to that station, that, amidst
very great opportunities of amassing riches, he lived so
poor as even frequently to want necessaries. He is ac
counted the most eloquent of all the ecclesiastical Latin
authors. He formed himself upon Cicero, and wrote in
such a pure, smooth, and natural, style, and so much in
the taste and manner of tbe Roraan orator, that he is ge
nerally distinguished by the title of " The Christian Ci
cero." We have several pieces of his, the principal of
which is his " Institutiones Divinae," in seven books, com
posed about tbe year 320, in defence of Christianity,
against all its opposers. Of this treatise he made an
abridgment, of which we have only a part, and added it
to another tract, " De Ira Divina." In 1777 the late sir
David Dalrymple lord Hailes, published with notes a cor
rect edition of the fifth book " De Justitia," Edin. 12mo.
Lactantius had before written a book " De Operibus Dei,"
in which he proves the creation of man, and the divine
providence. St. Jerome mentions other works of our au
thor, as " Two Books to jEsclepiades ;" " Eight Books of
I Diet. Hist

LACTANTIUS. 449
Letters ;" a book entitied " The Festin," composed before
he went to Nicomedia; a poem in hexameter verse, cour
taming a description of his journey thither; a treatise
entitled " The Grammarian ;" and another, " De Persecu-
tione." Concerning this last tract, there are various opi
nions. Dr. Lardner, after stating the evidence on both
sides, seems inclined to deny thait it vvas written by Lac
tantius. He allows, however, that it is a very valuable
vyork, containing a short account of the sufferings of Chris
tians under several of the Roraan eraperors, from the death
and resurrection of Christ to Dioclesian ; and then a par
ticular history of the persecution excited by that emperor,
with the causes and springs ofit; as well as the raiserable
deaths of its chief instrument,s. The learned judge above
mentioned, who published a translation of this work in
1782, Edin. 12mo, has also examined the opinions of those
who have treated of its authenticity, with far more acute
ness than Lardner, and concludes with Baluze, Mosheim,
and other eminent critics, that the treatise " De Morlibus
Persecutorum" was written by Lactantius. Lord Hailes's
preface is a master-piece of critical inquiry, nor are his
notes and illustrations, which occupy one half of the volume,
of less merit or utility.
Some works have unquestionably been erroneously at
tributed to Lactantius ; as the poem called " The Phoe
nix," which is the production of a pagan, and not of a
Christian. The poem " Upon Easter," indeed, appears
to have been written by a Christian, but one who lived
after the time of Lactantius; that "Of the Passion of
Christ" is not in his style. The " Arguments upon the
Metamorphoses of Ovid," and the " Notes upon the The-
baid of Statins," have for their true author Lactantius Pla-
cidius the grammarian.
The character of Lactantius as a Christian writer is, that
he refutes paganism with great strength of reasoning, but
treats divinity too much as a philosopher. He did not un
derstand thoroughly the nature ofthe Christian mysteries,
and has fallen into several errors. His works have gone
through a great number of editions, the first of which was
published at Rome, in 1468, fclio ; and the last, which is
the most ample, at Paris, 1748, in 2 vols. 4to.'
' Cave, vol. I.— Dupin.— Moslieim.— Lardnerls Works.— Saxii Onomast.
Vol. XIX. G g

450 LACY.
LACY (John), a draraatic writer, who flourished in the
reign of king Charies II. was born near Doncaster in York
shire, and was at first bred a dancing-raaster, but after-.
wards went into the army, having a lieutenant's commis
sion and warrant as quarter-master under colonel Charles
lord Gerrard. The charms of a military life, however, he
quitted to go upon the stage, in which profession, from
the advantages of a fine person, being well shaped, of a
good stature, and well proportioned, added to a sound cri
tical judgment, and a large share of comic humour, he ar
rived at so great a height of excellence, as to be univer
sally admired ; and in particular was so high in the esteem
of king Charles II. that his majesty had his picture painted
in three several characters, viz. Teague in the " Com
mittee," Scruple in the " Cheats," and Galliard in the
" Variety ;" which picture is still preserved at Windsor-
castle. His cast of acting was chiefly in comedy ; and his
writings are all of that kind, he being tbe author of the
four following coraedies : 1. " Dumb Lady," 1672, 4to.
2. "Sir Hercules Buffoon," 1684, 4to. 3. " Old Troop,"
1698, 4to. 4. "Sawney the Scot," 1698, 4to. The se
cond of these was not brought on the stage till three years
after the author's death, which happened on tbe 15th o-f
September, 1681.''
LACYDES, a celebrated Greek philosopher of Cyrene,
the disciple of Arcesilaus, and his successor in the aca
demy, devoted hiraself early to study, and, in spite of po
verty, became a very skilful philosopher, and very pleas
ing in his discourses, teaching in a garden which was given
him by Attains, king of Pergamus. This prince also in
vited hira to court, but Lacydes replied, that the portraits
of kings- should be viewed at a distance. In some things,
however, like the rest of his brethren, he descended from
philosophy to the littlenesses of coramon men. He bad a
goose who attended hira every where, and when she died
he buried her as magnificently as if she had been his son
or brother ; and his death, which happened in the year 2 1 2
B. C. is attributed to excess in drinking. Lacydes fol
lowed the doctrines of Arcesilaus, and affirraed that we
ought not to decide on any thing, but always suspend our
judgment. His servants frequently took advantage of this
maxim to rob him, and, when he complained of it, main-
• Biog. Dram,— Dodd's Ch, Hisk

LACYDES. 4S1
tained that he was mistaken ; nor could he, on his own
principles, make any reply ; but, growing weary at last of
being plundered, and they still urging that he ought to
suspend his judgment, he said to them, " Children, we
have one method of disputing in the schools, and another
of living in our families." >
LADVOCAT (John Baptist), an useful and agreeable
French writer, was born Jan. 3, 1709, at Vauxcouleurs, in
Champagne, where his father was a magistrate. He stu
died in his native place, but particulariy at Pont-a-mous-
son, where he was called " the prince of philosophers," an
academical title given to those who distinguished them
selves by their talents and application. Being intended
for the church, he was sent to the seminary of St. Louis in
Paris, where he remained five years. He afterwards took
the degree of bachelor of divinity, was adraitted of the
house of the Sorbonne in 1734, and of the society in 1736,
being then in his licentiateship ; but after finishing that
career with equal ardour and reputation, he was placed
in the second rank, among more than 140 competitors.
He tooka doctor's degree June 1738, and afterwards served
the curacy of Greux, and Dom-Remi, to vvhich he had
been nominated by his bishop. This prelate proposed to
Jiave M. Ladvocat near him, fix him inf his chapter, and
place his whole eonfidence in hira ; but the Sorbonne did
not give the bishop time to execute his plan ; for one of
their royal professorships becoming vacant by the resigna-
nation of M. Thierri, chancellor of the church and univer
sity of Paris, they hastened to appoint M. Ladvocat to it,
January 11, 1740. Our new professor was unable to con
tinue his lectures more than two years and a half, from a
disorder of his lungs, thought by the physicians to be in
curable, but of which he at length cured himself by con
sulting the best authors. In the mean tirae he wrote two
tracts, one " on the Proofs of religion," the other, " on
the Councils," both which are valued by catholics. In
October 1742, he resigned his chair to be librarian to the
Sorbonne, an office then vacant by the premature death of
the abbe Guedier de St. Aubin, and made use ofthe leisure
this situation afforded, to improve himself in the learned lan
guages, which he had never neglected in the midst of his
other studies. He was often consulted by Louis, duke of
I Diogenes Ltiertins,-Stanley's Hi.st. of Philosophy.-Gen, Dict.-Brucker.
n G 2

453 LADVOCAT.;
Orleans, first prince of the blood, who, atflong other things,
Vcished to become atxjuainted with the of igiwai language of
the holy scriptures. M. Ladvocat took advantage of his
situation with this prince to represent to him what great
and important benefits religion would derive from the
establishment of a professor who should explain the holy
scriptures according to the Hebrew text. M. the duke
iramediately 'comprehending all the good which would re
sult from this professorship, reahzed it in 1751, and chose
M. Ladvocat to fulfil its duties ; desiring that for that time
only, without any precedent being drawn from it in future,
the offices of librarian and professor, which till then had
been incompatible, might center in owe person. M. Lad
vocat was no sooner appointed to this professorship, than
he considered by what means he might procure scholars
to it ; in which he vvas again seconded by the pious liberality
of its august founder. T^e seminary of the Holy Family,
endowed by Anne of Austria, offered choice subjects ; the
duke assembled them, and revived that seminary by pay
ing the debts which bad been necessarily contracted in
repairing its buildings. The extinct, or suspended fel
lowships, rose to new-existence, and were no longer given
but to deservii'ig competitors ; an emulation for under
standing sxripture inspired the most indifferent, and all
the students in divinity hastened to receive lectures from
the Orleans professor. The example was followed by some
Other communities, and this school, which seemed at first
likely to be deserted, had the credit of training up many
men of great talents. M. Ladvocat died at Paris, Decem
ber 29, 1 765, by which event the house and society of the
Sorbonne lost one of its raost learned members, the faculty
cf theology one of its most ingenious doctors, and religion
¦one of its ablest defenders. There is scarce any kind of
knowledge which he had not pursued ; philosophy, mathe
matics, the learned languages, history, theology, the holy
scripture, all fixed his attention. Assiduous and deliberate
study had made the Greek and Latin fathers familiar to
him : no monument of ecclesiastical antiquity had escaped
his researches; but his peculiaf study vvas to find tbe true
sense ofthe sacred books ; and the theses which he caused
to be maintained on the Pentateuch, the Psalms, and the
Book of Job, at which the most distinguished among the
learned were present, prove the utility of his labours. A
genius lively and penetrating, uncommon and e-xtensive,

LADVOCAT. 45a
accurate and indefatigable ; a ready and retentive memory,
a delicate and enlightened feeling, a decided taste formed
frOK^ the best models of antiquity, a clear and impartial
judgment, a fertile, singular, and natural imagination, and
a conversation, which, without seeking for ornaments of
style, never failed to prove agreeable and interesting, cha
racterized the scholar in M. Ladvocat, and gained him the
regard and esteem of all with whom he had any intercourse
or connections. He was frequently consulted on the most
intricate and important points, by persons of the greatest
distinction in different departments, while his uniform con
duct, full of candour and simplicity, tender and compas
sionate, honest and virtuous, rendered him, though always
far from affluence, the resource of indigent men of letters,
and made him a kind relation, an excellent friend, beloved
by all who had any intercourse with him, and a most va
luable member of society in general. His works are, " A
Hebrew Grammar," 1758, Svo; "The Historical Dic
tionary," 4 vols. Svo, reprinted several times duriqg his
hfe; "Tractatus de Consiliis;" a " Dissertation on Psalm
67, Exurgat Deus;" "Lettres sur I'Autorite des Textgs
originaux de I'Ecriture Sainte;" " Jugemens surquelques
nouvelles Traductions de I'Ecriture Sainte, d'apres le Texte
Hebreu." The four last were published after his death.
M. Ladvocat assisted in the " Diet. Geographique," which
has appeared under the name of M. the abbe de Vosgiens,
the best edition of which is that of 1772, Svo. He had
planned several other works which he bad not time to
finish, but which were iropatientiy expected even in foreign
countries. '
LAER. See BAMBOCCIO.
LAET (John de), an author of the seventeenth century,
distinguished by his knowledge in history and geography,,
was born at Antwerp, and died there in 1640, leaving
some very useful works behind him : 1. " Novus Orbis,"
Leyden, 1633, folio. He translated it himself into French ;
and it was printed again at Leyden in 1640, in fpUo. 2.
" Historia Naturalis Brasifije," in folio, with cuts. S. " De
Regis Hispaniffi Regnis et Opibus," in Svo. 4. " Res-
publica Belgarura." 5. " Galha." 6. "Turcici Imperii
' Diet. Hist. In this article we have principally followed the account by
Ladvocat's successor in the last edition "f his '• Diet Hist.'' Many French
writers spoke disrespectfully of Ladvocat at the time of his death , but itu to be
remarked, that he was no friend to tlie Encyclopedists.

454 L A E T.
Status." 7. " Persici Imperii Status." The four last
works are part of the little books called " Respublicse,"
amounting to about forty volumes, printed by'Elzevir in
24to, and treat in a general way of the climate, produce,
religion, manners, civil and political governraent, of these
several states ; and have served at least as a good model for
future improveraents. A more considerable work eraployed
the last years of Laet's life ; an edition of " Vitruvius,"
which was printed also by Elzevir, 1649, in folio; accom
panied with the notes of learned men, and pieces of other
writers upon the same subject. Laet was engaged at one
tirae in a controversy with Grotius, which gave the latter,
according to Burigny, a good deal of uneasiness. The dis
pute was respecting the origin of the Americans, on which
subject Grotius wrote with less knowledge of it than
might have been expected. Laet printed his work with
notes in 1643, and showed that' his conjectures were ill-
founded, and that he had even advanced some facts which
were not strictly true. Grotius answered, in a piece written
without temper, entitled " Adversus obtrectatorem, opaca
quem bonum facit barba," but Laet's positions were not to
be refuted. '
L^TUS POMPONIUS. See POMPONIUS.
LAFITAU (Joseph Francis), a French writer, was born
at Bourdeaux, and having early entered the schools of the
Jesuits, became soon distinguished by a taste for history
and polite literature, and although he never arrived at the
wealth of his brother, the subject of the next article, he
was thought his superior in knowledge and judgment. He
made himself known in the literary world by a work entitled
" Les Mceurs des Sauvages, compar^es aux moeurs des
premiers siecles," Paris, 1723, 2 vols. 4to, and 4 vols. 12mo ;
and by his " Histoire des D^couvertes des Portugais dans
le Nouveau Monde," 1733, 2 vols. 4to, and 1734, 4 vols.
12mo. He wrote also " Remarques sur le Gin-Seng," Pa
ris, 1728, 12mo. The author had been sent as a missionary
to the Iroquois, and the account he gives of them is the
most accurate that we have ; his comparison between the
ancients and the Americans is also very ingenious, and
shews great knowledge of antiquity. One other publica
tion of his remains to be mentioned, " Histoire de Jean
1 Chaufepie,— Niceron, vol. XXXVIII, — Burigny's Life of Grotius, .

LAFITAU. 4SS
de Brienne, empereur de Constantinople," Paris, 1727
12mo. Ke died in 1755.' '
LAFITAU (Peter Francis), brother to the preceding
was born in 1685, at Bourdeaux. He entered among the
Jesuits early in life, and distinguished hiraself by his ta-
t"' j-^"*^ the pulpit ; but being sent to Rorae on account of
the disputes concerning the bull Unigenitus, Cleraent XL
was so pleased with his lively sallies, that he could not part
vyith him ; and Lafitau, taking advantage of the pope's par
tiality, quitted his order, and was appointed bishop of Sis-
teron. His diocese was not much edified by him at first,
but in the latter part of his Hfe, he is said to have been an
example to his clergy, and devoted himself wholly to epis
copal duties. Duclos, however, gives him a shocking cha
racter for immorality. He died April 5, 1764. His attach
ment to the bull Unigenitus, induced him to publish sorae
works written with more ease of style, than truth as to
facts, such as " Histoire de la Constitution Unigenitus," 2
vols. 12mo ; the " History of Clement XI. ;" and some vo
lumes of Sermons," and devotional tracts. °
LAGNY (Thomas Fantet de), an eminent mathema
tician, was born at Lyons in 1660. Being intended for
the bar, he was sent to study the law first at the college of
Lyons, and next at the university of Thoulouse ; but hav
ing accidentally met with Fournier's Euclid, and a treatise
on algebra, mathematics became his favourite science. In
1686 he came to Paris, was soon after appointed tutor to
the duke de Noailles, elected a member of the academy of
sciences, and was appointed by Louis XIV. royal hyclro-
grapher at Rochefort; but sixteen years afterward,s, be
was recalled to Paris, and made librarian to the king with
a considerable pension. He died April 11, 1734, and in
his last moments, when he no longer knew the persons
who surrounded his bed, one of them, through a foolish
curiosity, asked hira " What is the square of 12 .?" to which
he replied, as it were mechanically, 144. His works are,
1. " New Methods for the Extraction and Approximation
of Roots," 1692, 4to. 2. " Eleraents of Arithmetic and
Algebra," 1697, 12rao. 3. "On the Cubature of the
Sphere," 1702, 12mo. 4. "A general Analysis, or Me
thod of resolving Problems," published by Richer in 1733,
4to. 5. Several Papers in the Memoirs of the Academy.
I Diet Hist, ' it'd.

456 LAGRANGE.
Lagny excelled in arithmetic, algebra, and geometry, in
which he made many important discoveries.'
LAGOMARSINIUS. See MARSIGLIANO.
LAGRANGE (Joseph Louis), a very eminent mathe
matician and philosopher, was born at Turin, Nov. 25,
1736, where his father, who had been treasurer of war, was
in reduced circumstances. In his early days his taste was
more inclined to classical than mathematical studies, and
his attention to the latter is said to have been first incited
by a memoir that the celebrated Halley had composed for
the purpose of demonstrating the superiority of analysis.
From this time Lagrange devoted himself to his new study
with such acknowledged success, that at the age of sixteen
he becarae professor of mathematics in the royal school of
artillery at Turin. When he had discovered the talents of
his pupils, all of whom were older than hiraself, he selected
sorae as his more intiraate friends, and from this early as
sociation arose an important institution, the academy of
Turin, which published in 1759 a first volume under the
title of " Actes de la Soci^te Priv6e." It is there seen that
young Lagrange superintended the philosophical researches
of Cigna, the physician, and the labours of the chevalier
de Saluces. He furnished Foncenex With the analytical
part of his raeinoirs, leaving to him the task of developing
the reasoning upon which the formulae depended. In
these memoirs, which do not bear his name, may be ob
served that pure analytical style which characterizes his
greatest productions. He discovered a new theory of the
lever, which makes the third part of a memoir that had
much celebrity. The first two parts are in the same style,
and are known to be also by Lagrange, although he did
not positively acknovvledge them, and they were generally
Ascribed to Foncenex.
Lagrange, while giving up to his friend these anonymous
solutions, published at the same time under his own
name, theories which he promised to unfold and explain.
After havhig given new formulae of maxima and minima,
and aftei: having shown the insufficiency of the methods
already known, he announced that he would treat of this
subject, vVhich in other respects appeared interesting to him,
in a work that he was preparing, and in vvhich from the
same {irihciples would be deduced all the mechanical pro-
' Chaufepie. — Moreri, — Hutton's Diet.

LAGRANGE. 457
perties of bodies, whether solid or fluid. Thus at the
early age of twenty-three, he laid the foundation of those
great works which have attracted the admiration of the
learned. In the same volume he applied the theory of re
curring consequences and the doctrine of chances to the
differential calculus, which till his attempt was worked, by
indirect methods, but which he established on more gene
ral principles.
Newton had undertaken to reduce the motion of fluids
to calculation, and had made researches on the propagation
of sound. His principles Lagrange found insufficient, and
some of his suppositions inaccurate. This he demon
strated ; he founded his new researches on the known laws
of Dynamics; hy considering only the particles in air that
are in a right line, he reduced the problem to that of vi
brating chords, upon which the greatest geometricians had
differed. He showed that their calculations were insuffi
cient to decide the question. He therefore undertook a
general solution of it by an analysis as new as ingenious,
by which he reduced at the same time an indefinite num
ber of equations, ahd which included continued functions.
He established more firmly Bernouilli's theory of the
mingling of simple and regular vibrations, showed within
what limits this theory is accurate, and where it becoraes
erroneous. He then arrived at the construction given by
Euler, a true construction, though discovered without any
rigorous calculations. He also answered D'Alembert's ob
jections. Euler perceived the merit of the new method,
whjch he made an object of his profoundest meditations ;
but D'Alembert proposed numerous objections, which La
grange afterwards answered. Euler' s first notice of this
memoir washy making Lagrange a member of the Academy
of Berlin, which he announced to bim, Oct. 20, 175^, in
a letter handsomely acknowledging the merit of his dis
coveries. Euler's admiration of our young mathematician involves
the origin of Lagrange's discoveries, as he himself after
wards related. The first attempts to determine the max
ima and 'minima in all indefinite integral formulee were made
by means of a curve of the quickest descent, and by the
Isoperimeters of Bernouilli. Euler reduced thera to a
general method, which, however, had not that siraplicity
which is desirable in a work of pure analysis. Euler him
self thtiught so, but thought at tiie sarae time that it was

458 , LAGRANGE.
conformable to truth, and that by means of sound meta
physics it might be made extreniely evident ; but this task,
he said, he left to those who raade metaphysics their study.
While the metaphysicians took no notice of this appeal,
Lagrange's emulation was excited, and he soon discovered
the solution that Euler had despaired of, by analysis ; and
in giving an account of his process, he said that he con
sidered it not as a metaphysical principle, but as a neces
sary result of the laws of mechanisra, as a mere corollary
of a more general law, which he afterwards made the basis
of his celebrated work, entitled " Mecanique analytique."
We see also the germ of this work in the paper he wrote
when the Academy of sciences proposed as a prize ques
tion, the theory of the moon's libration, on which subject
he had an opportunity to apply the principles of his analy
tical discoveries. He wrote also an equally able memoir on
another prize subject by the sarae acaderay, the theory of
Jupiter's satellites; and as the subject was not exhausted
in this memoir, it was bis intention to return to it and en
large his researches, but his other more pressing engage
ments prevented him.
In the mean tirae, as the society of Turin was not quite
to bis taste, he had a strong desire to becorae personally
acquainted with those scientific men at Paris, with whom
he had correspondence ; and an opportunity offering, he
visited that city, and was kindly received by D'Alembert,
Clairaut, Condorcet, Fontaine, Nollet, &c. Soon after,
either from his well-known and well-earned fame, or in
consequence of the recommendation of his friends, he was,
in 1766, appointed director of the Berlin acaderay, for phy-
sico-matheniatical sciences. Here, as he was a foreigner,
he had sorae prejudices to overcome ; but by a diligent ap
plication to the duties of his office, and by steering clear
of all contests and parties, political or religious, he soon
gained universal esteera, and enriched the meraoirs of the
Academy of Berlin by a vast nuraber of highly interesting
papers, which, however, are but a part of what twenty
years enabled him to produce. He had among other things
published his " Mecanique analytique" at Paris, to which
city he again removed on the death of Frederic, which oc
casioned great changes in Prussia, some of which it was
supposed would affect the literary world. The successor
of Frederic indeed was reluctant to part with such an orna
ment to the academy, and granted leave of absence on

LAGRANGE. 459
condition that Lagrange should continue to contribute to
the Berlin meraoirs; and the volumes fbr 1792, 1793, and
180S, show that he was faithful to his engagement.
In 1787 Lagrange carae to Paris to take his seat in the
Academy of sciences, of which he had been a foreign mera
ber fifteen years ; and in order to give hira the right of
voting in all their deliberations, this title was changed into
that of veteran pensioner. When the revolution took place,
he lost his pension, which he did not so much regard as he
did the dangers which threatened literature andcivihzation.
When the new institutions were forraed, such a raan could
not be overlooked. He was first appointed professor of the
Normal school, but this was of short duration. In the Po
lytechnic school, however, he found an opportunity to re
turn to the cultivation of the science of analysis, and now
developed those ideas, the origin of which was contained
in two memoirs that he published in 1772, in order
to show the true metaphysics of the differential and in
tegral calculus. At that tirae he published his " Fonc-
tions analytiques," and " Legons sur le Calcule," which
passed through several editions. He also published about
the same time his " Trait^ de resolution numerique des
Equations," with notes on several points of the theory of
Algebraic equations. He also undertook a new edition of
his " Mecanique analytique," and laboured at it with all
the ardour of his best days; but so much appUcation
brought on weakness and faintings, and about the end of
March 18l3, a decay of nature was vbible, which termi
nated in his death on April 10.
Lagrange had naturally a good constitution, and by
temperance and a tranquil placid mind, his life vvas pro
longed to seventy-six years, almost the whole of vvhich
were devoted to scientific pursuits ; and so much were his
thouo-hts engaged on these, that in his intercourse with
society, he was more frequentiy meditating on some fa
vourite mathematical subject, than taking any share in
conversation. When he did, his manner was timid and
respectful, and he seemed to be soliciting rather than im
parting that information with which his raind was so araply
stored. As he had an aversion to have his portrait taken,
a sketch of him was taken bj^ stealth, frora which the,
bust was formed now in the library of the Institute. If
his fame might be supposed to rest on any selection from
his numerous works, we might instance his " Mecanique

460 LAGRANGE.
analytique," and " Fonctions analytiques," a,s unquestion
ably the most profound and important, " By means of his
successful labours," says his eulogist, " mathematical
science is at present like a great and beautiful palace, the
foundations of which be renewed, fixed the summit, and
in which it is irapossible to take a step without discovering,
with admiration, monuments of his genius."
Lagrange was, as, before noticed, one ofthe founders of
the academy of Turin ; director, during twenty years, of
the Berlin academy, foreign associate of the Academy of
Sciences of Paris, member of the Imperial Institute and of
the Board of Longitude ; senator and count of the empire,
grand officer of the legion of honour, and grand-cross of
the imperial order of re-union.'
LAGUERRE (Louis), a painter of histories on ceilings,
staircases, halls, &c. and an assistant and imitator of Ver-
rio, was born in France; and his father being raaster of
the menagerie at Versailles, he had Louis XIV. for his
godfather, and after him he vvas named. At first he was
intended for the church, and was placed in the Jesuits'
college for education ; but, having a hesitation in his
speech, and having exhibited some taste in drawing, the
king recommended to his parents to bring him up to the
profession of painting. He then studied iu the school of
Le Brun, and in the royal academy of Paris ; and made so
much progress, that, in 1683, at the age of twenty, he
came to England, and was immediately employed by Ver-
rio upon the large work at St. Bartholomew's hospital ; in
which he succeeded so well, that he soon obtained consij-
derable employraent on his own account, and executed a
great nuraber of ceilings, halls, and staircases, in the
houses of tbe principal nobility of the country, particularly
at lord Exeter's at Burleigh, at Devonshire house, Picca
dilly, Petworth, and Blenheira. King William gave him
lodgings at Hampton Court, where he painted the " La
bours of Hercules," and repaired the large pictures called
" The Triumphs of Csesar," by Andrea Mantegna, His
talents were not of a cast to demand very high respect, but
they were fully equal to the mode in which they were em
ployed, which requiring a certain portion of ingenuity, is
a certain waste of talents of a superior cla^. In a few
' From Delambre's elaborate Life of Lagrange, obligingly comrauBicated by
Dr. Kelly of Fiostiury-siiuare.

LAGUERRE. 46I
years, it is probable, his name will repose for perpetuity
on the records of history, and the unlucky satire of Pope,
"where sprawl the saints of Verrio and Laguerre.' He
died in 1721, and in a place very seldom disturbed by stich
an event, viz. in the theatre of Drury-lane. He had gone
there to see the " Island Princess" acted for the benefit of
his son, who was newly entered upon the stage as asino-er;
but, before the play began, he was seized by an apoplexy,
and carried away senseless.'
LAGUNA (Andrew), a physician, born at Segovia in
1499, was iiigh in the confidence of the emperor Charles
V. at whose court he passed a considerable part of his life.
He pubUshed "Annotations upon Dioscorides ;" and an
" Epitome of the Works of Galen," with a life of this
author ; and " A Treatise of Weights and Measures." He
was a respectable critic, and died in 1560.''
LAINEZ (Alexander), a French poet, was born in
1650, at Chimay, in Hainault, and was of the same faraily
with father Lainez, second general of the Jesuits, the sub'-
ject of our next article. He was educated at Rheims, where
his wit procured hira an acquaintance vvith the chief per
sons of the town, and an admittance amongst the best com
panies. At length he came to Paris, and attended the
chevalier Colbert, colonel of the regiment of Champagne,
to whora he read lectures upon Livy and Tacitus. Several
other officers of the army attended these lectures, making
their remarks, and proposing their difficulties, which pro
duced very agreeable and useful conversations. Having,
however, a rambling disposition, he quitted this society,
travelled into Greece, and visited the isles of the Archi
pelago, Constantinople, Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt,
Malta, and Sicily. Thence he made a tour through the
principal towns of Italy, and, returning through Switzer
land into France, arrived at Chimay, where he resided in
obscurity for two years, Until the abbe Faultrier, intendant
¦of Hainault, having received orders from the king to seize
some scandalous libels that were handed about upon the
frontier of Flanders, forced himself by violence into his
chamber, on suspicion of being one ofthe authors of these.
There he found Lainez wrapped up in an old morning-
gown, surrounded with a heap of papers, all in the gt-eatest
1 Walpole's Anecdotes.— Piminston and Strntt.-Sees's Cyclopadia.
2 Moreri.-^Dict, Hist— Saxii Onomau.

462 LAINEZ.
confusion. He accosted him as a guilt}' person, and seiz
ed his papers. Lainez answered with modesty, proved the
injustice of the suspicion ; and the examination of his
papers, which consisted of verses, and minutes of his tra
vels, added conviction to his arguments. The abb^ Faul
trier was much pleased to find him innocent; and, having
had this occasion of knowing his raerit, took him home
with him, furnished him with apparel, of which at this
time he stood very much in need, gave him lodging and
diet, and treated him as a friend. Four months after,
Lainez followed his benefactor to Paris, and lived with
hira at the arsenal ; but, in half a year's tirae, finding the
little restraint this laid hira under not at all agreeable to
bis spirit, he obtained leave to retire. This being granted,
he made an excursion to Holland, to visit Bayle; and then
crossed the water to England, whence, at last, he returned
to 'settle at Paris, where he passed his days betwixt study
and pleasure, especially that of the table. He was, ac
cording to Moreri, a great poet, a great classic, and a
great geographer, and, if possible, a still greater drinker.
Nobody exactly knew where he lodged. When he was
carried homeward in any friend's chariot, he always ordered
himself to be set down on the Pont-neuf, whence he went
on foot to his lodgings. His friends, who were very nume
rous, and among them several persons of distinguished
birth as well as merit, did not care where he lodged, if
they could often have the happiness of his company. His
conversation at once charmed and instructed thera. He
talked upon all kinds of subjects, and talked well upon all.
He was a perfect raaster of Latin, Italian, Spanish, and of
all the best authors in each of those languages. The
greatest part of the day he usually devoted to his studies,
and the rest was passed in pleasure. As one of his friends
expressed his surprize to see him in the king's library at
eight in the morning, after a repast of twelve hours the
preceding evening, Lainez answered him in this distich
extempore :
" Regnat nocte calix, volvufttur biblia mane.
Cum Phoebo Bacchus dividit imperium."
He died at Paris, April 18, 1710. Although he com
posed a great deal of poetry, we have little of it left, as
he satisfied hiraself with reciting his verses in company,
without communicating them upoii paper. The greatest

LAINEZ, 463
part of his pieces were made in company, over a bottle,
and extempore ; so that they are short, but sprightly, easy,
full of wit, and very ingenious. A collection of them was
published at the Hague in 1753, Svo. Alraost all his
papers came into the hands of Dr, Chambou, bis physician.'
LAINEZ (James), a Spaniard, and celebrated general
of the Jesuits, in vvhich office he succeeded St. Ignatius
1558, after having been one of his first disciples, appeared
vvith great distinction at the council of Trent and colloquy
of Poissy ; was much esteemed for his prudence, learning,
and piety ; refused the cardinal's hat, and died at Rome,
January 19, 1565, aged fifty-three, leaving some works in
Latin, on " Providence," " On the use of the Cup," and
"On Women's painting and dress," &c. FatherTheophilus
Raynaud attributes lo him also " The Declarations on the
Constitutions of the Jesuits ;" while others believe that
Lainez drew up the constitutions theraselves, alledging, in
support of this opinion, that they discover too ranch pene
tration, strength of genius, and refined policy, to have
been the work of St. Ignatius. In the first congregation
after that saint's death, Lainez cansad an absolute autho
rity to be granted him, with a perpetuity of the generai-
,.ship, and a right of having prisons; thus changing the
uprightness and siraplicity of the founder's maxims for a
system of human policy, vvhich guided all the undertakings
of the society, and led at length to its destruction.'
LAIRE (Francis Xavier), librarian to the cardinal Lo-
raenie, a meraber of various learned academies in France
and Italy, professor of bibliography, and member of the
Lyceum, was born in 1739, at Dole in Franche-comt^, of
reputable but poor parents, who, however, procured him
admission into the religious house of the Minims of his
native place. Here his easy access to the fine library of
the order, inspired and gratified an early predilection for
biblioo-raphicai researches, and laid the foundation of th-dt
general knowledge of Hterary history and antiquities, for
which he was afterwards so much distinguished, and which
he improved in the course of his travels in France, Italy,
and Greece. He died at Paris in 1801. His vvorks are,
1. " Memoires pour servir a I'Histoire Litteraire de quelques
grands hommes du 15 siecle, avec un Supplement aux An
nales Typographiques de Mattaire." This, of which we
1 Moreri  Diet, Hist ^ Moreri.— Diet. Hi,st.

464 LAIRE.
have only the French title, was published in Latin, at Na
ples hi 1776, 4to. 2. "Specimen Historicum Typographiae
Romanse XVsEeculi," Rome, 1778, Svo, This is the least
valued of his works. 3. " Epistola ad abbatera Ugolini,
&c." printed at Pavia, but in the title, Strasburgh. 4.
" De I'origine et des progres de I'lmprimerie en Franche-
Comte," with a catalogue of the works printed there ; Dole,
1784, 12mo. 5. " Serie dell' edizioni Aldine," written in
conjunction with the cardinal Lomenie, whose librarian he
was, as noticed above : of this there have been three edi
tions, at Pisa, 1790, at Padua, in the same year, and at
Venice in 1792, 12mo. 6. " Index librorum ab inventa
Typographia, ad annum 1500," Sen.s, 1791, 2 vols. Svo.
This is a catalogue of the books of the fifteenth century,
belonging to the library of the cardinal Loraenie, and is
our author's raost useful work. Laire also published some
papers on subjects of French antiquities, in the " Magazin
Encyclopedique." '
LAIRESSE (Gerard), an eminent Flemish painter, was
born at Liege, in 1640. His father, who was a tolerable
painter, put his son first to study tbe belles lettres, poetry,
and music, to the last of which Gerard dedicated a day in
every week : but at length taught him design, and made
him copj' the best pictures, particularly those of Bertholet
Flamael, a canon of that city. At the age of fifteen, Ge
rard began to paint portraits, and some historical pieces,
for the electors of Cologne and Brandenburgh, which con
tributed to make hira known, and gave him great reputa
tion. The ease, however, with which he got his money
tempted him to part with it as easily, and run into e.x-
pence. He was fond of dress, and making a figure in the
world ; he had also an ambition to please the ladies, and
fancied that the liveliness of his wit would compensate in
sorae degree for the deformity of his person. But one
of his mistresses, whom he had turned off, having out of
revenge wounded him dangerously with a knife, he aban
doned such promiscuous gallanti-3', and married. While
settled at Utrecht, and poor, he was seized with a con
tagious distemper; and, his wife lying-in at the same time,
he was reduced to offer a picture to sale for present sup
port, which, in three days' tirae, was bought byVyten-
burgh, a picture-merchant at Amsterdam, who engaged
¦ Diet Hist — Dibdin's £iblioiiiaoia.

LAIRESSE. 465-
him to go to that city. Accordingly Lairesse settled there 3
and his reputation rose to so high a pitch, that the Hol
landers esteem him the best history-painter of their coun
try, and commonly call him their second Raphael ; Hems-
kirk IS their first. Yet his style of painting was but a com
pound of those of Poussin and the old French school.
While he aimed at imitating the best Italian masters, he
never avoided those false airs of the head and limbs, which
seem rather taken from the stage than from nature ; so
that his works do not rise ta the level of true merit. At
length, borne down with infirraities, aggravated by the
loss of bis eye-sight, he finished his days at Amsterdam,
in 1711, at the age of seventy-one.
He had three sons, of whom two were painters and his
disciples. He had also three brothers, Ernest, James, and
John : Ernest and John painted aniraals, and James was a
flower-painter. He engraved a great deal in aqua-fortis.
His work consists of 266 plates, great and small, more
than the half of which are by his own hand ; the others are
engraved by Poole, Berge, Glauber, &c. Lairesse has
the credit of an excellent book upon the art, which has been
translated into English, and printed both in 4to and Svo,
at London, but it is thought that it consists only of obser
vations made by him, and published with the authority of
his name. '
LAKE (Arthur), a pious English prelate, brother to
sir Thomas Lake, knt. principal secretary of state to James
I. and son of Alraeric Lake or Du Lake, of Southampton,
was born in St. Michael's parish, and educated for some
time at the free-school in that town. He was afterwards
removed to Winchester school, and thence was elected pro
bationer fellow of New college, Oxford, of which he was
admitted perpetual fellow in 1389. In 1594 he took his
degrees in arts, and being ordained, was raade fellow of
Winchester college about 1600, and in 1603 master of the
hospital of St. Cross. In 1605 he took his degrees in di
vinity, and the same year was installed archdeacon of
Surrey. In 1608 hewas made dean of Worcester, and in
December 1616, consecrated bishop of Bath and Wells.
He was a man of great learning and extensive reading,
particularly in the fathers and schoolmen, then a common
study ; and as a preacher was greatly admired. Fulles:
> Argenville, vol. III.— Pilkington and Strutt— Sir J. Reynolds's Works.
Vol. XIX, H h

466 L A K E.
says he obtained his preferments " not so much by the
power of his brother (the secretary) as by his own desert,
as one whose piety may be justly exemplary to all of his
order. In all the places of honour and employment which
he enjoyed, he carried himself the same in mind and per
son, showing by his constancy, that his virtues were virtues
indeed ; in all kinds of which, whether natural, moral,
theological, personal, or paternal,' he was eminent, and
indeed one of the examples of his time. He always lived
as a single man, exeraplary in his life and conversation,
and very hospitable." Walton confirras this character ; be
says Dr. Lake was " a man whom I take myself bound in
justice to say, that he made the great trust committed to
him the chief care and whole business of his life. And
one testimony of this truth may be, that he sat usually with
his chancellor in his consistory, and at least advised, if not
assisted, in most sentences for the punishing of such of
fenders as deserved church censures. And it may be
noted, that after a sentence of penance was pronounced,
he did very rarely or never allow of any commutation for
the offence, but did usually see the sentence for penance
executed ; and then, as usually, preached a sermon of
mortification and repentance, and so apply them to the
offenders that then stood before him, as begot in them a
devout contrition, and at least resolutions to amend their
lives ; and having done that, he would take them, though
never so poor, to dinner with him, and use them friendly,
and dismiss them with his blessing and persuasions to a
virtuous life, and beg them for their own sakes to believe
him. And his humility and charit}', and all other Chris
tian excellencies, were all like this."
This worthy prelate died May 4,, 1626, and was buried
in the Cathedral of Wells. It does not appear that he
published any thing in his life-time ; but after his death.
Wood informs us, there were published several volumes of
his " Sermons ;" an " Exposition of the first Psalm ;" an
" Exposition of the fifty-first Psalm," and " Meditations,"
all of which vvere collected in one vol. fol. Lond. 1629,
with the title of " Sermons, with religious and divine Medi
tations," and a life and portrait of the author. Bishop
Lake was a considerable benefactor to the library of New
college, where he also endowed two lectureships, one for
the Hebrew language, and another for the mathematics.'
" Ath. Ox. to). I.— M'ogd'j Sist. of Oxford,— Walton's Lif« ef Bp. Sandersea.

L A L A N D E.

46f

LALANDE (James de), an able counsellor, and pro
fessor of law at Orleans, was born in that city Dec. 2,
1622. He discharged various important offices at Orieans
with the greatest credit, as to abilities, and with so much
integrity, as to be called the father of the people. His
learning also procured him the honour of being appointed
professor and dean of the university. He died at an ad
vanced age, Feb. 5, 1703, leaving several works, the prin
cipal of which are, 1. "Commentaire sur la Coutume
d Orieans," 1677, fol. an edition which is more valued
than the subsequent one of 1704, in 2 vols. fol. 2. "Trait6
de Ban et de I'Arriere Ban," 1674, 4to. '
LALANDE (Joseph Jerome Francis), a very cele
brated French astronomer, vvas born at Bourg, in the de-
partraent of I'Ain, July 11, 1732. His fathef, who was
possessed of property, intended him for the bar, and sent
him to Paris to study the law, to which, for some time, he
applied with so much assiduity, as to answer the most san
guine expectations of his friehds, when the sight of an
observatory awakened in him a propensity, which deranged
the projects of his parents, and became the ruling paSsion
of his life; He put himself under the instructions of Le
Monnier, one of the theh most celebrated astronomers of
France, and profited so much by the lessons of his able
instructor, as to afford hira the highest degree of satisfac
tion, who, on his part, conceived for the young man a
truly paternal affection, and was determined to promote
his interests. An opportunity soon offered ; the great
astronomer Lecaille was preparing to set out for the Cape
of Good Hope, in order to determine the parallax of the
moouj and its distance from the earth. To accomplish this
purpose, it was necessary be should be seconded by an
observer placed under the same meridian, and at the great
est distance that could be conveniently chosen on the
globe. Beriin was fixed on, and Le Monnier signified his
intention of undertaking the business himself, but the mo
ment when he appeared ready to depart, he had the credit
to get his pupil appointed in his stead. Frederic, to whom
Maupertuis had explained the delicacy and difficulty of the
enterprize, could not forbear shewing some astonishment
when the youthful astronomer was presented to him ;
" However," said he, " the Academy of Sciences has ap-
1 Moreri,— Diet. Hist. — Saxii Ononnntioon, -
n u 2

468 LALANDE.
pointed you, and you will justify their choice." From that
moment his age, being only eighteen, was an additional
recommendation ; he was admitted at court, welcomed by
the academy, and became intimate with the most distin
guished persons at Berhn. On his return, the account
which he gave of his mission procured hira free access to
the Acaderay of Sciences, and its transactions were en
riched every year by important comraunications from the
young astronomer. The active part which he took in the
labours of the academy, was not confined to the astronomi
cal science: we have frora his pen, a description of seven
arts, as different from each other, as they are remote from
the objects of his habitual meditations. He pubhshed the
French edition of Dr. Halley's tables, and the history of
the comet of 1759, and he furnished Clairault with im
mense calculations for the theory of that famous comet.
Being charged in 1760 with the compilation ofthe " Con-
noissance des Temps," he entirely changed the form of
that work, and of this collection he published thirty-tw©
volumes, viz. from 1775 to 1807.
In 1764, appeared the first edition of his " Trait^ Astro-
noraique," which he afterwards completed, and upon
*hich his chief claim to fame rests. Lalande was the first
who calculated the perturbations of Mars and Venus ; and
in the theory of Satellites, in which but little progress had
been made, he explained a motion which Bailli claimed as
his own discovery. A literary dispute arose out of this
circumstance, which, however, was conducted with every
regard to decency; ^nd the probable result, as seen by
disinterested spectators, was, that both bad been led to the
same discovery. He composed all the astronomical articles
for the " Encyclopaedia of Yverdun," those for the sup
plements to the " Encyclopedic de Paris," and those for
the " Encyclopedic Methodique," substituting for the ar
ticles furnished by d'Alembert, and which he had compiled
from the works of Le Monnier, such as were more com
plete and more modern, from his own observations and
improved theories.
To his written works he joined oral instructions during a
space of forty-six years; for from 1761 he had replaced
the first master, De Lisle, in the chair of astronoray, in
the college of France, and gave a new lustre to this curi
ous part of public instruction in a celebrated school, which
possessed the most distinguished professors of every kind,

LALANDE.

469

and vvhich enjoyed and merited the extraordinary privilege
o out-hving the tremendous storms of a revolutran, and
escaping the almost universal destruction which levelled
lili^T . u' ^' ^ professor, he taught with so much
anility that his school became a seminary of disciples who
peopled the difterent observatories of the worid. In the
midst ot his other labours he drew up his « Voyage d'ltalie,"
tne most complete collection of curious objects that travel
lers can consult; his "Trait6 des Canaux;" and his "Bib-
liographie Astronomique," which is an immense catalogue
ot all the works that have appeared on the subject of that
science. In 1793, Lalande published "Abrege de Navigation
historique, theorique, et practique," containing many va
luable rules and tables; and in 1802 he published a new
edition of Montucla's History of Matheraatics, in 4 vols. 4to,
the last two volumes being prepared from Montucla's pa
pers, with the assistance of La Place, La Croix, and other
French mathematicians. He published also this year a col
lection of tables of logarithms, sines, tangents, &c, adapted
to the pocket.
A,ssociated to almost all the distinguished scientific so
cieties in the world, he was their common bond of union
by the correspondences which he maintained; and he pro
moted a circulation of intelligence from one to another.
He employed the credit arising from the universal reputa
tion which he enjoyed, for the general benefit of the
sciences and their cultivators. To tbe extraordinary ar
dour and activity of his character, he joined a love for the
truth, which he carried to the borders of fanaticism. Every,
degree of concealment appeared to him unworthy of an
honest man ; and he therefore, without reserve, uttered his
sentiments on all occasions, and by the bluntness of his
manners, he sometiraes made hiraself eneraies, who not
only called in question his real merits, but who excited
against him a crowd of detractors, and because they could
not rival his high reputation, they attempted to blast his
well earned fame. He was not without his singularities
and failings, but they were trifling in comparison of his
commendable qualities, yet his long and iraportant services
were frequently forgotten in the recollection of trivial
failings. Lalande has been charged with profaneness and atheism ;
but, says the writer of his life whora we have followed, n*

470 LALANDE.
authority is produced to support such charges, which, if
true, ought to have been sanctioned by some sort of proof,
or by well ascertained facts. The facts, however, as given
in the " Biographic moderne," are these, that, " before
the Revolution, Lalande made a public profession of
Atheism : in 1793 he delivered a speech at the Pantheon,
with the red cap on his head, against the existence of God^
in 1805 he published a Supplement to the " Dictionary of
Atheists," by Silvain Mareschal, in which he endeavours
to prove there is no Deity ; and in support of his opinion
he cites not only the dead, but even living persons, one
of whom, Francis de Neufchateau, president of the senate,
strongly protested in the public prints against this charge."
In the same work, we are likewise told, that the emperor
(Bonaparte) on being informed of Lalande's conduct, en
joined him to publish nothing more with his name, in a
letter dated from the palace at Schoenbrunn, Jan. 18, 1806,
which was read at a general meeting of the Institute, all
the classes of which had been especially summoned. The
substance of this letter is, that M. Lalande, whose name
had hitherto been united with important labours in science,
had lately fallen into a state of childhood, which appeared
now in little articles unworthy of his name, &c. Lalande,
who was present, rose and said, " I will conform to the
orders of his majesty." These are surely facts of the most
decisive kind, and easily to be refuted, if they have no
foundation. The editors of the Diet. Hist, borrowing from
one of his eulogists, make a very poor defence, by saying
J,hat, "he'always manifested a benevolent disposition, and
approved hiraself a man of honour, probity, courage, full
of activity for all useful things, and of love and zeal in
behalf of his fellow creatures. To imitate the great bene
factor is the most worthy homage we can pay to the infinite
goodness ; the supreme intelligence which governs the
universe." He rendered, however, inestimable service to
science during his life, and consulted its interests after his
death, by founding an annual prize to the author of the
best astronomical raeraoir, or most curious observation. He
died April 4th, 1807, in the 75th year of his age.'
LALLEMANT (James Philip), a Jesuit, who died
1748, left a valuable " Paraphrase on the Psalms," 12mo,
' Rees's Cyclopaedia, from the eulogies of De-Lambre and Dupont — Diet.
Hist— .Biog. Moderne.

LALLEMANT. 471
and several other works : the principal are, " Le veritable
lisprit des Disciples de S. Augustin," 1705, and 1707,
* M P""°' "Lettre d'un Abbe k un Ev6que," &c. ;
Moral Reflexions, with notes on the New Testament,"
written with a design to rival those by P. Quesnel, 12 vols.
12mo. He speaks much of this Jesuit in his " Letters to
the Abba Margon." Lallemant was among the warmest
defenders of the bull Unigenitus.'
LALLOUETTE (Ambrose), a French ecclesiastic, was
born at Paris in 1653, became bachelor of the Sorbonne,
and chaplain of Notre Dame, and took possession of a
canonry of St. Oportune, 1721, but never enjoyed it
peaceably. He undertook missions in the provinces for
the re-union of the Protestants, and devoted himself with
success to the care of souls, and to preaching. He died
May 9, 1724, aged seventy-one. He was for some time
in the congregation of the oratory. His works are, 1.
" Trait6 de Controverse pour les nouveaux Reunis, sur la
Presence r6elle, sur la Communion sous une Esp6ce, et
sur les Traduct. Fr. de I'Ecriture," 1692, 12mo. 2. " Ex-
traits des S. S. Peres de I'Eglise, sur la Morale," in 4 parts,
16to. 3. " An Abridgment of the Life of Catherine An
toinette de Gondi," superior-general of Calvary, who died
1716, 12mo. 4. An Abridgment of the " Life of Car
dinal le Camus, bishop of Grenoble," 12mo. 5. "The
History and Abridgment of the pieces written for and
against Plays and Operas," 12mo; a curious work : and
6. " Pens^es sur les Spectacles," Orleans, 12mo, are also
attributed to him.°
LAMANON (Robert Paul), a member of the academy
of sciences at Paris, and member of the museum in the
same city, was born at Salon, in Provence, in 1752, of
an old and respectable family. He was destined for the
church, and sent to Pjtris to coraplete his theological stu
dies. He rose to the dignity of canon, but by the death
of his father and elder brother acquired property, which
enabled him to follow the bent of his inclination^, by de
voting himself to the physical sciences. He travelled
through Provence and Dauphin^, and scaled the Alps and
Pyrenees ; " at the sight of these vast natural laboratories,
the bent ofhis mind burst forth instantaneously; he climbed
to the summit of rocks, and explored the abyss of caverns,
1 Diet Hist « Niceron, vol. XXXIX.— Moreri.— Diet Hist,

472 LAMANON.
weighed the air, analysed specimens, and in this ardent
fancy, having attained the secrets of creation, he formed
a new system of the world." ¦ Upon his return home, he
applied with great ardour to the study of meteorology,
natural philosophy, and the other branches of the history
of nature. He spent three years at Paris, and gave to the
learned societies there many very valuable papers, parti?
cularly a memoir on the Cretans, a memoir on the theory
of the winds, and a treatise on the alteration in the course
of rivers, particularly the Rhone. He again visited Swit
zerland and Italy, going first to Turin, where he allied
himself to the learned of that country: after his return,
laden with the spoils of the countries which he traversed,
he employed himself in the arrangement of the interesting
fruits of his journey. It was at the time when Laraanon
was preparing for the press his great work on the '^Theory
pf the Earth," that the French government conceived the
vast project of completing the discoveries of captain Cook;
the Acaderay of sciences was entrusted ndth the care of
selecting men capable of rectifying the comraon notions of
the southern hemisphere, of improving hydrography, and
advancing the progress of natural history ; they invited,
at the recommendation of the illustrious Condorcet, La-
manon to share the danger, and to partake in the glory of
this great enterprize. He eagerly caught at the offer,
hastened to Paris, refused, in a conference with the mi
nister, the salary offered hira, and takuig a hasty leave of
his friends, departed for Brest. On the 1st of August,
1785, the armament set sail under the orders of La Pe-
rouse, an experienced commander : the commenceraent
of the voyage was highly prosperous. After sorae delays,
and having embraced every opportunity of making ob
servations, the vessels arrived at the island of Maouna,
one of the southern archipelago. Lamanon, eager to as
sure himself of the truth of the accounts of that country,
debarked with Langle, the second in command. Having
explore^ the place, and being upon the point of returning,
they were attacked by the natives ; a combat ensued, and
they, with several of the boat's crew, fell a sacrifice to the
fury of these barbarians. Thus perished Lamanon, a
young- man ardent in the pursuits of science, disinterested
in his principles, and a zealous advocate for the interests
of freedom. His eulogist, M. Ponce, said of him, " that
he seemed born to bring about a revolution in science;

LAMANON. 473
the depth of his ideas, the ejiergy of his character, the
sagacity of his mind, united to that lively curiosity that
can draw instruction out of every thing which he saw, and
which leaves nothing unexplored, would have led him to
the most valuable discoveries.'"
LAMBARDE (William), an eminent lawyer and anti
quary, the eldest son of John Lambarde, alderman of Lon
don, by Juliana his wife, daughter of William Home or
Heme, of London, was born Oct 18, 1536. Nothing is
recorded concerning the early part of his education, until
he entered upon the study of the law, and was admitted
into the society of Lincoln's-inn, Aug. 15, 1556. Here
he studied under Laurence Nowell (brother to the cele
brated dean of St. Paul's), a man famous for his knowledge
of antiquities and of the Saxon tongue. Lambarde pro
fited much by his instructions, considering an acquaintance
with the customs and jurisprudence of the Saxon times as
very useful in his profession. The first fruits of his studies
appeared in a collection and translation of the Saxon laws,
under the title of " Afxaiovojuia, sive de priscis Anglorum
legibus, libri," 1568, 4to, republished afterwards, with
Bede's " Ecclesiastical History," in 1644, by Abraham
Wheelock, who commends highly the elegance of Lam-
barde's interpretation.
In 1570 he appears to have resided at Westcombe, near
Greenwich, of the manor of which he was possessed, and
devoted a great share of his labours to the service of the
county of Kent, but without giving up his profession of
the law, or his connection with Lincoln's-inn, of which
society he was adraitted a bencher in 1578. He had
finished his " Perambulation of Kent" in 1570, which
after being inspected by archbishop Parker, and the lord
treasurer Burleigh, was published in 1576. From a letter
of his to his friend Thomas Wotton, esq. it appears that
his desiwn and researches extended much farther, and
that he had already collected materials for a general account
of Great Britain, of which this was but the specimen, and
that he was prevented frora proceeding in his plan by dis
covering that Camden was engaged in one sirailar. His
materials, however, were published from the original MS.
in 1730, 4to, under the titie of "Dictionarium Angliae
Topographicutn et Historicum." Camden, in praising his
1 Dr. Gleig's Supplement to thefincyclopsedia Brilaiinica,— Rees's Cyclopsdia.

474 L A M B A R D E.

<f

Perambulation," and acknowledging bis obligations te
it, calls the author " erainent for learning and piety;" by
the latter quality alluding probably to his founding an hos
pital for the poor at East-Greenwich, in Kent, said to
have been the first founded by a protestant. The queen
(Elizabeth) granted her letters patent for the foundation of
this hospital in 1574; and it was finished, and the poor ad
mitted into it in October, 1576. It was to be called " The
college of the poor of queen Elizabeth." An account of
its endowment and present state may be seen in our prin
cipal authority, and in Lysons's " Environs."
In 1579 Lambarde was appointed a justice of peace for
the county of Kent, an office which he not only performed
with great diligence and integrity, but endeavoured to ex
plain and illustrate for the benefit of other magistrates, in his
" Eirenarcha, or the Office of the Justices of Peace, in
four books," 1581, reprinted eleven times, the last itj
1619. Sir Williara Blackstone, in his Commentaries, re-
comraends this work to the perusal of students. He pub
lished also, " The Duties of Constables," &c. L582, Svo,
and reprinted six times. His character and writings had
now recommended him to the notice of some of the greatest
and most powerful people of the realm. In 1589 he had
a deputation from the lord treasurer for the composition
for alienations for fines, an office erected in the iSth year
of queen Elizabeth. In 1592 he was appointed a master
in chancery by sir John Puckering, lord keeper ; and in
1597 was appointed keeper of the rolls and house of the
rolls, in Chancery-lane, by sir Thomas Egerton, lord
keeper. At length, in 1 600, he vvas personally noticed by
the queen, who received him very graciously, and ap
pointed hira keeper of the records in the Tower. In con
sequence of this appointment, he had another interview
with her majesty, Aug. 4, 1601, and presented her with
an account of those records, vvhich he called his " Pan-
decta Rotulorura." In the mean time he had written,
though not published, another work, entitled " Archeion,
or a Discourse upon the high courts of justice in England."
It was not published until 1635, some years after his death,
by his grandson, Thoraas Lambarde. Of this work there
are two editions of the same date, but Mr. Bridgman gives
the preference to that with a preface signed T. L. which
he thinks the most correct. Mr. Lambarde died Aug. 1 9,
1601, at his house of Westcombe, and was buried in the

LAMBARDE. 475
parish church of Greenwich- A monuraent was placed
over him, which, upon the rebuilding of that church, was
removed to the parish church of Sevenoak, in Kent, where
IS now tne seat and burying-place of the family. He was
thrice married, but left issue only by his second wife. He
left many MSS. of which Mr. Nichols has given an account;
and appears to have been an accurate antiquary, and in
all respects a man of learning and distinction.'
LAMBECIUS (Peter), a very learned writer, was born
at Hamburgh April 13, 1628, the son of Heino Larabecius,
who had married a sister of the celebrated Lucas Holstein.
In his youth he afforded many proofs of diligence and ge
nius, and after studying for some time at Hamburgh, was
advised by his uncle Holstein, who also offered to defray
his expences, to pursue his studies in other seminaries.
With such encouragement he left Hamburgh in Dec. 1645,
and went by sea to Amsterdam, where for eight months he
studied the belles lettres, history, and geography, under
G.J. Vossius, and Caspar Barlaeus, to whom he had special
recommendations from his uncle, and under other eminent
teachers. It was here, too, where he first imbibed prin
ciples favourable to the Roman catholic religion, and it
has been very justly accounted a blot in his character that
he concealed his opinions for so many years, and held of
fices which he knew to be incompatible with them.
While at Amsterdam, by the advice of his uncle, he
learned the art of drawing geographical charts. He also
began to study jurisprudence, and after visiting Leyden,
and other principal cities in the Netherlands, arrived at
Paris in September 1646. Here he resided a year with
cardinal Barberini, who showed hira every kindness in con
sideration of his relationship to Holstein ; and partly by
his means, and Holstein's letters of recommendation, Lam-
becius was admitted into considerable familiarity, notwith
standing his youth, with many of the most learned men of
the time. Having obtained access to the libraries, he
availed himself of this opportunity to examine some manu
scripts of importance, and in consequence published his
" Prodromus lucubrationum criticorum in Auli Gellii
Noctes Atticas, una cum dissertatione de vita et nomine
A. Gellii," Paris, 1647, Svo. Gronovius reprinted this
¦ Life by Mr. Nichols, in the Bibl. Topog. Britan. No. XLIL-rBridgman't
Legal Bibliujrapby.

476 LAMBECIUS.
in his edition of Gellius, 1706, 4to. Lambecius also col
lected materials, while at Paris, for an edition of the anti
quities of Constantinople, which did not, however, appear
until 1655, when it was printed at Paris, under the title
" Syntagraa originum et antiquitatum Constantinopolita-
rura," &c. Gr. et Lat. fol.
In 1647 he went to Italy, still under the direction of
Holstein, whom he met there, but who had much reason
to be dissatisfied with his conduct towards hira, which was
not respectful. What other faults Lambecius may have
been guilty of, , are not clearly explained ; one at least,
we hope, was nqt true, that he disgusted his uncle by pro
posing to steal some manuscripts before he left Rome.
After remaining nearly two years at Rome, Lambecius re
turned to France, and went to Toulouse, where he studied
law for a year. He again went to Paris, resumed his ac
quaintance with his former literary friends, and consulted
the libraries for materials to enrich a history of the city of
Hamburgh, which he had undertaken ; but at the request
ofhis parents, he returned home in 1650. About a year
after, he was appointed professor -of history, and com
menced his office in January 1652, with an oration on the
connection of history with other sciences, " De historiarum
cura caeteris sapientiae et literarum studiis coiijunctione."
He was now only in his twenty-fourth year. During his
professorship, he took the degree pf doctor of laws in
France. In 1659, he was elected. rector of the college of
Hamburgh, and entered on the office in Jan. 1660, with an
oration on the origin of the college of Hamburgh. His
departure, however, frora Haraburgh was approaching;
for which various reasons have been assigned. It appears
from the evidence produced by Chaufepie, that his reli
gious principles began to be suspected ; and that he was
querulous and ambitious ; but what, in the opinion of some,
precipitated his retreat, was his marriage to an old maid,
rich, but avaricious, with whom he found it impossible to
live, when he found it irapossible to get possession of her
fortune. Perhaps all these causes might determine him
to leave Hamburgh, vvhich he did in April 16&2, and ar
rived at Vienna, where, being introduced by Miller, the
Jesuit, to the emperor Leopold, he presented to his ma
jesty, his " Prodroraus Historiae Literariae,'' which he
printed in 1659, and dedicated to Leopold, and his history
of Hamburgh. The eraperor received him very graciously,

LAMBECIUS. 477
and presented him with a gold chain and medal. In May
he left Vienna for Italy, and on his arrival at Venice, sent
to the senate of Hamburgh, a formal resignation of his
offices of rector and professor. From Venice he went to
Rome, and made public profession of the Roraan catholic
rehgion. Here he was received into the house of his for
mer patron cardinal Barberini, but was much chagrined to
find that his uncle Holstein, who died in 1661, ,had made
the cardinal his heir. In other respects he had no reason
to be dissatisfied with his reception at Rorae, being very
kindly treated by Gudius, Leo Allatius, queen Christina
of Sweden, the cardinals Azzolini and Chigi, and the pope
himself. At Florence his reception was equally flattering
on the part of Charles Dati, and Magliabecchi, who intro
duced him to Ferdinand II.
After these visits, he returned to Vienna Sept. 28, 1662,
and, as it would appear, without any eraployment or re
sources. While sitting pensive at his inn, and ignorant
which way to turn himself, he received a letter from Miller
the Jesuit, mentioned above, and who was confessor to the
emperor, requesting him to state in writing in what manner
he wished to be employed under his majesty. Lambecius
immediately returned for answer, that it had always been
his greatest desire to serve the emperor and the august
house of Austria, and that if his majesty would be so gra
cious as to admit him to court, he should endeavour to
prove the sincerity of his zeal, by placing the imperial
library in a better condition than it had ever been, by
writing the history of Germany in general, and of the
house of Austria in particular, and by continuing the his
tory of literature, of which he had already dedicated a
specimen to his majesty. In consequence of these offers,
the emperor appointed him his under-librarian and histo
riographer, and the same day (Nov. 27), the emperor spent
three hours in shewing Larabecius his collection of medals,
and made him a present of some of thera. Three monthis
afterwards, on the death of the head hbrarian, he was ap
pointed to succeed him, and the emperor gave him also
the title of counsellor, and bestowed, indeed, every mark
of esteem upon him, conversing with him in the most fa
miliar manner, and taking him as part of his suite in some
of his travels. During the ten years that he lived at
Vienna, he lodged with an advocate, who managed all his
domestic concerns, and in return he made him his heir

478 LAMBECIUS,
He died in the month of April 1680. Lafifibecius #as un
questionably one of the most learned men of his time ;
but his character, in other respects, as may be collected
from the preceding narrative, was not without considerable
blemishes. With respect to the imperial library, he cer
tainly performed what he undertook, and has laid the
learned world under great obligations by his vast cata
logue, published in S vols, folio, frora 1665 to 1679,
under the title of " Commentariorura de augustissiraa Bib
liotheca Caesarea Vindobonensi, libri octo." To these
must be added as a supplement, " Dan. de Nessel Breviarium
et supplementum comraentariorum BibL Caes. Vindobon."
Vienna, 1690, 2 vols, folio. A second edition of this work
was published at Vienna in 1766 — 82, in 8 vols, folio,
*' opera et studio Ad. Fr. Kollarii," to which must be
added " A. F. Kollarii ad Lambecii commentariorura libros
octo, Supplementum liber primus posthumus," Vienna,
1790, folio. In 1712 Reiraann published, at Hanover, an
abridgment of this catalogue in one volume, Svo, under the
title " Bibliotheca acromatica." A new edition of Lam*
becius's " Prodroraus- historiae litterariae," was published by
Fabricius, at Leipsic, 1710, folio.'
LAMBERT (Anne Therese, Marchioness de), an in
genious French lady, was daughter of a raaster of the ac
counts, and born at Paris in 1647. She lost her father at
three years old; and her mother re-married to the inge
nious Bachauraont, who took a singular pleasure in culti
vating the happy talents of his daughter-in-law. She was
married to Henry Lambert, marquis of S. Bris, in 1666,
and lost hira in 1686. After this, she had long and pain
ful law- suits, concerning her property, which being at
length decided in her favour, she settled in Paris, and
kept a house, to which it was thought an honour to be ad
mitted. All the polite among the lettered tribe resorted
thither, for the sake of conversation; for hers vvas almost
the only house that was free from the malady of gaming ;
and Fontenelle has taken notice, that the delinquents in
this way would frequently glance a stroke at madame de
Lambert's. This lady died in 1733, aged eighty-six ; hav
ing been the authoress of sorae very pleasing productions,
indicative of good sense and elegant manners, vvhich were
collected and printed in 2 vols. 12mo, and of which there
, > Chaufepie,— Niceron, rol. XXX.— .Dibdin's Bibliomaiiia.— .?axii Onontrail-,

LAMBERT. 479
IS an English translation. The principal are, l. « Avis
d une mere k son fils, & d'une mere k sa fille." 2. « Nou
velles Reflexions sur les femmes." 3. " Traitd de I'Ami-
u ¦ u" l*^"" '^'^^^'^'^^ "PO" friendship (says Voltaire) shews
that she deserved to have friends." 4. « Traite de la Veil-
lesse." These two last were published in English in 1780.
5. " La Femme Hermite ;" and several small pieces of
morality and literature. In 1808, a new edition of her
works appeared at Paris, with a collection of her letters,
of which our authority speaks with indifference.'
LAMBERT (Francis), a French monk, who became a
zealous protestant, was born at Avignon in 1487. At the
age of fifteen he entered himself among the Franciscan
friars, and continued in the coraraunity twenty years;
during which time he acquired celebrity as a preacher, and
was made general of the order. Much addicted to reading
and reflection, in the course of his investigations he saw
reason to renounce the doctrines of the catholic church,
and to adopt those of the reformation ; but on that account
found it necessary to go to Switzerland, where he arrived
in 1522. Here he became a popular preacher among the
protestants, and having continued sorae time at Basil, he
set out for Wittemberg to visit Luther, in 1523. With
that eminent reformer he grew into high esteem, and it
was deteripined he should go to Zurich, to assist in disse
minating the principles of the reformation through France ;
but this scheme was altered for sorae employment in the
university of Wittemberg, where he most probably conti
nued till 1526. In the following year he was appointed
divinity-professor at the university of Marpurg, and in
1530 he died, at the age of forty-three. He was author
of commentaries on almost all the parts of the Old and
New Testament, and of many theological and controver-^
sial pieces."
LAMBERT (George), was an English artist, who ob
tained celebrity upon the revival of painting in this coun
try. His taste led him to admire and to imitate the style
of Gaspar Poussin in landscape ; and he has produced
several works of considerable merit ; which, if they have
not the brilliancy and force of Gaspar, are rich, and abound
with beauties of a gentler kind. He also painted scenes
from common nature ; and at the Foundling hospital miy
' Chaufepie.— Moreri.— Diet. Hi»t. • Chaufepie.— Niceron, vol. XXxlX,

480 LAMBERT.
be seen one he presented to that institution, which is de
serving of very great praise. He was engaged to paint
scenes for the play-houses, for which his pencil was pecu
liarly quahfied, and, in concert with Scott, painted six
large pictures of their settlements for the East India Com
pany, which are placed at their house in Leadenhall-street.
He died in 1765. Mr. Edwards gives some anecdotes of
this artist; and, among others, relates that he was the
founder of the celebrated " Beef-steak-club" in Covent-
garden. '
LAMBERT (John Henry), an eminent mathematician
and astronomer, was born at Muhlhausen, in the Sundgaw,
a town in alliance with the Swiss cantons, Aug. 29th, 1728.
His father was a poor tradesman, who, intending to bring
him up to his own business, sent him to a public school,
where he was taught the rudiments of learning, at the ex-
pence of the corporation, till he was twelve years old.
Here he distinguished himself among his school-fellows,
and some attempts were made to provide him with the
means of studying theology as a profession, but for want of
encouragement, he was under the necessity of learning his
father's trade. In this laborious occupation, however, he
continued to devote a considerable part of the night to the
prosecution of his studies; and to furnish himself with
candles, he sold for half-pence or farthings sraall drawings
which he delineated while employed in rocking his infant
sister in a cradle. He met with an old book on the mathe
matics which gave him inexpressible pleasure, and which
proved that he had a genius for scientific pursuits. Seeing
the turn which the young man had for knowledge, several
learned raen afforded hira assistance and advice ; and they
had the pleasure of finding him improve, under their pa
tronage, with a rapidity beyond their most sanguine ex
pectations. He was now taken from the drudgery of the
shop-board, and M. Iselin, of Basil, engaged him as his
amanuensis, a situation which afforded him an opportunity
of making further progress in the belles-lettres, as well as
philosophy and raathematics. In 1748, his patron recom
mended him to baron Sails, president of the Swiss con
federacy, to become tutor to his children, in which office
he gladly engaged. His talents as a philosopher and
' Walpole's Anecdotes.— Slrutl's Diet— Edwards's Supplement to Walpole- —
Raes's Cyclopadia.

LAMBERT. 481
mechanician began to display themselves in his inventions
and compositions. After living eight years at Coire, he
repaired, in 1756, with his pupils, to the university of
Gottingen, where he was nominated a corresponding mem
ber of the scientific society' in that place, and from thence
he removed, in the following year, to Utrecht, where he
continued twelve months. In 1758, he went with hie
pupils to Paris, where he acquired the esteem and friend
ship of D'Alembert and Messier ; and from thence he tra
velled to Marseilles, and formed the plan of his work
« On Perspective," which he published in the following
year at Zurich. In 1760 he published his "Photometry,"
a master-piece of sagacity, which contains a vast quantity
of information of the most curious and important nature.
In the same year he was elected a member of the Electoral
Bavarian Scientific Society. Lambert was author of many
other pieces besides those which have been already men
tioned : among these were his " Letters on the Construc
tion of the Universe," which were afterwards digested,
translated, and published under tbe titie of " The System
of the World." In 1764 he made an excursion to Ber
lin, and was introduced to Frederic IL, who, sensible of
his great services to science, gave directions to have him
admitted a regular meraber of the acaderay ; this appoint
ment enaibled him to devote himself wholly to the pursuit
of his favourite studies. He enriched the transactions of
several learned societies with his papers and treatises, sorae
of which he published separately. He died Sept. 25th,
1777, when he was in the 50th year of his age. Most of
his raathematical pieces were published in a collective form
by himself in three volumes, in which almost every branch
of mathematical science has been enriched with additions
and improvements. '
LAMBIN (Denys), a learned Frenchman, and npted
comraentator upon the classics, was born in 1516 at Mon-
trevil in Picardy. Applying himself with indefatigable in
dustry to polite literature, he made an ' extraordinary pro
gress, especially in the critical knowledge of the classic
authors. After sorae time he was taken into the retinue of
cardinal Francis de Tournon, whom he attended into Italy,
where he continued several years. On his return to Paris,
' Rees's Cyelopcedia, from his Eulogy prefixed to the " System ofthe World,"
IgOO. — Philosophical Magazine, a longer account, vol. XVIH.
Vol. XIX. I i

482 LAMBIN.
he was made king's professor of the belles lettres, which
he had taught before at Amiens. He pubhshed commen
taries upon PJaUtus, Lucretius^ Cicero, and Horace; he,
translated, into Latin, Aristotle's raorals and politics, and
several pieces of Deraosthenes and .(Eschines. He died^
in 1572, of grief, for the loss of his friend Peter Raraus,
who perished in the massacre of the protestants on the in
famous vespers ot St. Bartholomew. Lambin was not with
out apprehensions of suffering the sarae fate, notwithstand
ing he was otherwise a good catholic. He was raarried to
a gentlewoman of the Ursin faraily, by whom he had a'
son, who survived him, and published some of his posthu
mous works.
The character of his genius is seen in his writings, by
which he acquired the reputation of a man of great learn-
mg and critical sagacity, although some have complained
that the prodigious heap of various readings, with which
he loaded his commentaries, render them very tedious.
His Horace, however, is very highly esteemed, and his
Cicero has lately been justly applauded and defended
against Gruter, by Beck. Nor is his Plautus less esteemed ;
in his Lucretius only he is thought prolix and conjectural.
Of these classics, the best editions are, of the Horace, that
of Venice 1566, 2 vols. 4to; of the Cicero, that of Paris,
1566, 2 vols, fol.; of the Plautus, Paris, 1577; and of tbe
Lucretius, Paris, 1 563, 4to. He published also an excel
lent edition of Cornelius Nepos, at Paris, 1569, 4to. His
other works are: " De Utilitate Linguae Graecas & recta
Graecorum Latine interpretandorum Ratione." " Oratio
de Rationis Principatu & recta Institutione." " Oratio
habita pridie quam Lib. tert. Aristotelis de Republica ex-
plicaret." " De Philosophia cum Arte dicendi conjun-
genda Oratio." " Annotationes in Alcinoum de Doctrina
Platonis." " Vita Ciceronis ex ejus Operibus collecta."
" Epistolx praefatorias." " Epistolae familiares." " Aris
totelis Politica & Libri de Moribus, Lambino Interprete."
" Adversarije Deraosthenis & .^schinis Orationes in Lin-
guara Latinara translate," &c. '
LAMI, or LAMY (Bernard), a learned priest of the
Oratory, was born at Mans in 1640; and educated among
the religious of the congregation of the oratory at Paris,
aivd at Saumuc From 1661 to 1667, he taught the classics
M.prei-i. — Saxii Oooraast — Dibdin's Classics.

L A M L 483
and the belles lettres, and in the latter of these years he
was ordained priest. He taught philosophy at Saumur and
at Angers, till 1676, when he was deprived of his profes
sorship for being a Cartesian, and his enemies having ob
tained a lettre de cachet against him, he was banished to
Grenoble, where cardinal le Camus had established a se
minary, for the education of ecclesiastics, and having a
great esteem for Lami, appointed him professor of divinity.
He died January 29, 1715, at Ronen. He left many va
luable vvorks: the principal are, " Les Elemens de G6o-
m^trie, et de Matheraatiques," 2 vols. 12mo ; " Un Trait6
de Perspective," 1700, Svo; " Entretiens sur les Sci
ences, et sur la Methode d'Etudier," 1706, 12rao; an
introduction to the Holy Scriptures, entitled " Appa
ratus Biblicus," 4to. The abbe de Bellegarde has
translated it under the titie of " Apparat de la Bible,"
Svo, and there is an Enghsh translation, by Bundy, in
4to, with fine plates, Lond. 1723, 4to. He published
also a valuable work, the labour of thirty years, entitled,
" De Tabernaculo foederis, de Sancta Civitate Jerusalera,
et de Templo ejus," folio ; " Demonstration, ou Preuves
evidentes de la Verite et Saiiitet^ de la Morale Chr^tienne,"
1706 to 1711, 5 vols. 12 mo. He wrote also several works
concerning the time in which our Saviour kept the pass-
over, &c. the largest of which is his " Harraonia sive Con
cordia Evangehi," &c. Lyons, 1699, 2 vols. 4to ; with a
Commentary, and a Geographical and Chronological Dis
sertation. He asserts in this work, that John the Baptist
was imprisoned twice; that Christ did not eat the paschal
lamb, nor celebrate the passover at his last supper; and
that Mary Magdalen, and Mary the sister of Lazarus, were
the same person ; which three opinions involved him in a
lon'o- series of disputes with many among the learned.
Pere Lami also left "A System of Rhetoric," 1715, 12rao;
" Reflexions sur I' Art Poetique," 12mo; " Trait6 de
M6chanique, de I'Equilibre," 1687, 12mo, &c. It vvas
Lami's practice to travel on foot, and he composed his
Eleraents of Geometry and Mathematics in a journey from
Grenoble to Paris, as cardinal Quirini assures us in his
Memoirs. ' , , j r> j- t:„„
LAMI (Dom. Francis), a pious and learned Benedictine
pf the congregation of ,St. Maur, was born m 1636 of a
' Moreri,-Dupin— Diet, Hist,-Saxii Onomasticon.
1 I 2

484 LAM L
noble faraily at a village called Montyreau, in the diocese
of Chartres. He went first into the array, but entered the
Benedictine order, 1659, and applied so closely to his
studies, that he became an able philosopher, a judicious
divine, and one of the best writers of his time. He died
April 4, 1711, at St. Denis. His works are numerous, and
piuch esteemed in France. They are, 1. " Traitd de la
connoissance de soi-merae," 1700, 6 vols. 12mo; 2. " De
la V6rite evidente de la Religion Chretienne ;" 3. " Nouvel
Atheisme renvers6," against Spinoza, 12mo, and in the
refutations of Spinoza, collected by the abbe Lenglet,
Brussels, 1731, 12mo; 4. " L'Incr6dule araene a la Reli
gion par la Raison ;" 5. " Letters, theological and raoral;"
6. " Lettres Philosophiques sur divers sujets;" 7. " Con
jectures Physiques sur divers effets du Tonnerre," 1689,
with an addition published the same year ; this little tract
is very curious ; S. " De la connoissance et de I'amour de
Dieu ;" 9. " La Rhetorique de College, trahie par son
Apologiste," against the famous Gibert, professor of rhe
toric in the Mazarine college ; 10. " Les Geraissemens de
I'Ame sous la Tyrannic du Corps;" 11, " Les premiers
Elemens, ou entree aux connoissances solides," to which
is added an essay on logic in forra of dialogues : each of
these works is in one vol. 12rao; 12. "A Letter to Malle-
branche on disinterested love," with some other Letters
on philosophical subjects, 1699, Svo; 13. " A Refutation
of M. Nicole's system of universal grace," &c. &c. His
style in all these is generally polished and correct.'
LAMI (John), an Italian ecclesiastic, and able philolo
gist, was born at Santa-croce, between Pisa and Florence,
Feb. 6, 1697. His father, Benedict Lami, a learned phy
sician, died when he was an infant, but this loss was in a
great measure supplied by the care which his mother took
of his education. After learning with great facility the
elements of Greek, Latin, history, and geography, he was
placed at the college of Prato, where he studied so hard as
to injui-e his health. Having recovered this in some degree,
he pursued his studies at Pisa, and with such success that
in 1718 he was unanimously appointed vice-rector. He
was afterwards appointed chaplain to the grand duke of
Tuscany, professor of ecclesiastical history in the univer*
,.«ty of Florence, and keeper of the Ricardi library. He
' Ni.-cion, Yol, in — Moreri. — Diet Hist.

L A M L 485
died at Florence, Feb. 6, 1770. He was not more re-
niarkable for learning than for wit. One day at Florence,
shewing some Swedish gentiemen the ancient palace ofthe
dukes of Medicis, "There," said he, " behold the cradle
01 literature ; ' then, turning to the college ofthe Jesuits,
and there behold its tomb." The Jesuits he neither loved
nor flattered, and was often engaged in controversies with
them. His principal works are, l. " De recta patrura Ni-
cenorum fide Dissertatio," Venice, 1730, reprinted with
additions at Florence, 1770, 4to. 2. " De recta Christia-
norum in eo quod mysteriura divins Trinitatis adtinet sen^
tentia libri sex," Florence, 1733, 4to. 3. " De eruditione
Apostolorum liber singnlaris," Florence, 1738. A very
much enlarged edition of this curious work on the anti
quities of the primitive church, was printed in 1766, 4to.
4. " Dehciae eruditorum, seu veterum anecdoton opuscu-
lorum collectanea," Florence, a miscellany published from
1736 to 1769, forming IS vols. Svo, in which are many
essays from his own pen. 5. " Meursii opera," Florence,
12 vols, folio. 6. An edition of " Anacreon,'? Florence,
1742, 12mo. 7. " Memorabilia Italorura eruditione prae-
stantium, quibus vertens saeculum gloriatur," ibid. 1742 — ^
1748, 2 vols. 8. " Dialogi d'Aniceto Nemesio," 1742:
this was written in defence of his work on the antiquities of
the priraitive church, in which some ofhis opponents dis
covered a tendency towards Socinianism. 9. " Sanctce ec
clesiae Florentinse monuraenta," Florence, 175S, 3 vols.
fol. 10. " Lezioni d'antichita Toscane, e specialmente
dellacitta di Firenze," ibid. 1766, 2 vols. 4to. '
LAMOIGNON (William de), raarquis de Baville, &c.
first president of the parliament of Paris, and one of the
most erainent magistrates of his age, was born October
20, 1617, at Pans, of a noble and ancient family, which
has produced many persons of merit. He was son of Chris
tian de Lamoignon, president of the parliament at Paris,
seigneur de Baville, &c. and admitted counsellor to the
same parliament 1635, master of the requests 1644, and
first president 1658. His prudence, amiable temper, affa
bility, talents for public affairs, and love of learning and
learned men, gained him universal esteem. The extent
of his genius, and his great eloquence, were admired in
his " Remonstrances," and the harangues which be deli-

' Fabroni Vit» Italoruna.

486 LAMOIGNON.
vered at the head of the parliaraent. Nor were his abi
lities less conspicuous in the verbal process of the ordi
nances of April 1667, and August 1670, nor in his "Re
solutions," which we have on several important points of
the French law, 1702, 4to. He died December 10, 1677,
aged sixty, regretted by all persons of worth. M. Flechier
spoke his funeral oration, and Boileau justly mentions him
with the highest encomiums. '
LAMOIGNON (Christian Francis de), eldest son of
tbe preceding, was born at Paris in 1644, carefully edu
cated by his father, and at a proper age placed in the Je
suits' college, under the particular tuition of the cele
brated father Rapin, whose favourite disciple he was.
Having finished his studies, he travelled through different
countries, and in 1666 vvas admitted a counsellor of par
liaraent. In 1674 he was appointed to tbe office of advo
cate general, which he held during the space of twenty-
five years, with the highest and most unblemished reputa
tion, distinguished as much for his eloquence, as by his
zeal for justice and the public good. In 1690 the king
nominated him to a post of more ease, and better adapted
to his health, but his love of employment retained him
several years longer at the bar, till at length, being urged
as well by his own feelings, as the representations of his
family and friends, he sought for an honourable repose.
He then indulged in the love of letters, and, in 1704, was
admitted a member of the academy of inscriptions, of which
he was soon appointed the president. In this station he
displayed as ranch talent and readiness in discussing a li
terary question as he had formerly done a point of juris
prudence. He died in 1709. Many ofhis speeches were
pubhshed, but the only work which he sent to the press
was " A Letter on the Death of father Bourdaloue." He
was father to the chancellor Laraoignon, and grandfather
to Laraoignon-Malesherbes, of whom an account will be
given hereafter. °
LAMOTTE HOUDART. See MOTTE.
LAMOTTE (John), the son of Francis Lamotte, a na
tive of Ypres, in Flanders, fled thence into England from
the pei-secution of the duke of Alva, and settled at Col
chester, vvhere he had a principal hand in establishing the
' Perrault des hommes illusl;res. — Moreri. — Diet Hist.
3 Moreri. — Diet Hist

LAMOTTE. 487
Wauufacture of " sayes and bayes." He afterwards became
a wealthy merchant of London, and was chosen alderman
of the city. None of his conteraporaries maintained a
fairer character, or had a more extensive credit. His piety
was exemplary ; and his charitie-i, in his life-time, almo,st
without exa pie, extending to the distressed protestants
in foreign parts, as well as to multitudes of miserable ob
jects in the three kingdoms. He died much lamented,
July 13, 1655. He was grandfather to the facetious Dr.
William King. '
LAMOTTE (William), an eminent French surgeon
and accoucheur, was of Valogne, in Norraandy. He stu-
died his profession at Paris, where he attended the prac
tice of the celebrated hospital, I'Hotel-Dieu, during five
years. He was distinguished particularly by his skill and
success as an accoucheur, not only at his native town, but
throughout the neighbouring country, during a long pe
riod. No dates are given of his birth or death, but he is
said to have left three sons, two of whora were physicians,
and the third succeeded him in his own departraent. His
first publication, entitied " Trait6 des accoucheraens na-
tureK, non naturels, et centre nature," was first published
iu 1715. It went through raany editions, and was trans
lated into several languages ; and was generally deemed
tbe best treatise of the time, after that of Mauriceau,
which Lamotte censured. It contained an account of-fOur
hundred cases, with judicious practical reflections, there-
suit of thirty years' practice. His next publication was a
" Dissertation sur la Generation, et sur la Superi6tation ; '
containing also an answer to a book entitied " De 1 Inde-
cence aux Hommes d'accoucher les Femmes, et sur 1 Ob
ligations aux Meres de nourrir leurs Enfans," Pans, 1718
He denied the occurrence of superfoetation, and combated
the opinions of the ovarists, and the doctrine of aniraal-
cules r and in his reply to Hecquet, he relates a number
of untoward accidents, occasioned by the ignorance of mid-
wives In 17^2 he published " Trait6 complet de Chi-
rurgie, contenant des Observations sur toutes les Maladies
chirurgicales, et sur la maniere de les trailer," which has
been several tiraes reprinted.. The last edition was pub
lished in 1771, with notes by professor Sabatier. I Uis
was a valuable practical work, but disfigured by the egot-
, Boiler's Life of Lamotte, 4to, 1656.-Clark's Lives of emminent persons,
1683, tol.

488 L A M P E.
ism of the author, and his contempt for his professional
brethren. '
LAMPE (Frederic Adolphus), a German protestant
divine, was born at Dethmold, in the county of La Lippe,
in Westphalia, Feb, 19, 1683. After being taught the
learned languages at Bremen, he studied at Franeker and
Utrecht, and fixing on divinity as a profession,, became the
pupil of Carapejus, Vitringa, and other eminent lecturers
of that period. His theological course being corapleted,
he officiated successively in the churches of Weezen,
Tenteburgh, and Bremen. In 1709 he officiated as se
cond pastor at the latter place, and in 1719 was appointed
first pastor. In 1720 he accepted the office of theological
professor at Utrecht, but was not constituted minister of
the church, as the author of his funeral eloge seems to
intimate. His only duty was to preach each alternate
Sunday in German, and besides this he held no ecclesias
tical function. In 1726 he was appointed professor of
church history, but the year following he was again invited
to Bremen, where he was not only made ordinary professor
of divinity, but rector of the college, and pastor of the
church. These honours, however, he enjoyed for no long
time, being cut off by a hEemorrhage, in the forty-sixth year
of his age, Dec. 8, 1729, and at a time when his health,
which had been injured while at Utrecht, seemed to be
re-established. Professor Lampe was a man of great learning in eccle
siastical history and antiquities, and published various
works which procured him a high reputation among his
contemporaries. Thirty-one articles are enumerated by
Burman, which were published some in Latin and some in
German. His first publication was " De Cymbalis veterum
libri tres," Utrecht^j 1703, 12mo, a work, says Dr. Burney,
of great learning and research, and containing much pre
cious information for a classical antiquary. Another of his
works was an excellent compendium of church history,
entitled " Sj'nopsis historias sacrae et ecclesiasticae, ab ori
gine mundi ad praesentia tempera, secundum seriem perio-
dorum deductae," Utrecht, 1721, 12mo, of which a third
edition appeared in 1735. This book is not uncommon in
this country, and was used by Dr. Doddridge as the ground
work of his course of lectures on ecclesiastical history, and
' Rees's Cyclopaidia, from E'oy and Haller.

LAMPE.

489

as a text book for his students. His other works consist of
sermons, and commentaries on various parts of holy writ,
the most considerable of which is his comraentary on the
gospel of St. John, " Commentarius Analytico-exegeticus
evangehi secundum Joannem," Amst. 1724, and 1725, 3
vols. 4to. Fabricius pronounces this a very learned work.
It was afterwards translated into German. As professor
Lampe obtained very early reputation for learning, Kle-
fekejr has given him a place in his " Bibliotheca eruditorum
praecocium.'" LAMPRIDIUS (^Lius or AcTius), a Latin historian,
flourished under the emperors Dioclesian and Constantine,
in the fourth century. We have of his writing, the lives
of four emperors, viz. Commodus, Antoninus, Diadumenus,
and Heliogabalus ; the two last of which he dedicated to
Constantine the Great. The first edition of Lampridius,
which was printed at Milan, ascribes to hira the life of
Alexander Severus ; though the raanuscript in the Palatine
library, and Robert a Porta of Bologna, give it to Spartian.
As they both had the same surnarae, ^Elius, sorae authors
will have them to be one and the same person. Vopiscus
says, that Lampridius is one of the writers whom he imitated
in his " Life of Probus." '
LAMPRIDIUS (Benedict), of Cremona, a celebrated
Latin poet in the sixteenth century, followed John Lascaris
to Rome, and there taught Greek and Latin. After the
death of pope Leo X. in 1521, he went to Padua, where
he also instructed youth, more for the profit than the re
putation of that employraent, in which, however, he was
eminently successful. He was then invited to Mantua by
Frederic Gonzaga, who appointed him tutor to his son,
and there he is said to have died in 1 540, or a few years
after. Lampridius, we are told, was of so timid a nature,
that his friends could never prevail on him to speak in
public. We have epigrams and lyric verses of this author,
both in Greek and Latin, which were printed separately,
and also among the " Deliciae" of the Italian poets. In
bis odes he airaed to imitate Pindar; but he wanted the
force of that unrivalled poet.'
LANCASTER (Nathaniel, D. D.) was many years
rector of Stamford Rivers, near Ongar, in Essex ; and
author ofthe celebrated " Essay on Delicacy," 1748. Ir>
' Eurman's Trajectum Eruditum, — Bibl. Germanique, vol. XXII.
2 Vossius de Hist. Lat— Saxii Onomast. ' Tiraboschi.— Moreri.

490 LANCASTER.
speaking of Dr. Lancaster, Mr. Hull the comedian, who
was his nephew, (in a note on " Select Letters between
the late Dutchess of Somerset, Lady Ltixborough," &c.
&c. 1768, 2 vols. Svo), says, " He was a man of strong na
tural parts, great erudition, refined taste, and raaster of
a nervous, and at the same time elegant style, as is obvious
to everj' one who has had the happiness to read the Essay
here spoken of. His writings were fewer in number than
their author's genius seemed to promise to his friends, and
his publications less known than their intrinsic excellence
deserved. Had he been as solicitous as he was capable to
instruct and phase the world, few prose writers would
have surpassetl bra ; hut in his latter years he lived a re
cluse, and whatever he composed in the hours of retired
leisure, he (unhappily for the public) ordered to be burned,
which was religiously (I had almost said irreligiously) per
formed, He was a native of Cheshire; and in his early
years, under the patronage and friendship of the late earl
of Cholmondely, mixed in all the more exalted scenes of
polished life, where his liv-ely spirit and brilliant conversa
tion I'endered him universally distinguished and esteemed;
and even till within a few months of his decease (near se?.
venty-five years of age) these faculties could scarce be
said to be impaired. The Essay on Delicacy (of which
vve are now speaking) the only raaterial work of his which
the editor knows to have survived him, vvas first printed in
1748, and has been very judiciously and meritoriously
preserved by the late Mr. Dodsley in his Fugitive Pieces."
Notwithstanding Mr. Hull's assertion, that his uncle wrote
nothing but the " Essay," a sermon of his, under the
title of" Public Viitue, or the Love of our Country," was
printed in 1746, 4to. He was also author of a long ano
nymous rhapsodical poem, called " The Old Serpent, or
Methodism Triumphant," 4to, The doctor's imprudence
involved him so deeply in debt, that he was some time
confined for it, and left his parsonage-house in go ruinous
a condition, that his successor Dr. Beadon was forced en
tirely to take it down. He died June 20, 1775, leaving
two (laughters, one of whora raarried to the rev. Thoraas
Wetenhall, of Chester, chaplain , of a man of war, and
vicar of Walthamslow, Essex, from 1759 till his death,
J776,' ' Nichols's Bowyer.— Rent. Mag, vol. LIV. p, 345, 493. — Hull's Select Let
ters, vol. L p. T, and vol. 11. p. 132.

LANCELOT. 4yi
LANCELOT (Claude), an useful French writer, born
at Paris in 1619, had a principal hand in some very ex
cellent works, which tbe Solitaires of Port Royal projected
for the education of youth. He taught the belles lettres
and mathematics in their school at Paris. He was after
wards charged with the education of the prince of Conti ;
but, being removed upon the death of the princess his
mother, he took the habit of St. Benedict in the abbey of
St. Cyran. Certain intestine troubles arising within these
walls, he became a victira among others ; and was banished
to Ruimperiay, in Lower Britanny, where he died in 1695,
aged seventy-nine. His principal works are, l. " Nouvelle
M6thode pour apprendre la Langue Latine," 1644, Svo.
This has been looked upon as a judicious extract, from
what Valla, Scaliger, Scioppius, and above all, Sanctius,
have written upon the subject. Lancelot is said to have
been the first who threw off the ridiculous custom of giving
boys rules to learn Latin in the Latin language. 2. " Nou
velle M6thode pour apprendre le Grec," 1656, in Svo.
These two grammars have been translated into English,
under the title of " Port-Royal Grammars." He was also
author of " The Garden of Greek Roots," 12mo; "An
Italian Grammar," 12mo; " A Spanish Grammar," ]2mo;
the " Dissertations, Reraarks, and Sacred Chronology" in
the Bibles printed by Vitre ; " The general and rational
Graramar," 12mo. This excellent work was planned by
M. Arnauld, but Lancelot coraposed the greatest part ; it
was published by M. Duclos with remarks, 1756, 12mo;
" Delectus Epigrammatum," of which the preface onlyis
by M. Nioole, 12mo; " M6raoires pour servir a la vie
de M. de S. Cyran," in two parts, the second entitled
" L'Esprit de M. de S. Cyran," 2 vols. 12mo. He is ac
cused of having written these memoirs with great partiality
and prejudice. " Relation du voiage d'Alet," 12mo. This
is an eulogy on the faraous bishop of Alet.'
LANCISI (John-Maria), a celebrated physician, was
born at Rorae in October 1654. His parents were rather
low in rank, but cherished the disposition for learning which
he early displayed ; and having finished his classical stu
dies, he went through the course of philosophy in the Ro
man college, and then coraraenced the study of divinity.
He had always evinced a great taste for natural history,
1 Niceron, vol. XXXV.— Chaufepie,-,-Saxii Onomasticon.

492 L A N C I S L
which at length induced him to abandon the study of divi
nity, and apply himself entirely to that of medicine, and
after a regular course he was created doctor in philosophj'
and medicine in 1672. In 1675, he was appointed physi-
ciaM to the hospital of the Holy Ghost, in Sassia, where he
pursued his clinical inquiries with great accuracy and acute
ness : but he quitted this situation in 1678, and was re
ceived a member of the college of St. Saviour; and his
talents and acquirements being soon acknowledged, he was
appointed professor of anatoray in the college de la Sa-
pienza, in 1684, and continued bis duties as a teacher
for thirteen years with great reputation. In 1688, pope
Innocent XI. chose Lancisi for his physician and private
chamberlain ; and some time afterwards gave him a canon's
stall in the church of St, Lawrence : but on the death of
the pope, in 1689, he resigned it. He was now in high
public estimation, attended Innocent XIL during his
whole illness, vvas elected physician to the conclave, and
was imraediately appointed first physician and private
chancellor to the succeeding pope Cleraent XI. He was
indefatigable in the discharge of all his duties, as well as
in the pursuit of his studies, reading and writing at every
interval of leisure, and in his attendance on the learned so
cieties of the time. He died in January, 1720, at the age
of 65. He was a raan of small stature, with a lively coun
tenance, and cheerful disposition ; his manners were ex
tremely engaging ; and he was possessed of much know
ledge of mankind. His ardour for the advancement of his
art was extreme and unceasing. He collected a library of
more than twenty thousand volumes, which he presented
in his life-time to the hospital of the Holy Ghost, for the
use of the public, particularly the young physicians and
surgeons who attended the patients in that hospital. This
noble benefaction was opened in 1716. He published an
edition ofhis works, entitled, "Mar. Lancisi archiatri pon-
tificii Opera, quae hactenus prodierunt omnia, &c. Ge-
nevae, 1718," 2 vols. 4to. The first volurae contains the-
following pieces : " De subitaneis mortibus ; Dissertatio de
nativisdeque adventitiisRomani coeli qualitatibus ; Denoxiis
Paludum effluviis." The contents of the second volume
are, " Dissertatio historica de Bovilla Peste ex Campaniae
finibus, an. 1713;" " Latio importata, &c. 1715;" "Dis
sertatio de recta medicorum studiorum instituenda ;" " Hu-
mani corporis anatomica synopsis ;" " Epistola ad J. Bap-

LANCISI.

493

tist. Bianchi de humorum secretionibus et genere ac prse-
cipue bilis in hepate separatione ;" " An acidum ex san
guine extrahi queat ?" (the negative had been maintained
by Boyle) ; "Epistolae duae de triplici intestinorum polypo-
de physiognomia," and many sraall pieces, in Italian as
well as Latin. '
LANCRINCK (Prosper Henry), an artist of the Eng
lish school, though of German extraction, was probabTy
born about 1628. His father, a soldier of fortune, came
with his wife and this only son into the Netheriands; and
that country being then embroiled in a .war, procured a
colonel's command, which he enjoyed not many years,
dying a natural death at Antwerp. His widow, a prudent
woraan, so managed her small fortune, as to maintain her
self suitably to her husband's quality, and give her son a
hberal education, designing him for a monastery ; but early
discovering his turn for painting, she, although with re
luctance, placed him with a painter, from whom he learned
the rudiments of his art ; but his chief instruction was de
rived from the city-academy of Antwerp. His advances
in the science were very great, especially in landscape,
in which he had the advantage of Mr. Van Lyan's collec
tion of curious pieces of all the eminent masters of Eu
rope. Here he selected as his favourite models Titian and
Salvator Rosa.
His mother dying, he came to his fortune young ; and,
passing over to England, met with a reception suitable to
his merit. Admiral sir Edward Sprag, a patron of the art,
recommended him to several persons of quality, among
whom was sir William Williams, whose house was finally
adorned with this master's pictures, but not long after un
fortunately burnt ; so that, of this great painter, there are
but very few finished pieces remaining, he having bestowed
the greatest part of his time, while in England, on that
gentleman's house. He was also much courted by sir
Peter Lely, who employed him in painting the grounds,
landscapes, flowers, ornaments, and sometimes the dra
peries, of those pictures by which he intended to gain
esteem. Lancrinck's performances in landcape^were ad
mired for invention, harmony, colouring, and warmth, and
he was particularly successful in his skies, which were
tliought to excel the works of the most eminent painters
I Fabroni Vitse Italorum. —Niceron, vol. Xll,— Rees's Cyclopffidia.

494 LANCRINCK.
iu this article. Besides the specimens in the possession
of Mr. Henly, of Mr. Trevox, and Mr. Austen, the father
of which last was his great friend and patron, he painted
a cieling at the house of Richard Lent, esq. at Causham
in Wiltshire, near Bath, which was much admired. He
practised also drawing after the life, and succeeded well in
small figures, which were a great ornament in his land
scapes, and in which he imitated the manner of Titian.
Lancrinck is said to have shortened his days by too free
indulgence, and died in August 1692, leaving a well-
chosen collection of pictures, drawings, prints, antique
heads, and models, most of which he brought from
abroad. '
LANDEN (John), an eminent mathematician, was born
at Peakirk, near Peterborough in Northamptonshire, in
January 1719., He became very early a proficient in the
mathematics, as we find hira a contributor to the " Ladies
Diary" in 1744, to which useful publication he continued
to send articles until a few years before his death. In the
" Philosophical Transactions" for 1754, he wrote "An in
vestigation of sorae theorems, which suggest several very
remarkable properties of the circle, and are at the same
tirae of considerable use in resolving Fractions, &c." In
1755, he published a small volurae, entitled "Mathema
tical Lucubrations," and containing a variety of tracts re
lative to the rectification of curve lines, the summation of
series, the finding of fluents, and many other points in the
higher parts of the mathematics. The title " Lucubra
tions," was supposed to intimate that matheraatical science
was at that tirae rather the pursuit of hisleisure hours, than
his principal employment : and indeed it continued to be
so during the greatest part of his life : for about the year
1762 he was appointed agent to earl Fitzwilliam; an em
ployment which he resigned only two years before his
death. About the latter end of 1757, or the beginning of 1758,
he published proposals for printing by subscription " Tbe
Residual Analysis," a new branch ofthe algebraic art ; and
in 1758 he published a sraall tract entitled " A Discourse
on the Residual Analysis," in which he resolved a variety
of problems, to which the method of fluxions had usually
been applied, by a mode of reasoning entirely new ; and
• Walpole's Anecdotes. — Biog. Brit. Supplement, in art Lely.

LANDEN. 4S5
in the "Philosophical Transactions" for 1760 he gave a
"^New method of computing the sums of a great number
qf infinite series." In 1764 he pubhshed the first book of
"The Residual Analysis," iu which, besides explaining
the principles on which his new analysis vvas founded, he
applied it, in a variety of problems, to drawing tangents,
and finding the properties of curve lines ; to describing
their involutes and evolutes, finding the radius of curvature,
their greatest and least ordinates, and points of contrary
flexure ; to the determination of their cusps, and the draw
ing of asymptotes : and he proposed, in a second'book, to
extend the application of this new analysis to a great va
riety of mechanical and physical subjects. Tbe papers
which formed this book lay long by him ; but he never
found leisure to put thera in order for the press.
In 1766, Mr. Landen was elected a fellow of the royal
society, and in the " Transactions" for 1768 he wrote " A
specimen of a new method of comparing Curvilinear
Areas ;" by means of which many areas are compared,
that did not appear to be comparable by any other raethod;
a circumstance of no small importance in that part of na
tural philosophy which relates to tbe doctrine of motion.
In the €Oth volume of the same work, for 1770, he gave
" Some new theorems" for computing the whole areas of
curve lines, vvhere the ordinates are expressed by fractions
of a certain form, in a raore concise and elegant manner
than had been done by Cotes, De Moivre, and others who
had considered the subject before, hira.
In the 61st volume, for 1771, he has investigated several
new and useful theorems for computing certain fluents,
which are assignable by arcs of the conic sections. This
subject had been considered before, both by Maclaurin
and d'Alembert ; but sorae of the theorems that were given
by these celebrated mathematicians, being in part ex
pressed by the difference between an hyperbolic arc and
its tangent, and that difference being not directly attain
able when the arc and its tangent both become infinite, as
they will do when the whole fluent is wanted, although
such fluent be finite ; these theorems therefore fail in these
cases, and the computation becomes impracticable without
farther help. This defect Mr. Landen has removed, by
assigning the limit of the difference between the hyper
bolic arc and its tangent, while the point of contact is sup
posed to be removed to an infinite distance from the vertex

496 LANDEN.
of the curve. And he concludes the paper with a curious
and remarkable property relating to pendulous bodies,
which is deducible from those theorems. In the same year
he published " Animadversions on Dr. Stewart's Compu
tation of the Sun's Distance from the Earth,"
In the 65th volume of the Philosophical Transactions,
for 1775, he gave the investigation of a general theorem,
which he had promised in 1771, for finding the length of
any curve of a conic hyperbola by means of two elliptic
arcs : and he observes, that by the theorems there investi
gated, both the elastic curve and the curve of equable
recei^s from a given point, may be constructed in those
cases where Maclaurin's elegant method fails.
In the 67th volume, for 1777, he gave " A New Theory
of the Motion of bodies revolving about an axis in free
space, when that motion is disturbed by some extraneous
force, either percussive or accelerative." At that time he
did not know that the subject had been treated by any
person before him, and he considered only the motion of a
sphere, spheroid, and cylinder. After the publication of
of this paper, however, he was informed, that the doc
trine of rotatory motion had been considered by d'Alem
bert ; and upon procuring that' author's "Opuscules Ma
theraatiques," he there learned that d'Alembert was not
the only one who had considered the matter before him ;
ford'Alerabert there speaks of some mathematician, though
he does not mention his name, who, after reading what
had been written on the subject, doubted whether there
be any solid whatever, beside the sphere, in which any line,
passing through the centre of gravity, will be a permanent
axis of rotation. In consequence of this, Mr. Landen took
up the subject again ; and though he did not then give a
solution to the general problem, viz. " to determine the
motions of a body of any form whatever, revolving without
restraint about any axis passing through its centre of gra
vity," he fully reraoved every doubt of the kind which had
been started by the person alluded to by d'Alembert, and
pointed out several bodies which, under certain dimensions,
have that remarkable property. This paper is given;
among many others equally curious, in a volume of " Me
moirs," which he published in 1780. That volume is also
enriched with a very extensive appendix, containing
"Theorems for the calculation of Fluents;" which are
more complete and extensive than those that are found in
any author before him.

LANDEN. 497
In 1781, 1782, and 1783, he published three small tracts
on the " Summation of Converging Series ;" in which he
explained and shewed the extent of sorae theoreras which
had been given for that purpose by De Moivre, Stiriing,
and his old friend Thomas Simpson, in answer to some
things which he thought had been written to the disparage
ment of those excellent mathematicians. It was the opi
nion of some, that Mr. Landen did not shew less mathema
tical skill in explaining and illustrating these theorems,
than he has done in his writings on original subjects ; and
that the authors of them were as little aware of the extent
of their own theorems, as the rest of the world were before
Mr. Landen's ingenuity made it obvious to all.
About the beginning of 1782 Mr. Landen had nlade
such improvements in his theory of rotatory motion, as
enabled him, he thought, to give a solution of the general
problem mentioned above ; but finding the result of it to
differ very materially from the result of the solution which
had been given of it by d'Alembert, and not being able to
see clearly where that gentleman in his opinion had erred,
he did not venture to make his own solution public. In
the course of that year, having procured the Meraoirs of
the Berlin academy for 1757, which contain M. Euler's
solution of the problem, he found that this gentleman's
solution gave the same result as had been deduced by
d'Alembert ; but the perspicuity of Euler's manner of
writing enabled him to discover where he had differed from
his own, which the obscurity of the other did not do.
The agreement, however, of two writers of such established
reputation as Euler and d'Alembert made him long dubious
of the truth of his own solution, and induced him to revise
the process again and again with the utmost circumspec
tion ; and being every time more convinced that his own
solution was right, and theirs wrong, he at length gave it
to the public, in the 75th volume of the Philosophical
Transactions for 1785.
The extreme difficulty of the subject, joined to the con
cise manner in which Mr. Landen had heen obliged to give
his solution, to confine it within proper limits for the
Transactions, rendered it too difficult, or at least too la
borious a task for most mathematicians to read it ; and this
circumstance, joined to the established reputation of Euler
and d'Alembert, induced many to think that their solution
was right, and Mr. Landen's wrong ; and there did not
Vol. XIX. K k

498 LANDEN.
want attempts to prove it ; particularly a long and inge
nious paper by the learned Mr. Wildbore, a gentleman
of very distinguished talents and experience in such calcu
lations ; this paper is given in the SOth volume of the Phi
losophical IVansactions for I7y0, in whicfi he agrees with
the solutions of Euler and d'Alembert, and against that of
Mr. Landen. This determined the latter to revise and ex
tend his solution, and give it at greater length, to render
it more generally understood. About this time also he met
by chance with tbe late Frisi's " Cosmographia Physica
et Mathematica ;" in the second part of which there is a
solution of this problem, agreeing in the result with those
(3f Euler and d'Alembert. Here Mr. Landen learned that
Euler had revised the solution which he had given formerly
in the Berlin Memoirs, and given it another form, and at
greater length, in a volume published at Rostoch and Gry-
phiswald, in 17C5, entitled " Theoria Motus Corporum
Solidorum seu Rigidorum." Having therefore procured
this book, Mr. Landen found tbe same principles employed
in it, and of course the same conclusion resulting from
them, -.'.s in M. Euler's former solution of the problem.
But notwithstanding that there was thus a coincidence of
at least four most respectable mathematicians against him,
Mr. Landen was still persuaded of the truth of his own so
lution, and prepared to defend it. And as he vvas con
vinced ofthe necessity of explaining his ideas on the sub
ject more fully, so he nov/ found it necessary to lose no
tirae in settiu"- about it. He had for several years been

a

>¦«

severely afflicted with the stone in the bladder, and to
wards the latter part of his life to such a degree as to be
confined to his bed for more than a month at a time : yet
even this dreadful disorder did not extinguish his ardour
for mathematical studies; for the second volume of his
" Memoirs," lately published, was written and revised
during the intervals ofhis disorder. This volume, besides
a solution of the general problem concerning rotatory mo
tion, contains the resolution ofthe problem relating to the
motion of a top ; vvith an investigation of tbe motion of the
equinoxes, in which Mr. Landen luis first of any one pointed
out the cause of sir Isaac Newton's mistake in his solution
of this celebrated problem ; and some other papers of con
siderable importance. He just lived to see this work fi
nished, and received a copy ofit the day before his death,
which happened on the 15lh of January nvo, at Milton,

LANDEN. 499
near Peterborough, in tbe seventy- first year of his age.
1 bough Mr. Landen was one ofthe greatest mathematicians
ot the age, his merit, in this respect, was not more con
spicuous tliaii his moral virtues. '1 he strict integrity ofhis
conduct, his great humanity, and refuJiness to serve every
one to the utmost of his power, procured him the respect
and the esteem of all who knew hira '
LANDINUS (Christopher), an Italian scholar, philo
sopher, and poet, was born at Florence in 1424. After
having pursued his elementary studies at Volterra, he was
constrained, in obedience to his father, to apply to juris
prudence ; but by the favour of Cosmo and Peter de Me
dici, vvhich he had the happiness to obtain, he was enabled
to devote his time to philosophy and polite literature. He
became particularly partial to the Platonic philosophy, and
was one of the principal ornaments of the academy which
Cosmo de Medici had founded. In 1457, he was, appointed
professor of the belles lettres at Florence, and consider
ably enlarged the reputation of that serainary. About the
same time he was chosen by Peter de Medici to instruct
his two sons, Julius, and the afterwards celebrated Lorenzo.
Between Landinus and Lorenzo a reciprocal attachment
took place ; and such was the opinion that the master en
tertained of the judgment ofhis pupil, that he is said fre
quently to have submitted his vvorks to his perusal and cor
rection. Landinus became, in his old age, secretary to
the seignory of Florence ; but in his sixty-third year, he
was relieved from the laborious part of this office, and al
lowed to retain his title and emoluments. He then retired
to a residence at Prato Vecchio, from which his ancestors
sprung. There he employed the remainder of his days in
study, and died in 1504. He left several Latin poems,
sorae of which have been printed, and some remain in
manuscript. His notes on Virgil, Horace, and Dante, are
much esteemed. He translated into Italian Pliny's " Na
tural History," and published some learned dissertations
both in Latin and Italian. It is said that he vvas rewarded
for his critical labours on Dante by the donation of a villa,
on the hillof Casentino, in the vicinity of Florence, which
he enjoyed under the sanction of a public decree. His
edition of Horace was published in 1482. His philoso
phical opinions appear in his " Disputationes Camaldu-
» G»nt, Mag, rol. LX.— Hutton's Dietionary.
K K 2

500 LANDINUS.
lenses," a work of which Mr. Roscoe has given an ample
account. It was first published without a date ; but, ac
cording to De Bure, in 1480, folio, and reprinted at Stras
burgh in 1508. Landinus's fame, however, rests chiefly
on the advances he made in classical criticism.'
LANDUS (Bassianus), an Italian physician, was a na
tive of Placentia, and studied at Padua, where he took his
doctor's degree in 1554. He then practised with great re
putation in his native place, where he was one night as
sassinated, in 1562, by a soldier, for what reason, unless
for the purpose of robbery, is not stated. He left some
learned wOrks, the principal of which are, 1. " De hu
mana historia, vel de singularum hominis partium cogni
tione," Basil, 1542, Svo. 2. " latrologia," in dialogues on
the art of medicine, ibid. 1543, 4to."
LANE (Sir Richard), knt. lord chief baron ofthe exche
quer, was born in the latter part of the sixteenth century,
and was the son of Richard Lane of Courtenhall in Nortli-
amptonshire, by Ehzabeth his wife, daughter of Clement
Vincent of Harpole, in the same county. He studied law
in the Middle Teraple, with great success, and being
called to the bar, became eminent in his profession. In
the 5th Charles I. he was elected Lent reader of his inn,
but the plague which broke out about that time, prevented
his reading. In 1640 he was counsel for the unhappy earl
of Strafford ; and soon after was made attorney to prince
Charles. As the Long-parliament grew more capricious
and tyrannical in its proceedings, he began to be alarmed
for his propert)', and entrusted his intimate friend Bul
strode Whitlocke, vvith his chamber in the Middle Temple,
his goods and library ; and leaving London, joined the
king at Oxford, vvhere, in 1643, hewas made serjeant at
law, lord chief baron of the exchequer, a knight, and one
of his majesty's privy council. The university also con
ferred on him the degree of LL.D. " vvith more," says
Wood, " than ordinary ceremony." In the latter end of
the following year, he was nominated one of his majesty's
commissioners to treat of peace with the parliaraent at Ux-
bridge, and on Aug. 30, 1645, he had the great seal de
livered to him at Oxford, on the death of Edward lord
Littleton. In May and June 1646, he was one of tbe
' Tiraboschi.— Ginguenfe Hist. Lit d'ltalie. — Roscoe's Lorenzo. — Saxii Ono
masticon. ' Mweri,— Biog. Universelle id art. Bassianus.

LANE. SOI
commissioners appointed to treat with the parliament for
the surrender of the garrison of Oxford, and soon after
went abroad to avoid the general persecution of the
royalists which the parliament meditated. He died in the
island of Jersey in 1650, or 1651. Wood tells a strange
story of the fate of the goods he entrusted to Whitiocke.
He says, that during sir Richard's residence abroad, his
son applied to Whitlocke, who would not own that he
knew such a man as sir Richard, and kept the goods. That
this story is not without foundation, appears from Whit-
locke's receipt for his pension, &c. printed by Peck, to
which he adds, " And I have likewise obtained some bookes
and manuscripts, which were the lord Littleton's; and some
few bookes and manuscripts, which were sir Richard Lane's;
in all worth about 80Z." — Sir Richard Lane's " Reports in
the court of Exchequer in the reign of king James," were
published in 1657, folio.'
LAN FRANC, archbishop of Canterbury in the eleventh
century, was an Italian, and born in 1005 at Pavia, being
son of a counsellor to the senate of that town ; but, losing
his father in his infancy, he went to Bologna. Hence,
having prosecuted his studies for some time, he removed
into France in the reign of Henry I. and taught some time
at Avranches, where he had many pupils of high rank. In
a journey to Rouen, he had the misfortune to be robbed,
and tied to a tree on the road, where he remained till next
day, when being released by some passengers, he retired
to the abbey of Bee, lately founded, and there took the
monk's habit in 1041. He was elected prior of this reli
gious house in 1044; and opened a school, which in a
little time became very famous, and was frequented by
students from all parts of Europe. Amongst others, some
of the scholars of Berenger, archdeacon of Angers, and
master of the school at Tours, left that, and vvent to study
at the abbey of Bee. This, it is said, excited the envy ot
Berenffer and -ave rise to a long and violent controversy
SSJefn him and Lanfranc, on the subject ofthe euchanst.
S BERENGARius). Li 1049, Lanfranc took a journey
Jo Rome where he declared his sentiments to pope Leo
IX agat^srJhe doctrine of Berenger; for Berenger had
written him a letter, which gave room to suspect Lanfranc
. Ath. Ox. vol. II. -Clarendon's History.-Peek's 0esiderata.-Lloyd'. Me-
tnoirs, folio, p. 594.

502 LANFRANC.
to be ofhis opinion. Soon after, he assisted in the coun
cil of Verceil, where he expressly opposed Berenger's no
tions. He returned a second time to Rorae in 1059, and
assisted in the council held at the Lateran by pope Nicho
las II. in which Berenger abjured the doctrine that he had
till then maintained. Lanfranc now obtained a dispensa
tion from the pope, for the marriage of Vv illiam duke of
Norraandy with a daughter of the earl of Flanders his
cousin. On his return to France, he rebuilt his abbey at
Bee ; but was soon removed frora it by the duke of Nor
mandy, who in 1062 made him abbot of St. Stephen's at
Caen in that province, wliere he established a new aca
deray, which became no less faraous than his former one
at Bee. This duke, coming to the crown of England, sent
for Lanfranc, who was elected archbishop qf Canterbury
in 1070, in the room of Stigand, who had been deposed by
the pope's legate. He vvas no sooner consecrated to this
see, than he vvrote to pope Alexander II. begging 'leave
to resign it ; which not being complied with, he afterwards
sent ambassadors to Rorae to beg the pall ; but Hilde
brand answering, in the pope's narae, that the pall was
not granted to any person in his absence (which was not
strictly true, as it had been sent to Austin, Justus, and
Honorius), be went thither to receive that honour in 1071.
.Alexander paid him a particular respect, in rising to give
him audience : this pontiff, indeed, had a special regard
for him, having studied under him in the abbey of Bee :
and kissed hira, instead of presenting his slipper for that
obeisance, nor was he satisfied with giving him the usual
pall, but invested him witii that pall of which he hiraself
had raade use in celebrating mass. Before his departure,
Lanfranc defended the metropolitical rights of his see
against the claims of the archbishop of York, and procured
them to be confirmed by a national council in 1075, where
in several rules of discipline vvere established. At length,
presuming to make remonstrances to the Conqueror upon
some oppressions of the subjects, though he offered them
with a becoming respect, the monarch received them with
disdain; and asked hira, with an oath, if he thought it
possible for a king to keep all his promises.? From this
tirae, our archbishop lost his majesty's favour, and wfliS
observed afterwards with a jealous eye. He enjoyed, how
ever, the favour of William II. during tbe remainder of his
life.

LANFRANC. 503
hlmTvJT!" ^"^"'^ '^'''' ^'¦"g°'y V"- ^^^'"g summoned
nis taitb, at length sent him a citation to appear there in
lour months, on pain of suspension : Lanfranc, however
did not think proper to obey the summons. He died May
"a, 1089. •'
Several of our ancient historians who were almost his
contemporaries, speak in very advantageous terras of the
genius and erudition of Lanfranc ; and some of them who
were personally acquainted with him, represent him as the
most learned man of the age in which he flourished. His
chanty is said to have been stj* great, that he bestowed in
that way no less than oOOZ. a year, a very great sura in
those days, and equal to 7500/. in ours. Besides this he
rebuilt the cathedral of Canterbury, re-established the
chapter there, founded the hospitals of St. Nicholas at
Herbaldown and St. John at Canterbury, repaired several
churches and monasteries in his diocese, obtained a resto
ration of the estates of the church which had been alienated,
and maintained the ecclesiastical iramunities. A reraark
able suit, which he carried against Odo, bishop of Bayeux
and earl of Kent, put him in possession of five and twenty
estates, which had been usurped by that prelate. Lanfranc,
besides his piece against Berenger already mentioned,
wrote several others, which were published in one volume,
folio, in 1647, by father Luke D'Achei-y, a Benedictine
monk, of the congregation of St. Maur. They consist of
commentaries on the epistles of St. Paul, and on the
Psalms ; a treatise on confession, letters, &c.'
LANFRANCO (Giovanni), an eminent Italian painter,
vvas born at Parma, in- 1581. His parents, being poor,
carried him to Placenza, to enter him into the service of
the count Horatio Scotte. While he was there, be was
always drawing with coal upon the walls, paper being too
small for hira to scrawl his ideas on. The count, observing
his disposition, put hira to Agostino Caracci ; after whose
death he went to Rorae, and studied under Annibale, who
set him to work in the church of St. Jago, and found him
capable of being trusted with the execution of his designs ;
in which Lanfranco has left it a doubt whether the work be
his or his master's. His genius lay to painting in fresco in
' Tanner's Bibl.— Dupin. — Moreri.— Henry's Hist, of Great Britain, vol. V.
p, 279 J VI. p. 126, 8vo edit.

504 LANFRANCO.
spacious places, as appeared by his grand performances,
especially the cupola of Andrea de Laval, in which he has
succeeded much better than in his pieces of a less size.
His taste in design he took from Annibale Caracci ; and as
long as he lived under the discipline of that illustrious
master, he was always correct ; but, after his master's
death, he gave a loose to the impetuosity of genius, with
out regarding the rules of art. He joined with his coun
tryman Sisto Badalocchi, in etching the histories of the
Bible, after Raphael's painting in the Vatican ; which
work, in conjunction with Badalocchi, he dedicated to his
master Annibale. Lanfranto painted the history of St.
Peter for pope Urban VHI. which vvas engraved by Pietro
Santi ; Jbe executed other performances, particularly St.
Peter walking on the water, for St. Peter's church, and
pleased the pope so much, that he knighted him.
Lanfranco was happy in his family : his wife, who was
very handsome, brought him several children, who, being
grown up, and delighting in poetry and music, made a
sort of Parnassus in his house. His eldest daugliter sang
finely, and played well on several instruments. He died
in 1647, aged sixty-six. His genius, heated by studying
Correggio's works, and, above all, the cupola at Parma,
carried him even to enthusiasm. He earnestly endeavoured
to find out the means of producing the same things; and,
that he was capable of great enterprizes, may be disco
vered by his perforraances at Rome and Naples. Nothing
was too great for him : he made figures of above 20 feet
high in the cupola of St. Andrea de Laval, which have a
very good effect, and look below as if they were of a na
tural proportion. In his pictures be endeavoured to join
Annibale's firmness of design to Correggio's taste and
sweetness. He aimed also at giving the whole grace to his
imitation ; not considering, that nature had given him but
a small portion. His ideas indeed are sometimes great
enough forthe greatest performances ; but his genius could
not stoop to correct them, by which means they are often
unfinished- His easel pieces are not so much esteemed as
what he painted in fresco ; vivacity of wit and freedom of
hand being very proper for that kind of painting. His
grand compositions are full of tumult ; but the expression
is neither elegant nor moving. His colouring was not so
well studied as that of Annibale ; the tints of his carnations
^x\d his shadows are a, little too black. He was ignorant of

LANFRANCO.

505

the claro oscuro, as well as his master ; though, as his mas
ter did, he sometimes endeavoured to practise it. He was,
as M. Fuseli has observed, " a machinist in art of the first
order, and taught his successors the raeans of filUng the
eye at a great distance, by partly painting and partly leav
ing it to the air to paint." '
LANG (John Michael), an able Protestant divine, was
born Maroh 9, 1664, at Ezelwangen, in the duchy of
Sultzbach. He was extremely well skilled in the oriental
languages, and appointed professor of divinity at Altorf ;
but having made himself enemies there, quitted his office,
and settled at Prentzlow, where he died June 20, 1731,
His works most held in estimation are, " Philologia Bar-
baro-GrtEca," Noribergse, 1708, 4to ; " Dissertationes
Botanico-Theologicae," Altorfii, 1705, 4to, and several
Treatises in Latin, on the Mahometan religion, and the
Koran, " De Fabulis Mohamedicis," 1697, 4to.^
LANGBAINE (Gerahd), a learned EngUsh writer, was
son of Mr. William Langbaine, and born at Bartcrakirke,
in Westraoreland, about 1608. He had the first part of
his education in the free-school at Blencow, in Curaber-
land, whence he was reraoved to Queen's-college, in Ox
ford, in 1626; where being admitted a poor servitor, he
became afterwards a scholar upon the foundation, and
thence a fellow of the college. He becarae B. A. in 1630,
M.A. in 1633, and D. D. in 1646. He had acquired a
good reputation in the university some years before he ap
peared in the literary republic ; when his edition of Lon-
ginus was printed at Oxford, 1636, in Svo. This was fol
lowed by several other publications, which were so many
proofs of his loyalty to Charles I. after the breaking out of
the civil wars, and of his zeal for the church of England,
in opposition to the covenant. These writings, with his
literary merit, made him very popular in that university,
so that, in 1 644, he was unanimously elected keeper of
their archives, and in 1645, provost of his college; both
which places he held till his death, Feb. 10, 1657-8. He
was interred about the middle of the Inner chapel of
Q.ueen's-college, having a little before settled 24^. per
annum on a free-school at the place ofhis nativity.
Our author was much esteemed by several learned men
of his time, and held a literary correspondence with Usher
• D'Argenville, vol. H. — Pilkington and Strutt. — Reynolds's Works,
3 Biblioiheque Germanique, vol. XXIII. — Moreri.

506 LANGBAINE.
and Selden, He was screened frora the persecutions of
the then prevailing powers, to whom he so far submitted
as to continue quiet without opposing them, employing
himself in promoting learning, and preserving the disci
pline of the university, as vvell as that ofhis own college.
With what spirit he did this, is best seen in the following
passages of two letters, one to Usher, and the other to
Selden. In the first, dated from Queen's-college, Feb. 9,
1646-7, he gives the following account of himself: " For
myself, I cannot tell what account to make of my present
employment. I have many irons in the fire, but of no
great consequence. I do not know how soon I shall be
called to give up, and ara therefore putting my house in
order, digesting the confused notes and papers left me
by several predecessors, both in the univet-sity and college,
which I purpose to leave in a better method than I found
them. At Mr. Patrick Young's request, I have undertaken
the collation of Constaniine's Geoponics with t\v,- MSS.
in our public library, upon which I am forced to bestow
some vacant hours. In our college I am ex officio to mo
derate divinity-disputations once a week. My honoured
friend Dr. Duck has given rae occasion to make some in
quiry after the law; and thfe opportunity of an ingenious
young man, come lately frora Paris, who has put up a
private course of anatoray, has prevailed with me to en
gage rayself for his auditor and spectator three days a
week, four hours each time. But this I do ul; explorator,
non ut transfiiga. For, though I am not solicitous to en
gage myself in that great and weighty calling of the mi
nistry after this new way, yet I would lothe to be ^EiTroToaT-zi,-
as to divinity. Though 1 am very insufficient to make a
master-builder, yet I could help to bring in materials from
that public store in our library, to which I could willingly
consecrate the remainder of my days, and count it no loss
to be deprived of all other accommodations, so I raight
be perraitted to enjoy the liberty of my conscience, and
study in that place. But if there be such a price set upon
the latter as I cannot reach without pa\vning the former, I
am resolved. The Lord's will be done." The other let
ter to Selden, is dated Nov. 8, 1653 ; " I was not so much
troubled to hear of that fellow, who lately, in London, main
tained in public that learning is a sin, as to see some men,
who would be accounted none of the meanest among our-
selves here at home, under pretence of piety, go about to

LANGBAINE. 507
banish it the university. I cannot make any better con
struction ot a late order made by those whora we call visi
tors, upon occasion of an election last week at All-Souls
college to this effect, that for the future, no scholar be
chosen into any place in any college, unless he bring a
testimony, under the hands of four persons at least (not
electors) known to these visitors to be truly godly raen,
that he who stands for such a place is hiraself truly godly ;
and by arrogating to themselves this power, they sit judges
of all men's consciences, and have rejected some, against
whom they had no other exceptions, (being certified by
such to whom their conversations were best known, to be
unblameable, and statutably elected, after due examina
tion and approbation of their sufliciency by that society),
merely upon this account, that the persons who testified
in their behalf are not known to these visitors to be rege
nerate. I intend (God willing) ere long to have an elec
tion in our college, and have not professed that I will not
submit to this order. How I shall speed in it, I do not
pretend to foresee ; but if I be baffled, I shall hardly be
silent." Dr. Langbaine's works were, 1. his Longinus,
Oxon. 1635 and 1638, Svo. 2. " Brief Discourse relating
to the times of Edward VI. ; or, the state of the times as
they stood in the reign of King Edward VI. By way of
Preface to a book intituled The true subject to the rebel :
or, the hurt of sedition, &c. vvritten by sir John Cheek."
Oxford, 1641, in 4to. To this Dr. Langbaine prefixed
the life of sir John Cheek. 3. " Episcopal Inheritance ;
or, a Reply to the humble examination of a printed ab
stract ; or the answers to nine reasons of the House of
Commons against the votes of bishops in Parliament," Ox
ford, 1641, 4to. To which is added, "A deterraination
of the late learned Bishop of Salisbury (Davenant) Eng
lished." These two pieces were reprinted at London in
1680. 4. " A Review of the Covenant: wherein the ori
ginal, grounds, means, matter, and ends of it are ex-
arained ; and out of the principles of the remonstances,
declarations, votes, orders and ordinances of tne pnme
covenanters, or the firmer grounds of scripture, law, and
reason, disproved,?' 1644. It was reprinted at London,
1661, in 4to. 5. " Answer of the Chancellor, master and
scholars of the university of Oxford, to the petition, ar
ticles of grievance, and reasons ofthe city of Oxford ; pre
sented to the committee for regulating the University o,f

50S LANGBAINE.
Oxford, 24 July 1649," Oxford, 1649, 4to; reprinted in
1678, with a book entitled " A defence of the rights and
privileges of the University of Oxford," &c. pijblished by
James Harrington, then bachelor (soon after master) of
arts, and student of Christ-church, at Oxford, 1690, 4to.
6. " Quasstiones pro more solenni in Vesperiis propositae
ann. 1651," Oxford, 1658, 4to. Published by Mr. Tho
mas Barlow, afterwards Bp. of Lincoln, araong several littie
works of learned men. 7. " Platonicorum aliquot, qui
etiamnum supersunt, Authorura, Graecorum, imprimis,
mox & Latinorum, syllabus alphabeticus," Oxford, 1667,
Svo, drawn up by our author at the desire of archbishop
Usher, but left imperfect ; which being found among his
papers, was, with some few alterations, placed at the end
of " Alcini, in Platonicam Philosophiam Introductio,"
published by Dr. John Fell, dean of Christ-church. 8.
There is also ascribed to our author, " A View of the New
Directory, and a Vindication of the ancient Liturgy of
the Church of England : in answer to the reasons pretended
in the ordinance and preface for the abolishing the one,
and establishing the other," Oxford, 1645, 4to, pages 112.
Dr. Langbaine also published, 1. " The Foundation of
the university of Oxford, with a Catalogue of the principal
founders and special benefactors of all the colleges, and
total number of students," &c. London, 1651, 4to, mostly
taken from the Tables of John Scot of Carabridge, printed
in I 622. 2. " The Foundation of the University of Cam
bridge, with a Catalogue," &c. printed with the former
Catalogue, and taken from Mr. Scot's Tables. He like
wise laboured very much in finishing archbishop Usher's
book, entitled " Chronologia Sacra," but died when he
had almost completed it, which was done by Barlow. He
translated into Latin " Reasons of the present judgment
of the university concerning the solemn League and Co
venant," and assisted Dr. Robert Sanderson, and Dr.
Richard Zouch, in the drawing up of those Reasons. He
translated into English " A Review of the Council of Trent,
written in French by a learned Roman catholic," Oxford,
1638, fol. in which is Tepresented the dissent of the Gal
ilean church from several conclusions of the Council. He
left behind him thirteen 4tos, and eight Svos, in manu
script, with innumerable collections in loose papers, col
lected chiefly from ancient manuscripts in tbe Bodleian
library, &c, He had also made several catalogues of ma-

LANGBAINE. S09
nuscripts in various libraries, and of printed books like
wise, with a view, as was supposed, to an universal Cata
logue. Dr. Fuller tells us that he took a great deal of
pains in the continuation of Brian Twyne's " Antiq. Aca-
dem. Oxon." and that he was intent upon it when he died.
But Mr. Wood observes, that Dr. Thomas Bariow and Dr.,
Lamplugh, who looked over his library after his death,
assured him that they saw nothing done towards such a
design. Dr. Langbaine assisted Dr. Arthur Duck in com
posing his book " De usu & authoritate Juris Civilis Ro-
manorum in Dominiis Principum Christianorum," London,
1653, Sva In Parr's collection of Usher's letters, are se
veral letters of our author to that prelate.'
LANGBAINE (Gerard), son of the preceding, was
born in Oxford July 15, 1656; and after being educated
in grammar-learning, was bound apprentice to a book
seller in St. Paul's church-yard, London. But he was
soon called thence on the death of an elder brother, and
entered a gentleman-commoner of University-college in
1672; where, as Wood informs us, he became idle, a
great jockey, married, and spent a considerable part of
his property ; but afterwards restrained his folly, and lived
some years a retired life, near Oxford, eraploying his time
in researches into the history of draraatic poetry. His li
terature, Mr. Warton says, chiefly consisted in a knowledge
of the novels and plays of various languages, and he was
a constant and critical attendant of the play-houses for
many years. Such a pursuit was at that time neither cre
ditable nor profitable ; and accordingly, in 1690 we find
him glad to accept the place of yeoraan beadle of arts,
and soon after he was chosen esquire beadle of law, pro
bably out of respect to his father's niemory.
About this time, he published " An Appendix to a cata
logue of all the graduates in divinity, law, and physic,"
&c. written by R. Peers, superior beadle of arts and phy
sic. Langbaine's appendix contains the names of all who
proceeded from the 14th of June 1688, where Peers left
off, to the 6th of August 1690. He did not survive this
long, some disorder carrying- him off in June 1692. But
he is best known as the author of the " Account of the
English dramatic poets." His first attempt in this way was
• Ath, Ox. vol, II.— Gen, Diet.— Lloyd's Memoirs, fol. p. 517,— Usher's Life
and Letters.

510 LANGBAINE.
by a republication of a catalogue of plays collected originally
by Kirkinan, a London bookseller, and appended to "Ni-
comede," a translation of a play from Corneille in 1671.
This Langbaine followed in 1688 by " MomusTriuraphans,"
which appeared afterwards under the title of " A new Ca
talogue of English Plays," &c. The author at length di
gested his work anew, with great accessions and iraprove-
ments, which he entitled " An Account of tbe English
Dramatic Poets," &c. Oxford, 1691, Svo, reprinted by
Gildon in 1699. Langbaine's own collection amounted,
as he says, to " above 980 English plays and masques,
besides drolls and interludes." The copy of his " Ac
count" in the British Museum, with Oldys's MS notes, is
well known to every student of dramatic history.'
LANGELAND. See LONGLAND.
LANGHAM (Simoin'De), archbishop of Canterbury, and
cardinal, was probably born at Langham in Rutlandshire,
whence he took his narae, but the date is nowhere speci
fied. He became a monk of St. Peter, Westrainster, in
1335, and soon attained a considerable degree of eminence
among his brethren. In 1346 he officiated at the triennial
chapter of the Benedictines, held at Northampton, by whom
in 1349 he was elected prior, and two months after abbot.
The revenues of this monastery having been much wasted
in his predecessor's time, the i;evv abbot directed his atten
tion to a system of ceconomy, and partly by his own ex
ample, and partly by earnest persuasion, vvas soon enabled
to pay off their debts. When he began this reforraation
ofthe abuses vvhich had crept into the cloister, he (know
ing the disposition of bis fraternity) thought that those
which respected the articles of provision vvere of the first
importance. He therefore took care that their misericor-
dia, or better than ordinary dishes, and those dinners which
were somewhat similar to what in our uiiiverbiiies have ob
tained the names of Exceedings and Gaudy-days, should
be common to the whole society ; and not, as had formerly
been the practice, confined to a few, to the extreme mor
tification of the rest. To effect this purpose, he relin
quished the presents vvhich it had been usual for preceding
abbots, at certain times, to accept.
When he had by these means gained the love and esteem,
of the major part of the brotherhood, he carried the work
1 Ath. Ox. vol. II. — AVarton's Hist, of Poetry — an article corrected and im
proved by an able critic in Gen^, Mag. vol. LXXVI. p, 57.

LANGHAM. 511
of reformation to matters of greater importance He
1 1?''"'^'! ^ '^.'^'^e of laws upon more liberal prraciples than
mose by which the monastic orders were in general go
verned ; and although, like all legislators, he met with
considerable difficulty and opposition in their promub.auon
yet he ultimately triumphed. He repressed the insolent',
leduced the refractory, punished the wicked, and in a
short time not only established order in a place which had
been tormeriy the scene of confusion, but had so en
tirely gained the good opinion of the society, that, as
Flete observes, his character was, " even by the old raonks
who had been his enemies, thought equal to that of the
founder, Edward the confessor."
The king, Edward HI. perceiving his talents and saga
city, promoted him^in 1360 to the place of lord treasurer,
and in 1361 he was'chosen bishop of London ; but the see
of Ely becoming vacant at the same time, he chose the
latter, and vvas consecrated March 20, 1361-2, and era
ployed its revenues to the encourageraent of learning, and
to the relief of the poor. As his character in, this high
office began more fully to appear, the king became partial
to Langham, and in Feb. 1364 removed him frora the post
of lord treasurer to that of chancellor, and in July 1366, he
was, by papal provision, but at the express desire of the
king, pfoinoted to the see of Canterbury. The raost re
markable event which occurred during his administration
was, his undertaking to execute the bull promulgated by
the pope Urban the Fifth, " for the correction of the
abuse of the privilege of pluralities," Archbishop Lang-
hara was indefatigable in his inquiry through his diocese;
and the result ofit was, " the reforraation of a great many
ecclesiastics who held an enormous number of livings, some
of them twenty or thirty, with the cure of souls,"
His conduct hitherto had been becoming his station, but
we have now to record one action of his which, as Anthony
Wood says, it is impossible to defend. This was the re
moval of the celebrated John Wickliff from his situation as
head of a hall at Oxford, called Canterbury-hall, founded
¦ by his predecessor Simon Islip. Whether his holding te
nets which might then be deeraed heretical vvas the arch
bishop's true reason for ejecting hira, does not appear.
That which he avowed was, that having a desire that the
hall should be a college for the education of monks, he
thought a secular priest (between whom and the monastic

512 LANGHAM.
order it is well known a considerable jealousy subsisted)
would be an improper person for their governor. But al
though this might have been the opinion of the prelate, it
does not appear to have been that of the society ; the fel
lows of which convened a meeting, in which they drew up
a spirited remonstrance against the tyranny of their supe
rior. This was so ill received by him, and their subse
quent conduct considered as so contumacious, that he se
questered a large portion of their revenue. War vvas now
declared on both sides. The society appealed to the pope,
the archbishop sent an agent to Rome to answer for him ;
and he bad interest enough to induce his holiness to con
firm the decree by which Wickliff and some other refrac
tory members of the fraternity were removed, and their
places filled with those vvho were more steady adherents to
monachisra, and consequently more devoted to the will of
the archbishop.
In Sept. 1368, the pope promoted Langham to tbe dig
nity of cardinal, as it is said, without solicitation, and
merely because he thought a man of his talents would be
an ornamenf to the sacred college. The king, however,
was not pleased with this promotion, probably because he
had not been consulted, and ordered the temporalities of
the archbishopric to be seized, as if the see were vacant,
which, on promotion to the dignity of cardinal, was a na
tural consequence, unless the party had conditioned to
hold his preferments. Langham, as far as can be disco
vered, made no opposition to the king's pleasure, but
merely attended at court to ask leave to retire to Otford ;
which being granted, he reduced bis establishment, re
paired to his rural mansion, and continued for some months
to live very privately.
He remained in this situation till, his affairs calling him
to the papal court, he set out for Montafiacone, where he
was honoured with the title of St. Sixtus, and a short time
after provided with ecclesiastical dignities in this kingdom,
to tbe araount of more than 1000 pounds per annum, an
iraraease sum in that age. They consisted of the deanery
of Lincoln, the archdeaconry and treasurership of Wells,
the archdeaconry of York, and the prebendary of Wistowe
in that cathedral.
The death of pope Urban happened at a period, as it
was thought, critical to the affairs of the cardinal, as well as
to those of the two kingdoms of England and France, as he

LANGHAM. 513
had just appointed hitn to mediate a peace between them.
But Gregory the Eleventh, who succeeded Urban, as sen
sible of bis merit as bis predecessor, confirmed his appoint
ment, and even enlarged his powers. This treaty failing,
as had been foreseen by the cardinal, he proceeded from
Melun, the place where he had met cardinal de Beauvois,
to England with the sense of the French court upon the
negotiation. Although unsuccessful in this business, he
had, whilst abroad, an opportunity pf displaying his diplo
matic talents, which had a raore fortunate issue. Through
his mediation a peace was made betwixt the king and the
earl of Flanders, who bad been at variance upon the. ac
count of the earl's breaking his engageraent to marry his
daughter to Edmund earl of Cambridge, and betrothing
her to Philip, the brother of Charles the Fifth, king of
France. In the beginning of 1372, cardinal Langham left Eng
land in order to return to the pope ; and when he arrived
at Avignon, he found that his conduct had, during the
course of his mission, been misrepresented to the pope,
but he so araply satisfied his holiness on that point, that, in
the same year, he elevated him to the dignity of cardinal
bishop of Prseneste. On the death of Wittelsey, who suc
ceeded him as archbishop of Canterbury, the raonks en
deavoured to persuade the king to allow Langham to re-
turrt ; but the king Was enraged at their insolence, and in
this was seconded by the pope, who preferred employing
the cardinal at Avignon, where the affairs of tbe holy see
rendered his presence necessary. From this situation,
however, Langham had a strong desire to remove, and
visit his native countr)', wdiere he had projected some archi
tectural plans, and meant to devote a large sura of money
to the rebuilding of the abbey at Westminster. With this
view he procured some friends at court to solicit leave to
return, and their applications were successful ; but before
he could know the issue, he died suddenly of a paralytic
stroke, July 22, 1376. His body was, according to the
direction of his will, first deposited in a new-built church
of the Carthusians, near the place of his decease, where it
remained for three years. It vvas then with great state
and solemnity removed to Saint Benet's chapel, in West
minster abbey, where his tomb with his effigy upon it, and
the arms of England, the monastery of Saint Peter, and
Vol. XIX, L l

5 14 LANGHAM.
the sees of Canterbury and Ely, engraved in tablets arouiid
it, still remains.
By his will he bequeathed a large donation to the sup
port of the fabric of the Abbey at Westminster. The
whole of his benefactions to this place, including tbe suras
he paid to discharge the debts of his predecessors, and
what he gave in his life-time for the celebration of his an-
niversary, to found chantries, and to the fabric, amounted
to the enormous sum of 10,800^. as we learn frora the sub
sequent verses :
" Res Ms de Langham tua Simon sunt data quondam,
Octingentena librarum millia dena."
The character of this prelate, as given by Flete, the
historian ofthe abbey, is, " that he was a man of great ca
pacity, very wise, and very eloquent :" a character which,
even allowing for the prejudice of monachisra toward, so
erainent a benefactor to the church, will not be disputed,
if we consider also that he filled some of the highest de
partments of the state, under a monarch who is, by all
historians, allowed to have been as eminent for his wisdom
and discernment as he was for his courage and military
glory.' LANGHORNE (Daniel), an English antiquary, and a
native of Loudon, was adraitted of Trinity college, Cam
bridge, Oct. 23, 1649, where he became scholar in 1652,
took the degree of B.A. in 1654, and that of M.A. in 1657.
He continued there probably till 1662, when he had a
licence from the bishop of ICIy for officiating in Trinity
church in that city, and was elected fellow of Corpus
Christi the year following, This occasioned him to pro
ceed B. I), in 1664, when he was appointed one of the
university preachers ; and continued his studies there until
his institution to the vicarage of Layston cum Capella de
Alsewych in Hertfordshire, Sept. 3, 1670, which vacated
his fellowship next year. He held this benefice to the
time of his death in 1681. He was the author of " Elen-
chus Antiquitatum Albionensium," Lond. 1673, Svo, with
an appendix in 1674 ; and of "Chronicon Regum Anglo-
rum," Lond. 1679, Svo. A continuation of this was pro
mised, which his death prevented. The MS. of it was
said to be in a private band, under the title of "Dan.
> Wharton's Anglia Sicra, — Tanner, — Life by Mr. Moser, in Europ. Mag, 1797.

LANGHORNE. SiS
Langhornii Chronic! Anglorum Continuatip, vel Pars Se
cunda, ab A. C. 800 ad 978.'"
LANGHORNE (John), an English poet and miscella
neous writer, the son of a clergyman beneficed in Lincoln
shire, was born at Kirkby Steven, in Westmoreland, in
the month of March 1735. His father dying when he vvas
only four years of age, the care ofhis education devolved
on his mother, who initiated him in the'first principles of
knowledge with such tender anxiety as left a pleasing and
indelible impression on his memory. He celebrated her
virtues on her tomb, and more particularly by a beautiful
monody inserted among his poems. When of sufficient
age, he was placed at a school at Winton, and afterwards
at Appleby, where he recomraended himself to the good
opinion of Mr. Yates, his master, not only by speedily dis
patching the usual school tasks, but by performing volun
tary exercises, which he submitted to his revisal. By this
eraployment of his leisure hours, he probably excelled his
companions, and we are told that at the age of thirteen he
was able to read and construe the Greek Testament.
He did not leave this school until his eighteenth year,
when, having iio^ means of defraying the expences of an
university education, he engaged himself as private tutor
in a family near Ripon. He had attained a thorough know
ledge of the classical languages, and during his residence
in this neighbourhood, began to write verses, the greater
part of which his more mature judgment led hira to destroy.
One of these pieces, however, " Studley Park," has been
very properly snatched from oblivion by his biographer,
anfl now stands at the head of his poems in the late edition,
not indeed as the best, but as the earliest specimen of his
powers. It appears that he had sorae expectations from
the possessor of this beautiful place, which were not grati
fied; and he therefore thought proper to oinit it in the sub
sequent editions of his poems.
His next occupation was that of an assistant at the free
school of Wakefield, then superintended by Mr, Clarke;
and while here he took deacon's orders, and becarae, it is
said, " a popular preacher." In 1759, Mr. Clarke recom
mended him as preceptor to the sons of Robert Cracroft,
esq. of Hackthorn, near Lincoln. Mr. Cracroft had nine
' Masters's History of CC.C.C. — Bohun's additions to Wheare's " Method of
Reading Histories," p. 134.
L L 2

516 LANGHORNE.
sons, and Mr. Langhorne raust have been fully employed
in the faraily; yet he added tp theirs the tuition of Mr.
Edmund Cartwright, a young gentleraan of a poetical turn,
who afterwards published an elegy, entitled " Constantia,"
on the death of his preceptor's wife. During his residence
at Hackthorn, our author published a volume of his poems,
for the relief of a gentleraan in distress ; and in tbe same
year a poem, entitled " The Death of Adonis," from the
Greek of Blon. Public opinion gave him no encourage
ment to reprint this last, but he derived from it the advan
tage of being noticed as a critic of considerable acuraen in
Greek poetry.
ill 1760 he entered his narae at Clare-hall, Cambridge,
in order to, take tbe degree of bachelor of divinity, which
he supposed, by the statutes of the university, any person
in orders is impowered to do without residence ; but in this
it is probable he did not succeed, as his narae is not to be
found araong the Carabridge graduates. His being in
cluded in Mr. Cole's list is, however, a proof that he en
tered of Clare-hall ; and while here, he wrote a poem on
the king's accession, and another on the royal nuptials,
which he afterwards inserted in " Solyman and Almena."
In the same year, he published " The Tears of the Muses,"
a poem to the meraory of Handel ; vvith an " Ode to the
River Eden," 4to.
While employed on the education of the sons of Mr.
Cracroft, he becarae enaraoured ofthe amiable disposition
and personal charms of Miss Anne Cracroft, one of that
gentieraan's daughters. He had given her some instruc
tions in the Italian language, and was often delighted by
her skill in music, for which he had a very correct ear. A
mutual attachment was the consequence of these many op
portunities and coincidences in polite accomplishments,
which Mr. Langhorne was eager to terminate in marriage.
But the lady, who knew that a match so disproportioned
as to fortune would be opposed by her family, gave him
a denial, as firm and as gentle as her good sense and se
cret altachineiit would permit. For this, however, Mr.
Langhorne was -not prepared, and iramediately left his
situation, in hopes of recovering a raore tranquil tone of
mind in distant scenes and different employment. In 1761
he officiated as curate to the rev. Abraham Blackburn of
Dagenham, and obtained the friendship of the Gillraans, a
\ery amiable family in that place. While endeavouring

LANGHORNE. 517
to forget his heart's disappointment, he found some relief
in penning a " Hymn to Hope," which he published this
year in London, 4to; and in the course of tbe next, he
gave further vent to his thoughts in " The Visions of
Fancy, four Elegies," 4to ; " Letters on Religious Retire
ment," Svo; and " Solyman and Almena," a fiction in the
manner ofthe Eastern Tales, but not much io be praised
for invention. The " Letters" are of a sentiraental, me
lancholy cast, with a considerable mixture of Hgbter and
more entertaining matter. In the same year he published
" The Viceroy," a poem in honour of lord Halifax, then
lord lieutenant of Ireland. Here, as in the case of " Stud-
ley Park," our author appears to have expected to find a
patron, but lord Halifax did not condescend to notice
what, it must be confessed, flatters him with too much
artifice ; and Langhorne, when he collected his poems,
retained only a favourite fragment of this unlucky piece,
omitting altogether the name of Halifax, or Viceroy. The
whole, however, is given ih the last edition of the " Eng
lish Poets," as originally written.
His " Letters on Religious Retirement" were dedicated,
with rather more success, to bishop Warburton, who re
turned a complimentary letter, in which he encouraged' our
author to make some attismpt in the cause of religion.
This is supposed to have produced, in 1763, "The Letters
that passed between Theodosius and Constantia," a fiction
foutided on a well-known story in tbe Spectator. The
style of these letters is in general elegant, but in some
parts too florid. The " Letter on Prayer" is very equi
vocal in its tendency. This year also gave birth to a poera,
meant to be philosophical, entitled " The Enlargement of
the Mind," part first, in which we find sorae noble senti
ments expressed in glowing and elevated language. His
next publication, about the sarae time, called " Effusions
of Friendship and Fancy," 2 vols. 12mo, was a work of
considerable popularity. It is indeed a very pleasing rais-
cellany of humour, fancy, and criticisra, but the style is
often flippant and irregular, and made him be classed
among the imitators of Sterne, whom it was too much the
fashion at thdt time to read and to adraire.
In 1764, having obtained the curacy and lectureship of
St. John's Clerkenwell, he was enabled to' reside in Lon
don, where only literary talents meet with ready encou-
rawement, and where he was already ranked among the

518 LANGHORNE.
elegant and pleasing poets of the day, and had given am
ple proof of ease and versatility in tbe choice and manage
ment of his subjects. His first publication this year was a
continuation of " Theodosius and Constantia," of much
the same character as the former work, but enlivened by
more variety. As he appears to have aspired to promotion
through the popularity of his talents in the pulpit, be now
gave a specimen of what had pleased his congregation, in
two volumes of " Sermons." His biographer has taken
some pains to defend these against the censure of the late
Mr. Mainwaring of St John's, Cambridge, in his " Disser
tation" prefixed to his Sermons, (1780). But it appears to
tts that they abound in the false pathos, and that the rea
soning, where any occurs, is very superficial. They have,
however, the advantage to those who dislike sermons of
every kind, that they are perhaps the shortest ever pub
lished. About this tirae his son informs us that he engaged with
Mr. Griffiths as a writer in the Monthly Review ; and that
this engagement, with scarcely any intermission, continued
to his death. We suspect there is some mistake in this
account, although the secresy which very properly prevails
in the management of a Review, will not allow us to rec
tify it. That Mr. Langhorne was a writer in the Monthly
Review has been repeated from so many quarters, that
there seems no reason to doubt it ; but a dispute relating
to a work hereafter mentioned, vvhich took place between
Mr. Langhorne and the editor of the Review, affords some
ground to think that his connexion vvith it had ceased
about 1769.
But whatever may be in this, his employment as a c.ritic
we are told, procured him many acquaintances among li-
terar}' men, while the vein of ridicule which he indulged
in treating several of the subjects that fell under his con
sideration, created him many enemies, who in their turn
endeavoured to depreciate bis performauces. As no judg
ment can now be pronounced on the articles which he
wrote, it is impossible to say whether this vein of ridicule
was employed as the just chastisement of arrogance and
immorality, or substituted for fair and legitimate criticism.
Illiberality has not often been imputed tn the journal in
which he vvrote ; and as to his enemies, we know of none
more formidable than Churchill, Kelly, and Kenrick, two
of whom were libellers by profession. Smollett, whose

L.A N.G H OXN E. 519
jealousy of the Monthly Review led him often to disgrace
his talehts-by invidious attacks on the supposed writers
belonging to it, bestows almost uniform praise on Lang-
home's various works.
In 1765, his productions were, " The Second Epistle
on the Enlargement of the Mind;" an edition of the poems
of the elegant and tender Collins, with a criticism and
some memoirs ; and letters on that difficult subject^ " The
Eloquence of the Pulpit." He had now occasion to exert
his own talents Before a more enlightened auditory than
he had ever yet addressed,, having been appointed by Dr.
Hurd (bishop df AVorcester) to the office of assistant
preacher at Lincoln's-inn chapel. In the following year
we do not find that any thing original came frora his pen.
He prepared for the press, however, an enlarged edition
ofhis " Effusions of Friendship and Fancy," and a collec
tion of his " Poems," in 2 vols. 12nio. The principal ar
ticle of these, not before published, is a draraatic poem,
or tragedy, entitied "The Fatal Prophecy." This was
his only attempt in this species of poetry, and was univer
sally accounted unsuccessful. He had the good sense to
acquiesce in the decision, and neither attempted the drama
again, nor reprinted this specimen.
During Churchill's career, our author endeavoured to
counteract the scurrility he had thrown out against Scot
land in his " Prophecy of Famine," by an elegant poem
eiititled " Genius and Valour." This provoked Churchill
to introduce his name once or twice with his usual epithets
of contempt, which Langhorne disregarded, and disre
garded his own interest at the sarae time, by dedicating
this poem to lord Bute, a minister going out of place ! It
produced him, however, a very flattering letter, in 1766,
from Dr. Robertson, the celebrated historian, and prin
cipal of the university of Edihburgh, requesting him to
accept a diploma for the degree of D. D. He was farther
consoled by the approbation of every wise and loyal man,
who contemplated the miseries of disunion, and the glaring
absurdity of perpetuating national prejudices.
In 1767, after a courtship of five years. Dr. Langhorne
obtained the hand of Miss Cracroft, to whora he had ever
been tenderly attached, and with whom he had kept up a
correspondence* since his departure from Hackthorn. By
* This correspondence, his son in- under the title of " Letters to EJea-
foiHis m, be published after her death, nora," from a sacred compliance witlj

520 LANGHORNE.
what means her family were reconciled to the mat<?h, we
are not told, but some fortune accompanied it, as the
living of Blagdon, in Somersetshire, was purchased for him,
and there he went imraediately to reside. His happiness,
however, with this lady, was of short dnration, as she died
in child-birth of a son. May 4, 1768. She was interred
in the chancel of Blagdon-church, with the following lines
on her monuraent, written by her husband:
" With Sappho's taste, with Arr ia's tender heart,
Lucretia's honour, and Cecilia's art,
That such a woman died surprize can't give,
'Tis only strange that such a one should Uve."
He afterwards coraposed a raore elegant and pathetic
tribute to her virtues, which may be found among his
poems. The allusion to the cause of ber death is an ori
ginal thought, introduced with great skill and tenderness^
During Mrs. Langhorne's life, he produced one poem'
only, entitled " Precepts of Conjugal Happiness," ad
dressed to Mifs. Nelthorpe, a sister of his wife. To this
lady he committed the care of his infant child, who lived
to acknowledge her friendship, and to discharge the du
ties of an affectionate son, by the late " Memoirs of his
Father," prefixed to an elegant edition of his poenvs. In
the " Precepts of Conjugal Happiness," there is more
good sense than poetry. It appears to have been a tem
porary effusion on which he bestowed no extraordinary
pains. Not long after Mrs. Langhorne's death, our author
went to reside at Folkstone, in Kent, where his brother,
the Rev. William Langhorne, then officiated as minister, a
man of a very amiable character. He was born in 1721,
and presented by the archbishop of Canterbury to the rec
tory of Hakinge, with the perpetual curacy of Folkstone,
in 1754 ; and on this preferraent he passed the remainder
of his life. He published " Job," a poem, and a poetical
Paraphrase on a part of Isaiah, neither of which raised
him to the fame of a poet, although they are not without
the merit of correctness and spirit. He died Feb. 17,
1772, and his brother wrote some elegant lines to his me
mory, which are inscribed on a tablet in the chancel of
her request. Tlie publication we have to impress his reader with sensations
not seen, but the accounts of it in the and emotions which he himself did not
critical journals arc very unfavourable, feel." This perhaps may strengthen
The Monthly Reviewer says that the our conjecture on the termination of
author " hai preposterously vehlnred his connexi»n with this Review.

L A M G H 0 il N E. 521
Eolkstone church. Between these brothers the closest af
fection subsisted ; each vvas to the other " more the friend
than brother of his heart." During their residence toge
ther at Folkstone, they were employed in preparing a nev^
translation of Plutarch's Lives ; and our poet, who became
about this tirae intihiate with Scott, the poet of Amwell
(who likewise had just lost a beloved wife from a similar
cause) paid him a visit at Amwell, vVhere he vvrote the mo
nody inscribed to Mr. Scott.
Amidst these engagements he found leisure to give td
the world two productions stirongly marked by the pecu-
liaritiies ofhis style and turn of thinking ; the one entitled
" Frederick and PharamOnd, oi-, Tbe Consolations of Hu
man Life," Svo ; the other, " Letters supposed to hav6
passed between M. de St. Evremond and Waller" Ih
this last, while he was allowed to have preserved their cha
racters tolerably, he was at the same time accused, by the
critic in the Monthly Review, of taking frequent opportuni
ties to compliment himself on the merit of the letters he had
written for St. Evremond and Waller. This produced a
complaint frora Langhorne, which vvas answered by the Re
viewer, I'espectfully indeed, but not in the manner that might
have been expected frora an associate. It is frora this cir
cumstance that we have been led to conjecture that his
connexion with the Review ceased when he left London in
consequence ofhis obtaining the living of Blagdon. " Fre
derick and Pharamond" vvas begun with a view to alle
viate the afflictions of a friend, and pursued perhaps to
alleviate his own. It attempts that by argument which is
rarely accomplished but by tirae.
Tlie translation of " Plutarch" by the brothers aiipeai-ed
iii 1770, and soon became a very popular book. In 1771,
Dr. Langhorne gave another proof of the variety on which
he exercised his fancy in a favourite little volurae, entitied
the " Fables of Flora." In this, although be claimed too
hastily the merit of combining for the first time imagery,
description, and sentiment, yet he has certainly enlarged
the province of fable, and given proof of a wide range of
imagination. It cannot, however, be denied that the
moral is not always sufficiently pointedj that the style is
too much ornamented, and the general cast of sentiraent
too obscure for tbe persons into whose hands Fables are
usually placed. In answer to the objection made to the
language of flowers, his son very justly remarks that " im-

522 LANGHORNE.
personation may certainly be applied with as much reason
to the vegetable as to the animal creation, if the charac
teristic attributes of each plant or flower are faithfully
marked, and the unity of the fable is maintained."
Towards the latter end of the year 177 1, Dr. Langhorne
went to reside for a few months at Potton, in Bedford
shire, where he wrote his " Origin of the Veil," which,
however, was not published for some tirae after. In 1772,
he paid a visit to his native country, and married a second
wife, the daughter of  Thomson, esq. a magistrate near
Brough, and soon after took her with him on a tour through
part of France and Flanders, the scenery of which afforded
new topics for his muse. Late in the Spring he returned
to Blagdon, where he was put into the commission of the
peace : and having considered the usual practice of the
duties of that office, he imparted his sentiments on the
subject in a species of didactic and satirical poem, entitled
" The Country Justice," in three parts, published in 1774,
1775, and 1777. This humane endeavour to plead the
cause of the poor and wretched against oppression and
neglect does great honour to his feelings, which, indeed,
in all his works, are on the side of benevolence and vir
tue. It is said to have been written in consequence of the
suggestion, and as to facts, probably with the assistance,
of Dr. Burn, the well-known author of a digest of the laws
relating to justices of the peace. In 1772, Dr. Langhorne
presented the public with a liberal translation of that part
of Denina on the ancient republics of Italy which con
tains the author's reflections on the admission of the Italian
states to the franchises of Rome *.
In 1776, he lost his second wife, who died, like the for
mer, in child-bed, five years after her marriage, and left a
daughter, whom he consigned by his will to the protection
of his friend Mrs. Gillman. What impression this second
interruption to domestic happiness produced on his mind
we are not told. In this year, however, we find him again
employing the press on a translation of Milton's " Italian
Sonnets," and on two occasional sermons. In 1777, at
the request of the Bouverie family, who highly respected
* The author's object in this pnbli- the Romans acquired their superiority,
cation is not very obviouS. In our and were enabled to extend their con-
days it might be nf more importance to quests.
discuss the question, by what means

LANGHORNE. 523
Mr. Langhorne, Dr. Moss, bishop of Bath and Wells, pre
sented him vvith a prebend in the cathedral of Wells.
His last production vvas the tale of " Owen of Carron ;"
which, with some beautii^s, has Itss of his usual energy
and vigour ; it is uncertain whether this was owing to the
nature of the poem, in which be conceived it necessary to
imitate the ballad simplicity, or to a linguor of body and
mind. The death of the honourable Charles Yorke, from
whom he had great expectations, is said to have made a
lasting impression on him ; but, as Mr. Yorke died in 1770,
this seems wholly improbable. His biographer passes over
his last days without notice of his situation or employments.
Weare merely toi-a that he died on April 1, 1779, in the
forty-fifth year of his age.
In 1804, his son published an edition of his poems, in
two elegant volutnes 12mo, with memoirs of the author.
To these we are indebted forthe principal pari of this sketcli.
If we may judge from bis writings, Dr, Langhorne was a
man of an amiable disposition, a friend to religion and mo
rals, and, though a wit, he never descends to grossness or
indelicacy. His memory has not been followed by any
worse objection than that he was of a social turn, and dur
ing the latter part of his life more addicted to convivial in
dulgences than is consistent with health. This, however,
is a serious objection, and not much lessened by the sup
position that he was driven to this unhappy species of re
lief by having twice lost the chief source of doraestic hap
piness. Ease, elegance, and tenderness, are the most
striking features of his poetry : nor is he deficient in inven
tion j an attentive perusal will discover many original sen
timents, and spirited flights, which the critics of his day
pointed out with high praise. He is very seldom a copyist ;
his style, as well as his sentiments, whatever their merit,
are his own. His prose works are various enough to con
vince us that he was either a laborious writer, or possessed
of great fertility of imagination ; and the latter will proba
bly be the safest conjecture. But, althoug;h a scholar of
high attainments, he has rarely brought It-arning to his aid.
His mind was stored with remarks on raen and manners,
which he expressed in various and desultory modes, so as
to give an air of novelty to every thing be wrote. But we
find nothing very profound. He appeared so frequently
before the public as to secure a considcn.ble degree of
fame : what he announced was expected with eagerness.

524 ¦ LANGHORNE,
and what he published was read with pleasure; but as his
abilities were confined to the lighter provinces of literature,
there are few of his productions which vvill be honoured by-
permanent popularity. '
LANGIUS, or LANGE (John), an erainent physician,
was born at Loewenburg, in Silesia, in 1485. After .study
ing, with singular zeal, at Leipsic, Bologna, and Pisa, iti
the latter of which universities he was honoured with the
degree of M. D. he began practice at Heidelberg, where
he soon acquired the esteem of the public, and was nomi
nated first physician to four successive electors palatine ;
one of whom, Frederic II. , he accompanied in his travels
through the greater part of Europe. ' He attained the age
of eighty, notwithstanding his excessive use of cheese,
which made a part of all his meals, asserting that physi
cians were mistaken in decrying- it as indigestible. He died
at Heidelberg in June 1565.
The raost esteemed of his works is entitled " Medicina-
lium Epistolarum Miscellanea," first published at Basle,
in 1554, 4to, and reprinted with additional epistles. The
work was full of the various learning of the times ; and he
in a great measure anticipated Sydenham in recomraending
the cool regiraen in inflammatory diseases. His other works
are, " De Syrraaismo et ratione purgandi per vomitum; ex
Egyptiorura invento et formula," 1572, Svo. " De Scor-
buto EpistoFae duae," 1624; together with the treatise of
Sennertus on the sarae subject. " Consilia quasdara et ex-
periraenta," 1676, 4to, together with the Consilia Medici-
nalia of Velschius^'
LANGIUS (Joseph), a learned mathematician of the
sixteenth century, was a native of Keiserberg in Upper
Alsatia, and' was professor of Greek and mathematics at
Friburg about the year 1610. Two years after, he wrote
his " Elementale Mathematicum," which, according to
Vossius, was not printed until five years afterwards. It
was, in 1625, much improved and published by Isaac
Habrecht, a philosopher and physician. Langius's pre
vious works were, an edition of " Martial," Strasburgh,
1595, 12mo, and a " Florilegium," in 1598, Svo, which,
at tbe distance of some years, was followed bj' a folio, en
titled, " Polyanthea nova." This, which Bayle reckons
the third compilation of the kind, was printed at Geneva,
I Johnson and Cbolmers'.s English Poets, 1810.
' Rees's Cyclopa-diii, from Cloy.

LANGIUS. 525
in 1600, and often since. Langius also published an edi
tion of "Juvenal and Persius," at Friburgh, in 1608. A
" Tyrocinium Grajcarum Literarum," in 1607 ; and a col
lection entitied " Adagia, sive Sententiae proverbiales."
We have no account of his personal history, unless that,
after living many years in the Protestant coramunion, he
became a Roman Catholic ; but wdien be died is not spe
cified. '
LANGIUS (Rodolph), a gentieman of Westphalia, and
provost of the cathedral church of Munster towards the end
ofthe fifteenth century, distinguished himself by his learn
ing, and by his zeal for the restoration of polite literature.
He went through his first studies at Deventer, and was
afterwards sent into Italy, where, under the greatest mas
ters in literature, Laurence Valla, Mapheus Vegius, Fran
cis Philelphus, and Theodore Gaza, he acquired an elegant
Latin style both in verse and prose. His fellow-travellers
in this journey were Maurice count of Spiegelbetg and
Rodolph Agricola, who, on their return to Germany, were
the first to introduce proper methods of classical teaching,
and to restore the purity of the Latin language. Langius
being sent to the court of Rorae by the bishop and chap
ter of Munster, under pope Sixtus IV. acquitted himself
with great credit, and came back with letters from this
pope "and from Lorenzo de Medici, which gave him so
much consequence in the eyes of his countryraen, that he
was enabled raore successfully to banish from the schools
tiie io-norance which prevailed there. He vvas obliged,
however, to struggle some years with those who objected
that the introduction of a new method of teaching was
danaerous ; but at length he overcame those prejudices,
and per,.uaded his bishop to found a school at Munster,
the direction of which was committed to learned men, to
whom he pointed out the raethod they were to follow, and
the books they were to explain, and gave them the use of
his fine library. This school being thus estabhshed a httie
before the eiid of the fifteenth century, became very
flourtshino-, and served as a nursery of literature to al
Germany ill the Revolutions which were occasionet a
MunTe by the anabaptists in the year 1 554. Langius d.ed
1^151 9 at the ao-e of fourscore. He published sorae poeras
at MunsLr! 148^6, 4to, by which, says Bayle. it appears
. Gen, Pict.-Vossins de Scient. Math.-Saxii Onoman.

526 LANGIUS
that there were Latin poets of some reputation in Germany
before Conrad Celtcs. Rodolph Agricola dedicated his Latin
translation of Plato's " Axiochus" to Langius.'
LANGLAND See LONGLAND.
LANGRlsH (Browne), a physician of the last cen
tury, of .\hom no mesnorial, except tbe present scanty
one, has been preserved, distinguished himself as an ad
vocate for the mechanical theories of piiys ology and medi
cine, and by the numerous experiments with which he
supported those doctrines, which a more accurate investi
gation of tbe nature of the animal economy ha^ exploded.
Dr. Langrish, however, <-annot be denied the merit of as
certaining several interesting facts with respect to the na
ture of the circulating powers. He died in London, Nov.
29, 1759, and left the following works ! "A new essay on
Muscular Motion, founded on Experiments, &c." 1733,
Svo; " Modern Theory oi Physic," 1738, Svo; "Physical
Experiments upon Brutes," 17+5, Svo; " Croonian Lec
tures on Muscular Motion," 1747, and a " Treatise on the
Small-pox," 1758,'
LANGTOFT (Peter), an English chronicler, so called
from Langtoft in Yorkshire, flourished in the thirteenth,
and beginning of the fourteenth century, and was a canon
regular of the order of St. Austin at Bridlington in York
shire. He translated out of the Latin into French verse,
Bosenhatn or Boscam's Life of Thomas a Becket, and
compiled likewise in French verse, a Chronicle of England,
copies of which are in several libraries. He begun his
chronicle as early as the old fable of the Trojans, and
brings it down to the end of the reign of Edward I. He is
supposed to have died about the beginning of Edward II.
or soon after. Robert de Brunne, as we have already
mentioned in bis article (see Brunne), gave an English
metrical version of Langtoft, which was edited by Hearne
in 1725, 2 vols, Svo.'
LANGTON (Stephen), archbishop of Canterbury in
the thirteenth century, a native of England, was educated
at the university of Paris, where he afterwards taught di-
viiiiiy, and explained the Scriptures with much reputation.
His character stood so high, that he was chosen chancellor
of that university, canon of Paris, and dean of Rheims.
' Oen. Diet, — Saxii Oncimasl. ' Rees's, Cyclopedia, from Eloy,
5 Hearne's Prelace. — Warton's Hist, qf Poetrj'.

LANGTON. 527
He was afterwards sent for to Rome by pope Innocent III.
and created a cardinal. In 1207, the monks of Canter
bury having, upon a vacancy taking place in that see,
made a double return, both parties appealed to the pope,
3nd sent agents to Rome to support their respective claims.
His holitiess not only determined against both the contend
ing candidates, but ordered the monks of Canterbury, then
at Rome, immediately to proceed to the election of an
archbishop, and, at the same time, commanded tiiem to
choose cardinal Stephen Langton. After various excuses,
which the plenitude of papal power answered, by absolving
these conscientious monks from all sorts of proraises, oaths,
&c. and by threatening thera with the highest penalties of
the church, they complied ; and Langton was consecrated
by the pope at Viterbo. As soon as the news arrived in
England, king John was incensed in the highest degree
both against the pope and monks of Canterbury, which
last experienced the effects of his indignation. He sent
two officers with a company of armed men to Canterbury,
took possession of the monastery, banished the monks out
of the kingdom, and seized all their property. He wrote
a spirited letter to the pope, in which he accused hira of
injustice and presumption, in raising a stranger to the
highest dignity in his kingdom, without his knowledge.
He reproached the pope and court of Rorae with ingrati
tude, in not remembering that they derived more riches
from England than from all the kingdoms on this side the
Alps. He assured him, that he was determined to sacri
fice his life in defence of the rights of his crown ; and that
if his holiness did not imraediately repair the injury he had
done him, he would break off all communication with
Rome. The pope, whora such a letter must have irritated
in the highest degree, returned for answer, that if the
king persisted in this dispute, he would plunge hiraself
into inextricable difficulties, and would at length be crush
ed by him, before whom every knee must bow, &c. All
this may be deeraed insolent and haughty, but it was not
fo,olish. Tlie pope knew the posture of king John's affairs
at home ; he knew that he had lost the affections of his
subjects by his imprudence ; his only miscalculation was
respecting the spirit of the people ; for when, which he
did immediately, he laid the kingdom of England under
an interdict, and two years after excoramunicated the king,
be was enraged to find that the great barons and their foli

528 LANGTON.
lowers adhered with so much steadiness to their sovereign,
that, while he lay under the sentence of excommunication,
he executed the only two successful expeditions of his
reign, the one into Wales, and the other into Ireland ; a
proof that if he had continued to act with firmness, and
had secured the affections of his subjects by a mild admi
nistration, he might have triumphed over all the arts of
Rome. Such, however, was not the policy of John ; and
in the end, he submitted to the most disgraceful terms. In
1213, cardinal Langton arrived in England, and took pos
session of the see ; and though he owed all his advaace-
ment to the pope, yet the moment he became an English
baron, he was inspired with a zealous attachraent to the
liberties and independence of his country. In the very
year in which he came over, he and six other bishops
joined the party of the barons, who associated to resist the
tyranny ofthe king ; and at length they were successful in
procuring the great charter, Langton was equally zea
lous in opposing the claims of the papal agents, particu-
' larly of the. pope's legate, who assumed the right of regu
lating all ecclesiastical affairs in the most arbitrary manner.
In the grand contest which took place between king John
and the barons about tbe charter, the archbishop's pa
triotic conduct gave such offence to the pope, that, in 1215,
he laid him under a sentence of suspension, and reversed
the election of his brother Simon Langton, who had been
chosen archbishop of York. Yet in the following year we
find Langton assisting at a general council held at Rome ;
and during his absence from England at this time, king
John died. In 1222, he held a synod at Oxford, in which
a remarkable canon was raade, prohibiting clergymen from
keeping concubines publicly in their houses, or frora going
to them in other places so openly as to occasion scandal.
In the following year, he, at the head of the principal no
bility, demanded an audience of king Henry 111. and de
manded of hira a confirmation ofthe charter of their liber
ties. Their determined manner convinced the king that
their demand was not to be refused, and he instantly gave
orders for the assembling of parliaraent. The archbishop
shewed, in several instances, that he was friendly to the
legal prerogatives of the crown ; and by a firm conduct, in
a case of great difficulty, he prevented the calamity of a
civil war. He died in 1228, leaving behind him many
works, which prove that he was deserving the character of

LANGTON, 529
being a learned and polite author. He wrote " Commen
taries" upon the greatest part of the books of the Old and
New Testament. He was deeply skilled in Aristotelian
dialectics, and the application of them to the doctrines of
Scripture. The first division ofthe books of the Bible into
chapters is ascribed to this prelate. The history of the
translation of the body of Thomas a Becket was printed at
the end of that archbishop's letters, at Brussels, 1682; and
there are various MSS. of his in our public libraries. His
letter to king John, with the king's answer, may be seen
in d'Achery's Spicilegiura.
M. la Rue, in his " Dissertation on the Lives and Works
of several Anglo-Norman poets ofthe Thirteenth Century,"
has placed our metropolitan at the top of his list ; and has
taken the first proof of his poetical talents from the stanza
of a song, introduced in one of his sermons, written upon
the holy virgin. In the same MS. which contains this ser
mon, are two other pieces attributed to the cardinal. The
first is a theological drama, in which Truth, Justice, Mercy,
and Peace, debate among themselves, what ought to be
the fate of Adam after his fall. The second is a Canticle
on the " Passion of Jesus Christ," in 123 stanzas, making
more than 600 verses, in which the historical details are
brought forward in a quick succession, and in a manner as
interesting as the subject. But as the author was provided
with all the facts, and had nothing left to his care but the
versification, there is less imagination and poetry in this
piece than in the preceding, the idea of which is borrowed
from Ps. Ixxx. v. 10, and which he has worked up with
equal taste and delicacy.'
1 Wharton's Anglia Sacra. — Cave, vol.11. — Tanner.— Dupin, — Henry's Hist.
of Great Britain. — Archajologia, vol. XIII.

INDEX.
Those marked thus * are new. Those f are re-written, with additions.
.. Page Page
*J EPHSON, Robert  1 ^Jerusalem, J. F. W  15
*Jeremiah of Larissa  3 Jesua, Levita  ig
*Jermngham, Edward  ib. Jeune, John le  ib.
Jerom, St  5 Jewel, John  ib.
Jerome of Prague  U Joachim  24
Jervas, Charles  14 Joan, pope  35

¦M

530

INDEX.

Page
*Joan of Arc  27
Jobert, Louis  30
*Jocondus, John  ih.
*J[odelle, Stephen  31
Johnson, Charles  32
*  John  33
 Maurice  37
— '¦  . Samuel, divine ... 38
+  Samuel, LL. D. . . . ,47
* — '¦  ; — : Thomas, botanist 77
* — ¦  Thomasj editor ... 78
Johnston, Arthur  ib.
*—' — ^  Charles  81
*  James  82
t  John  85
Jtiinville, John de  ib.
Joly, Claude   86
t— — Guy  ib.
¦* Jomelli, Nicolo  S7
Jonas, Anagrimus  89
*•  Justus  90
*Jones, rev, Griffith  91
—  Griffith  92
 Henry  93
"* — : — Jeremiah  94
¦  Inigo  96
 John M, D  101
*  John, Benedictine . . ib.
¦ rev. John  103

t-*_
t-

- Thomas  104
— William  107
— sir William  110
— Will, divine  132

fJonsius, John  139
f Jonson, Ben  140
fJordaeiis, Jacob ........ 159
Jordan, Charles Stephen, . 160
Jo' den, Edward  ib.
Jortin, John  161
f Josejih, Ben Gorion  .166
¦f  Father  167
*  of Exeter  ib.
Josephus, Flavius  16S
J(niniaii  170
fjiivius, Paul  ib.
fJoubert, Francis  172
4  Laurent  ib.
4Jouvenci, Jose])h de  173
4Jouvpnet, John  174
^Joy, John  ib.
Joyner, WiUiam  175

Page
f Juan, Don Gfeorge ....... 176
f Juda, Hakkadosh  177
*Judah,Leo  178
Judex, Matthew  179
¦*Juennin, Gaspar  180
Juglaris, Aloysius  ib.
Julian, emperor  181,
*Julien, Peter  189
¦*  Simon  190
fJuncker, Christian  191
*  Gottlob John  ib.
*Junctin, Francis  : 192
f jungerman, Godfrey  ib.
* Jungius, Joachim  193
Junius, Adrian  19Si
 Francis, senior . . . 196
 junior  198
Jurieu, Peter  200
t Jurin, James  204
Jussieu, Antony de  205
 • Bernard  ib.
Juste], Christopher  206
 Henry  ib.
Justin  208
 Martyr  ib.
Justinian  211
Justiniani, St. Lawrence . . 214
 Bernard  ib.
 Augustin  215
Juvenal  216
fJuvencus, C, V, A  217
f Juxon, William  ib.
Ibbot, Benjamin  221
Ignatius  223
*]hre, John  227
Hive, Jacob  ib.
flUyiicus, Mat. Flac  228
Imhoff, John William  231
¦flmpeiiali, Joseph Renatus. , ib.
flnchofer, Melchior  CSi
*Ingelo, Nath  ib.
?Ingenhouz, John  233
?Inghiiaipi, Tomaso  234
*lnglis, Hester  235
*lngram, Robert  236
*Ingrassias, John Philip . . 237
Inguimberti, D. J, M. de. . 239
f Ingulphus  240
¦^.Ireland, John  24^1
*  Samuel  ". . 242
IrensBus, St  243

INDEX.

531

Page
Irnerius .  246
Iskac, Karo  ib.
f Isiaeus  247
Iselin, J. C  ib.
Isidore, St  248
* — '¦  of Seville  ib.
*Isla, J. F. de L'  250
f Isocrates  251
Ittigius, Thomas  252
Ives, or Ivo  ib.
 John  253
*Ivetaux, N.V   255
Kaempfer, Engelbert  256
-fKahler, Wigand  25S
*Kaldi, George  259
*Kale, Wilham  ib.
*Kalm, Peter   ib.
*Kant, Inunanuel  261
*Kastner, Ab. Got helf  267
*Kauffman, M. A  269
fKaye, or Caius, John  270
*  Thomas  273
*Keach, Benj  274
¦*Keate, George . . . ;  ib.
-j-Keatmg, Geoffrey .....'.. 277
Keble, Joseph  278
Keckerman, Barth  279
Keene, Edmund  280
Keill, John  282
t  James   285
Keith, James  286
tKeller, James  288
*Kellison, Matthew  289
Kelly, Edward  290
t  Hugh  292
*  John  295
fK-'mpis, Thomas h  298
Ken.'Thomas  299
fKennedy, James  302
 — John  304
Kennet, White  ib.
 Basil  313
f Kennicott, Benj  316
fKenrick, William  323
Kent, William  327
*Kenyon, Lloyd, Lord  328
fKepler, John  332
*Keppel, Augustus  338
*Kerkherdere, John Gerard 339
Kersey, John  ib.
KetUewell, John  340

Page
Keysler, John George .... 341
Kidder, Richard  343
Killigrew, Catherine  345
 WiUiam  v . ib.
 Thomas  34S
 Henry  347
 Anne  ib.
*KiT)aber, Isaac  34S
fKimchi, David  349
King, Edward, poet  350
¦*  Edwardj antiquary . . ib.
*  Gregory  353
 John  356
— Henry  357
- John  358
— John Glen  359
- Peter  360
- WUUam  363
~ Dr. WiUiam . .  367
¦ Dr. Will, of Oxford 37S

t-
*_

*Kingsmill, Andrevt^  379
*Kippis, Andrew  380
*Kii-by, John Joshua  386
*Kirch, Godfrey  388
Kircher, Athanasius  390
t  Conrad  391
Kirchman, John  ib.
Kirsteriius, Peter  393
*Kirwan, Walter Blake  394
*Kleist, C E, Von  395
*Klopstock, F. T  396
*Klotz, C. A  39S
¦t-Kneller, Sir Godfrey  400
Knight, Samuel  4o3
*Knighton, Henry  ib,
Knolles, Richard  405
*Knorr, Christian  405
Knott, Edward  ib.
*Knowles, Thomas  40S
Knox, John  409
*  Robert  417
Knutzen, Matthias  ib.
4  Martin  418
Koenig, G, M  ib.
*  John Gerard  ib.
f  Samuel  419
*Kolben, Peter  ib.
Kortholt, Christian  4'2i
t  Christ, grandson 422
Kotter, Christopher  ib.
Krantz, Albert  433

532

INDEX,

Page
*Kromayer, John  424
•* — Jerome  ib.
Kuhlman, Quirinus  ib.
Kuhnius, Joachim  426
tKunckel, John  427
Kuster, Ludolf  ib.
*Kuyp, Albert  433
¦f-Kydermynster, Richard . . 434
¦*Kynaston, Francis  435
 Johii  ib.
Labadie, John  437
Labaf, John Bapt  443
-f-Labbe, PhiUp  ib.
4  Louisa  444
Laberius  445
Laboureur, John le  445
Lacarry, Giles  447
Lacombe, James  ib.
¦ — Honore  448
Lactantius  ib.
f Lacy, John  450
4Lacydes  ib.
4Ladvocat, John Baptist . . 451
Laet, John de  453
•{¦Lafitau, Joseph Francis . . 454
4  Peter Francis .... 455
¦*Lagny, Thomas Fantet de. . ib.
•* Lagrange, Joseph Louis . . 456
¦*Laguet're, Louis  460
Laguna, Andrew  461
Lainez, Alexander  ib.
-*  James  463
*Laire, Francis Xavier  ib.
Lairesse, Gerard  464
*Lake, Arthur  465
?Lalande, James de  467
-*  Jos. Jer. Francis . . ib.
¦*Lanemant, James Philip . . 470
*Lallouette, Ambrose  471
¦*Lamanon, R. P  471

s Page
*Liambarde, WiUiam  473
fLambecius, Peter  475
Lambert, Marchioness de 478
*  Francis  479
t  George  ib.
4  John Henry. . . . 480
Lambin, Denys  481
f Lami, Bernard  482
4  Francis  483
4  John  484
¦*Lamoignonj WiUiam de . . 485
*  Christ. Fr. de 486
¦^Lamotte, John  ib.
*  WUliam  487
fLampe, Fred. Adolphus . . 488
Lampridius, ,ffilius  489
- Benedict  ib.
Lancaster, Nath  ib.
Lancelot, Claude  491
¦f-Lancisi, John-Maria  ib.
Lancrinck, Prosper Henry 493
*Landen, John  494
*Landinus, Christopher. . . . 49*
¦*Landus, Bassianus  500
*Lane, Sir Richard  ib.
Lanfranc  ,  501
Lanfranco, Giovanm  503
¦*Lang, John Michael  505
Langbaine, Gerard  ib.
 son. . . 509
¦* Langham, Simon de  510
¦* Langhorne, Daniel  514
t  John  515
4Langius, John  524
4  Joseph  ib.
4  Rodolph  525
¦*Langi-ish, Browne  526
?Langtoft, Peter  ib.
fLangton, Stephen  ib.

END OF THE NINETEENTH VOLUME.

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