:..':'j:r.',; : ¦ :>.:.'; .>;; „¦. / 5 ¦ : '¦¦ ¦ '.•¦..¦¦.: ?K ,.'".' ,"V '¦¦¦ •¦' -';:. . .-. -s," '¦*!'.• ': -¦:-',- ;'¦¦"!;'?.> h.Xt..' ¦ • ''1-' ¦ ' 'j ¦"".;"¦ ' ¦¦'¦ -; ' E -,-¦ ¦ ¦; ¦ . ',:¦¦ •::¦; ' • . ¦:• : '' .'; .' hi ¦'¦¦/M~'\"-\''h- ¦¦ *Igiue theft Books',. , ffetfo' fainting if m, Colfegt ir^ {Ha Colotiyp • Y,&ILI!«>¥JMnYIEI&S2irY° • iLHEiBAisEr • Gitt of the Rev . Heber H. Beadle 1917 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA : DICTIONARY BIBLICAL, HISTORICAL, DOCTRINAL, AND PRACTICAL THEOLOGY. BASED ON THE REAL-ENCYKLOPADIE OF HERZOG, PUTT, AND HAUCK. EDITED BY PHILIP SCHAFF, D.D., LL.D., PROFESSOR IN THE UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, NEW YORK. ASSOCIA TE .EDITORS : REV. SAMUEL M. JACKSON, M.A., and REV. D. S. SCHAFP. VOLUME III. NEW YORK: FUNK & WAGNALLS, PUBLISHERS, 10 and 12 Dey Street. Copyright, 1883, by Funk & Wagnalls. ricii V..3 PREFACE. rr^HIS volume concludes the Religious EncyclopcBclia in advance of the German -^ original. The revised edition of Herzog has so far reached only the thir teenth volume, to article "Ring;" but, by the kindness of the German editor and publisher, I had the benefit of several advanced sheets of letter S. For the remain ing titles the editors used the last seven volumes of the first edition (XIV.-XXI., published 1861-66, to which was added an Index volume in 1868). The best articles, which will be retained in the new edition, have been reproduced, con densed and supplemented to date by competent hands. But fully one-half ,of the volume is made up of original matter, with the aid of a large number of English and American scholars who are known to be familiar with the topics assigned to them. For their kind and hearty co-operation we again return our sincere thanks. The three volumes of this work are equivalent in size to about seven or eight volumes of the German work on which it is based. Our aim has been to put the reader in possession of the substance of Herzog, with such additional information as the English reader needs, and cannot expect from a German work written exclu sively for German readers. It is simply impossible to make an encyclopaedia of one country and people answer the wants of another, without serious changes and modifications. Moreover, an encyclopaedia ought to be reconstructed every ten years ; and it is hoped that this work will renew its youth and usefulness as soon as the present edition is out of date. With the reception of the work I have every reason to be satisfied. It has met with a hearty welcome, and secured a permanent place in the reference-library of ministers, students, and intelligent laymen of all denominations. Competent judges acknowledge its impartiality and catholicity, as well as. the ability of the leading articles, which are written and signed by conscientious scholars of estab lished reputation. The plan of condensation has been generally approved, as the only feasible way by which such a vast thesaurus of German learning could be made accessible and useful to the English reader. Errors and defects in a work which embraces many thousands of facts and dates are unavoidable; but pains !V PREFACE. have been taken to secure strict accuracy, and mistakes are corrected in the plates as soon as discovered. The completed work is now committed to the favor of the public with the prayer that God may bless its use for the promotion of sound Christian learning. Philip Schaee. New Tork, Eeb. 1, 18S4. AUTHOEIZATION. We the undersigned, Editors and Publisher of the " Eeal-Encyklopadie fur Prot. Theologie und Kirehe," hereby authorize the Eev. Dr. Schaff of New Tork to make free use of this work for the preparation and publication, in the United States and in England, of a similar although much shorter work, under the title "A Eeligious Encyclopiedia, based on the Eeal-Encyklopadie of Herzog, Plitt, and Hauck." (Signed) *^~ sp 1 *<&H, Erlangen und Leipzig, December, 1S81. LIST OF "WRITERS. The special contributors to the American edition of this work are distinguished by a star. *ABBOT, Ezra, D.D., LL.D., Professor in the Di vinity School of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. ACQUOY, J. G. R., D.D., Professor in Leyden. *ALEXANDER, Archibald, Ph.D., Professor in Columbia College, New-York City. ALT, Heinkich, D.D., Pastor in Berlin. *APPLE, Thomas Gilmore, D.D., President of Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Penn. ARCHINARD, Andre, Pastor in Geneva. ARNOLD, Priedrioh August, D.D., Professor in Halle. (D. 1869.) *ATTERBURY, William Wallace, D.D., Secre tary of the Sabbath Committee, New- York City. AUBERLEN, Carl August, D.D., Professor of The- ' ology in Basel. (D. 1864.) *AVERY, Giles B., Mount Lebanon, Columbia County, N.Y. *AYRES, Anne, Miss, St. Johnsland, N.Y. BACHMANN, Johann, D.D., Professor in Rostock. *BAIRD, Henry Martyn, D.D., LL.D., Professor in the University of the City of New York. BALOGH, Franz, D.D., Professor in Debreczin. BARDE, Edward, Pastor in Vandoeuvre. BAUDISSIN, Count Wolf Wilhelm Friedrich, Ph.D., Professor of Theology in Marburg. BAUR, Wilhelm, Court-Preacher in Berlin. BAXMANN, Rudolf, Inspector at Bonn. BECK, Carl, Pralat in Schwabisch Hall. BECK, Hermann, Pastor in Osternohe. *BEDELL, Gregory Thurston, D.D., Bishop of the Protestant-Episcopal Diocese of Ohio, Cleve land. *BEECHER, Edward, D.D., Brooklyn, N.Y. *BEECHER, Willis Judson, D.D., Professor of He brew, Theological Seminary, Auburn, N.Y. ¦ BENRATH, Carl, Ph.D., Professor in Bonn. *BERGER, D., D.D., Dayton, O. BERTHEAU, Carl, D.D., Pastor in Hamburg. BERTHEAU, Ernst, D.D., Professor of Oriental Philology in Gottingen. *BEVAN, Llewelyn D., D.D., Pastor of Highbury Congregational Chapel, London. BEYER, Johann Heinrich Franz, Pastor in Ned- demin. BEYSCHLAG, Willibald, D.D., Professor of The ology in Halle. *BIRD, Frederic Mayer, Rev., Professor in Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Penn. *BJERRING, Nicholas, Rev., New-York City. *BLAIKIE, William Gardiner, D.D., LL.D., Pro fessor in New College, Edinburgh. *BLAIR, William, D.D., Dunblane, Scotland. *BLISS, George Ripley, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Biblical Exegesis, Crozer Theological Seminary, Chester, Penn. BOEHMER, Eduard, Ph.D., Professor in Strassburg. *BOMBERGER, J. H. A., D.D., President of Ursinus College, Freeland, Penn. BONNET, L., Ph.D., Pastor in Frankfurt-am-M. *BRIGGS, Charles Augustus, D.D., Professor of Hebrew in the Union Theological Seminary, New-York City. *BROADUS, John Albert, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Theology in the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, Ky. BROCKHAUS, Carl, Leipzig. "BROWN, Francis, Professor in the Union Theo logical Seminary, New- York City. "BROWNE, John, Rev., Wrentham, Suffolk, En^. BUCHRUCKER, Dekan in Munich. BUCHSENSCHUTZ, Georg, Pastor in St. Denis. BUNZ, Georg, Ph.D., Pastor in Ohmenhausen. BURGER, C. H. A. von, D.D., Oberkonsistorialrath in Munich. BURGER, Karl, Pastor in Kempten. BURK, Johann Christian Friedrich, Pastor in Lichtenstern, Wiirttemberg. "CAIRNS, John, D.D., Principal of the United Pres byterian College, Edinburgh. CALAMINUS, Pastor in Elberfeld. *CALDERWOOD, Henry, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Moral Philosophy, University of Edinburgh. *CALDWELL, Samuel Lunt, D.D., President of Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y. *CAPEN, Elmer Hewitt, D.D., President of Tufts College, College Hill, Mass. *CARROLL, Henry King, New-York City. CARSTENS, Propst in Tondern. CASSEL, Paulus, D.D., Professor in Berlin. *CATTELL, J. P., Miss, Philadelphia. *CATTELL, William Cassiday, D.D., LL.D., Ex- President of Lafayette College, Easton, Penn. "CHAMBERS, Talbot Wilson, D.D., Collegiate Reformed Dutch Church, New- York City. "CHASE, Thomas, LL.D., President of Haverford College, Montgomery Co., Penn. CHRISTLIEB, Theodor, D.D., Professor of Theol ogy in Bonn. "CLIFFORD, John, D.D., London. "COLT, Thomas Winthrop, D.D., LL.D., Professor in the Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, Conn. COMBA, Emilio, D.D., Professor in Florence. *COOK, Albert S., Associate of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. "CORNING, J. Leonard, Morristown, N.J. *COXE, Arthur Cleveland, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of Western New York, Buffalo, NY. "CREIGHTOtf, Mandell, Rev., Chathill, Northum berland, Eng. CREMER, Hermann, D.D., Professor of Theology in Greifswald. V VI LIST OF WRITERS. "CROOKS, George R., D.D., LL.D., Professor of Church History in Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, N.J. CUNITZ/Eduard, D.D., Professor in Strassburg. "CURTISS, Samuel Ives, Ph.D., D.D., Professor of Old-Testament Literature, Theological (Congre gational) Seminary, Chicago, 111. "DABNEY, Robert Lewis, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Philosophy, University of Texas, Austin. "DALE, James Wilkinson, D.D., Media, Penn. (D. 1881.) "DALES, John B., D.D., Philadelphia. *DE COSTA, Benjamin Franklin, D.D., New-York City. "DEEMS, C. F., New-York City. DE HOOP SCHEFFER, J. G., D.D., Professor in Amsterdam. DELITZSCH, Franz, D.D., Professor of Theology in Leipzig. DELITZSCH, Friedrich, Ph.D. ,Professorin Leipzig. "DEMAREST, David D., D.D., Professor in the Theological Seminary, New Brunswick, N.J. *DE SCHWEINITZ, Eduard, D.D., Bishop of the Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Penn. "DEXTER, Henry Martyn, D.D., Editor of Tlie Conr/reyationalist, Boston. DIBELIUS, Franz, D.D., Konsistorialrath in Dres den. DIESTEL, Ludwig, D.D., Professor of Theology in Tubingen. (D. 1870.) DILLMANN, Christian Friedrich August, D.D., Professor of Theology in Berlin. DILTHEY, Wilhelm, D.D., Professor of Philosophy in Breslau. DOENER, August, Ph.D., Professor in the Theo logical Seminary at Wittenberg. DORNER, Isaac August, D.D., Professor of Theol ogy in Berlin. DORSCHLAG, Georg, Pastor in Velgast. DORTENBACH, F., Heidenheim. DRYANDER, Hermann, Superintendent in Halle. "DUBBS, Joseph Henry, D.D., Professor in Frank lin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Penn. DUCHEMIN, Pastor in Lyons. "DUFF, Robert S., M.A., Rev., Tasmania. "DUFFIELD, Samuel W., Pastor of the Westmin ster Presbyterian Church, Bloomfleld, N.J. DUSTERDIECK, Franz, D.D., Oberkonsistorial- rath in Hanover. "EASTON, Peter Zaccheus, Missionary in Persia. EBERT, Adolph, Ph.D., Professor of Philology in Leipzig. EBRARD, Johann Heinrich August, D.D., Pastor and Konsistorialrath in Erlangen. EIBACH, R., Pastor in Neuteroth.- ENGELHARDT, J. G. v., D.D., Professor of The ology in Erlangen. (D. 1855.) ERBKAM, Heinrich Wilhelm, D.D., Professor of Theology in Konigsberg. (D. Jan. 9, 1884.) ERDMANN, Christian Friedrich David, D.D., General Superintendent of the Pi^vinee of Sile sia in Breslau. EUCKEN, R., Ph.D., Professor of Philosophy in Jena. EULER, Carl, Ph.D., Berlin. "FISHER, George Park, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Church History in Yale Theological Seminary, New Haven, Conn. "FLEMING, D. Hay, Aberdeen. "FLICHTNER, George Frederick, Rev., Secre tary for Domestic Missions (Protestant-Episcopal Church), New-York City. FLIEDNER, Fritz, Missionary in Madrid. "FLINT, Robert, D.D., LL.D., Professor of The ology in the University of Edinburgh. FLOTO, Hartwig, D.D., Berlin. "FOSTER, Robert Verrell, Professor in the Theo logical School, Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tenn. "FOX, Norman, Rev., New- York City. FRANK, Franz Hermann Reinhold, D.D., Pro fessor of Theology in Erlangen. FRANK, Gustav Wilhelm, D.D., Professor of The ology in Vienna. FREYBE, Albert, Ph.D., Gymnasium Upper-class Teacher in Parchim. FRIEDBERG, Emil, Ph.D., Professor of Canon Law in Leipzig. FRITZSCHE, Otto Fridolin, D.D., Professor of Theology in Zurich. FRONMULLER, P. F. C, Pastor in Reutlingen. "FROTHINGHAM, Octavius Brooks, Rev., Boston, Mass. GALIFFE, Eduard, D.D., Professor in Geneva. GASS, Wilhelm, D.D., Professor of Theology in Heidelberg. "GAST, Frederick Augustus, D.D., Professor in tbe Theological Seminary, Lancaster, Penn. GEBHARDT, Oskar von, Ph.D., Librarian in Got tingen. GEFFCKEN, Johann, Ph.D., Pastor in Hamburg. (D. -.) GELPKE, E. T., D.D., Professor of Theology in Bern. "GERHART, Emanuel Vogel, D.D., Professor in the Theological Seminary, Lancaster, Penn. GERMANN, Wilhelm, Ph.D., Pastor in Winds- heim. GERTH VAN WIJK, J. A., Pastor at The Hague. "GILES, Chauncey, Rev., Philadelphia. "GILFILLAN, Joseph A., Rev., Protestant-Episco pal Missionary to the Indians, Minnesota. GILLET,"J. F. A., D.D., Court-Preacher in Breslau. "GILMAN, Arthur, M.A., Cambridge, Mass. "GILMAN, Daniel Coit, LL.D., President of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. "GILMAN, Edward Whiting, D.D., Secretary of the American Bible Society, New-York City. "GOEBEL, Julius, Ph.D., New-York City. GOEBEL, Karl, Ph.D., Konsistorialrath in Posen. (D. 1881.) GOEBEL, Maximilian. (D. — .) "GODET, Frederic, D.D., Professor of Theology in Neuchatel. GOLTZ, von der, Heinrich, D.D., Professor of Theology in Berlin. "GOOD, Jeremiah Haak, D.D., Professor in Heidel berg Theological Seminary, Tiffin, O. "GOODSPEED, Thomas Wakefield, D.D., Secre tary of Baptist Theological Union, Chicago, 111. LIST OF WRITERS. vu "GOODWIN, Daniel Raynes, D.D., LL.D., Pro fessor in the Theological Seminary (Episcopal) in Philadelphia. GOSCHE, R. A., Ph.D., Professor of Oriental Lan guages in Halle. GOSCHEL, Karl Friedrich, Ph.D., President of the Consistory of Magdeburg. (D. 1861.) "GRAHAM, William, D.D., Professor of Church History in the English Presbyterian Theological College, London. "GRAY, George Zabriskib, D.D., Professor in the Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass. "GREEN, Samuel G., D.D., Secretary of Religious Tract Society, London. "GREEN, William Henry, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Hebrew, Theological Seminary, Princeton, N.J. GREGORY, Caspar Rene, Ph.D., Leipzig. "GRIFFIS, William Elliot, Rev., Schenectady, N.Y. GRUNDEMANN, R., Ph.D., Pastor in Morz. GRUNEISEN, Carl von, D.D., Chief Court- Preacher in Stuttgart. GUDER, Eduard, D.D., Pastor in Bern. (D. 1882.) GUNDERT, Heinrich, Ph.D., in Calw. "GUNTHER, Martin, Professor in the Concordia Theological Seminary, St. Louis, Mo. GUTHE, Heinrich, Ph.D., Privatdocent in Leipzig. HACKENSCHMIDT, Karl, Pastor in Jagerthal (Elsass). HAENCHEN, Philipp E., Pastor in Erlangen. HAGENBACH, Karl Rudolph, D.D., Professor of Theology in Basel. (D. 1874.) HAHN, Heinrich August, D.D. (D. — .) "HALL, Isaac Hollister, Ph.D., Philadelphia, Penn. "HALL, John, D.D., Pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New- York City. "HALL, Robert W., New-York City. HAMBERGER, Julius, Ph.D., Professor in Munich. HARNACK, Adolf, D.D., Professor of Theology in Giessen. "HARPER, James, D.D., Xenia, O. "HARRIS, J. Rendel, Professor in Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. "HARSHA, W. W., D.D., Jacksonville, 111. "HASTINGS, Thomas Samuel, D.D:, Professor of Sacred Rhetoric, Union Theological Seminary, New- York City. "HATFIELD, Edwin Francis, D.D., New-York City. (D. 1883.) HAUCK, Albert, D.D., Professor of Theology in Erlangen. HEER,- Justus, Pastor in Erlenbach, Canton Zurich. HELLER, Ludwig, Pastor in Travemiinde. (D. — .) HEMAN, C. F., Ph.D., Missions Inspector, Basel. HENKE, Ernst Ludwig Theodor, D.D., Professor of Theology in Marburg. (D. 1872.) HEPPE, Heinrich Ludwig Julius, D.D., Professor of Theology in Marburg. (D. 1879.) HEROLD, Max, Pastor in Schwabach. HERRLINGER, Diakonus in Niirtingen. HERZOG, Johann Jakob, D.D., Professor of The ology in Erlangen. (D. 1882.) HEYD, Wilhelm, Ph.D., Chief Librarian in Stutt- gart. HEYDER, Karl Ludwig Wilhelm, Ph.D., Profes sor of Philosophy in Erlangen. HINSCHIUS, Paul, Ph.D., Professor of Canon Law in Berlin. "HITCHCOCK, Roswell Dwight, D.D., LL.D., President, and Professor of Church History, in the Union Theological Seminary, New-York City. HOCHHUTH, C. W. H., Ph.D., in Cassel. "HODGE, Archibald Alexander, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Theology, Theological Seminary, Princeton, N.J. "HOFFMAN, Eugene Augustus, D.D., Dean of the General (Episcopal) Theological Seminary, New- York City. HOFFMANN, J. A. G., D.D., Professor of Theology in Jena. (D. 1864.) HOFMANN, Rudolf, D.D., Professor of Theology in Leipzig. "HOGE, Moses D., D.D., Richmond, Va. "HOLLAND, Henry Scott, M.A., Senior Student, Christ Church, Oxford University. HOLLENBERG, W. A., Ph.D., Director of the Gym nasium in Saarbriicken. HOLTZMANN, Heinrich, D.D., Professor of The ology in Strassburg. HOPF, Georg Wilhelm, Ph.D., Rector in Nurem berg. "HOPKINS, E. W., Professor in Columbia College, New- York City. "HOPKINS, Samuel Miles, D.D., Professor of Church History in Auburn Theological Semi nary, Auburn, N.Y. "HOVEY, Alvah, D.D., President of Newton Theo logical Seminary, Massachusetts. HUNDESHAGEN, Carl Bernhard, D.D., Profes sor of Theology in Heidelberg. (D. 1873.) HUPFELD, David, Ph.D., Superintendent in Schleu- singen. "JACKSON, George Thomas, M.D., New-York City. "JACKSON, Samuel Macauley, Rev., New-York City. JACOBI, Justus Ludwig, D.D., Professor of The ology in Halle. "JACOBS, Henry Eyster, D.D., Professor in the Lutheran Theological Seminary, Philadelphia. JACOBSON, Heinrich Franz, Ph.D., Professor of Law in Konigsberg. (D. — .) "JESSUP, Henry Harris, D.D., Missionary of the Presbyterian Board in Syria. JUNDT, A., Gymnasium-Professor in Strassburg. KAHLER, Martin, D.D., Professor of Theology in Halle. KAHNIS, Karl Friedrich August, D.D., Professor of Theology in Leipzig. KAMPHAUSEN, ^.dolph Hermann Heinrich, D.D., Professor of Theology in Bonn. KAUTZSCH, Emil Friedrich, D.D., Professor of Theology in Tubingen. KEIM, Caul Theodor, D.D., Professor of Theology in Giessen. (D. 1879-.) "KELLOGG , Samuel Henry, D.D. , Professor of The ology, Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Penn. KESSLER, K., Ph.D., Docent in Marburg. Vlll LIST OF WRITERS. "KINGSLEY, William L., New Haven, Conn. KIRCHHOFER, G. KLAIBER, Karl Friedrich, Ph.D., Army Chap lain at Ludwigsburg. KLEINERT, Hugo Wilhelm Paul, D.D., Professor of Theology in Berlin. KLING, Christian Friedrich, D.D. , Dekan in Mar- bach. (D. 1861.) KLIPPEL, Georg Heinrich, Ph.D., Rector of the Gymnasium in Yerden. KLOSE, Carl Rudolph Wilhelm, Ph.D., Libra rian, Hamburg. KLOSTERMANN, August, D.D., Professor of The- .ology in Kiel. KLUCKHOHN, August, Ph.D., Professor and Di rector of Polytechnic Institute in Munich. KLUPFEL, Karl, Ph.D., Librarian in Tubingen. KNAPP, Joseph, Diakonus' in Stuttgart. KOGEL, Rudolf, D.D., Court-Preacher in Berlin. KOHLER, August, D.D., Professor of Theology in Erlangen. KOHLER, Karl, D.D., Professor in Friedberg, Hesse. KOLBE, Alexander, Ph.D., Professor in Gymna sium at Stettin. KONIG, Friedrich Eduard, Ph.D., Docent in Leipzig. KOSTER, Adolph, Ph.D., Pastor in Erlangen. (D. -.) KOSTLIN, Julius, D.D., Professor of Theology in Halle. KRAFFT, C, Pastor in Elberfeld. KRAFFT, Wilhelm Ludwig, D.D., Professor of Theology in Bonn. KRAMER, Ph.D., Professor and Director of Francke's Institution in Halle. KUBEL, Robert Benjamin, D.D., Professor of The ology in Tubingen. LANDERER, Max Albert von, D.D., Professor of Theology in Tubingen. (D. 1878.) LANGE, Johann Peter, D.D., Professor of Theology in Bonn. LAUBMANN, G., Ph.D., Director of the City Li brary, Munich. LAUXMANN, Stiftsdiakonus in Stuttgart. LECHLER, Gottlob Viktor, D.D., Professor of Theology in Leipzig. "LEE, William, D.D., Professor of Ecclesiastical History, University of Glasgow. LEIMBACH, C. L., Ph.D., Director in Goslar. LEPSIUS, Karl Richard, Ph.D., ProfessorinBerlin. LEYRER, E., Pastor at Sielmingen in Wurttemberg. LIST, Franz, Ph.D., Professor in Munich. "LIVERMORE, Abiel Abbot, Rev., President of the Theological School, Meadville, Penn. "LOYD, H. S., Rev., Secretary of the Theological Seminary, Hamilton, N.Y. LUHRS, Fr. LUTHARDT, Christoph Ernst, D.D., Professor of Theology in Leipzig. LUTTKE, Moritz, Pastor in Schkeuditz. MALLET, Hermann, Pastor in Bremen. MANGOLD, Wilhelm Julius, D.D., Professor of Theology in Bonn. "MANN, William Julius, D.D., Professor in the Lutheran Theol. Seminary, Philadelphia, Penn. "MARLING, Francis H., Rev., New-York City. "MATHEWS, George D., D.D., Quebec, Can. MATTER, Jacques, Professor in Paris. (D. 1864.) "MAXSON, Darwin E., D.D., Alfred Centre, N.Y. ' "McCOSH, James, D.D., LL.D., President of the Col lege of New Jersey, Princeton, N.J. "McFARLAND, Henry Horace, Rev., New-York City. "McKIM, Randolph H., D.D., New-York City. MEJER, Otto, Ph.D., Professor of Canon Law in Gottingen. MERKEL, Paul Johannes, Ph.D., Professor of Law in Halle. (D. 1861.) MERZ, Heinrich von, D.D., Pralat in Stuttgart. MEURER, Moritz, Licentiate, Pastor in Callenberg, Saxony, MEYER v. KNONAU, Ph.D., Professor in Zurich. MICHAEL, Superintendent in Chemnitz. MICHELSEN, Alexander, Pastor in Lube'ck. "MITCHELL, Alexander F., D.D., Professor in the University of St. Andrews, Scotland. MOLLER, Wilhelm Ernst, D.D., Professor of The ology in Kiel. "MOMBERT, Jacob Isidor, D.D., Paterson, N.J. "MOORE, Dunlop, D.D., New Brighton, Penn. "MORRIS, Edward Dafydd, D.D., Professor of Theology, Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, O. "MORSE, Richard C, Rev., Secretary of the Interna tional Committee of Y. M. C. A., New-York City. MULLER, Carl, Ph.D1., in Tubingen. MULLER, Iwan, Ph.D., Professor of Philology in Erlangen. MULLER, Johann Georg, D.D., Professor Of The ology in Basel. (D. — .) NAGELSBACH, Eduard, D.D., Pastor in Bayreuth. NESTLE, Eberhard, Ph.D., Dekan at Ulm. NEUDECKER, Christian G., D.D., Schuldirector in'Gotha. (D. 1866.) NEY, Pastor in Speier. "NINDE, William Xavier, President of the Gar rett Biblical Institute, Evanston, 111. NITZSCH, Friedrich August Berthold, D.D., Professor of Theology in Kiel. "NOTT, Henry J.,' Rev., Bowmanville, Ontario. "NUTTING, Mary O., Miss, Librarian of Mount Holyoke Female Seminary. OEHLER, Gustav Friedrich, D.D., Professor of Theology in Tubingen. (D. 1876.) OLDENBERG, F. OOSTERZEE, Jan Jakob van, D.D., Professor of Theology in Utrecht. (D. 1882.) ORELLI, Carl von, Professor of Theology in Basel. "ORMISTON, William, D.D., LL.D., Collegiate Re formed Dutch Church, New-York City. "OSGOOD, Howard, D.D., LL.D., Professor of He brew, Theological Seminary, Rochester, N.Y. OSIANDER, Ernst, Ph.D., Diakonus in Goppingen. OVERBECK, Joseph, Ph.D., Professor of German in the British Military College, Sandhurst. "PACKARD, Joseph, D.D., Professor in Theological Seminary of Episcopal Church, Alexandria, Va. LIST OF WRITERS. IX PALMER, Christian von, D.D., Professor of The ology in Tiibingen. (D. 1875.) PARET,. Heinrich, Diakonus in Brackenheim. (D.-.) *PARK, Edwards Amasa, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Theology, Theological Seminary, Andover, Mass. "PATTERSON, R. M., D.D., Philadelphia. "PATTON, Francis Landey, D.D., LL.D., Professor in the Theological Seminary," Princeton, N.J. "PEABODY, Andrew Preston, D.D., LL.D., Cam bridge, Mass. PEIP, Albert, Ph.D., Professor of Philosophy in Gottingen. PELT, A. F. L. A., Ph.D., Superintendent in Kem- nitz. (D. 1861.) PENTZ, A., Jabel. PESTALOZZI, Karl, Pastor in Zurich. PETERMANN, Julius Heinrich, Ph.D., Professor in Berlin. (D. 1876.) "PETERSEN, Clemens, M.A., New-York City. PFENDER, Carl, Pastor in Paris. PFLEIDERER, J. G., Ph.D., Bern. "PICK, Bernhard, Rev., Ph.D., Allegheny, Penn. PIPER,1 Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, D.D., Professor of Theology in Berlin. PLITT, Gustav Leopold, D.D., Professor of Theol ogy in Erlangen. (D. 1880.) PLITT, Theodor, D.D., Pastor at Dossenheim in Baden. POHLMANN, R., Ph.D., Docent in Erlangen. POLENZ, Gottlob von, in Halle. "POOR, Daniel Warren, D.D., Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Education, Philadelphia. "POPOFF, P. J., Ph.D., New-York City. "POWER, Frederick D., Pastor of the " Christian " Church, Washington, D.C. PREGER, Wilhelm, D.D., Professor at the Gymna sium in Munich. "PRENTISS, George Lewis, D.D., Professor of Pas toral Theology in the Union Theological Semi nary, New- York City. PRESSEL, Theodor, Ph.D., Archdeacon in Tubin gen. (D. — .) PRESSEL, Wilhelm, Pastor, near Tubingen. "RAND, William W., D.D., Secretary American Tract Society, New-York City. RANKE, Ernst, D.D., Professor of Theology in Marburg. "RAYMOND, Rossiter Worthington, Ph.D., Brooklyn, N.Y. REUCHLIN, Hermann, Ph.D., in Stuttgart. (D.1873.) REUSS, Eduard Wilhelm Eugen, D.D., Professor of Theology in Strassburg. REUTER, Hermann Ferdinand, D.D., Professor of Theology in Gottingen. REVECZ, Emerich, Pastor in Debreczin, Hungary. "RICE, Edwin Wilbur, Rev., Editor of the Ameri can Sunday School Union, Philadelphia. "RIDDLE, Matthew Brown, D.D., Professor of New -Testament Exegesis, Theological Semi nary, Hartford, Conn. RIGGENBACH, Bernhard, Pastor in Arisdorf, Canton Baselland. RITSCHL, Albrecht, D.D., Professor of Theology in Gottingen. "ROBERTS, William Henry, D.D., Librarian of the Theological Seminary, Princeton, N.J. RODIGER, Emil, Ph.D., Professor of Oriental Lan guages in Berlin. (D. 1874.) RONNEKE, K., Rome. RUETSCHI, Rudolf, D.D., Pastor in Bern. "SABINE, William T., Rev., New-York City. SACK, Karl Heinrich, D.D., Professor of Theology in Bonn. (D. 1875.) "SAVAGE, George S. F., D.D., Secretary of the Chicago Congregational Theological Seminary. SCHAARSCHM1DT, Carl, Ph.D., Professor of Philosophy in Bonn. "SCHAFF, David Schley, Rev., Kansas City, Mo. SCHAFF, Phild?, D.D., LL.D., Professor in the Union Theological Seminary, New- York City. SCHERER, Edmond, Ph.D., Professor in Paris. SCHEURL, C. T. Gottlob, Ph.D., Professor of Canon Law in Erlangen. SCHMID, Heinrich, D.D., Professor of Theology in Erlangen. SCHMIDT, Carl Wilhelm Adolf, D.D., Professor of Theology in Strassburg. SCHMIDT, Hermann, Professor of Theology in Breslau. SCHMIDT, J., Frauenfeld. SCHMIDT, Karl, Privatdocent of Theology in Erlangen. SCHMIDT, Oswald Gottlob, D.D., Superintendent in Werdau. (D. 1882.) SCHMIDT, Woldemar Gottlob, D.D., Professor of Theology in Leipzig. SCHMIEDER, H. E., D.D., Professor and Director in Wittenberg. SCHNEIDER, J., Pastor in Finkenbach (Rheinpfalz). SCHOBERLEIN, Ludwig, D.D., Professor of Theol ogy in Gottingen. (D. 1881.) "SCHODDE, George H., Ph.D., Professor of Greek, Capitol University, Columbus, O. SCHOELL, Carl, Ph.D., Pastor of Savoy Church in London. SCHOTT, Theodor, Librarian in Stuttgart. SCHULTZ, Friedrich Wilhelm, D.D., Professor of Theology in Breslau. SCHURER, Emil, D.D., Professor of Theology in Giessen. SCHWARZ, Johann Karl Eduard, D.D., Professor of Theology in Jena. .(D. 1870.) SCHWEIZER, Alexander, D.D., Professor of The ology in Zurich. "SCOVEL, Sylvester Fithian, Rev., President of Wooster University, Wooster, O. SEMISCH, Carl JEnotheus, D.D., Professor 'of Theology in Berlin. "SHEA, John Gilmary, LL.D., Elizabeth, N.J. "SHEDD, William Greenough Thayer, D.D , LL.D., Professor of Systematic Theology in the Union Theological Seminary, New-York City. "SHIELDS, Charles Woodruff, D.D., LL.D., Pro fessor of Philosophy in the College of New Jer sey, Princeton, N.J. SIEFFERT, Friedrich Ludwig, Ph.D., Professor of Theology in Erlangen. SIGWART, Christian, Ph.D., Professor of Philoso phy in Tubingen. LIST OF WRITERS. "SLOANE, J. R. W., D.D., Professor of Theology, Pittsburgh, Penn. "SMYTH, Egbert Coffin, D.D., Professor of Church History, Theological Seminary, Andover, Mass. "SMYTH, Newman, D.D., New Haven, Conn. SPIEGEL, Friedrich, Ph.D., Frankfurt-am-Main. "SPRAGUE, Edward E., New-York City. STAHELIN, Ernst, D.D., Pastor in Basel. STAHELIN, Rudolf, D.D., Professor in Basel. STAHLIN, Adolf, D.D., President of the Upper Consistory, Munich. "STEARNS, Lewis French, D.D., Professor of Theology, Theological Seminary, Bangor, Me. "STEELE, David, D.D., Philadelphia. STEITZ, Georg Eduard, D.D., Konsistorialrath at Frankfurt-am-Main. (D. 1879.) "STEVENS, William Bacon, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of P. E. Diocese of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. "STILLE, Charles Janeway, LL.D., Philadelphia. "STOUGHTON, John, D.D., London. STRACK, Hermann Ludwig, D.D., Professor of Theology in Berlin. "STRIEBY, Michael E., D.D., Corresponding Sec retary of the American Missionary Association, New- York City. "STRONG, James, S.T.D., LL.D., Professor of He brew, Drew^Theological Seminary, Madison, N.J. SUDHOFF, Carl, Pastor in Frankfurt-am-Main. (D. 1865.) "TAYLOR.William Mackergo, D.D., LL.D., Minis ter of the Broadway Tabernacle, New-York City. THELEMANN, Karl Otto, Konsistorialrath in Detmold, THIERSCH, Heinrich, D.D., in Basel. THOLUCK, Friedrich August Gotttreu, D.D., Professor of Theology in Halle. (D. 1877.) "THOMSON, William McClure, D.D., Author of The Land and the Book, New- York City. "TILLETT, Wilbur Fisk, A.M., Rev., Professor of Systematic Theology in Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. TISCHENDORF, Lobegott Friedrich Constan- tin, vox. D.D., etc., Professor of Biblical Pale ography in Leipzig. (D. 1874.) "TOY, Crawford Howell, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Hebrew in Harvard University. TRECHSEL, Franz, Pastor in Bern. "TRUE, Benjamin Osgood, D.D., Professor in the Theological Seminary, Rochester, N.Y. "TRUMAN, Joseph M., Jitn., Philadelphia. "TRUMBULL, Henry Clay, D.D., Editor of the Sunday-School Times, Philadelphia. TSCHACKERT, Paul Moritz Robert, Ph.D., Pro fessor of Theology in Halle. "TUTTLE, Daniel Sylvester, D.D., Missionary Bishop of Utah and Idaho, Salt-Lake City, Utah. "TYLER, William Seymour, D.D., Professor in Amherst College, Massachusetts. TZSCHIRNER, P. M., Ph.D., Leipzig. UHLHORN, Johann Gerhard Wilhelm, D.D., Oberkonsistorialrath in Hanover. ULLMANN, Carl, D D., Karlsruhe. (D. 1865.) ULRICI, Hermann, Ph.D., Professor of Philosophy in Halle. VAIHINGER, J. G., Pastor in Wiirttemberg. "VAN DYKE, Henry Jackson, nun., Pastor of the Brick (Presbyterian) Church, New-York City. "VINCENT, J. H., D.D., New Haven, Conn. "VINCENT, Marvin Richardson, D.D., Pastor of the Church of the Covenant (Presbyterian), New-York City. VOGEL, Carl Albrecht, D.D., Professor of The ology in Vienna. VOIGT, G., Ph.D., Professor of History in Leipzig. VOLCK, Wilhelm, D.D., Professor of Theology in Dorpat. WACKERNAGEL, K. H. Wilhelm, Ph.D., Pro fessor in Basel. (D. 1869.) WAGENMANN, Julius August, D.D., Professor of Theology in Gottingen. WANGEMANN, Ph.D., Missionsdirector in Berlin. "WARD, William Hayes, D.D., Editor of The In dependent, New-York City. "WARFIELD, Benjamin Breckinridge, D.D., Pro fessor of New Testament Exegesis in the Theo logical Seminary, Allegheny, Penn. WARNECK, G., Ph.D., Pastorin Rothenschirmbach. "WARREN, William Fairfield, D.D., LL.D , President of Boston University, Boston, Mass. "WASHBURN, George, D.D., President of Robert College, Constantinople, Turkey. WASSERSCHLEBEN, F. W. H. von, Ph.D., Pro fessor of Jurisprudence in Giessen. WEINGARTEN, Hermann, D.D., Professor of Theology in Breslau. WEIZSACKER, Carl Heinrich, D.D., Professor of Theology in Tubingen. WEIZSACKER, Julius, Ph.D., Professor of His tory in Gottingen. WERNER, August, Pastor in Guben. "WHIPPLE, Henry Benjamin, D.D., Bishop of P. E. Diocese of Minnesota, Faribault, Minn. "WHITFIELD, Edward E , M.A., Oxford. WIESELER, Karl, D.D., Professor of Theology in Greifswald. (D. 1883.) WILCKEN, Ph.D., Stralsund. "WILLIAMS, Samuel Wells, LL.D., Professor of Chinese, Yale College, New Haven, Conn. "WILSON, Joseph R., D.D., Wilmington, N.C. "WILSON, Samuel Jennings, D.D., LL.D., Pro fessor of Church History, Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Penn. (D. 1883.) "WOLF, Edmund Jacob, D.D., Professor in the Theological Seminary, Gettysburg, P.nn. WOLFFLIN, Eduard, Ph.D., Professor in Erlangen. "WOOLSEY. Theodore Dwight, D.D., LL.D., Ex- President of Yale College, New Haven, Conn. "WRIGHT, George Frederick, Ph.D... Professor in the Theological Seminary, Oberlin, O. ZAHN, Theodor, D.D., Professor of Theology in Erlangen. ZEZSCHWITZ, Gerhard von, D.D., Professor of Theology in Erlangen. ZIMMERMANN, Karl, D.D., Pralat in Darmstadt. ZOCKLER, Otto, D.D., Professor of Theology in Greifswald. ZOPFFEL, Richard Otto, Ph.D., Professor of The ology in Strassburg. INDEX. Pacca, Bartolommeo, 1715. Pace, Richard, 1715. Paehomius, 1715. Paehymeres, Georgius, 1716. Pacianua, 1716. Pacification, Edicts of, 1716. Padua, 1716. Pasdobaptism, 1716. Paadobaptist, 1716. Paganism, 1716. Page, Harlan, 1717. Pagi, Antoine, 1717. Pagoda, 1717. Paine, Robert, 1717. Paine, Thomas, 1717. Painting, Christian, 1718. Pajon, Claude, 1722. Palafox de Mendoza, Juan de, 1722. Palamas, Gregorius, 1722. Paleario, Aoiiio, 1722. Palestine, 1723. Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi, 1727. Paley, William, 1728. Palimpsest. See Bible Text. Palissy, Bernard, 1728. Pall, 1729. Palladius, 1729. Palladius, Scotorum Episcopus, 1730. Pallavicino, or Pallavicini, Sforza, 1730. Pallium, 1730. Palmer, 1730. Palmer, Christian David Friedrich, 1730. Palmer, Edward Henry, 1731. Palmer, Herbert, 1731. Palm-Sunday, 1731. Palm-Tree, 1731. Paraphilua,. 1732. Pamphylia, 1732. Panagia, 1732. Pan-Anglican Synod, 1732. Panegyricon, 1733. Pania Literae, 1733. Panormitanua, 1733. Pan-Presbyterian Council. See Alliance of the Reformed Churches. Pantainus, 1733. Pantheism and Pantheist, 1733. Pantheon, 1735. Papacy and Papal System, 1735. Papal Election. See Conclave. Papebroeck. See Bollandists. Paphnutius, 1737. Paphos, 1738. Papias, 1738. Papin, Isaac, 1739. Papyrus. See Bible-Text, "Writing. Parables, 1739. Parabolani, 1742. ParacelBUS, Philippus Aureolus Theo- phrastus Bombaatus, 1742. Paraclete. See Holy Spirit, Trinity. Paracletic6, or Paracleticon, 1742. Paradise, 1742. Paraguay, 1743. Paran, wilderness of, 1743. Pardee, Richard Gay, 1743. Pareua, David, 1743. Paris, 1743. Paris, Francois de, 1745. Paris, Matthew. See Matthew of Paris. Pariah, 1745. Parity, 1746. . Parker, Matthew, 1746. Parker, Samuel, 1746. Parker, Theodore, 1747. ParkhurBt, Johu, 1749. Parnell, Thomas, 1749. Paraeeism, 1749. ParBona, Robert. See Persons, Robert. Pai'Bona, Levi, 1752. Particular and General Baptists, 1752. Paasagians, the, 1752. Paacal, Blaise, 1752. Pascal, Jacqueline. See p. 1752. Paschal Controversies, 1754. Paschalis (popes), 1756. Paschaaius, Radbertus. See Radbertus. Pasqualis, Martinez, 1757. Paasion, the, of our Lord, 1757. Pasaion-Plays. See Religious Dramas. Pasaion-Week. See Holy Week. Passionei, Dominic, 1757. Passionista, the, 1757. Passover, the, 17-37. Pastoral Letters, 1759. Pastoral Theology, 1759. Pastorells, 1762. Patarenes, 1762. Paten, 1762. Pater-Noster, 1762. Patience, 1762. Patmos, 1763. Patouillet, Louis, 1763. Patriarch, 1763. Patrick, St., 1763. Patrick, Symon, 1765. Patripaesians, 1765. Patristica and Patrology, 1765. Patronage, 1767. Patteaon, John Coleridge, 176S. Paul the Apostle and his Epistles, 1768. Paul (popes), 1774. Paul, Father. See Sarpi. Paul of Samosata, See Monarchianism. Paul of Thebes. See Monastery. Paul, Vincent de. See Vincent de Paul. Paul the Deacon, 1776. Paula, 1776. Paulicians, 1776. Paulinus of Aquileja, 1777. Paulinus, PontiuaMeropiusAnicius,1778. Paulinus of York, 1778. Paulists, 1778. Paulus, Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob, 1778. Pauperes de Lugduno. See AValdenses, Pavia, the Council of, 1779. Pavilion, 1779. Payson, Edward, 1779. Pazmany, Peter, 1780. Peabody, George, 1780. Peabody, William Bourne Oliver, 1781. Peace, Kiss of. See Kiss of Peace. Peace Offering. See Offerings. Pearson, Eliphalet, 1781. Pearson, John, 1782. Peck, George, 1783. Peck, Jeese Truesdell, 1783. Peck, John Maaon, 1783. Pedcrsen, Christiern, 1783. Pedobaptism, Pedobaptists. See Paedo- baptiam, Paedo baptists. Pelagiua and the Pelagian Controversies, 1783. Pelagius (popes), 1785. Pelagiua, Alvarus, 1786. Pellikan, Konrad, 1786. Pelt, Anton Friedrich Ludwig, 1786. Penance, 1787. Penitentials, 1787. Penitential Paalms, 1788. Penn, William, 1788. Pennaforte, Raymond de, 1790. Penry, John, 1790. Pentateuch, the, 1790. Pentecost, 1801. Peratas. See Gnosticism. Percy, Thomas, 1801. Perea, 1802. Pereira, Antonio de Figueiredo, 1802. Perfectionism, 1802. PergamoB, 1802. Pericopca, 1802. Perikau, Synods of, 1806. Perizzites. See Canaan. Perkins, Justin, 1806. Perkins, William, 1806. Perpetua, Ste., 1806. Perrone, Giovanni, 1806. Perrouet, Edward, 1807. Persecution of the Christians in the Ro man Empire, 1807. Perseverance of the Saints, 1808. Persia, 1808. Persons, Robert, 1811. Peru, 1811. Peshito. See Bible Versions. Pessimism. See Optimism, Schopen hauer. Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 1812. Petavius, Dionysius, 1812. Peter the Apostle, 1813. Peter, Festivals of St., 1817. Peter of Alcantara, 1818. Peter of Alexandria, 1818. Peter dAilly. See Ailll. Peter of Blois, 1818. Peter of Bruys and the Petrobrusians, 181S. Peter of Celle, 1818. Peter Lombard. See Lombard. Peter Martyr, or Peter of Verona, 1818. Peter Martyr Vermigli, 1818. Peter the Hermit, 1819. Peter the Venerable, 1S19. Peterborough, 1819. Peter-Pence, 1819. Peters, Hugh, 1820. Petersen, Johann Wilhelm, 1820. Petit, Samuel, 1820. Petra. See Setah. Petri, Olaus, 1820. Petri, Laureutiua, 1820. Petrobrusiaus. See Peter of Bruys. Peucer, Caspar, 1820. Pew, 1821. Pezel, Chriatof, 1821. Pfaff, Christof Matthaus, 1821. Prlug, Julius, 1821. Pharaoh, 1821. Pharisees, the, 1821. Philadelphia, 1S22. Philadelphia (U.S.A.), 1822. Philadelphian Society, 1823. Philaster, or Philaatrius, 1824. Philemon. See Paul. Philip the Apostle, 1824. Philip the Arabian, 1824. Philip the Evangelist, 1824. Philip the Fair, 1824. Philip the Magnanimous, 1825. Philip II., 1826. Philip the Tetrarch. See Herod. Philippi, 1826. Philippi, Friedrich Adolf, 1827. Philippians, Epistle to the. See Paul. Philippista, 1827. Philistines, 1827. Phillpotta, Henry, 1831. Philo, 1831. Philo Carpathius, 1833. Philopatris, 1S33. Philoponus. See Johu Philoponus. XI Xll INDEX. Philosophy and Religion, 1833. Powell, Baden, 1876. Ptolemy IV., Philopator, 1968. Philosophy, Christian, American Insti Practical Theology, 1877. Ptolemy V., Epiphanes, 1969. Ptolemy VI., Philometor, 1969. tute of, 1835. Prades, Jean Martin de, 1877. Philostorgius, 1836. Pradt, Dominique Dufour de, 1877. Publican, 1969. Philostratus, Flavins, 1836. Praemunire, 1877. Publicani, 1969. Philoxenus, 1836. Praetorius, Abdias, 1877. Pufendorf, Samuel, 1969. Phoeas, 1836. Praetorius, Stephan, 1877. Pul. See Tiglath-pileser. Phcenicia, 1836. Prayer, 1877. Puleheria, 1969. Photinus, 1837. Prayer, Book of Common, 1880. Pulleyn, Robert, 1969. Photius, 1837. Prayer for the Dead, 1882. Pulpit, 1970. Phrygia, 1838. Prayer, the Lord's. See Lord's Prayer. Pulpit-Eloquence. See Homiletics, Phylactery, 1838. Preachers, Local. See Local Preachers. Preaching. Piarists, or Fathers of the Pious Schools, Preaching, 1883. Punishment among the Hebrews, 1970. or Paulinian Congregation, 1839. Preaching Friars, 1885. Punishment, Future, 1971. Picards, 1839. Prebend, 1S85. Punshou, William Morley, 1974. Pictet, Benedict, 1839. Precious Stones, 1885. Purcell, Henry, 1974. Picus of Mirandula. See Mirandula. Preconization, 1886. Purcell, John Baptist, 1975. Pierce, Lovick, 1839. Predestination, 1886. Purgatory, 1975. Pierpont, John, 1840. Premillennialism, 1887. Purifications, 1976. Pietism, 1840. Premonstrauts, or Premonstratensians, Purim, 1979. Pighius, Albert, 1841. 1S90. Puritan, Puritanism, 1979. Pilate, Pontius, 1841. Prentiss, Elizabeth, 1890. Purvey, John, 1983. Pilate, Proela, or Claudia Procula, 1842. Presbyter and the Presbyterate, 1890. Pusey, Edward Bouverie, 1984. Pilgrimages, 1842. Presbyterian Churches, 1892. Pym, Johu, 1984. Pilkington, James, 1843. Presbyterianism, 1917. Pynchon, William, 1985. Pinkney, William, 1843. Presbyterium, 1921. Pyx, 1985. Pirke Aboth, 1843. Presbytery, 1921. Pirmin, St., 1843. Presence, the Real. See Lord's Supper. Q- Pisa, Councils of, 1843. Presiding Elders, 1921. Piseator, Johannes, 1844. Pressly, John Taylor, 1921. Quadragesima. See Lent. Quadratus, 1986. Quakers. See Friends. Quarles, Francis, 1986. Quarterly Meeting. See Friends. Quartodecimani. See Paschal Contro versy. Queen Anne's Bounty. See Taxes, i Pise, Charles Constantine, 1844. Prester John. See John the Presbyter. Pisgah, 1S44. Preston, John, 1921. Pisidia, 1845. Prideaux, Humphrey, 1921. Tistorius, Johannes, 1845. Prierias, Sylvester, 1922. Pithom, 1845. Priests and Priesthood in the Old Testa Pius (popes), 1845. ment, 1922. Pius Societies, 1849. Priesthood in the Roman-CatholicChurch, Placet, 1849. Placeus, 1849. 1926. Priestley, Joseph, 1927. Quenstedt, Andreas, 1986. Queanel, Pasquier, 1986. Quetif, Jacques, 1986. Quietism. See Moliuos, Gnyon. Quinisextum Concilium, 1987. Plagues of Egypt. See Egypt. Primacy, Primate, 1927. Planck, Gottlieb Jakob, 1849. Primicerlus, 1927. Planck, Heinrich Ludwig, 1849. Primitive Methodist Connection. See Platina, Bartholomffius, 1849. Methodism. Quirinius, 1987. Platoni^m and Christianity, 1850. Prince, Thomas (1), 1927. Platonics, the Cambridge, 1853. Prince, Thomas (2), 1928. Plitt, Guslav Leopold, 1855. Princeton, the Village, its Institutions, R. Plumer, William Swan, 1855. Theology, and Literature, 1928. Pluralities, 1856. Prior and Prioress, 1930. Rabanus Maurus, 1988. Plymouth Brethren, 1856. Priscillianists,1930. Rabaut, Paul, 1988. Pneumatomachi, 1859. Probabilism, 1931. Rabaut, St. Etieune, 1988. Pocock, Edward, 1859. Probation, Future, 1931. Rabaut, Pommier, 1988. Podiebrad, George of, 1859. Procession of the Holy Ghost. See Filio- Rabbah. See Ammonites. Poetry, Hebrew. See Hebrew Poetry. que. Rabbinism, 1988. Pohlman, William John, 1860. Professions, 1932. Rabbula. See Rabulas. Poimenics. See Pastoral Theology. Proclus. See Neo-Platonisra. Rabearis, 1990. Poiret, Pierre, 1860. Procopius of Csesarea, 1932. Rabahakeh, 1990. Poissy, Conference of, 1860. Procopius of Gaza, 1932. Rabulas, 1990. Poland, 1861. Procopius the Great, 1932. Raca, 1990. Pole, Reginald, 1862. Prodicians, 1933. Racovian Catechism. See Soemianism. Polemics, 1862. Polentz, George of. See George of Po- Professio FideiTridentinae. See Triden- Rachel. See Jacob. tine Profession of Faith. Kadbcrtua, Paachaaius, 1990. lentz. Prolocutor, 1933. Raffles, Thomas, 1991. Poliander, Johann, 1863. Pronier, Cesar Louis, 1933. Ragged Schools, 1991. Polity, 1863. Propaganda, the, 1933. Rahab, 1991. Pollok, Robert, 1863. Prophetic Office iu the Old Testament, Raikes, Robert, 1991. Polycarp, 1863. 1936, Rainerio Sacchoni, 1991. Polychrouius, 1S64. Prophets in the New Testament, 1940. Rale, Sebastien, 1992. Polygamy. See Marriage. Propitiation, 1940. Raleigh, Alexander, 1992. Polyglot Bibles, 1864. Proselytes of the Jews, 1941. Raleigh, Sir Walter, 1992. Polytheism, 1867. Prosper of Aquitania, 1942. Ramah, 1992. Pomfret, John, 1868. Protestauten-Verein, 1942. Ramadan, 1992. Pomponatiufl, Petrus, 1868. Protestantism. See Reformation. Rambach, August Jakob, 1992. Pond, Enoch, 1868. Protevangeliura. See Apocrypha. Rambach, Johann Jakob, 1992. Pontianus, 1868. Protonotarius Apostolicus, 1942. Rameaes. See Exodus. Pontificale, 1868. Proto-Presbyter, or Proto-Pope, 1942. Rammohun Roy, 1993. Poole, Matthew, 1868. Proudfoot, William, 1942. Ramus, Petrua, 1993. Poor, Daniel, 1S69. Proverbs of Solomon, 1943. Ranee, Armand Louis le Bouthillier, de Poor Men of Lyons. See Waldenses. Providence, 1948. 1993. Pppe, the, 1869. Provincial, 1949. Randall, Benjamin. See Freewill Bap Tope, Alexander, 1871. Provost, 1949. tists. Pordage, John, 1871. Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens, 1949. Randolph Macon College, 1993. Poritoppidan, Erik Ludwigsen, 1872. Prndeutius of Troyes, 1949. Ranters, 1994. Porphyry. See Neo-Platonism. Prussia, 1949. Raphael, 1994. Porter, Ebenezer, 1872. Prynne, William, 1950. Raphall, Morris Jacob, 1994. Portiuncula Indulgence, 1872. Psalmanazar, George, 1950. Rappists, 1994. Port Royal, 1872. Psalmody in the Early Christian Church, RaBhi, 1994. Portugal, the Kingdom of, 1873. 1950. Raskolniks. See Russian Sects. Poschl, Thomas, 1874. Psalms, 1951. Ratherius, 1994. Positivism. See Comte, Auguste. . Psalms, Use of the, iu Worship, 1959. Rathmann, Hermann, 1995. Possession, Demoniacal. See Demoniacs. Psalter, 1901. Rationalism and Supranaturalism, 1995. Possevino, Antonio, 1874. Psellus,1961. Ratisbon, the Conference of, 1998. Possidius, or Possidonius, 1S74. Paeudepigr-apha of the Old Testament, Ratramnus, 1998. Postel, Guillaume, 1874. 19(31. Ratzeberger, Matthaus, 1998. Postil, 1874. Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, 1966. Rau, Christian, 1998. Potter, Alonzo, 1874. Ptolemaeus, Ptolemy, 1968. liauch, Frederick Augustus, 1998. Potts, George, 1876. Ptolemy I., Sotor, 1968. Rauhe Haua. See Wichern. Poulain, Nicolas, 1876. Ptolemy II., Philadelphus, 1968. Rautenetrauch, Franz Stephan, 1999. Pouring, 1876. Ptolemy IH., Euergertes, 1968. Ravenna, 1999. INDEX. sm Ravignan, Gustave Francois Xavier de la Croix de, 2001. Raymond Martini, 2001. Raymond of Pennaforte. See Penna- forte. Raymond of Sabuude, or Sabiende, 2001. Raymundus Lullus. See Lullus. Reader. See Lector. Realism. See Scholastic Theology. Real Presence. See Lord's Supper. Rechabites, 2002. Recluse, 2002. Recollect, 2002. Reconciliation. See Atonement. , Rector, 2002. Redeemer, Orders of the, 2002. Redemption, 2002. Redemptorists, or Congregation of Our Most Blessed Redeemer, 2003. Red Sea, the, 2004. Reed, Andrew, 2004. Reformation, 2004. Reformed (Dutch) Church in America, 2013. Reformed Episcopal Church. See Epis copal Church, Reformed. Reformed (German) Church in the United States, 2015. Reformed Presbyterian Church. See Presbyterian Churches. Regalia, 2016. Regeneration, 2017. Regensburg. See Ratisbon. Regino, 2018. Regionarius, 2018. Regius, Urbauus. See Rhegius. Regula Fidei, 2018. Regulars, 2018. Rehoboam, 2018. Reichel, Johann Friedrich, 2019. Reid, Thomas, 2019. Reihing, Jakob, 2021. Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, 2021. Reinhard, Franz Volkmar, 2021. Reland, Hadrian, 2021. Relics, 2021. Relief Synod. See Presbyterian Churches. Religion and Revelation, 2021. Religion, the Philosophy of, 2024. Religious Dramas in the Middle Ages, 2025. Religious Liberty. See Liberty. Religious Statistics, 2026. Relly, James, 2026. Remigius, St., 2027. Remphan, 2027. Renaissance, the, 2027. Renata, 2030. Renaudot, Eusebe, 2030. Repentance, 2030. Rephidim. See Wilderness of the Wan dering. Reprobation. See Predestination. Requiem, 2031. Reredos, 2031. Reservation, Mental, 2031. Reservation, Papal, 2031. Residence, 2032. Restoration. See Apokatastasis. Resignation, 2032. Resurrection of the Dead, 2032. Rettberg, Friedrich Wilhelm, 2033. Rettig, Heinrich Christian Michael, 2033. Reuben. See Tribes. Reuchlin, Johann, 2033. Reuterdahl, Henrik, 2034. Revelation, Book of, 2034. Revivals of Religion, 2038. Revolution, the French, 2041. Reynolds, Edward, 2043. Reynolds, John, 2044. Rhegium, 2044. Rhegius, Urbanus, 2044. Rhetoric, Sacred. See Homiletics. Rhodes, 2044. Ricci, Lorenzo, 2044. Ricci, Scipione de', 2045. Rice, John Holt, 2045. Rice, Nathan Lewis, 2045. Rich, Edmund. See Eadmund, St. Richard, Fitzralph, 2045. Richard of St. Victor, 2046. Richard, Charles Louis, 2046. Richards, James, 2046. Richards, William, 2046. Richelieu, ' Armand Jean Dupleesis de, 2046. Richer, Edmund, 2046. Richmond, Legb, 2046. Richter, ^Emilius Ludwig, 2047. Richter, Christian Friedrich Gottlieb, 2047. Riddle, Joseph Esmond, 2047. Ridgley, Thomas, 2047. Ridley, Nicholas, 2047. • Rieger, Georg Conrad, 2048. Righteousness, Original, 2048. Rimmon, 2048. Ring, Melchior, 2049. Rings, 2049. Rinkart, Martin, 2049. Ripley, Henry Jones, 2049. Ripon, 2049. Rippon, John, 2049. Risler, Jeremiah, 2049. Ritter, Karl, 2050. Ritual, 2050. Rituale Romanum, 2050. Ritualism, 2050. Rivet, Andre, 2053. Robber-Council. See Ephesus. Robert the Second, 2053. Robertson, Frederick William, 2053. Robertson, James Craigie, 2054. Robinson, Edward, 2054. Robinson, John, 2055. Robinson, Robert, 2056. Robinson, Stuart, 2056. Roeh, St., 2056. Rochester, 2056. Rock, Daniel, 2056. Rodgere, John, 2056. Rodiger, Emil, 2056. Rogations, 2057. Rogers, Ebenezer Piatt, 2057. Rogers, Henry, 2057. Rogers, John, 2057. Rohr, Johann Friedrich, 2057. Rokycaua, John, 2057. Romaine, William, 2058. Roman-Catholic Church, 2058. Roman-Catholic Church in the United States, 2062. Roman Empire and Christianity, the, 2068. Romance Bible Versions. See Bible Ver sions. Romans, Epistle to the. See Paul. Romanus, 2072. Rome, 2072. Ronsdorf Sect. See Eller. Rood, 2073. Roos, Magnus Friedrich, 2074. Rosa of Lima, 2074. Rosa of Viterbo, 2074. Rosalia, St., 2074. Rosary, the, 2074. Roscelin, 2074. Rose, the Golden. See Golden Rose. Rose, Henry John, 2074. Rose, Hugh James, 2074. Rosenbach, Johann Georg,, 2075. Rosenmiiller, Ernst Friedrich Karl, 2075. Rosicrucians, 2075. Roswitha, 2075. Rota. See Curia. Rothe, Richard, 2075. Roumania, 2076. Rous, Francis, 2076. Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 2076. Roussel, Gerard, 2078. Routh, Martin Joseph, 2078. Row, Thomas, 2078. Rowe, Mrs. Elizabeth, 2078. Rowlands, Daniel, 2078. Royaards, Hermann Jan, 2078. Rubrics, 2078. Ruchat, Abraham, 2078. Riickert, Leopold Imraanuel, 2078. Rudelbach, Andreas Gottlob, 2079. Riidinger, Esrom, 2079. Ruet, Francisco de Paula, 2079. Rufinus, Tyrannius, 2079. Ruinart, Thierry, 2079. Rule of Faith. See Regula Fidei. , Rulman Merswin, 2080. Rupert, St., 2080. Rupert of Deutz, 2080. Russell, Charles William, 2080. Russia, 20S0. Russian Sects, 2082. Rutgers Theological Seminary. See New- Brunswick Theological Seminary. Ruth, 2085. Rutherfurd, Samuel, 2085. Ruysbroeck, or Rusbroek, 2085. Ryerson, Adolphus Egerton, 2086. Ryland, John, 2086. Saadia ha Gaon, Ben Joseph, 2087. Saalschiitz, Joseph Levin, 2087. Sabaoth, 2087. Sabas, St., 2087. Sabbatarians. See Seventh-Day Baptists, Sabbath, 2088. Sabbath-Day's Journey, 2089. Sabbath Laws. See Sunday Legislation. Sabbathaism. See Israel. Sabbatharians, or New.Israelites, 2089. Sabbatical Yearand Year of Jubilee, 2089. Sabbatier, Pierre, 2090. Sabbatius, 2090. Sabeilius, 2090. Sabians, 2091. Sabina, 2091. Sabinianus, 2091. Sacerdotalism. See Priesthood. Sacheverell, Henry, 2091. Sachs, Hans, 2091. Sack, August Friedrich Wilhelm, 2092. Sack, Friedrich Samuel Gottfried, 2092. Sack, Karl Heinrich, 2092. Sack, Brethren of the, 2093. Sacrament, 2093. Sacred Heart, Society of the. See Jesus, Society of the Sacred Heart of. Sacrificati, 2093. Sacrifices. See Offerings. Sacrilege, 2094. Sacristy and Sacristan, 2094. Sacy, Louis Isaac Le Maistre de, 2094. Sadducees, 2094. Sadoleto, Jacopo, 2096. Sagittarius, Kaspar, 2096. Sahak. See Armenia. Sailer, Johann Michael, 2096. Saint Albans, 2096. Saint John, Knights of. See Military Religious Orders. Saint-Martin, Louis Claude de, 2096. Saint-Simon de Rouvroy, Count Claude Heuri, 2097. Saints, Day of All. See All-Saints' Day. Saints, Worship of the, 2097. Sakya Muni. See Buddhism. Salamis, 2098. Salem Witchcraft. See Witchcraft. Sales, Francis de. See Francis of Sales. Salig, Christian August, 2098. Salisbury, or New Sarum, 2098. Salisbury, John of. See John of Salis bury. Salmauticenses, 2098. Salmasius, Claudius, 2098. Salmeron, Alphonso, 2098. Salt, 2098. Salt Sea, 2099. Saltzmann, Friedrich Rudolph, 2099. Salvation. See Redemption. Salvation Army, the, 2099. Salve, 2100. Salvianus, 2100. Salzburg, 2100. Samaria and the Samaritans, 2101. Samaritan Pentateuch. See Samaria. Samosata; Paul of. See Monarchianism. Sampsaaan. See Elkesaites. Samson, 2104. Samson, Bernhardin, 2105. Samuel, 2105. Samuel, Books of, 2106. Sanballat, 2107. * Sah Benito. See Inquisition. Sanchez, Thomas, 2107. Sanchuniathon, 2108. Bancroft, William, 2108. Sanctification, 2108. Sanction, Pragmatic, 2108. Sandeman and the Sandemanians, 2109. Sandwich Islands, the, 2109. Sandys, Edwin, 2110. Sandys, George, 2110. Sanhedrin, 2110. Santa Casa. See Loreto. Sarcerius, Erasmus, 2112. Sardis, 2112. Sargon, 2112. Sarpi, Paolo, 2113. Sartorius, Ernst Wilhelm Christian, 2113. Sarum Use, 2123. Satan. See Devil. XIV INDEX. Satanael, 2113. Seduliua, Cajus Ccelius, 2147. Shuckford, Samuel, 2178. Satisfaction. See Atonement. Sedulius Scotus, or Seduliua Junior, 2147. Shu shan, 2178. Saturninus, 2114. Seeing God, 2147. Sibbes, Richard, 2178. Saturninus the Gnostic. See Gnosticism. Seekers, 2148. Sibel, Caspar, 2179. Saul, 2114. Segneri, Paolo, 2148. Sibylline Books, 2179. Sauraur,,2115. Seir, or Land of Seir, 2148. Sicarii, 2180. Saurin, Elie, 2115. Sela, or Selah, 2149. Sickingen, Franz von, 2180. Saurin, Jacques, 2115. Selah, 2149. Sidney, Sir Philip, 2180. Savonarola, Hieronymus, 2115. Selden, John, 2149. Sidon. See Zidon. Savoy Conference. See Conference. Seleucia, 2150. Sidonius, Michael, 2180. Saybrook Platform. Setf Congregation- Seleucidian Era. See Era. Sieua, Council of, 2180. aliam. Selneccer, Nicolaus, 2150. SieveMng, Amalie, 2181. Scaliger, Joseph Justus, 2117. Selwyn, George Augustus, 2150. Sigebert of Gemblours, 2181. Scapegoat. See Atonement, Day of. Semi-Arians, 2150. Sigismund, Johann, 2181. Scapulary, 2117. Schade, Georg, 2117. Seminaries, Theological, Continental, Sign of the Cross. See Cross. 2151. Sigouruey, Lydia Howard Huntley, 2181. Schade, Johann Caspar, 2117. Seminaries, Theological, of the United Sihor, 2182. Schaeffer, Charles Frederick, 2117. States. See Theological Seminaries. Siloah. See Jerusalem. Schall, Johann Adam, 2117. Semi-Pelagianism, 2151. Simeon. See Tribes. Schauffler, William Gottlieb, 2117. Semitic Languages, 2153. Simeon in Bible. See Simon, the Name Scheffler, Johann, 2118. Semler, Johann Salomo, 2156. in Biblical History. Schelhorn, Johann Georg, 2118. Seneca, Lucius Annasus, 2157. Simeon Metaphrastee. See Metaphrastes. Sehelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, Sennacherib, 2158. Simeon Stylitea. See Btylites. 2118. Separates, 2160. Simeon, Archbishop of Thessalonica, Schelwig, Samuel, 2120. Separatism, 2160. 2182. Schem, Alexander Jacob, 2120. Sepharvaim, 2160. Simeon, Charles, 2182. Schinner, Mattha.ua, 2120. Septuagint. See Bible Versions. Simler, Josias, 2182. Schism, 2121. Septuagesima, 2161. Simon ben Yochai, 2182. Schlatter, Michael, 2121. Sepulchre, Holy. See Holy Sepulchre. Simon, the Name in Biblical History, Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst, Sequence, the, 2161. 2182. 2121. Seraphim, 2161. Simon Maccabseus. See Maccabees. SchleUBner, Johann Friedrich, 2125. Sergius Paulus. See Paul. Simon Magus, 2183. Schmalkald, League and Articles of, 2125. Sergius, 2161. Simon, Richard, 2185, Sehmid, Christian Friedrich, 2126. Sergius (confessor), 2161. Simon of Tournay, 2185. Schmid, Konrad, 2126. Sergius (popes), 2161. Simony, 2185. Schmidt, Oswald Gottlob, 2126. Sermon. See Homiletics. Simplicius, 2186. Schmolke, Benjamin, 2126. Serpent, Brazen, the, 2162. Sin (city), 2186. Schmucker, Samuel Simon, 2126. Servetus, Michael, 2102. Sin, 2186. Schneckenburger, Matthias, 2127. Servla, 2163. Sin against the Holy Spirit, the, 2188. Schiiberlein, Ludwig Friedrich, 2127. Servites, 2164. Sin-Offerings. See Offerings. Scholastic Theology, 2127. Servus Servorura Dei, 2164. Sins, the Forgiveness of, 2188. Scholium, the, 2130. Session, 2164. Sinai, 2189. Schonherr, Johann Heinrich, 2130. Session of Christ, 2164. Sinaita. See John Scholastieus. Schoolmen. See Scholastic Theology. Sethiani. See Gnosticism. Sinaiticus, Codex. See Bible Text. Schott, Heinrich August, 2130. Setou, Elizabeth Ann, 2164. Singi ng. See Hymnology, Music, Psalm Schottgen, Christian, 213U. Seven, the Sacred Number, 2164. ody. Schrockh, Johann Matthias, 2130. Seven Sleepers of Ephesus. See Ephe- Sintram, 2190. Schultens, Albert, 2131. sus, Seven Sleepers of. Sion College, 2190. Schwartz, Christian Friedrich, 2131. Seventh-Day Baptists, 2165. Sirach. See Apocrypha. Schwarz, Friedrich Heinrich Chriatian, Severianus, 2167. Siricius, 2190. 2131. Severinus, St., 2167. Sirmond, Jacques, 2190. Schwebel, Johann, 2131. Severinus (pope), 2167. Slaters of Charity. See Charity, Sisters of. Schwegler, Albert, 2131. Severua, 2167. Sisters of Mercy. See Mercy, Sisters of. Schweukfeld and the Schwenkfelders. Severus, Alexander, 2168. Sisterhoods. See Deaconesses. See Tunkers. Severus, Septimus, 2168. Siva. See Brahmaniem. Schyn, Herraannus, 2132. Severua, Sulpicius, 2168. Six Articles, the, 2190. Scotch Confession of Faith, 2132. Sewall, Samuel, 2168. Six-Principle Baptists, 2191. Scotch Paraphrases, 2132. Sewell, William, 2168. Sixtus (popes), 2191. Scotland, Churches of. See Presbyterian Sexagesima, 2168. Skelton, Philip, 2192. Churches. Sextou, 2168. Skinner, Thomas Harvey, 2192. Scott, Elizabeth, 2132. Sfondrati, Francis, 2168. Slater Fund for the Education of Freed* Scott, Levi, 2133. Sfondrati, Nicholas, 2168. men, 2192. Scott, Thomas, 2133. Sfondrati, Celeatine, 2168. Slavery among the Hebrews, 2192. Scott, Thomas, 2133. Shaftesbury. See Deism, Iufldelity. Slavery in the New Testament, 2193. Scottish Philosophy, 2133. Shakers, 2168. Slavery and Christianity, 2194. Scotus Erigena, John, 2134. Shalmaneser, 2170. Slavic Bible Versions. See Bible Ver Scotus, Marianus, 2135. Shammai, 2171. sions. Scribes in the New Testament, 2135. Sharp, Granville, 2171. Sleidan, Johannes, 2198. Scriver, Christian, 2137. Sharp, James, 2171. Smalcald Articles and League. See Scudder, John, 2137. Sharpe, Samuel, 2172. Schmalcald Articles. Sculpture, Christian, 2137. Shastra, 2172. Smalley, John, 2198. Scultetus, Abraham, 2140. Sheba. See Arabia. Smaragdus, 2198. Seabury, Samuel, 2140. Shechem, 2172. Smart, ChriBtopher, 2198. Seagrave, Robert, 2142. Shechinah, the, 2172. Smectymnuus, 2198. Seals. See Rings. Shekel. See Weights. Smith, Eli, 2199. Seaman, Lazarus, 2142. Shem Hammephorash, 2172. Smith, George, 2199. Seamen, Missions to, 2142. Shemitic Languages. See Semitic Lan Smith, Henry Boynton, 2199. Sear, Barnas, 2145. guages. Smith, John, 2200. Sftars, Edmund Hamilton, 2145. Sheol, 2172. Smith, John Cotton, 2200. Sebaldus, 2145. Shepard, Thomas, 2172. Smith, John Pye, 2201. Se-Baptist. See Smyth, John. Shepherd, Thomas, 2173. Smith Joseph. See Mormons. Sebastian, 2146. Shepherd of Hermas. See Hermas. Smith, Samuel Stanhope, 2201. Secession Church. See Presbyterian Sherlock, Richard, 2173. Smith, Sydney, 2201. Smith, William Andrew, 2201. Churches. Sherlock, William, 2173. Seckendorf, Veit Ludwig von, 2146. Sherlock, Thomas, 2173. Smyrna, 2201. Seeker, Thomas, 2146. Sherlock, Martin, 2173. Smyth, John, 2201. Second Adventista. See Adventista. Shinar, 2173. Snethen, Nicholas, 2203. (Appendix.) Shiu-Shiu, or "Reformed" Buddhism, Socialism, 2203. Second Coming of Christ. See Millena- 2175. Soci^te" Evang^lique de Geneve, 2207. rianism, Premillenianism. Shinto, 2175. Soci^te" Centrale Protestante d'ftvangGIi- Secret Discipline. See Arcani Disci- Shirley, Hon. Walter, 2177. sation, 2207. plina. Shishak, 2177. Socinua and the Socinians, 2207. Secular Clergy. See Clergy. Showbread, 2177. SocrateB, 2210. Secularization, 2146. Showbread, Table of the, 2178. Socrates (historian), 2211. Becundus, 2146. Shrine, 2178. Sodom, 2212. Sedes Vacaus, 2146. Shrive, 2178. Sodor and Man, 2212. Sedgwick, Daniel, 2146. Shrove-Tuesday. See Shrive. Sohn, Georg, 2212. Sedgwick, Obadiah, 2147. Shrubaole, William, 2178. Soissons, 2212. INDEX. xv Solemn League and Covenant. See Cov Stercoranists, 2243. Syriac Literature, 2285. enant. Sternhold, Thomas, 2243. Syriac Versions, rise Bible Versions. Solitarius, Philip, 2212. Sterry, Peter, 2213. Syropulos, Sylvester, 2287. Solomon, 2213. Steudel, Johann Christian Friedrich, 2243. Somaschians, the Order of the, 2214. Steward, 2241. Soothsayer, 2214. Stewart, Dugald, 2244. T. Sophia, 2214. Stichometry, 2244. Sophia Senatrix, 2214. Stiefel, Michael, 2247. Tabernacle, 2288. Sophia, St. See Architecture. Stiekna, Conrad, 2247. Tabernacle (for the Eucharist), 2289. Sophronius, 2214. Stier, Rudolf Ewald, 2248. Tabernacles, the Feast of, 2290. Sorbonne, the, 2215. Somatization, 2248. Tabor, 2290. Soter, 2215. Stiles, Ezra, 2248. TaboriteB. See Utraquists. Soteriology, 2215. Stilling, 2249. Tadmor, 2291. Soto, Dominicus de, 2218. Stillingfleet, Edward, 2249. Tai-ping, 2291. Soto, Petrus de, 2218. Stocker, John, 2250. Tait, Archibald Campbell, 2292. Soul-Sleep, or Psychopannychism, 2218. Stockton, Thomas Hewlings, 2250. Tallis, Thomas, 2292. Soule, Joshua, 2218. Stoddard, David Tappan, 2250. Talmud, 2292. South, Robert, 2218. Stoddard, Solomou, 2250. Tammuz, 2296. Southcott, Johanna. See Sabbatarians. Stoicism, 2250. Tanchelm, 2296. South-Sea Islands. See Fiji Islands. Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Count von, Tancred of Bologna, 2296. Southwell, Robert, 2219. 2250. Taoism, 2296. Sozomenos, Salamanes Hermias, 2220. Stoning among the Hebrews, 2251. Tappan, David, 2297. Spain, 2220. Storr, Gottlob Christian. See Tubingen Tappan, Henry Philip, 2297. Spalatin, Georg, 2221. School. Tappan, William Bingham, 2297. Spalding, Johann Joachim, 2221. Stowell, Hugh, 2251. Tarasius, 2297. Spangenberg, Augustus Gottlieb, 2221. Strabo, Walafried, 2251. Targum, 2297. Spangenberg, Cyriacus, 2222. Spanheim, Friedrich (1), 2222. Straphan, Joseph, 2251. TarshiBh, 2299. Strauss, David Friedrich, 2251. Tarsus, 2300. Spanheim, Friedrich (2) , 2222. Strigel, Victorinus, 2253. Tartan, 2300. Sparrow, William, 2222. Strigolniks. See Russian Sects. Tascodrugites, 2300. Spee, Friedrich von, 2223. Strong, Nathan, 2253. Tasmania, 2300. Spencer, John, 2223. Strype, John, 2254. Tate, Nahum, 2301. Spener, Philipp Jakob, 2223. Stuart, Moses, 2254. Tatian, 2302. Speugler, Lazarus, 2225. Studites, Simeon, 2255. Tattam, Henry, 2302. Spenser, Edmund, 2225. Studites, Theodore, 2255. Tauler, Johannes, 2302. Speratus, Paulus, 2226. Sturm, Abbot of Fulda, 2255. Tausen, Hans, 2303. Spice among the Hebrews, 2226. Sturm, Jakob, 2255. Taverner, Richard, 2303. Spiera, Francesco, 2227. Sturm, Johann, 2255. Taxation, Ecclesiastical, 23Q3. Spifame, Jacques Paul, Sieur de Passy, Stylites, or Pillar-Saints, 2255. Taylor, Dan, 2304. 2227. Stylites, Simeon, 2255. Taylor, Isaac, 2304. Spina, Alphonso de, 2227. Spinola, Cristoval Rojas de, 2227. Suarez, Francis, 2256. Taylor, Jane, 2304. Subdeacon, 22.36. Taylor, Jeremy, 2304. Spinoza, Baruch de, 2228. Subintroductae, 2256. Taylor, John, 2305. Spires (city), 2230. Sublapsarianism, 2256. Taylor, Nathaniel William, 2306. Spirit, Holy. See Holy Spirit. Spiritual Gifts. See Gifts, Spiritual. Subordinationism. See Trinity. Taylor, Thomas Rawson, 2307. Succession, Apostolical, 2256. Taylor, William, 2307. Spirit, the Human, in the Biblical Sense, Succoth-Benoth, 2257. Te Deum. See AmbroBian Music. 2230. Sudaili, Stephanus Bar, 2257. Teleology, 2308. Spiritualism, 2231. Suffragan, 2257. Telesphorus, 2308. Spitta, Karl Johann Philipp, 2232. Suger, 2257. Teller, Wilhelm Abraham, 2308. Spondanus, 2232. Suicerus, Johann Caspar, 2257. Tellier, Michael le, 2308. Sponsors. See Baptism. Suidbert, 2257. Temperance, 2308. Sports, Book of, 2232. Sulzer, Simon, 2257. Temple at Jerusalem, 2313. Spotswood, John, 2232. Summerfield, John, 2258. Templars. See Military Orders. Sprague, William Buell, 2232. Summers, Thomas Osmond, 2258. Temporal Power. SeeChurch and State; Spreug, Jakob, 2233. Sumner, John Bird, 2258. Church, States of the. Spring, Gardiner, 2233. Sun, Worship of the, 2258. TerapuB Clausum, 2315. Spring, Samuel, 2234. Sunday, 2259. Ten Articles, the, 2315. Stabat Mater, 2234. Sunday Legislation, 2260. Ten Commandments. See Decalogue. StackhoUBe, Thomas, 2235. Sunday Schools, 2261. Tenison, Thomas, 2315. Stahl, Friedrich Julius, 2235. Supererogation, 2267. Tennent, William (1), 2316. Stancaro, Francesco, 2235. Superstition, 2267. Tennent, Gilbert, 2316. Stanhope, Lady Hester Lucy, 2235. Stanislaus, Bishop of Cracow, 2235. Supralapsarianism, 2268. Tennent, William (2), 2316. Supranaturalism. See Rationalism, Re Tennent, John, 2317. Stanislaus, St., 2236i ligion, and Revelation. Tennent, Charles, 2317. Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, 2236. Suriua, Laurentius, 2268. Teraphim, 2317. Stapfer, Johann Friedrich, 2237. Surplice, 2268. Terminism and the Terministic Contro Stapfer, Johannes, 2237. Susannah. See Apocrypha. versy, 2317: Stapfer, Philipp Albert, 2237. Suso, Heinrich, 2268. Territorialism, 2317. Staphylus, Friedrich, 2237. Suttee. See Brahmanism. Tersteegen, Gerhard, 2317. Stark, Johann August, 2237. Sutton, Christopher, 2269. Tertiaries, Tertiarii, 2318. Statistics, Religious. See Religious Sta Swain, Joseph, 2269. Tertullian, 2318. tistics. Sweden, 2269. Test Act, the, 2319. Staudenmaier, Franz Anton, 2238. Swedenborg, Emanuel, 2270. Testament, the Old and New, 2319. Stiiudlin, Karl Friedrich, 2238. Swift, Elisha Pope, 2272. Tetragrammaton, 2319. Staupitz, Johann von, 2238. Swithin, St., 2272. Tetrapolitan Confession, 2319. Stedingers, the, 2239. Switzerland, 2272. Tetrarch, 2320. Steele, Anne, 2239. Syllabus, the Papal, 2274. Tetzel, Johann, 2320. Steinhofer, Maximilian Friedrich Chris- Sylvester (popes), 2275. Textus Receptus. See Bible Text. toph, 2239. Sylvester, Joshua, 2275. Thacher, Peter, 2320. Steitz, Georg Eduard, 2239. Sylvestrians, 2275. Tbaddasus. See Judas. Stennett, Joseph, 2239. Symbol, 2276. Thamer, Theobald, 2320. Stennett, Samuel, 2240. Symbolics, 2276. Theatines, 2320. Stephan, Martin, and the Stephanists, Symbolum Apostolieum. See Apostles* Theatre, the, and the Church, 2320. 2240. Creed. Thecla and Paul. See Apocrypha. Stephen, 2240. Symmachians, 2276. Theiner, Augustin, 2321. Stephen (popes), 2241. SyramachuB, 2276. Theism, 2322. • Stephen de Vellavilla, 2241. Symphorianus, 2276. Theocracy, 2323. Stephen of Hungary. See Hungary. Symphorosa; 2276. Theodicy, 2324. Stephen of Tournay, 2241. Synagogue, the Great, 2276. Theodora, 2324. Stephens, Henry (1), 2241. Synagogues of the Jews, 227/. Theodore (popes), 2324. Theodore, St., 2324. Stephens, Robert (1), 2241. Syncellus, 2278. Stephens, Francois, 2242. Syncretism, 2278. Theodore, Graptus, 2324. Stephens, Robert (2), 2242. Synergism, 2279. Theodore Lector, 2325. Stephens, Henry (2), 2242. Synesius, 2280. Theodore of MopBuestia, 2325. Stephens, Paul, 2242. Synod, the Holy. See RusBia. Theodoret, 2326. Stephens, Joseph, 2242. Stephens, Antoine, 2242. Synods. See Council. Theodosius the Great, 2326. Syria, and Missions to Syria, 2281. Theodotion. See Bible Versions. XVI INDEX. Theodulph, 2326. Theognostus, 2327. Theologia Germanica, 2327. Theological Education, 2327. Theological Seminaries, Complete List of, 2328. Theological Seminaries, Sketches of, 2333. Theologus, or Theologal, 2344. Theology, 2344. Theology, Monumental. See Monumen tal Theology. Theology, New-England. See New- England Theology. Theology, Speculative, 2345. Theonas, or Theon, 2346. Theopaschites, 2346. Theophanes of Byzantium, 2346. Theophanes, Cerameus, 2346. Theophany, 2346. Theophilanthropists, 2347. Theophilus, Bishop of Alexandria, 2347. Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch, 2347. Theophylact, 2347. Theopneusty. See Inspiration. Theosophy, 2348. Theotokos, 2348. Therapeutae, 2348. Theremin, Ludwig Friedrich Franz, 2348. Theresa, Ste., 2348. Thessalonians, Epistle to the. See Paul. Thessalouica, 2348. Theudas, 2349. Theurgy, 2349. Thibet, Religion of. See Buddhism and Lamaism. Thietmar, 2349. Thilo, Johann Karl, 2349. Thirlwall, Counop, 2349. Thirty Years' War, the, 2350. Tholuck, Friedrich August, 2351. Thomas the Apostle, 2352. Thomas a Becket. See Becket. Thomas a Kempis. See Kempis. Thomas Christians. See Christiaus of St. Thomas. Thomas of Aquino, 2353. Thomas of Celano, 2355. Thomas of Villanova, 2355. Thomasin of Zirklaria, 2355 Thomasius, Gottfried, 2355. Thoraassin, Louis, 2355. Thompson, Joseph Parrish, 2355. Thomson, Andrew, 2356. Thomson, Edward, 2356. Thomson, James, 2356. Thorah, 2356. Thorn, the Conference of, 2357. Thorndike, Herbert, 2358. Thornton, Robert H., 2358. Thornwell, James Henley, 2358. Three-Chapter Controversy, the, 2359. Thugs, 2360. Thummim. See Urim and Thummim. Thurible, 2360. Thurificati. See Lapsed. Thyatira, 2360. Tiara, 2360. Tiberias, 2360. Tiglath-pile6er, 2360. Tillemont, Louis Sebastien le Nain de, 2361. Tillotson, John, 2361. Timothy, 2362. Timothy, Epistles to. See Paul. Tiudal, Matthew, 2302. Tischendorf , Lobegott Friedrich Constan- tin, 2363. Tithes, 2364. Tithes among the Hebrews, 2365. Tittmann, Johann August Heinrich, 2366. Titular Bishop. See Episcopus in Parti- bus. Titus, 2366. Titus, Bishop of Bostra, 2366. Tobit. See Apocrypha. Tobler, Titus, 2366. Todd, Henry John, 2366. Todd, James Henthorn, 2367. Todd, John, 2367. Toland, Johu, 2367. Toledo, Councils of, 2367. Toledoth, JeBhu, 2368. Toleration. See Liberty, Religious. Tolet, Francis, 2368. Tombes, Johu, 2369. Tomline, George, 2369. Tongues, Gift of, 2369. Tonsure, the, 2369. Toplady, Augustus Montague, 2370. Torquemada, Juan de, 2370. Torquemada, ThomaB de, 2370. Torrey, Joseph, 2370. Tossanus, Petrus, 2370. Toulmin, Joshua, 2371. Toulouse, Synods of, 2371. Tournemine, Rene Joseph, 2371. Tours, Synods of, 2371. Towianski, Andreas, 2372. Townley, James, 2372. Townson, Thomas, 2372. Trachonitis, 2372. Traetarianism, 2372. Tract Societies, Religious, 2374. Tradition, 2378. Traditores. See Lapsed, the. Traducianism. See Creationism. Trajan, 2380. Transcendentalism in New England, 2380. Transfiguration, 2382. Transmigration, 2385. Transubstantiation, 2385. Trapp, John, 2387. Trappists, the, 2387. Trauthsou, Johann Joseph, 2388. Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux, 2388. Tremellius, Emmanuel, 2388. Trent, Council of, 2389. Trespass Offering. See Offerings. Treves, Holy Coat of, 2390. Trials, 2390. Tribes of Israel, 2391. Trichotomy, 2394. Tridentine Profession of Faith, 2394. Tridentinum. See Trent, Council of. Trine Baptism, 2395. Trinitarians, 2395. Trinity, 2395. Trinity Sunday, 2397. Trisagion, 2397. Tritheism, 2397. Trithemius, Johann, 2397. Troas, 2397. Tronchin, Theodore, 2397. Tronchin, Louis, 2398. Truber, Primus, 2398. Truce of God, 2398. True Reformed Dutch Church. See Re formed (Dutch) Church. Trullan Councils, the, 2398. Tubingen School, the, 2398. Tuckermau, Joseph, 2401. Tuckuey, Anthony, 2401. Tudela, Benjamin of. See Benjamin of Tudela. Tunkers, or Dunkers, 2401. Turibius, Alphonso, 2405. Turkey, 2405. Turlupins, the, 2407. Turner, Daniel, 2407. Turner, Francis, 2407. Turner, JameB, 2408. Turner, Samuel Hulbeart, 2408. Turretini, orTurretin, Benedict, 2408. Turretiui, or Turretin, Francois, 2408. Turretini, or Turretin, Jean Alphonse, 2408. Twesten, August Detlev Christian, 2408. Twin, or Dwin, Councils of, 2409. Twisse, William, 2409. Tyana, Apollonius of. See Apollonius of Tyana. Tyana, the Synod of, 2409. Tychonius, 2409. Tychsen, Oluf Gerhard, 2409. Tyler, Bennet, 2409. Tyndale, William, 2410. Type, 2412. Tyre, 2412. Tzschirner, Heinrich Gottlieb, 2413. u. Ubbonites, 2414. Ubertinus, 2414. Ubiquity, 2414. Ullmann, Karl, 2415. Ulphilas, 2416. Ulrich, 2416. Ulrich von jS en. See Hutten. "Ultramontane, or Ultramontanists, 2417. Umbreit, Friedrich Wilhelm Karl, 2417. Unbelief. See Infidelity. Uncial and Cursive Manuscripts, 2417. Uncleanness. See Purifications. Unction. See Extreme Unction. Uniformity, Acts of, 2417. Unigenitus, 2418. Union of Churches, 2418. Union Evangelical Church. See Union of Churches. Unitarianism, 2419. Unitarians, 2422. Unitas Fratrum. See Moravians. United Brethren in Christ, 2422. United States of America, Religious His tory, 2423. Universalism, 2427. Universities, 2430. University in America, 2433. Upham, Thomas Cogswell, 2434. Ur of the Chaldees, 2434. Urban (popes), 2434. Urim and Thummim, 2435. Urlsperger, Johaun August, 2435. UrBicinus, 2435. Ursinus, Zacharias, 2435. Ursula, 2436. Ursulines, the, 2437. Ussher, James, 2437. Usteri, Leonhard, 2438. Usuardus, 2438. Usury, 2438. Utenheim, Christoph von, 2439. Utilitarianism, 2439. Utraquists and Taborites, 2441. Uytenbogaert, Jan, 2443. Uzziah, 2443. Vadian, 2444. VaganteB, 2444. Valdes, AlonBo and Juan de, 2444. Valens, 2445. Valentine, St., 2445. Valentinian III., 2445. Valentiuua, St., 2445. Valentinus the Gnostic. See Gnosticism. Valerian, 2446. ^ Valerian, St., 2446. Velesius, Henri de Valois, 2446. Valla. See Laurentius Valla. Vallombrosa, the Order of, 2446. Vandals, 2446. Vanderbilt University, 2447. Van Doren, William Howard, 2447. Vane, Sir Henry, 2447. Van Leunep. See Lennep. Various Readings, 2447. Vassal- College, 2448. Vassy, 2448. Vatablus, Francois, 2448. Vater, Johann Severin, 2448. Vatican Council, 2448. Vatican, Palace of the, 2450. Vaticanus, Codex. See Bible Text. Vatke, Johann Karl Wilhelm, 2450. Vaud Canton, Free Church of the, 2451. Vaudois. See Waldenses. Vaughan, Henry, 2451. Vaughau, Robert, 2451. Vedas. See Brahmanism. Vedder Lectures. See Lectures. (Ap pendix.) Vehmic Court, 2451. Veil, 2452. Veil of the Tabernacle, Temple. See Tabernacle, Temple. Veil, Taking the, 2452. Vellum, 2452. Venautius Fortunatus. See Fortunatus. Venatorius, ThomaB, 2452. Vence, Henri Francois de, 2452. Vencma, Hermann, 2452. Venerable, 2452. Venerable Bede, the. See Bede. Veni, Creator Spiritus, 2452. Veni, Sancte Spiritus., 2452. Venn, Heury, 2452. Vercellone, Carlo, 2452. Verena, 2453. Vergerius, Petrus Paulus, 2453. Vermigli. See Peter Martyr. Vernacular, Use of. See Latin, Use of. Veronica, 2453. Verses. See Chapters and Verses. Versions. See Bible Versions. Very, Jones, 2453. Very, Washington, 2453. Vespasian, Titus Flavius, 2453. VeBpers, 2454. Vestments and Insignia in the Christian Church, 2454. Vestry, 2455. INDEX. xvn Via Dolorosa. See Jerusalem. Viaticum, 2455. Vicar, 2456. Vicar, Apostolic, General. See Vicar. Vicarious Atonement. See Atonement. Vicelin, 2456. Victor (popes) , 2456. Victor, Claudius Marius, 2457. Victor, Bishop of Antioch, 2457. Victor, Bishop of Capua, 2457. Victor, Bishop of Cartenna, 2457. Victor, Bishop of Tununa, 2457. Victor, Bishop of Vita, 2457. Victorinus, 2457. ' Victricius, St., 2457. Vienno, 2457. Vigilantius, 2457. Vigilius, 2458. Vigilius the Deacon, 2458. VigiliuB, Bishop of Tapsus, 2458. VigiliuB, Bishop of Trent, 2458. Vigils, 2458. Viguolles, Alphonse de, 2459. Villcgaguon, Nicholas Durand de, 2459. Villers, Charles Francois Dominique de, 2459. Vilmar, August Friedrich Christian,2459. Vincent of Beauvais, 2459. Vincent of Lerins, 2460. Viucent de Paul, 2460. Viuceut of Saragosaa, 2460. Vincent, Samuel, 2460. Vine, Cultivation of the. See Wine. Vines, Richard, 2461. Vinet, Alexandre Rodolphe, 2461. Vinton, Francis, 2462. Viret, Pierre, 2462. Virgilius, St., 2462. Virginia, Protestant-Episcopal Theologi cal Seminary of, 2463. Vishnu. See Brahmanism. Visitants, or Nuns of the Visitation, 2463. VisitatioLimmumSS.Apostolorum,2463.Vitalian, 2463. Vitalis, 2464. Vitringa, Campegius, 2464. Vitus, St., 2464. Vives, Juan Ludovieo de, 2464. Vocation. See Calling. Voetius, Gysbertus, 2464. Volney, Constantiu Francois Chasseboeuf, Comte de, 2464. Voltaire, 2465. Voragine. See Jacobus de Voragine. Vorstius, Conrad, 2466. Vossius, Gerard, 2467. Vossius, Gerard Jan, 2467. Votive-Offerings, 2467. Vowel-Points. See Bible Text. Vowel-Points, Controversy respecting. See Buxtorf, Capellus. Vows, 2467. Vows among the Hebrews, 2468. Vulgate, 2468. w. Wackernagel, Karl Eduard Philipp, 2469. Waddoll, James, 2469. Wadding, Luke, 2469. Waddiugton, George, 2469. Wafer, 2469. Wagenseil, Johann Christoph, 2469. Wahabees, 2469. Wainwright, Jonathan Mayhew, 2470. Wake, William, 2470. Wakefield, Gilbert, 2470. Walch, Johann Georg, 2470. Walch, Christian Wilhelm Franz, 2470. Waldegrave, Samuel, 2470. Waldenses, 2470. Waldhausen, Conrad von, 2477. Waldo, Peter. See Waldenses. Walker, James, 2477. Wall, William, 2477. Wallafrid Strabo. See Strabo. Waller, Edmund, 2477. Wallin, Benjamin, 2477. Wallis, John, 2477. Walloon Church. See Holland. Walpurgis, or Walpurga, St., 2477. Walsh, Thomas, 2477. Walter of St. Victor, 2478. Walther von der Vogeiweide, 2478. Walton, Brian, 2478. Wandelbert, St., 2478. Wandering in the Wilderness. See Wil derness of the Wandering. Wandering Jew. See Jew, Wandering. 2 — III War, 2479. War, Hebrew Methods in. See Army. Warburton, William, 2479. Warburtonian Lecture, 2480. Warden, 2480. Wardlaw, Ralph, 2480. Ware, Henry, 2481. Ware, Henry, jun., 2481. Warham, 2481. Washburn, Edward Abiel, 2481. Watch-Night, the, 2482. Water, Holy. See Holy Water. Water of Jealousy. See Jealousy. Waterland, Daniel, 2482. Watson, Richard, Bishop of Llandaff, 2482. Watson, Richard, 2482. Watson, Thomas, 2483. Watt, Joachim von. See Vadian. Watts, Isaac, 2483. Waugh, Beverly, 2484. Wayland, Francis, 2484. Wazo, 2484. Week, 2484. Wegscheider, Julius August Ludwig, 2485. Weigel, Valentin, 2485. Weights and Measures among the He brews, 2485. Weir, Duncan Harkness, 2486. Weiss, Charles, 2487. Weiss, Pantaleon, 2487. Weisse, Christian Hermann, 2487. Wells, Edward, 2487. Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church, 2487. Wendelin, or Wandelin, 2489. Wendelin, Markus Friedrich, 2489. Wends, 2489. Werenfels, Samuel, 2489. Werkmeister, Benedikt Maria von, 2489. Wernsdorf, Gottlieb, 2490. Wertheim, the Bible of, 2490. Wesel, Johann von, 2490. Wesley, Charles, 2490. Wesley, John, 2491. Wesley, Samuel, sen., 2495. Wesley, Samuel, jun., 2495. Wesley, Susannah, 2495. Wesleyan Female College, 2496. Wesleyan Methodists, Theology of. See Arminianism. Wessel, Johann, 2496. Wesseuberg, Ignaz Heinrich, 2497. WeBt Goths. See Goths. West, Stephen, 2497. Westen, Thomas von, 2498. Western Theological Seminary, the, 2498. Westminster Abbey, 2499. Westminster Assembly, 2499. Westminster Standards, 2501. Westphal, Joachim, 2503. Westphalia, the Peace of, 2503. Wetstein, Johann Jakob, 2504. Wette, de, Wilhelm Martin Leberecht, 2504. Wetzer, Heinrich Joseph, 2506. Whately, Richard, 2506. Wheelock, Eleazer, 2507. Wheelock, John, 2508. WheweHj William, 2508. Whichcote, Benjamin, 2508. Whiston, William, 2509. Whitaker, William, 2509. Whitby, the Council of, 2509. Whitby, Daniel, 2509. White, Henry, 2510. White, Henry Kirke, 2510. White, Joseph, 2510. White, William, 2510. Whitefield, George, 2511. Whitgift, John, 2512. Whitsunday. See Pentecost. Whittemore, Thomas, 2513. Whittingham, William Rollinson, 2513. Whittlesey, William, 2513. Wicelius, or Witzel, Georg, 2513. Wichern, Johann Heinrich, 2514. Wiclif , John, 2514. Widows, Hebrew, 2519. Widows in the Apostolic Church. See Deaconesses. Wigand, Johann, 2519. Wigbert, St., 2520. Wigglesworth, Michael, 2520. Wightman, William May, 2520. Wilberforce, Samuel, 2520. Wilberforce, William, 2520. Wilbrord, or Willibrord, 2521. Wilderness, 2521. Wilderness of the Wandering, 2522. Wilfrid, 2522. Will, the, 2522. Willehad, St., 2528. Willeram, or Wiltramus, 2528. William of Auvergne, 2528. William of Champeaux, 2528. William of Malmesbury, 2529. William of Nassau, 2529. William of St. Amour, 2529. William of Tyre, 2529. William of Wykeham, 2530. Williams, Daniel, 2530. Williams, Helen Maria, 2530. Williams, Isaac, 2530. Williams, John, Archbishop of York, 2530. Williams, John, Missionary, 2531. Williams, Roger, 2531. Williams, Rowland, 2533. Williams, William, 2533. Williamson, Isaac Dowd, 2533. Willibald, St., 2533. Willibrod. See Wilbrord. Williram. See Willeram. Willson, James Renwiek, 2533. Wilmer, William Holland, 2533. Wilson, Bird, 2533. Wilson, Daniel, 2534. Wilson, John, 2534. Wilson, Thomas, 2534. Wimpheling, Jakob, 2535. Wimpina, Conrad, 2535. WinanB, William, 2535. Winchester, 2535. Winchester, Elhanan, 2535. Winckler, Johann, 2535. Windesheim, or Windesen, 2536. Wine-Making among the Hebrews, 2536. Wine, Bible, 2536. Winebrennerians, 2538. Winer, Georg Benedikt, 2539. Wines, Enoch Cobb, 2540. Winfrid. See Boniface. Winslow, Miron, 2540. Winterthur, Johann of, 2540. WiBdom of Solomon. See Apocrypha. Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen, 2540. WiBhart, George, 2540. Wishart, or Wiseheart, George, 2541. Witchcraft, 2542. Wither, George, 2542. Witherspoon, John, 2543. Witness-Bearing among the Hebrews, 2543. Witsius, Hermann, 2543. Wittenberg, the Concord of, 2544. Wodrow, Robert, 2544. Wolf, Johann Christoph, 2545. Wolfenbiittel Fragments, 2545. Wolff, Bernard C, 2545. Wolff, Christian, 2545. Wolff, Joseph, 2547. Wollaston, William, 2547. Wolleb, Johannes, 2547. Wolsey, Thomas, 2547. Woltersdorff, Ernst Gottlieb, 2548. Woman, 2548. Woodd, Basil, 2549. Woods, Leonard, 2550. Woods, Leonard, jun., 2550. Woolston, Thomas, 2550. Worcester, 255©. Worcester, Samuel, 2550. Wordsworth, Christopher, 2551* Works, Good, 2551. World, 2551. Worms, 2553. Worship, 2554. Wotton, Sir Henry, 2555. Wotton, William, 3655. Writing among the Hebrews, 2555. Wulfram, St., 2557. Wiirtemberg, the Kingdom of, 2557. Wuttke, Karl Friedrich Adolf, 2557. Wylie, Samuel Brown, 2557. Wyttenbach, Thomas, 2557. X. Xavier. See Francis Xavier. Ximenes de Cisneros, Francisco, 2559. Y. Yale University, 2560. Yates, William, 2561. xvm INDEX. Year, the Church, 2562. Year, Hebrew, 2562. Yeomans, Edward Dorr, 2563. York, 2564. Youug, Brigham. See Mormons. Young, Edward, 2564. Young, Patrick, 2564. Young Men's Christian Associations, 2564. . Young Women's Christian Associations, 2566. Yule, 2566. Yvonetus, 2566. Z. Zabarella, or De Zabarellis, 2567. Zaecbaeus, 2567. Zacharia, Gotthilf Traugott, 2567 Zaeharias, 2567. Zacharius Scholasticus, 2567. Zamzummim, or Zuzim, 2567. Zanchi, Hieronymus, 2567. Zealot, 2567. Zebulun. See Tribes of Israel. Zecbariah, 2568. Zedekiah, 2570. Zeisberger, David 2570. Zell, Matthaus, 2571. Zend-Avesta. See Parseeism. Zeno, 2571. Zephaniah, 2571. Zephyrinus, 2572. Zerubbabel, 2572. Zidon, or Sidon, 2572. Ziegenbalg, Bartholomew. See Missions. Zillerthal, 2573. Zimri, 2573. Zinzendorf, Nicholas Lewis, Count von/ 2573. Zion, or Sion, 2575. Zizka, John. See Hussites, Utraquists. Zoan, 2575. Zoar, 2576. Zoba, or Zobah, 2576. Zollikof er, Georg Joachim, 2576. Zonaras, Johannes, 2576. Zoroaster. See Parseeism. Zosimus, 2576. Zwick, JohanueB, 2576. Zwingli, Huldreich, 2576. INDEX TO APPENDIX. Accad. See Shinar. Adams, Mrs. Sarah Flower, 2581. Adams, Eliza Flower, 2581. Adventists, 2581. Advowson, 2582. Allatius, Leo, 2582. A Heine, Joseph, 2582. Allen, James, 2582. A nan the Karaite. See Karaite Jews. Andrew, 2582. Anstice, Joseph, 2582. A nti -Mission Baptists, 2583. Atwater, Lyman Hotchkiss, 2583. Auuer, Harriet, 2583. Austin, John, 2583. Baker, Sir Henry Williams, 2583. Bakewell, John, 2583. Barton, Bernard, 2583. Bathurst, William Hiley, 2583. Bauer, Bruno, 2583. Beaumont, Joseph, 2584. Beddome, Benjamin, 2584. Begg, James, 25S4. Bellows, Henry Whitney, 2585. Berridge, John, 2585. Bible Christians, 2585. Blacklock, Thomas, 2586. Boden, James, 2586. Boston University, School of Theology of, 2586. Bowdler, John, jun., 2587. Brown, James, 2587. Brown, Matthew, 2587. Brown, Phcebe, 2587. Browne, George, 2587. Browne, Peter, 2587. Browne, Simon, 2587. Bruce, Michael, 2588. Bryant, William Cullen, 2588. Bu'llinch, Stephen Greeuleaf, 2588. Border, George, 2588. Burleigh, William Henry, 2588. Burnham, Richard, 25S8. Byrom, John, 25S8. Carlyle, Joseph Dacre, 2588. Cary, Alice, 2588. Cary, Phoebe, 2588. Caswall, Edward, 2588. Cawood, John, 2589. Ceuuick, John, 2589. Chandler, Johu, 2589. Christadelphians, 2589. Coan, Titus, 2590. Coleman, Lyman, 2590. Colenso, John William, 2590. Collyer, William Beugo, 2590. Conder, Josiah, 2590. Cooper, Peter, 2590. Cotterill, Thomas, 2591. Cottou, Nathaniel, 2592. Cowley, Abraham, 2592. Croly, George, 2592. Crossmau, Samuel, 2592. Crosswell, William, 2592. Darby, Johu Nelson, 2592. Davie6, Sir John, 2593. Dewey, Orville, 2593. Dobell, John. 2593. Dodge, Hon. William Earl, 2593. Doremus, Mrs. Thomas C, 2594. Druramond, William, 2595. Duun, Professor Robinson Porter, 2595. Edmeston, James, 2595. Elliott, Charlotte, 2595. Elliott, Julia Anne, 2595. Elliott, David, 2595. Enfield, William, 2595. Ephraim. See Tribes of Israel. Erskine, Ralph, 2595. Eucharist, 2595. Fawcett, John, 2596. Fitch, Eleazar Thompson, 2596. Follen, Eliza Lee, 2596. Friends, the Society of, 2596. FrOtbingham, Nathaniel Langdon, 2597. General Baptists. See p. 2202. Gibbons, Thomas, 2597. Gilman, Samuel, 2597. Gisborne, Thomas, 2597. Goode, William, 2597. Graham, James, 2597. Grant, Sir Robert, 2597. Grigg, Joseph, 2597. Gurney, John Hampden, 2597. Habington, William, 2597. Hammond, William, 2597. Hanna, William, 2598. Hart, Joseph, 2598. Hastings, Thomas, 2598. Hatfield, Edwin Francis, 2599. Haweis, Thomas, 2599. Heginbotham, Ottiwell, 2599. Hemans, Felicia Dorothea, 2599. Herbert, Daniel, 2599. Herrick, Robert, 2599. Herrou, Francis, 2599. Herzog, Johann Jakob, 2599. Hornblower, William Henry, 2600. Iloskins, Joseph, 2600: Hurn, William, 2600. Hyde, Abby, 2601. Indians of North America, 2601. Irons, Joseph, 2602. Irons, William Josiah, 2602. Johns, John, 2602. Joyce, James, 2603. Kent, Johu, 2603. Key, Francis Scott, 2603. Krauth, Charles Porterfield, 2603. Leland, John, 2604. Lenox, James, 2604. Le Quiet), Michael, 2604. Lloyd, William Freeman, 2604. I.owrie, Hon. Walter, 2604. Lynch, Thomas Toke, 2604. Macurdy, Elisha, 2605. Madau, Martin, 2605. McMillan, John, 2605. Medley, Samuel, 2605. Merrick, James, 2606. Mills, Henry, 2606. Moffat, Robert 2606. Moncreiff, Sir Henry Wellwood, 2606. Monsell, John SamueWBewlcy, 2607. Moore, Thomas, 2607. Morgan, Edwin Denison, 2607. Patterson, Joseph, 2607. Primitive Baptists. See Anti-Mission Baptists (Appendix). Schwab, Gustav, 2607. Stark, Johann Friedrich, 2608. Starke, Christoph, 2808. Stuart, Robert L., 2608. Stuart, Alexander, 2608. Ueberweg, Friedrich, 2608. Veni, Creator Spiritus, 2608. White, Norman, 2609. Wilson, Samuel Jennings, 2609. Zschokke, Johann Heinrich Daniel, 2609. Martensen, Hans Lassen, 2610. PACCA. 1715 PACHOMIUS. P. PACCA, Bartolommeo, b. at Benevento, Dec. 15, 1756; d. in Rome, April 19, 1844. The Roman curia answered the Congress of Ems by sending Pacca as nuncio to Cologne in 1786. Though he was not recognized, even not received, by the prince-bishops, he carried every thing be fore him with a high hand, until the advance of the French armies in 1794 compelled him to leave Germany. He filled another equally successful nunciature at Lisbon, 1795-1800 ; and on his re turn to Rome he was made a cardinal. His suc cess led him to adopt the maxim, — never to give in, never to abandon a hair's breadth of his origi nal claim, never to compromise ; and he followed it till his death. He became one of the leaders of the Zelanli; and it was he who in 1809 drew up, and induced Pius VII. to sign, the bull of excommunication against Napoleon I. He was seized, and imprisoned in the Piedmontese for tress, Fenestrella, but was released in 1813, and took, after the restoration, an active part in the revocation of the Jesuits, the re-establishment of the Inquisition, etc. Though in the conclaves of 1823, 1829, and 1831 he failed to obtain a major ity, he continued to exercise a great influence on the papal government. He wrote Mem. storiche d. Ministero e de' due Viaggi in Francia, etc., 1828, 5th ed., 1831 ; Memorie storiche sul soggiorno del C. B. P. in Germania, 1832 ; Notizie sul Portogallo, 1832, 3d ed., 1845; Relazione del Viaggio di Pio VII. a Genova, 1815, 1833; of which writings there exist both French and German transla tions. [See Historical Memoirs of Cardinal Pacca, Prime-Minister of Pius VII. Translated from the Italian by Sir Geokge Head, London, 1850, 2 vols.] benrath. PACE, Richard, English ecclesiastic, diploma tist, and man of letters ; b. at or near Winchester, Hampshire, about 1482 ; d. at Stepney, near Lon don, 1532. His studies were principally conducted at Padua; and although, on his return, he entered Queen's College, Oxford, he very soon left it for the service of Cardinal Bainbridge, whom he ac companied to Rome end of 1509. In May, 1510, he became prebendary of Southwell ; on May 20, 1514, archdeacon of Dorset; in October, 1519, dead of St. Paul's ; and in the summer of 1522, dean of Exeter. Meanwhile he had attracted the notice of Henry V11I. and Wolsey. The former sent him as ambassador to Vienna anl Venice: the latter sent him to Rome to promote his (Wol- sey's) election to the Papacy. The mission was unsuccessful, and Wolsey accused him of lack of zeal in his service. Being then in diplomatic service in Europe for two years, Wolsey, out of spite, sent him no directions and no money. Pace's distress made him temporarily insane. On his recovery, Wolsey accused him of treason ; and for two years he was imprisoned in the Tower of London. He resigned his preferments in 1537, and lived thenceforth in retirement. Pace was a skilful diplomatist and a man of learning. He enjoyed the friendship of Erasmus, Colet, and More. He had the courage to publish a book against Henry VIII.'s marriage with Catharine of Aragon (1527) ; but his most important work is Defructu qui ex doctrina percipitur, Basel, 1517. PACHOMIUS, b. in the Egyptian province of the Thebais about 292 ; d. in Tabennse, an island in the Nile, in 348 ; a younger contemporary of St. Anthony; was the real founder of monastic life. As long as the ascetic instinct inherent in Christianity remained in a healthy condition, it found its satisfaction within the life of the con gregation. But by degrees, as the church became more and more familiarized with the surrounding world, the ascetic instinct, under the influence of the dualism of the Neo-Platonizing, Alexandrian theology, and seduced by the example of the monks of the Serapis worship, fell into extrava gances; and the ascetics fled into the deserts, and became hermits. Pachomius was also swayed by this tendency ; and in his twentieth year he settled in the desert to fight for the prize of asceticism under the training of Palemon, one of the most austere pupils of St. Anthony. But the move ment had already reached such a speed and such a compass, that it could not go on any farther without some kind of organization ; and to have effected this is the great merit of Pachomius. Something had already been done before his time. As the desert became peopled by anchorets, the laura arose; that is, a number of novices in as ceticism built their cells around the cell of some hero in asceticism, in order to follow his example, and to receive his training; and thus the first trace of organization originated. Pacho mius made the next step, transforming the laura into a monastery. In the Island of Tabenuse he founded the first coznobium {koivo^iov) • that is, a house in which the anchorets, who had hitherto lived separately, each pursuing his own scheme of asceticism, came to live together, with common practices and exercises, according to certain fixed rules, and under the guidance or government of a director. The success of Pachomius' undertak ing was enormous. Palladius states that in his time the monastery of Tabennse contained no less than fourteen hundred monks. Of the original rules of Pachomius, nothing certain is known. The Regula S. Pachomii, containing a hundred and ninety-four articles, and printed by Holsteni- us, in his Codex Regularum, i. pp. 26-36, and a shorter regulative, containing fourteen articles, and printed by Gaz'aus as an appendix to his edition of Cassianus' De Coznobiorum Instil., may contain fragments of the original rules ; but their authenticity cannot be established. They pre sent many curious features : thus, the monks are divided into twenty-four classes, named after the letters of the alphabet, the simple souls ranking in the first classes, the smart fellows in the last ; but in this respect they agree very well with the writings generally ascribed by antiquity to Pa chomius, — Monita ad Monachos, Verba Mystica, Letters, etc., printed by Holstenius, I.e., most of PACHYMERES. 1716 PAGANISM. which are entirely unintelligible. See, besides the above-mentioned writers, Acta Sand., May 14; Genxadius : De ciris illus., cap. 7. MANGOLD. PACHYMERES, Georgius, b. at Xicaea about 1242 ; d. in Constantinople, probably about 1310 ; held high offices at the Byzantine court during the reigns of Michael Palseologus and Andronicus the Elder ; took part with great energy in the ne gotiations for a union between the Greek and the Latin churches ; and wrote a history, in thirteen books, of the two reigns during which he lived. He also wrote some treatises on Aristotle, on the procession of the Holy Spirit, etc. ; but only his historical work has any interest. PACIANUS, Bishop of Barcelona; d. about 390 ; is spoken of by Jerome in his De viris ill., 106 and 132, and in 'his Contra Rufn., 1, 24. Of his works, distinguished by the neatness of their style, but without any originality of ideas, are still extant, three letters, Contra Noratianos, and two minor treatises, Parcenesis ad poznitenliam and Hermo de baptismo, which are found in Bib. Max. Lug., iv., and Migxe : Palr.Lat., xiii. See Act. Sanct., March 9. PACIFICATION, Edicts of, is the name gen erally given to those edicts which from time to time the French kings issued in order to "pacify " the Huguenots. The first of the kind was that issued by Charles IX. in 1562, which guaranteed the Reformed religion toleration within certain limits : the last was the famous Edict of Nantes. See Nantes. PADUA (Pataniuni), a city of Northern Italy; stands on the Bacchiglione, an affluent of the Brenta, twenty miles west of Venice, and has about sixty-six thousand inhabitants. At the beginning of the Christian era it was the largest and most important city of Northern Italy; and very early it became the seat of a bishop, accord ing to legend, even in the times of the apostles. Afterwards the see belonged under the metropoli tan of Venetia. But during the Lombard rule the city was more than once compelled to accept an Arian bishop, and the Catholic bishop then moved his residence to Chioggia. The first cathedral of the city was built in the beginning of the fourth century by Paul, the fifteenth occupant of the episcopal chair. The present cathedral was be gun in 1524, but not completed until 1754. The most magnificent church of the city is that of St. Anthony, begun in 1232, and finished in the fourteenth century. ¦ In 1797 the French carried away from that church treasures valued by some at 20,116,010 francs, by others at 38,305,446 francs; six candelabra of pure silver, weighing 5,399, ounces ; fifty-two lamps belonging to the chapel of the saint, — one of pure gold, weighing 361 ounces, the others of gold and silver, etc. Yet the greatest and most costly treasures of the church were saved by bribing the French commis sioners. See Bernardo Goxzati : La Basilica di H. Antonio di Padova, Padua, 1852, 2 vols. The L'niversity of Padua was founded in the twelfth century, and was for centuries the most famous school of law and medicine in Europe : it had at times twelve thousand students. Its theological faculty was founded in the middle of the four teenth century by the Bishop Francesco Carrara. At present the university has sixty-five profess ors, and about eleven hundred students. P.CDOBAPTISM (kcuc, ¦ko.lSoc, "a child," and Panno/ioc, "baptism"), the baptism of little chil dren, commonly called Baptism of Infants (see art.). P/EDOBAPT1ST, a term applied to all who believe iu infant baptism, as distinguished from Baptists, who reject it. PAGANISM, from the Latin paganus, a "vil lager," a peasant, or one who worships false gods, a heathen. The latter sense the word assumed in the course of the fourth century, when Chris tianity became the reigning religion of the Roman Empire, and could look down upon the old my thology as a superstition left lurking only in some distant, far-off places : .it occurs for the first time in an edict of Valentinian (364-375) from the year 368 (Cod. Theod., xvi., ii. 18). It must not be understood, however, that at that time Christi anity was generally adopted throughout the em pire. On the contrary, though in the minority, Paganism was still a power in the State ; and it was often found difficult, not to say impossible, to enforce the repressive laws which from time to time were issued. There was in this respect a considerable difference between the East and the West. In the East, Paganism had no political significance. However firm its hold might be on the individual conscience, it was not bound up with the whole national life in such a degree as it was in Italy and Rome. Consequently, laws which could be fully enforced in the East without causing any dangerous commotion had to be managed with great caution, or left entirely un heeded, in the West. In the East the final overthrow of Paganism was inaugurated by the laws of Theodosius I. (378-395). One, of 381, punished relapse into Paganism with forfeiture of the right to make a will ; another, of 385, forbade the inspection of entrails, or the exercise of magical rites, under penalty of death; a third, of 391, ordered all sacri fice to idols to cease, and all temples to be closed. In 425 an edict of Theodosius IT. (402-450) forbade Pagans to practise at the bar, to hold a military command, to own Christian slaves, etc. Never theless, Optatus, prefect of Constantinople in 404, was a Pagan; and his was by no means the only instance of a Pagan holding a high position in the government. The schools remained in the hands of the Pagan philosophers for a century more : the last of them, that of Athens, was closed in 529 by Justinian I. (527-565). In the West, Gratian (367-383) removed the statue of Victory from the curia, and refused the title and the in signia of Pontifex Maximus. The decisive meas ures, however, against Paganism were enacted by Honorius (395-423). He forbade the Pagan worship in 399, and ordered in 408 that the altars and the idols should be destroyed, and the tem ples appropriated to some secular use. Never theless, Theodoric the Great (493-520) found it necessary, at his visit to Rome in 500, to issue an edict threatening with death any one who should sacrifice to the idols. Gregory of Tours (539- 593) tells us, that in Gaul the statue of Berecynthe was still carried around the vineyard in spring (£>e gloria confessorum, 2) ; and a capitulary of Charlemagne, dating from 789 (Baluz, Capitularia, I., 19), forbade the lighting tapers before trees and springs. In the very bosom of the Christian PAGE. 1717 PAINE. Church, Paganism was still found in some places in the eighth century. PAGE, Harlan, eminent American philanthro pist; b. at Coventry, Conn., July 28, 1791; d. in New York, Sept. 23, 1834. From 1825 to his death he was New- York agent ' of the general depository of the American Tract Society. He was a most devoted Christian, and employed every agency to do good. See his Memoir by "W. A. Hallock, New York, 1835 (published by the American Tract Society). PAG1, Antoine, b. at Roques in Provence, 1624 ; d. at Aix, 1699 ; entered the order of the Corde liers, 1641 ; was four times elected provincial ; dis tinguished himself as a preacher; and published Crilica historico-chronologica in Annates Baronii, Paris, 1689-1705, 4 vols. fol. In the execution of that work he was helped by his nephew, Francois Pagi, 1654-1721, who was also a Cordelier, and who wrote Ponlifcum Romanorum Gesta, Antwerp, 1717-27, 4 vols., in a strongly marked ultramon tane spirit. PAGODA, the name given to a certain kind of temple in India, and to a Chinese tower-like building for secular purposes, consisting of sev eral stories, usually nine, one upon the other, each of a single room, and surrounded by a gal lery. The Indian pagoda is really a group of buildings, among them being the residences of the priests, of which the pagoda proper is one, the whole surrounded by several series of walls. The most costly specimens are in Burmah, and the chief one is at Rangoon. PAINE, Robert, D.D., a bishop of the Meth odist-Episcopal Church south ; was b. in Person County, N.C., Nov. 12, 1799; and d. at Aber deen, Miss., Oct. 19, 1882, being at the time of his death the senior bishop of the church. His father,' James Paine, a highly respectable farmer, moved in 1814 to Giles County, Tenn., where he reared a large family. Young Robert made the best possible use of his early educational advan tages, which, though limited, were good for that early day and for that thinly settled section. He professed religion Oct. 9, 1817, at a camp- meetiug in Giles County, and soon afterwards joined the church. One month later he was licensed to preach, and was immediately em ployed by the presiding elder to serve as junior preacher with Rev. Miles Harper on the Nash ville circuit. In October, 1818, he was "admitted on trial " into the Tennessee Conference, and in due course of time was received into full connec tion. He continued in the pastoral work until 1830, when he was elected president of La Grange College, Alabama. He remained here sixteen years, doing a great work for the South and South-west at a time when such work was much needed. He was a member of every General Con ference from 1824 to 1S46, when he was elected to the episcopacy. He was chairman of the committee of nine which reported the plan of separation, on the basis of which the Methodist- Episcopal Church was divided in 1844. In all the assemblies of the church, from an early day, he was a prominent and influential member. Physically he was remarkably robust and active. As a preacher he was always able and instructive, and at times powerful and eloquent. His voice was musical and of great force. He had a natu rally strong mind, trained to systematic study; was an able debater, and as a platform speaker he had few superiors. As a presiding officer he exhibited more than ordinary executive ability. His Life and Times of Bishop McKendree, Nash ville, i874, 2 vols., is regarded by many as the most valuable contribution to Methodist biogra phy that has yet been made to the literature of that church. W. F. TILLETT. PAINE, Thomas, political and deistic writer; b. at Thetford, Norfolk, Eng., Jan. 29, 1737 ; d. in Columbia Street, New- York City, June 8, 1809. His father was a Friend, who had been expelled from the society for marrying a Church-of-Eng- land woman. He received an indifferent educa tion ; left school at thirteen, and until sixteen worked at his father's trade of stay-making, then was for a while a sailor or marine. He settled at Sandwich in 1759 as a master stay-maker. From 1763 to 1774, with the exception of one year, he was exciseman. In 1772 he wrote a small pam phlet, The case of the officers of excise, with re marks on the qualifications of officers and on the numerous evils arising to the revenue from the insuffi ciency of the present salaries. It was very able, and excited the ill will of the upper officials, so that in 1774 he was dismissed the service on charge of smuggling, occasioned by his keeping a tobacco- shop. By the advice of Benjamin Franklin, whom he met in London, he came to America (1774), where he immediately entered upon a journalistic and political career of great prominence and use fulness. He had, earlier in that year, separated from his second wife for an unknown cause. In America he was succcessively editor of the Phil adelphia Magazine (January, 1775), secretary to the congressional Committee of Foreign Affairs (1777), but obliged to resign in 1779 (because, in the heat of a controversy in the Philadelphia Packet with Silas Deane, he divulged State secrets), and in November, 1779, clerk to the General As sembly of Pennsylvania. In 1781 he negotiated a loan of ten million livres from France, and brought six million more as a present. In Octo ber, 1785, he himself received three thousand dol lars from Congress in testimony of his services during the Revolution, and, from the State of New York, a house and farm of three hundred acres in New Rochelle. From 1787 to 1802 he was in Europe, most of the time in France, where he was enthusiastically received as the author of The Rights of Man, naturalized, and elected to the National Assembly. He had the courage to vote against the execution of Louis XVI., and thus incurred the anger of Robespierre, who threw him into prison, January, 1794 ; and there he re mained until Nov. 4, 1794, when, on the solicita tion of James Monroe, he was released. He related that his door in the Luxembourg was once marked, in sign that he was to be executed ; but his door opened outward, and so, when it was closed, the mark was of course hidden, and he escaped. On his return to the United States he was warmly welcomed, especially by Jefferson and his party. He was buried on his farm at New Rochelle. A monument to him was set up (1839) near the spot, although his remains had been taken to England in 1819 by William Cobbett. On Jan. 29, 1S75, there was dedicated in Boston the Paine Memorial Building. PAINE. 1718 PAINTING. If Paine's writings had been only political, he would be entitled to honor as a bold and vigorous friend of human liberty. To him is to be traced the common saying, " These are the times which try men's souls," which is the opening sentence of the first number of The Crisis (December, 1776). His pamphlet, Common Sense (January, 1776), was one of the memorable writings of the day, and helped the cause of Independence. But it is as the author of The Age of Reason, an uncompromising, ignorant, and audacious attack on the Bible, that he is most widely known, indeed notorious. The first part of this work was handed by him, while on his way to prison in the Luxembourg, to his friend Joel Barlow, and appeared, London and Paris, March, 1794; the second part, composed while in prison, December, 1795 ; the third was left in manuscript.1 "His ignorance," says Leslie Stephen, "was vast, and his language brutal ; but he had the gift of a true demagogue, — the power of wielding a fine vigorous English, a fit vehicle for fanatical passion." Paine was not an atheist, but a deist. In his will he speaks of his " repos ing confidence in my Creator-God and in no other being ; for I know no other, nor believe in any other." He voiced current doubt, and is still formidable; because, although he attacks a gross misconception of Christianity, he does it in such a manner as to turn his reader, iu many cases, away from any serious consideration of the claim of Christianity. He was blind to the moral and spiritual truths of the Bible, and is therefore an incompetent critic, whose pretensions in this line are really ludicrous. His Age of Reason is still circulated and read. The Replies written at the time are not. Of these Replies the most famous is Bishop Watson's (1796). The personal character of Paine has been very severely judged. Nothing too bad about him could be said by those who hated him for his opinions, and even his friends are compelled to admit that there was foundation for the dama ging charges. Comparison of the contemporary biographies, both of friends and foes, seems to show these facts : Paine was through life a harsh, unfeeling, vain, and disagreeable man. He was wanting in a sense of honor, and therefore could not be trusted. But it was not until after his return from France, when he was sixty-five years old, very much broken by his long sufferings and the strain of the great excitement in which he had lived for years, and for the first time in his life above want, that he developed those traits which rendered him in his last days such a misera ble object. The charges of matrimonial infidelity and of seduction are probably unfounded ; but that he was in his old age penurious, uncleanly, drunken, unscrupulous, may be accepted as true. He did a great service for the United States in her hour of peril. But alas 1 he has done irreparable injury ever since in turning many away from God and the religion of Jesus Christ. His complete Works have been several times published, e.g., Boston, 1856, 3 vols. ; New York, 1 The so-named third part is only an extract. It bears the separate title, Examination of the Passages in the New Testa ment quoted from the Ol't, and called Prophecies of the Com ing of Jesus Christ (N.Y., 1H07). In some respects it is the most powerful portion of the entire work. He pretends to expose the evangelists' so-called irrelevant quotations. 1860, London, 1861; his Age of Reason repeat edly, e.g., New York, 1876; and his Theologi cal Works (complete), New York, 1860, 1 vol. His Life has been written by Francis Oldys (pseudonyme for George' Chalmers), London, 1791, 5th ed., 1792, continued by William Cobbett, 1796 (abusive); James Cheetham, New York, 1809 (written by one who knew him in his last days; this is the source of all the damaging stories about Paine : Cheetham meant to be fair, yet was prejudiced) ; Thomas Clio Rickman, London, 1814 (apologetic, but honest, a good, corrective of Cheetham's exaggerations. Rickman speaks with propriety and moderation, was friendly to Paine, but is compelled to give him, on the whole, a bad character) ; W. T. Shkr- win, London, 1819 (apologetic); J. B. Harford, Bristol, 1820; G. Vale, New York, 1841 (apolo getic); Charles Blanchard, New York, 1860 (a thoroughgoing defence of Paine, written in a careless style, and interlarded with irrelevant and questionable matter; it is prefixed to the edition of Paine's Theological Works mentioned above). See also G. J. Holyoake : Essay on the Character and Services of Paine, New York, 1876 ; cf. Les lie Stephen : History of English Thought, Lon don and New York, 2d ed., 1881, 2 vols. ; vol. i. pp. 458-464, vol. ii. 260-264; McMaster: His tory of the People of the United States, N.Y., vol. i. 1883, pp. 150-154. SAMUEL M. JACKSON. PAINTING, Christian. The first law which governed the early Christian sculptors and paint ers was to present Christ as the source and centre of their life, and so to represent him as that all other figures in their compositions should appear like rays emanating from him. With respect to the contents and spirit of representation, it may be said, that, during the entire period of early Christian art, both sculpture and painting were, for the most part, limited to symbolical expres sion. In the beginning, symbolical representa tions were alone permitted. Soon, however, the art impulse partially broke away from these fetters ; yet still art remained a sort of biblia pauperum, and served chiefly as a mere reminder of the themes of sacred history. Even at a later period, when works of art were employed in multitudes for church decoration, it manifested a great partiality for scenes from the Apocalypse, representations of Christ enthroned as Judge and King of the world, the grouping of single figures in decidedly symbolical relationship. As early as the fourth century we find a portrait-like representation of sacred personages accompanying these forms of artistic symbolism.. It was even credited that veritable portraits of Christ, the Madonna, and the apostles, existed in paintings from the hand of St. Luke, and in sculpture from that of Nicodemus, in the napkin of St. Veronica, yea, even in the so-called uxeipo7TOL7}Totc (" likenesses of celestial origin"). In the first third of the early Christian period, from the third to the second half of the fifth cen tury, from which numerous works of art in the so-called cemeteries (Catacombs of Rome, Naples, Syracuse, etc.) have been preserved, painting maintained unchanged the ancient plastic method of representation. Principal monuments, besides the paintings in the cemeteries, the mosaics of St. Costanza and St. Maria Maggiore in Rome, PAINTING. 1719 PAINTING. St. Giovanni in Fonte, and St. Nazario e Celso at Ravenna. In the second third till the eighth century, art sought more and more to adapt the antique forms to the idealistic, transcendental spirit of Christianity.' Principal monuments, the mosaics of St. Pudentiana and SS. Cosma e Damiano in Rome, of St. Appolinare Nuovo, St. Appolinare in Classe, and St. Vitale, at Ravenna, and some miniatures. After the eighth century, painting, and, in fact, the entire art of early Christianity, lapsed into a continually deepening decline, till the eleventh century. Examples are seen in the mosaics of St. Prassede, St. Marco, and others in Rome, minia tures of various manuscripts, and the Iconostase of Greek and Russian churches. With the new life which awoke, after the beginning of the eleventh century, in Western Christendom, with the restoration of Church and State in the new mediaeval forms, hierarchical and feudalistic, architecture reached not only the climax of its own development, but also asserted a decided preponderance over sculpture and paint ing. One spirit and one life prevailed in all three of the sister-arts. The newly awakened art im pulse developed itself in Italy much later than in the North, especially in Germany. Not until the twelfth century did the earliest movement take place iu Italy ; and the following century had been ushered in before the first endeavors were made by single artists of lesser rank to blend the Byzau- tiue style with the ancient Italian, and by this means to infuse newlifeinto the old Christian types. The Romanesque style of painting first reached completeness in Giovanni Cimabue of Florence (d. after 1300) and in Duccio di Buoninsigna of Sienna (flourished about 1282). On this wise there grew up in competition with each other two separate schools of painting, — that of Florence, and that of Sienna ; the Florentine, of a severer type, approaching nearer to the early Christian (Byzantine), the Sienuese characterized more by tenderness and sentiment, more independent, and likewise more graceful in the rendering of form. Closely in the footsteps of this pioneer followed the renowned Giotto di Bondoiie of Florence (1276-1336), known under the title of " the Father of Italian painting," but in fact only the found er of the Gothic style of painting. He was a genius of first rank, an artist of creative produc tiveness, a bold reformer who first broke through the traditions of art, and servile adherence to the early Christian types. The best pupils of Giotto were Taddeo Gaddi, and his son Angelo Gaddi, Giottino, Orcagna, Spinello Aretino, Antonio Veneziano, and others. In Germany the beginnings of the Romanesque style are represented in the miniatures of the eleventh century. The manuscripts from the treasures of the cathedral of Bamberg (now in Munich) evidence the desire which was already felt to breathe more life into the old Christian types, and to develop the ancient Christian sym bolism through the imaginative element. An improved rendering of the human form is mani fest in the twelfth century in the chief monu ments of the Romanesque period, especially in the famous altar of Verdun (of the year 1180, now in the monastery, of Neuburg, near Vienna), in the mural paintings of the grand hall of the monastery of Branweiler, near Cologne, and the ceiling of the central aisle of St. Michael at Hildesheim. Far more numerous and important are the works still preserved from the period of the Gothic style, in which the peculiar spirit of mediaevalism first attained to complete artistic expression. The development of glass-painting must es pecially be noted, — probably a German inven tion, dating at the end of the tenth century, — ¦ examples of which are seen in the windows of St. Cunibert at Cologne, in the choir of Cologne Cathedral, in the Church of St. Catharine at Oppenheim, and in Strassburg Cathedral. In easel pictures, which previously appear to have been very little painted, there is manifest no higher artistic endeavor until the middle of the fourteenth century. After this, however, three separate schools started forth, each on its own path : (1) The Bohemian, or school of Prague, founded by Charles IV; (2) The Nuremberg school, the chief representative monuments of which are several altar-shrines in the Frauen- kirche in St. Lawrence and St. Sebald in Nurem berg ; (3) The school of Cologne, by far the most important, whose chief representatives were Mas ter Wilhelm (about 1360) and Master Stephan (about 1430), the latter the founder of the famous cathedral at Cologne. In the beginning of the fifteenth century broke forth, in opposition to the spirit of medievalism, a decided endeavor after greater truth of expres sion in art,— an endeavor in light, color, drawing, and composition, to bring the spiritual import of representation into harmony with the laws and principles of nature. This naturalistic develop ment first manifested itself in Italy in the Floren tine school. Fra Giovanni Angelico da Fiesole (1387-1455), although in other respects wholly dominated by the spirit of mediaevalism, was, nevertheless, the first who sought to penetrate into the psychological meaning of the human counte nance. Over against him, already decidedly eman cipated from mediaevalism, stands Tommaso di St. Giovanni da Castel, called Masaccio (1401-28), one of the greatest masters of the fifteenth cen tury. With Fra Angelico are associated the names of Benozzo Gozzoli and Gentile da Fabri- ano ; with Masaccio, those of Fra Filippo Lippi, his sou Filippino, Domenico Ghirlandajo, and Bastiano Mainardi. Other Florentine artists, for example, Antonio Pallajuolo and Andrea del Verocchio, who were also sculptors, strove by ana tomical studies to transfer plastic forms to paint ing, in a more vigorous modelling of the human figure ; while Luca Signorelli of Cortona (1440- 1521), by the nobleness and artistic truth of his compositions, presents a strong contrast with the deeper sentiment of the Umbrian school. The Umbrian school, which had its chief theatre in the vicinity of Assisi, is an antithesis of the Flor entine ; and its chief master was Pietro Perugino (1446-1526), the teacher of Raphael. Closely allied to its spirit was Raphael's father, Giovanni Santi (d. 1494), and Francesco Francia (d. 1517), the friend of Raphael, and one of the first masters of the fifteenth century. The remaining schools of Italy follow the Flor- PAINTING. 1720 PAINTING. entine. The principal one of these was the Venetian, whose chief master in the fifteenth century was Giovanni Bellini (about 1430-1516), the teacher of the genial Giorgione and the great Titian. The schools of Upper Italy devoted themselves to the study of the antique. Chief among them was the school of Padua and Mantua, whose founder was Francesco Squarcione, and whose head was the renowned Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506). Italian painting in the sixteenth century, as rep resented in its various schools, reached its highest point of development, and its completest capacity for the expression of Christian thought. This most fruitful period of Christian painting is rep resented by five great masters. At their head stands Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). A mas ter in all five of the fine arts (he was a poet of repute and an excellent musician), he united in himself all the technical and spiritual achieve ments of the fifteenth century. He is the founder of the modern Milanese school; and prominent among his pupils are Cesare da Sesto, Andrea Salaino, Francesco Melzi, and, especially, Luini. He exercised likewise an important influence upon Gaudenzio Ferrari, Gianantonio Razzi (called II Todoma), and upon Fra Bartolomeo (1469-1517), a friend and enthusiastic follower of Savonarola. The Venetian school of the sixteenth century sought to realize by means of color the noble re sults to which Leonardo had attained. In the quality of color this school achieved a supremacy over all others. It chief master was Titian of Cadore, near Venice (1477-1576) ; and he concen trates all its excellences in himself as in a focal point. With him labored the distinguished pupils of Giorgione, — Fra Sebastiano del Piombo (who afterward went over to Michel Angelo), Jacopo Palma (called Palma Yecchio), and Pordenone. Among Titian's own pupils the most distin guished was Jacopo Robusti, called Tintoretto (1512-94), almost the equal of his master in color, but his inferior in depth and spirituality. In the renowned Paul Veronese (1538-88) we have a master of color of the highest rank, albeit his paintings betray a lack of spiritual power, notwithstanding all their technical excellences. The principal seat of the Lombard school in the sixteenth century was Parma, and the greatest achievements in chiaroscuro were witnessed here. Its chief master was Correggio (1494-1534), the painter of celestial blessedness, whose Madonnas and angels, although of surpassing loveliness, are nevertheless chargeable with those faults which grew out of his partiality for chiaroscuro, and his one-sided intellectual development. The Florentine school, and, later, almost the entire painting of Italy after the beginning of the sixteenth century, were ruled by Michel Angelo Buonarotti of Florence (1475-1564). He was a pupil of Domenico Ghirlandajo, and one of the greatest artists of all time, the worthy rival of Raphael, a spirit of Titanic power, almost as great in sculpture and architecture as in paint ing, lie may be styled the painter of the idea of" Christian sublimity, of divine energy and omnipotence. His renowned Sibyls and Prophets in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican are brood- inn, not so much over thoughts of warning and teaching mankind, as over deeds which shall con vulse the world ; and his equally famed but less successful Last Judgment, also in the Sistine Chape], appears like the final act in the drama of the world, the act of all acts, in which all history is reflected. In his steps followed, only, however, at a distance, Danielle Volterra, Marcello Venus- ti, and Andrea del Sarto (1488-1530). The greatest of the five great masters is Ra phael, b. at Urbino in 1483, and d. in Rome in 1520. About the year 1500 he entered the school of Perugino, but afterward (after 1504) working in Florence ; and, having been called to Rome by Julius II. in 1508, he founded the Roman school, in which were soon gathered the most distinguished talents. The great excellence of Raphael's style consists in the fact that he understood how to avoid the one-sidedness of his distinguished contemporaries. It was given to him to give a worthy representation of the ideal Madonna, which had been with his predecessors a dream impossible of realization. Of this the Sistine Madonna is the best example. His best pupils were Giulio Romano (1492-1546), Gau denzio Ferrari, Giovanni da Udine, and others. In the Netherlands a new impulse was given to Christian painting by Hubert van Eyck (d. 1426), the inventor, or rather improver, of oil-painting, and his younger brother and pupil, John van Eyck (d. 1441). Their principal pupils were Pieter Christus, Rogier van der Weyden, and particularly Hans Memling (flourished about 1479), the greatest master which the German countries produced in the fifteenth century. The influence thus begun made itself felt in Holland, where a similar school was founded, -whose chief masters were Lucas van Leyden (1494-1533) and his contemporary Jan Mostaert. At the begin ning of the sixteenth century a number of artists followed the style of the Van Eycks. The most distinguished of these was Quintin Massys, the smith of Antwerp (d. 1529). Quite similar was the career of German art during this period. The Gothic style had a long supremacy ; but about the middle of the fifteenth century all the German schools had, with greater or less success, entered upon the new path, and become followers of the Italian. The chief mas ters of the fifteenth century are, in the school of Cologne, the painter (unknown by name) of the Death of the Virgin, — his principal work, — and Johann von Mehlem, who flourished somewhat later (about 1520) ; in the school of Westphalia, the master of Liesborn monastery; in the school of Ulm and Augsburg, the excellent Martin Schon (about 1480), the somewhat younger Bar- tholomaus Zeitblom and his successor, Martin Schaffner of L'lm, and Hans Holbein, father of the renowned Holbein the younger, of Augsburg; in the school of Nuremberg, Michael Wohlge muth (1434-1519). The Nuremberg school pro duced the greatest master of German art, the only one who in spiritual depth and artistic genius approached the five great masters of Italy, — Al- brecht Diirer (1471-1528). His principal work, the famous Four Apostles, in Munich, is the first one animated by the spirit of the evangelical church, having its origin in a real enthusiasm for evangelical truth. Mention must also be made of the Saxon school, whose head was the well-known Lucas Crauach PAINTING. 1721 PAINTING. (1472-1553), the friend of Luther, whose best pupils were his sons John, and Lucas Crauach the younger. The only artist who can be compared with the great master of Nuremberg is Hans Holbein the younger (1497-1554). In his larger compositions, for example, in the mural paintings of the As sembly Hall of German merchants in London, he approaches the capabilities of the German Raphael. The Darmstadt Madonna, of which the one at Dresden is an excellent copy, and his well-known Dance of Death, a series of woodcuts, are his most characteristic works. In the second half of the sixteenth century the painting of Germany and the Netherlands lost its independence by servile imitation of Italian masters. In Italy, likewise, we find a sudden de cline, which clearly evidences that art had passed its zenith. A second race of pupils became mere imitators, even exaggerating the one-sidedness of Titian, Correggio, and Michel Angelo. The best examples of these so-called " mannerists " were Fr. Salviati and Giorgio Vasari, the renowned historian of painting. In opposition to this confusion, at the end of the century arose the Bolognese school of the Caraccio, whose advent marks for Italy the com mencement of the fourth period of modern paint ing. Ludovico Caracci (1555-1619) and his two nephews and pupils, Agostino and Annibale Ca racci (1560-1609), the latter the most gifted, established a sort of eclectic system, whose pur pose it was to imitate the chief distinguishing qualities of the five great masters of painting. Their best pupils were Domenichino (1581-1641), Guerciuo (1590-1666), Franc. Albani (1578-1660), and especially Guido Reni (1575-1642), the most distinguished of all. A second school oE Italian painting in the be ginning of the seventeenth century arrayed it self in opposition to the idealism of the great masters, and developed a, one-sided realism and naturalism. The principal representative of this was Mic. Angelo Ainerighi da Caravaggio (1559- 1609), whose pupils — the two Frenchmen, Moyse Valentin and Simon Vonet, and the eminent Span ish master, Gius. Ribera, called Spagnoletto — transplanted their influence to France and Spain. Notwithstanding eminent talents were developed in Italy in both these directions, their chief rep resentatives hold rank inferior to that of the masters of Spain and Netherlands in the seven teenth century ; and in the eighteenth century Italian painting reached its lowest level of deca dence. It was in Spain that the new revival of Catholi cism in art found, in the seventeenth century, its strongest support. The five great masters who represent the completest development of painting in Spain were almost all from the school of Se ville. They were : 1. Gius. de Ribera, already mentioned (1588-1656), the founder of the school of Valencia; 2. Francisco Zurbaran (1598-1662); 3. Diego Velasquez da Silva (1599-1660), one of the most eminent of portrait-painters ; 4. Alonzo Cano (1601-67), founder of the school of Granada ; and 5. Bartolome Esteban Murillo of Seville (1618-82), a pupil of Ribera, the greatest of all, in whose paintings the peculiar excellences of Spanish art have the most brilliant illustration. The Madonna ideal of Murillo. is quite different from the Italian and the German, and is dis tinguished above all for the quality of religious ecstasy. In contrast with his religious paintings, Murillo developed great talent in humorous rep resentations of street scenes among the Spanish peasantry. This flourishing period of Spanish painting was of short duration ; and in the last quarter of the seventeenth century the schools of Spain degenerated into mere factories of art, such as Luca Giordano of Italy introduced. The painting of the Netherlands maintained a certain elevation of rank for a somewhat longer period. Two distinct schools were developed out of national divisions. One had its seat in Bra bant (Belgium), which, after the conflicts of the sixteenth century, returned in general adherence to Catholicism, and loyalty to monarchical insti tutions. The other flourished in Holland, where the freedom of Protestant faith and a moderate popular government had acquired a firm foothold. The head of the school of Brabant in historical painting, as in all other branches of art, was the distinguished Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1610), a star of the first magnitude. His best pupils were Jac. Jordaens, Caspar de Grayer, and, above all, Anton van Dyck (1599-1641). In the Dutch school, as in the Flemish, the most decided realism prevails. Its older masters, Theod. de Keyser, Franz Hals, Barth. van der Heist, and others, were almost exclusively por trait-painters. A far higher development was, however, reached in the. famous Rembrandt van Ryn (1606-67), a master of the highest rank in color and chiaroscuro, in which latter quality even Correggio is his inferior. His most distinguished pupils and successors were Gerbrandt van den Eeckhout, Solomon Koning, and Ferdinand Bol. France and Germany can claim no position of importance during this period in a brief review of Christian painting. In Germany the Thirty- Years' War had nearly uprooted all elements of culture; and when, in the eighteenth century, the country began to recover from these devastations, masters of only subordinate rank — for example, Balth. Denner, Dietrich, and Raphael Mengs (1728-79) — appeared upon the stage. In France the older and better masters, like Nic. Poussin, Eustache Lesueur, and others, strove in vain to make head against the theatrical style represented by Charles Lebrun, the favorite of Louis XIV. Since the diffusion over Europe of that immoral and irreligious spirit which preceded and followed the French Revolution, Christian painting has naturally experienced a marked decline. But in Germany, France, and Belgium, individual schools have again grown up, the excellences of which, in the appreciation of the grand and the beauti ful, cannot be denied. In Germany, Munich and Dusseldorf must be especially mentioned as the principal seats of revived painting, in which sacred themes occupy a not insignificant place, and these treated both in a Catholic and a Protestant spirit. As representatives of the former may be men tioned Cornelius, Overbeck, Fiirich, H. Iless, Schraudolph, and others ; of the latter, Lessing, Hiibner, Bendemann, Deger, von Gebhardt, and others. On the whole, however, modern religious paint- PAJON. 1722 PALEARIO. ing, as might be expected from the religious con ditions of the present time, seems partly a mere endeavor to reYive a greatness and power which has perished, and partly a blind effort to reach a new goal, which is still enshrouded in darkness. Lit. — The best modern works on the history of painting are G. Vasari: Lives of the Most Famous Painters, Sculptors, etc., Eng. trans. Lond., 1850-52, 5 vols.; Ruskin: Modern Painters, Lond., 1843-60, 5 vols. ; F. Kugler : Handbuch der Ge- schichte der Malerei seit Constantin d. Gr., 4- Aufl. von Lubke bearbeitet, Berlin, 1872 ; Ch. Blanc : Histoire des peinlres des toutes les ecoles depuis la renaissance jusqua nos jours, Paris, 1851 sqq. ; Crowe and Cavalcaselle : History of Italian Painting, and History of Painting in the Nether lands, Lond., 1872 ; W. Lubke : Gesch. d. italien- isclien Malerei vom 4 bis 16 Jahrhundert, 8. Aufl., Stuttgart, 1880 ; A. Woltmann : Geschichte der Malerei, Leipzig, 1878, Eng. trans., Lond., N.Y., 1881. H. ULRICI. J. LEONARD CORNING. PAJON, Claude, b. at Remorantin in Lower Blesois, 1626 ; d. at Carre, near Orleans, Sept. 27, 1685. He studied theology at Saumur, under Amyraut, Placeus, and Capellus, and was in 1650 appointed minister of Machenoir, and in 1666 professor of theology at Saumur. But the sensa tion which his peculiar views produced led him to resign his professorships, and settle as minister iu Orleans, where he spent the rest of his life. He is the father of the so-called Pajonism, a peculiar development of the doctrinal system of the French-Reformed Church. Camero intro duced at Saumur the views that the will is com pletely governed by the intellect, and that the origin of sin is due to an obscuration of the intellect; and from these premises he inferred that the grace which works conversion is not a motus brutus, not a blind force of nature, but a moral agency. Amyraut developed these views further by distinguishing between an objective and a subjective grace, between the external means of grace, which are free to all, and the internal working of the Holy Spirit, which ex plains why some are converted, and others not. But this subjective grace Pajon rejected, declaring that the sum total of external circumstances is in any given case sufficient to explain the conver sion or non-conversion of an individual ; since God governs the world through the objective con nection between cause and effect, without any concurring, direct interference of Providence. A literary exposition of his ideas he never gave. His Examen du livre qui porle pour litre Prejugez legitimes contre les Calvinistes (1673) is simply a refutation of Nicoli's attack on the Reformed Church; and his Remarques sur I'Avertissement pastoral (1685), a refutation of the attack of the Roman-Catholic clergy in France on the Hugue nots. He simply propounded them from the ca thedra and in the pulpit; but he found many and enthusiastic disciples, — Papin, Lenfant, Allix, Du Vidal, and others, — and caused great commo tion. As after 1660 the king would not allow the National Synod to assemble, and the National Synod was the only competent court in cases of heresy, the provincial synods took the matter in their 'hands, and the pupils of Pajon were every where excluded from the offices of the church. See Jurieu : Traite de la nature et de la yrace, etc. (Utrecht, 1687), which was very ably answered by Papin, in his Essais de theol. sur la providence et la grace, etc., Francfort, 1687; Melchoir Ley- decker: Veritas evangelica triumphans; Fried- riech Spanheim ; Controversiarum elenchus ; Valentin Loscher : Exercit. theol. de Claud. Pajon., Leipzig, 1692. A. SCHWEIZER. PALAFOX DE MENDOZA, Juan de, b. in 1600 ; d. in 1659 ; was made bishop of Puebla de los Angelos in Mexico in 1639, and bishop of Osma in Spain in 1653. He wrote a book, Vir- lute del I'lndio, to effect another policy with respect to the natives of Spanish America; but the Jesuits compelled him to give up the cause, and return to Europe. He also wrote a history of the conquest of China by the Tartars, a his tory of the siege of Fontarabia, and a number of mystical and devotional books. A collected edi tion of his works appeared in Madrid, 1762, 15 vols. fol. His life was written by Gonzales de Resende, Madrid, 1666, French translation, Paris, 1690. PALAMAS, Gregorius, the leader of the Hesy- chasts ; was a native of Asia, and a favorite of the emperor, John Cantacuzenus, but gave up his career at the court, and became a monk of Mount Athos. As he was the principal defender of the ideas of the uncreated light, the mystical absorp tion by contemplation, etc., the attacks of Bar- laam, Acindynus, and Nicephorus Gregoros, are principally directed against him. In 1349 he was made archbishop of Thessalonica by the emperor, and consecrated by the patriarch Isidorus ; but the city refused to admit him within its walls, and he retired to the Island of Lemnos. He was present at the synod of Constantinople in 1351 ; but oi his later life nothing is known. He was a very prolific writer, and left more than sixty works, most of which, however, still remain in manuscript. Printed are Prosopopoeia, and two orations in Bib. Pair. Lugd., xxvi. ; two Greek treatises against the Latin Church, Lon don, 1624; Refulaliones inscriplionum Johannes Bec'ci, Rome, 1630; Encomium S. Petri Athonitoz, in Acta Sanctorum, Jan. ii. ; Jambi, in Allatius: Grcecia orlhod., i. GASS. PALEARIO, Aonio (Delia Paglia, Antonio Degli Pagliaricci), b. at Veroli in 1500; burnt in Rome July 3, 1570 ; one of the most prominent hu manists of his age. He studied in Rome, 1520- 27, and settled in 1530 as a teacher at Siena, where in 1536 he published his great didactic poem, — De immortalitale animarum. In 1542 he was summoned before the Inquisition, the materi als for the accusation having been derived from his newly published Delia pienezza, sufficienza e satisfaclione della passione di Chrislo ; but he de fended himself so brilliantly, that he was acquit ted. In Siena he also wrote his Actio in Pontifices Romanos et eorum asseclas, of which in 1566 he sent two copies to Germany, but which was not published until 1606, at Leipzig. In 1546 he was appointed professor at Lucca ; but not feeling safe there, on account of the paramount influence of the Roman curia, he removed in 1555 to Milan. Bat he did not escape his fate. In 1567 the inquisitor of Milan, Fra Angelo, accused him of heresy, and sent him to Rome, where, after two years' imprisonment, he was convicted, and condemned to death Oct. 15, 1569.. For some PALESTINE. 1723 PALESTINE. unknown reason, however, the verdict was not executed until July the following year. Col lected editions of his works were published at Lyons, 1552, Bremen; 1619, Amsterdam, 1696, and Jena, 1728. See Gtjrlitt: Leben des A. P. Hamburg, 1805; Mrs. Young: The Life and Times of A. P., Loudon, 1860, 2 vols. ; Jules Bonnet : Aonio Paleario, Paris, 1862 ; to him was formerly attributed The Benefit of Christ's Death, Eng. trans., Boston, 1860. benrath. PALESTINE. Pelesheth (J1^3, "land of wan derers "), meaning Philistia, occurs eight times in the Old Testament, and in King James's Version is rendered three times Palestina, once Palestine, three times Philistia, and once the Philistines. The Greek naXaiorivn, originating probably in Egypt, occurs for the first time in Herodotus [i. 105, ii. 104, iii. .5, vii. 89], who means by it only Philistia, though in one passage he appears to have carried its northern boundary as far up as Beirut. In the later Greek and Roman period the name was applied, as we apply it, to the whole country occupied by the Israelites on both sides of the Jordan. Josephus uses the word in both of these senses. In Ant. I. 6, 2, Philistia only is meant ; in Ant. VIII. 10, 3, it is the whole country on both sides of the river. The oldest name of the country was the Land of Canaan (Gen. xi. 31), or simply Canaan, "Lowland," meaning only the country west of the Jordan, in contrast with the higher lands east of the river, the western territory being all that was originally promised to Abraham. Other scriptural names are Judaea, the Land of Israel, the Land of Prom ise, and the Holy Land (Zech. ii. 12), which last has been for centuries the most popular name. The country was preconfigured to its history. Its situation and its boundaries indicated at once opportunity and isolation. It lay between great kingdoms : Egypt on one side, Chaldaea, Assyria, and Babylon on the other. The Mediterranean washes it on the west, with scarcely one good harbor indenting the coast. A desert on the south separates it from Egypt. The same desert sweeps around" between it and the Euphrates. On the north a gigantic gateway opens out between the ranges of Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon. The boundaries cannot be determined exactly: ap proximately they are as follows, — on the west the Mediterranean ; on the north a line begin ning near the Promontorium Album, in lat. 33° 10', trending northward, till, near the southern base of Hermon, it strikes lat. 33° 16', and then runs straight on to the desert; on the east the Ara bian Desert ; and on the south the parallel of lat. 31°, a little south of Beersheba (31° 15'), curving to take in Kadesh. Within the bounda ries thus roughly indicated there are about twelve thousand square miles, divided by the Jordan into two nearly equal portions. The length of this territory is about a hundred and fifty miles ; the average breadth east of the Jordan about forty miles, west of the Jordan a little more than forty miles. The country is made up of four parallel strips of territory running north and south, lowland and highland alternating. Along the Mediter ranean coast is a strip of lowland : in the Phoeni cian section of it about twenty miles long and from four to six miles broad ; in the Sharon sec tion of it, south of Carmel, more than thirty miles long and about ten miles broad; and in the Philistine section of it, forty miles long and from ten to twenty miles broad; This strip of lowland is interrupted by the ridge of Carmel, which branches off from the mountains of Sama ria, runs north-westward for twelve miles, rises at one point to the height of eighteen hundred and ten feet above the sea, and thrusts out into the sea a promontory five hundred feet high. On all this coast the only bay of any importance is that of Acre, just north of Carmel. Next to this is the highland strip, some twenty-five or thirty miles in breadth, which springs from the roots of Lebanon, swells into the hills of Galilee, is interrupted by the plain of Esdraelon, as the lowland strip just referred to is interrupted by the ridge of Carmel, swells again into the hills of Samaria, reaches its greatest average' height in Judaea, and then falls off into the desert south of Beersheba. ¦ This broad, high, central strip of West Jordanic territory has been likened to a ship's long-boat turned downside up. Among the highest points iu Galilee are Safed (probably the " city set on a hill " of Matt. v. 14), 2,775 feet above the sea, and Jebel Jermfik, near by, which is nearly 4,000 feet high. In Samaria the highest points are Ebal, 3,077, Gerizim, 2,849, and Tell 'Asur (supposed to be the ancient Baal-hazor of 2 Sam. xiii. 23), nearly 3,400 feet above the sea. In Judaea the highest point in Jerusalem is 2,593, Olivet 2,693, Hebron 3,040, and Beersheba, 788 feet above the sea. The Jordan Valley, at some points quite narrow, and at others from five to ten or twelve miles broad, is one of the wonders of the world. The Jordan itself (" Descender "), from 1,080 feet above the sea at the foot of Her mon, falls in twelve miles to seven feet above the sea-level at Lake Huleh, at ten miles and a half farther down enters the Sea of Galilee, 682.5 feet below the Mediterranean, and sixty-five miles farther down empties into the Dead Sea, 1,292 feet below the Mediterranean. Thus, be tween Hermon and the Sea of Galilee the descent is more than sixty feet to the mile, and between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea about nine feet to the mile. The fourth strip east of the Jordan is mostly high table-land, some of it 3,000 feet high, sinking away eastward into the Ara bian Desert. Of the' four lakes of Palestine, the northernmost is Phiala, five miles east of Banias, nearly round, about a mile in diameter, and of unknown depth, occupying apparently the crater of an extinct volcano. It is about 3,300 feet above the Medi terranean, is not, as was anciently supposed, one of the sources of the Jordan, has, indeed, neither inlet nor outlet, and abounds in frogs and leeches. Lake Huleh ("Waters of Merom," Josh. xi. 7), the Semechonitis of Josephus (Ant. V. 5, 1), some twelve miles south of Banias, in the midst of an extensive papyrus marsh, seven feet above the sea-level, is triangular in shape, with its apex pointing southward, four miles long, nearly four miles across its northern end, and fifteen feet deep. Some ten miles and a half farther down is Gennesaret, twelve miles and a half in length, eight miles in its greatest breadth (at Magdala), 165 feet deep, and 6S2.5 feet below the Mediter ranean. This lake is remarkable for the abun- PALESTINE. 1724 PALESTINE. dance of its fish, the suddenness and violence of its storms, and the hot-springs along the shore. The Dead Sea, sixty-five miles farther south, is about forty-six miles long, with an average breadth of ten miles, 1,292 feet below the Mediterranean when the sea is at the fullest after the winter rains, and over 1,300 feet deep at the deepest point; the southern part, covering what used to be thought the Valley of Siddim, being very shal low. The extraordinary depression of the Dead Sea was never suspected till in March, 1837, it was detected and measured by Moore and Beke, experimenting by means of boiling water. They made the depression, however, only about 500 feet. Scott and Symonds, in 1840-41, made it 1,231 feet; Lynch, iu 1848, made it 1,316; and Conder, in 1874, made it 1,292 feet. No fish live in the Dead Sea, the water being extremely salt and bitter, containing twenty-six per cent of solid matter. The impression generally received of the scenery is that of grandeur and desolation. But some travellers have been much impressed, also, by the singular beauty of this silent sea. Many of the so-called rivers of Palestine are merely winter torrents, which run dry in summer. Of perennial streams, some sixteen in all, the most important is the Jordan. Its three sources are at Hasbeiya, at Banias, and at Tell el-Kady (the ancient Dan) : the first of which contributes about one-seventh; the second, two-sevenths; and the third, four-sevenths of the water. Between Banias (about ten miles south of Hasbeiya) and the Dead Sea, the distance is a hundred and four miles. The Jordan has four tributaries, — two from the east, and two from the west. The east ern tributaries are the Yarmuk (ancient Hiero- max), which drains the Hauran, and the Zerka (ancient Jabbok), which is fed by the mountains of Gilead. The western tributaries are the Jalud, near Bethshean, and the Far'ah, where iEnon (John iii. 23) has been looked for. Three perma nent streams empty into the Dead Sea from the east : the northernmost of these, about ten miles down, is the Zerka M'aln, in whose valley are the hot sulphur-springs of Callirrhoe, a little way north of Machaerus, where John the Baptist was imprisoned and murdered. Halfway down is Anion, which divided Moab from the Amorites. At the south-eastern corner is el-Ahsy, which Robinson identifies with Zered (Dent. ii. 13), the ancient dividing-line between Edom and Moab. Eight perennial streams flow into the Mediter ranean. The northernmost of these is the Mef- shuk of Upper Galilee. South of this is the Namein (ancient Belus), near Acre, celebrated for the accidental discovery of the art of making glass. Next is the Mukutta (the Kishon, "that ancient river," Judg. v. 21), which drains the large and fertile plain of Esdraelon. The plain of Sharon sends five perennial streams into the Medi terranean. These are the Zerka (crocodile river), north of Csesarea ; the Mefjir, south of Caasarea ; the Iskanderuneh, the Falik, and the 'Auja (pos sibly the Me-jarkon of Josh. xix. 46) near Jaffa. The fountains of Palestine constitute one of its most characteristic features. Many scriptural names of places, like Endor, Engannim, and En- gedi, indicate the near neighborhood of fountains. They abound especially among the more hilly portions of Galilee, Samaria, and Judaea. Dr. Robinson counted thirty, some of them large and copious, in a circuit of eight or ten miles around Jerusalem, not including those of the city itself. It is a mistake to suppose that the country is not, on the whole, well watered. As Moses said of it (Deut. viii. 7), it is " a land of brooks of water, of fountains, and depths that spring out of valleys and hills." The largest of all the fountains is the one at Tell el-Kady, the chief source of the Jordan, which is about a hundred and fifty feet in diameter, bursting from the ground with great force. Another large and famous fountain is that of Elisha, near ancient Jericho. The geology of the country has been studied by Seetzen (1805), by Poole (1836), by Russegger (1836-38), by Anderson (1848), by Lartet (1864), and, more recently, by Conder and others, but not yet exhaustively. The prevailing formation is that of hard crystalline limestone overlaid with chalk, which in the centre of the country, and in parts of Galilee, is, in turn, overlaid with num- mulitic limestone of the tertiary period. The limestone hills are full of grottos and caverns. The Nubian sandstone shows itself on the east side of the Dead Sea, but is not found west of the Jordan. In the Lejah district, east of the Jordan, is a rough, basaltic area of about five hundred square miles. Lava deposits are found also in the plateaus and plains west and south west of Gennesaret. Coal has been found in Lebanon ; also coal, copper, and tin, near Sidon. The deep chasm of the Jordan Valley must have been caused by some great convulsion of nature, antedating the historic period. The Dead Sea is no doubt much older than the time of Abra ham, and the Cities of the Plain are not at all likely to have stood on ground now covered by the water. Hot-springs are numerous. Earth quakes are frequent and severe. In 1837 Safed and Tiberias were destroyed by a shock. The present climate of Palestine' is said by Conder to be "trying and unhealthy," but by rea son 6f human neglect, rather than by reason of any great climatic change. The Jordan Valley is especially tropical and dangerous.. The hottest month of the year is August. The best months for tourists are April and May. The dews are heavy. There are only two seasons, summer and winter ; the former, from April to November, rainless, or nearly so ; the latter, the rainy season, from November ip April. But between the middle of December and the middle of February there is usually an intermission, separating " the former and the latter rain." The average annual rain fall at Jerusalem is sixty inches ; while on our Atlantic seaboard it is forty-five, and in Cali fornia, whose climate somewhat resembles that of Palestine, it is only twenty. At Jerusalem, from June, 1851, to January, 1855, according to Dr. Barclay's register, the mean temperature was 66.5°, the highest 92°, and the lowest 28°. In some years the mean has been 62°, and the high est 86°. At Khan Minieh, in 1876, Dr. Merrill encountered a sirocco heat of 130° in the sun. Hermon, 9,200 feet high, looking down upon the whole of Palestine, is never entirely clear of snow, though late in autumn only slender threads of it are left, as the Arabs say, " like the strag gling locks on an old man's head." In the winter, on the plains, ice seldom makes, and the PALESTINE. 1725 PALESTINE. ground is seldom frozen. With abundant rains, which may generally be counted upon, Palestine might again be fertile as it was of old. But trees should be planted, cisterns built, and hills ter raced. The'products of the soil still range from pease, beans, wheat, and barley, to grapes, figs, olives, apricots, lemons, oranges, and dates. Melons are abundant. Dr. Thomson praises the apples of Askelon, which he identifies with the " apples " of Solomon's Song. Dr. Tristram thinks that the apple-tree of Solomon was the apricot. The flora of Palestine, unlike that of Egypt, is richly varied. Not less than a thousand species of plants have been reported, and probably an other thousand might be added ; but only a very small portion of these are noticed in the Bible. No tourist ever forgets the impression made upon him by the flowers of Palestine. For mile on mile, in the proper season, the ground is radiant with all the colors of the rainbow. Everywhere one sees the scarlet anemone, thought by some to be our Lord's "lily of the field." The ranun culus and the pheasant's-eye (Adonis palestina) are also very brilliant. The narcissus, the crocus, and the mallow are all candidates for the honor of being considered " the rose of Sharon." Of shrubs, the most abundant and beautiful is the oleander. The whole country was once well tim bered'; and still there are groves, and even forests, of pine and of oak beyond the Jordan. On the west side of the river, all the way up from Beer sheba to Lebanon, there are very few trees except on Tabor and Carmel. Since the time of the Crusaders the pine-forest then standing between Jerusalem and Bethlehem has disappeared. Re peated wars and conquests, and dreary centuries of bad government, have gradually reduced the country to its present naked, burnt, and desolate aspect. Even the cedars of Lebanon are steadily disappearing. The tree now most common is the oak, of which there are three species. Most abundant of all is the prickly evergreen oak (Quercus pseudo-coccifera). The other two. species are deciduous. The " oaks of Mamre " were not oaks, but terebinths, the most famous specimen of which is the so-called " Abraham's Oak," near Hebron, twenty-three feet in circumference. The sycamore is common, as also the ash, elder, haw thorn, willow, tamarisk, and poplar. The pods of the locust are supposed by some to have been the " husks " eaten by the prodigal (Luke xv. 16), or at least craved by him. The papyrus, now wholly extinct in Egypt, is found in two places : at Lake Huleh and at Khan Minieh. The "reed shaken with the wind "(Matt. xi. 7), Arun- do donax, grows in great cane-brakes in many parts of Palestine, especially on the west side of the Dead Sea. Our Saviour's " crown of thorns " (Matt, xxvii. 29) was probably plaited from the zizyphus, a kind of lotus, with a small white blossom and a yellow berry, found in the Kedron Valley, but growing to a much larger size in the low, warm plains. In the Jordan Valley are found the acacia (" shittim-wood " of Exod. xxxvi. 20) and the false balm-of-Gilead, a thorny shrub, whose berry yields an oil highly prized by the Arabs. The real balm-of-Gilead, once cultivated in the Plains of Jericho, has disappeared. The country is rich also in its fauna. Dr. Tristram reports eighty species of mammals. Of wild animals, the lion and the " unicorn," or wild bull (Num. xxiii. 22), are extinct; and all the larger kinds are rare, for want of sheltering woods. The behemoth of Job (xl. 15), probably the hippopotamus, is no longer seen. But still there are wolves, bears, leopards, jackals, hyenas, wild boars, antelopes, gazelles, foxes, porcupines, rabbits, rats, mice, and wildcats. The dogs are nearly all of one breed (the shepherd), are out casts and scavengers, and, like jackals, make night hideous by their howlings. Of strictly domesticated animals, the horse is much less used than the ass, the mule, and the camel; which last are more economical. The buffalo, said to have been introduced by the Persians, has in some sections taken the place of the ox ; and the neat- cattle of the country in general are neither so numerous nor so well cared for as in ancient times. Sheep and goats are abundant, but swine are seldom seen. Of birds, the most common are eagles, vultures, falcons, hawks, owls, storks, pelicans, ravens, doves, pigeons, partridges, quails, sparrows, and nightingales. Large birds of prey are particularly numerous. Brilliancy of plumage is another striking feature. But singing-birds are few, the bulbul and nightingale being the most common. Dr. Tristram collected three hun dred and twenty-two species of birds, and thinks that at least thirty other species might be added to the list. ' A small but fine collection, made in the Jordan Valley, and on the east side of the river, for the American Palestine Exploration Society, belongs now to the museum of the Union Theological Seminary in New-York City. Fish are often referred to in Scripture, but no species are named. Gennesaret is still remarka ble for its dense shoals of fish, frequently covering an acre or more of the surface. Dr. Tristram obtained fourteen species, and thinks there may be three times that number of species in the lake. The bream and sheat-fish, among the most abun dant of all, are identical with the common species of the Nile. The coracinus of Josephus (J. W. iii. 10, 8) has at last been found. The "great fish" of Jon. i. 17, was not a "whale," as the ktjtoc of Matt. xii. 40 is unwarrantably rendered in our version, but may have been a specimen of the great white shark (Canis carcharias), still found in the Mediterranean, and sometimes twenty-five or thirty feet long. Reptiles abound in Palestine. Serpents are very numerous, most of them harmless, and many of them brilliantly colored.. Some are venomous. Of lizards there is an immense variety. Frogs are numerous, but are all of one species; and only one species of the toad is known. The crocodile (the " leviathan " of Job xli.) may still be found in the marshes of the Zerka. Insects are abundant, especially locusts, grass hoppers, crickets, and cockroaches, also fleas, lice, and mosquitoes, the bee, the wasp, and the hornet. The immediate predecessors of the Hebrews in Palestine were the Canaanites, of Hamitic blood. But these were preceded by an aborigi nal, prehistoric population, supposed to have been Semitic. This prehistoric population had proba bly occupied the country on both sides of the Jordan, but in the time of Abraham we find PALESTINE. 1726 PALESTINE. them mostly on the east' side of the river. Ched- orlaomer, king of Elam, the contemporary of Abraham, is described in Gen. xiv. as smiting these four tribes, — the Rephaim in Bashan, south of them the Zuzim, still farther south the Emim, and, farthest south of all, the Horim in Edom. On the west side of the Jordan, in the neighborhood of Hebron (Num. xiii. 28), were the Anakim, who were driven out by Joshua (Josh. xi. 2l, 22), only a remnant remaining in Philistia. The A vim of Deut. ii. 23, assumed to be identical with the Avites of Josh. xiii. 3, also probably belonged to this same aboriginal Semitic population. The earliest historic occupants of Palestine, as we have said, were Hamites, de scended from Canaan, the fourth and youngest son of Ham. The date of their immigration cannot be determined. Their conquest of the aboriginal Semitic tribes was evidently not yet completed when Abraham crossed the Jordan. In the original grant of territory to Abraham (Gen. xv. 19-21), ten tribes are named, the first two of which, the Kenites and Kenizzites, were on the south, towards Egypt ; and the third, the Kadmouites, were on the east side of the river. Usually six tribes are named, as in Exod. iii. 8 and in Josh. ix. 1 ; but seven is the number in Josh. xxiv. 11, where the Girgashites, usually omitted, are named as if on the west side of the Jordan. These seven were the Hittites, Girga shites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites. In the time of Moses and Joshua, the Ammon-Moab people were on the east side of the river, but had been crowded down by the Amorites, who held the whole territory from Mount Hermon to the Anion. Reuben, Gad, and Half-Manasseh took this East-Jordan territory : the other nine tribes and a half took the West- Jordan territory. The Hebrew commonwealth reached the zenith of its prosperity and power under David and Solomon. Visible decay began about 975 B.C., with the secession of the ten tribes. Assyria crushed the northern kingdom of Israel about 720 B.C., and Babylon crushed the southern kingdom of Judah about 587 B.C. Since then the country has been almost con stantly under foreign domination, with hardly more than the shadow of independence at any time. Persians, Greeks, and Romans succeeded one another in the mastery, the heroic Macca- baean period lasting only about a hundred years. Under the Romans, in the time of Christ, there were four provinces, — Galilee, Samaria, and Judasa on. the west side of the river, and Peraea on the east side. Since 637 A.D., when Pales tine was conquered by the Saracens, it has, with little interruption, been under Mohammedan rule. The Seljukian Turks seized the country in 1073, and by their barbarous treatment of Christian pilgrims provoked the Crusades. The Latin king dom, with its nine successive sovereigns, estab lished in 1099, held Jerusalem till 1187, and staid in Acre till 1291. In 1517 the Ottomans came in, and made the country a part of the Turkish Empire. It was snatched from the Sul tan by Mohammed Ali in 1832 ; but Europe intervened, and in 1841 it was given back again to Turkey. It now belongs to the pashalic of Damascus, which includes the three sub-pashalics of Beirut, Akka, and Jerusalem. As no proper census is ever taken, the population can only be guessed at. For the whole area of ancient Palestine, Dr. Socin, in Baedeker's Handbook, allows an aggregate of six hundred and fifty thousand souls, — ¦ only about a tenth part of what the country should be made to support. The Jews, who number about twenty thousand, are comparatively recent comers, found only in the sacred places of Jerusalem, Hebron, Tiberias, and Saf ed. Jerusalem has a population of twenty- five thousand, of whom ten thousand are Jews. The Samaritans at Nablous number only about a hundred and fifty. The bulk of the people are a mixed race, descendants of the ancient Syrians and their Arab-conquerors. East of the Jordan are three important tribes dwelling per manently within recognized limits. These are, north of the Arnon, the Adwan ; south of the Arnon, the Beni Sakhr; and in the Jordan Valley, the Ghawarineh. Besides these are four tribes of Bedaween Aeneseh (the Wuld 'Ali, the Hese- neh, the Ruwala, and the Bisher), who left Arabia about 120 A.D., and are always in motion, coming northward every summer, and going southward, every winter. The Turkish Govern ment has but little control of them. Dr. Mer rill's East of the Jordan gives us admirable pictures of Arab life in Eastern Palestine. Pilgrimages to the Holy Land began with Helena, the mother of Constantine, in 326 A.D., and have continued ever since. What was then known of the country may be found in the Uno- masticon of Eusebius and Jerome. During the middle ages the principal topographers of Pales- • tine were superstitious, ignorant, and careless monks, whose identifications of sacred places were largely of the legendary and childish sort. The eighteenth century contributed something towards a better knowledge of the Holy Land. Reland's learned work (1714) is still a classic. Richard Pococke was in Palestine in 1738. Korte, the German bookseller, was the first (in 1741) to question the genuineness of the traditional site of the holy sepulchre. The natural history of the country was ably treated in a posthumous work of Hasselquist, edited (1757) by Linnfeus. The nineteenth century opened a new epoch in the history of biblical geography. Seetzen was in the field from 1805 to 1807, Burckhardt in 1810, Irby and Mangles in 1817-1818. But no one man has ever done so much for the geography of the Holy Land as Dr. Edward Robinson. Not only was he thoroughly prepared for his task by fifteen years of special study, but he had a pas sion and a genius for exact and certain knowl edge. During two brief journeys, in 1838 and in 1852, accompanied and aided by Dr.. Eli Smith, one of the best Arabic scholars then living, he fairly swept the whole field clean of ecclesiastical traditions. He was the first to adopt and adhere persistently to the rule of looking for ancient Hebrew names under the disguise of modern Arabic names. The number of ancient places first visited or identified by him in 1838 was a hundred and sixteen. The number of identifica tions added in 1852 was forty-nine. And very few of these identifications have been set aside. Next in rank, with respect to the amount and quality of service rendered, is Dr. William M. Thomson, for more than forty years an American PALESTINE. 1727 PALESTRINA. missionary in Syria and Palestine, whose book, in two volumes, appeared in 1858, and in a new edition, in three volumes, in 1880-83. In 1848 the Lower Jordan and the Dead Sea were for the first time thoroughly explored and surveyed by Lieuts. Lynch and Dale of the United-States Navy. In 1859 Johann Gottfried Wetzsteiu, Prussian consul at Damascus, explored the north ern section of the country east of the Jordan. In 1866 Huleh and the Upper Jordan were explored by John Macgreggor of Scotland, and in the same year the Lake of Galilee was surveyed by Capt. Wilson of the English Royal Engineers. This last piece of work was done under the direc tion of the Palestine Exploration Fund, a 'society organized in 1865 for the purpose of making an exhaustive exploration and accurate survey of the Holy Land. From 1867 to 1S70 Capt. War ren, under the direction of the same society, was making excavations in and around Jerusalem. In 1870 the American Palestine Exploration Society was organized to work on the east side of the Jordan. The triangulation of Western Palestine was begun in the autumn of 1871 by Capt. Stew art, whose health soon broke down, and was finished in 1877 by Lieuts. Conder and Kitchener. They have done a great work. Of 622 biblical sites in Western Palestine, they claim to have identified 172 out of the 434 in all, which they regard as now identified with reasonable cer tainty. Their large map, in twenty-six sheets, is on the scale of an inch to the mile. It was published in 1880. Seven quarto volumes go with it, — three volumes of Memoirs, one volume of Name Lists, one of Special Papers, one on the Jerusalem Work, and one on the Flora and Fauna of Western Palestine. The reduced map (on the scale of three-eighths of an inch to the mile) is in four forms, — the Modern, the Old-Testament Ancient, the New-Testament Ancient, and the Water-Basins. In 1873 the American Society sent out its first expedition under command of Lieut. Steever of the United-States army, who triangulated some five hundred square miles of the territory over against Jericho. The archae ologist of the expedition was Professor John A. Paine, who took squeezes and casts of important inscriptions (including those of Hamath), identi fied Mount Pisgah, and made a collection of East- Jordan plants. The second expedition, in 1875, was under command of Col. James C. Lane, and had Dr. Selah Merrill for its archaeologist. A rapid reconnoissance survey of the whole trans- Jordanic territory was made, about a hundred photographs of ruins and scenery were taken, several places of interest and importance (such as Succoth, Mahanaim, Ramoth-Gilead, and Tish- bi) were identified, and in all about 230 names appeared for the first time on Meyer's map (not published). Dr. Merrill reckons about 240 bibli cal names east of the Jordan, besides fourteen mentioned in the Maccabees. Nearly 100 of these he thinks have been identified. At this point the work of triangulation was surrendered to the English Society, which entered the field in 1881, surveyed about five hundred square miles, and was then compelled by the unsettled condi tion of the country to withdraw, it is hoped only for a time. The American Society published four Statements (1871, 1S73, 1875, 1877), and holds in 3 — III reserve Dr. Merrill's Notes upon the Meyer map. Dr. Merrill's East of the Jordan (1881) is a valu able contribution to the literature of the subject. He is now (1883) American consul in Jerusalem. In 1877 a German society was organized, and is doing good work. It publishes a monthly peri odical. Lit. — The literature of the subject is vast. Tobler, in his Bibliolheca Geoqraphica Paleslince (1867, with supplements in 1869 and 1875), enu merates more than a thousand writers. To men tion 'only a few of the most important and useful : the Onomasticon of Eusebius (cir. 330), translated into Latin, with additions by Jerome (388), edited by Larsow and Parthey (Berlin, 1862) ; Descrip tions Terra; Sanctm, by writers of the eighth, ninth, twelfth, and fifteenth centuries, edited by Tobler (Leipzig, 1874) ; Early Travels in Palestine, edited by Wright (London, 1848) ; the Historica Theologica, et Moralis Terrce Sanclce Elucidatio, of Quaresimus (Antwerp, 1639), valuable for the traditions ; Maundrell : Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter, 1697 (Oxford, 1703) ; Re- land's Palestina Illustrala (Utrecht, 1714) ; Has selquist : Voyaqes and Travels in the Levant in the Years 1749-52, edited by Linnaeus, 1757 (Lon don, 1766) ; Burckhardt : Travels in Syria and the Holy Land (London, 1822) ; Travels in Egypt arid Nubia, Syria and Asia Minor, during the Years 1817, 1818, by Irby and Mangles, printed, but not published (London, 1822) ; Robinson : Bibli cal Researches (Boston, London, and Berlin, 1S41, 3 vols.), Later Researches (1856), and Physical Geography of the Holy Land (published posthu mously, 1865) ; Williams : Holy City (1845, 2 vols., 2d ed., 1849), defending the traditional sites ; Wilson : The Lands of the Bible (Edinb., 1847, 2 vols.); Lynch: Expedition to the Dead Sea and the Jordan (1849) ; Stanley : Sinai and Palestine (1857, 2d ed., posthumous, 1883), highly picturesque and graphic ; Barclay : The City of the Great King (1858), valuable for the meteor ology; Thomson: The Land and the Book (1858, 2 vols., 2d ed., 1880-83, 3 vols.) ; Tobler : Bethle hem (1849), Jerusalem (1854), Nazareth (1868); Porter: Damascus (1855), Giant Cities of Bashan (1865), Handbook of Syria and Palestine (revised edition, 1875) ; Ritter : Geography of Palestine, translated by Gage (1866, 4 vols.) ; Tristram: The Land of Israel (1865), Natural History of the Bible (1867), Land of Moab (1873); Macgreg gor : Rob Roy on the Jordan (1S70) ; Nutt: Sa maritan Targum and Historu (1874) ; Conder : Tent-Work in Palestine (1878, 2 vols.); S. C. Bartlett ; From Egypt to Palestine (1879) ; Schaff: Through Bible Lands (1880) ; Merrill: East of the Jordan (18S1), Galilee in the Time of Christ (1881). The best maps yet published are those of Van de Velde (1866), of Kiepert (1875), and of the English Exploration Fund (1880-83). The best atlases are those of Menke (1868) and of Clark (1868). roswell d. hitchcock. PALESTRINA, Giovanni Pierluigi, the founder of the modern style of church-music ; b. at Pales- trina. in the Roman Campagna, 1524; d. in Rome, Feb. 2, 1592. He studied under Claude Goudimel, and made by his first compositions — three masses dedicated to Julius III. — so favorable an impres sion, that he was made musical director of the Julian chapel. He held similar positions at PALEY. 1728 PALISSY. various chapels and churches in Rome until his death ; and by his compositions, which are very numerous, — masses, motets, hymns, etc., but of which only one-half has been published, — he produced a complete revolution in the history of church-music. As his masterpiece, is generally mentioned Missa Papce Marcelli. His life was written by Baini, Rome, 1828. PALEY, William, a distinguished English theo logian ; was b. July, 1743, at Peterborough, where his father was a canon in the cathedral; d. May 25, 1805, in Bishop-Wearmouth. As a boy he exhibited the power of close and clear reasoning which afterwards made him distinguished. En tering Christ College, Cambridge, in 1759, he left it after taking his degree, in 1763, to become teacher, and subsequently assistant preacher, in Greenwich. In 1765 he received the prize from Cambridge for the best Latin dissertation, his theme being a comparison of the Stoic and Epi curean pnilosophies ; and in 1766 he was elected fellow of Christ College. He lectured at Cam bridge with success till 1775, when he accepted the living of Musgrove, Westmoreland, with which he combined several others. In 1780 he was appointed prebendary of Carlisle, 1782 arch deacon, and in 1785 chancellor of the diocese. During this period he spent much time in the elaboration of his lectures. In 1794 he published his Evidences of Christianity, which had a cordial reception, and secured for him immediate promo tion in the church. He was appointed canon of St. Paul's in 1795, made doctor of theology by Cambridge, and subdean of Lincoln, and soon after offered the rectory of Bishop-Wearmouth, where he spent the remainder of his life. The most important of Paley's writings are the Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy, 1785, 2 vols., for the copyright of which he received a thousand pounds, [and which went through fifteen editions in the author's lifetime] ; Horoz Paulinaz, 1790; A View of the Evidences of Christianity, 1794, 3 vols. ; Natural Theology, or Evidences of the Existence and the Attributes of the Deity, collected from the Appearances of Nature, 1802. His smaller writing's and sermons were published after his death under the title Sermons and Tracts. The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy (Ger man translation by Garve) was introduced as a text-book into Cambridge in 1786, where it was retained for many years. It represents the stand point of empiricism, and called forth replies from Gisborne, Pearson, and others. As late as 1859, Dr. Whately edited an edition with notes. The Evidences of Christianity was Paley's most important work, if wejudge by its influence upon English theology. Until very recently it was the principal theological text-book of Cambridge, and in 1849 the examination upon it was extended to three hours. The author pursues the histori cal method. Bolingbroke and other deists had affirmed that the truth of Christianity ought to be proved by historical arguments. Paley and Lardner took the hint. In working out his plan, Paley seeks to establish the two propositions, that " there is clear proof that the apostles and their successors underwent the greatest hardships rather than give up the gospel, and cease to obey its precepts," and " other miracles than those of the gospel are not satisfactorily attested." To these evidences he appends "auxiliary" arguments drawn from the " morality of the gospel," " origi nality of Christ's character," etc., and a consid eration of some popular objections. Paley's Evidences does not touch upon the pantheistic objections to Christianity current at the present day, and is consequently not fully adapted to our present wants. The author has no claim to originality, as the substance of his arguments had been given before in Lardner's Credibility, and the Criterion of Miracles by Bishop Douglas. A German translation appeared at Leipsic, 1797. The Horce Paulince (German translation by H. P. C. Henke) is an able presentation of the " undesigned coincidences " between the Epistles of Paul and the Acts. The Natural Theology (German translation by Hauff, Stuttgart, 1837) is a clear popular presentation of the teleological argument for God's existence. Able as Paley was as an apologete for Chris tianity, we miss in his writings a deep conviction of sin, and the recognition of the central signifi cance of the doctrines of the atonement and jus tification. See Meadley : Memoirs of W. Paley, Edinburgh, '1810; [and Lives by Chalmers (in an edition of the author's works, 1821); Edmund Paley, 1825]. FR. luhrs. PALIMPSEST. See Bible Text, p. 268. PALISSY, Bernard, better known as Palissy the Potter, a Huguenot artisan of humble origin, who by force of natural abilities, indomitable perseverance, and rare integrity of character, has won for himself an enviable place in history. He was born about 1510, at Cnapelle-Biron, on the confines of the old French provinces of I'eri- gord and Agenois, in the modern department of Lotet-Garonne. Little is known of his youth, ex cept that he enjoyed few opportunities for obtain ing an education. When he reached manhood, he set out on his travels through France, seeking to gain a living as a painter on glass, and at the same time to satisfy the cravings of a singularly inquisitive mind. At length, about 1589, he set tled at Saintes, in the present department of Charente-Infe'rieure, where he shortly afterward married. From this time forward, his life became a desperate struggle at once to solve the secrets of nature and to ward off the poverty entailed upon him by his devotion to his chosen pursuit. The demand for colored glass had much dimin ished ; and the images of saints which Palissy had formerly painted seemed likely to be banished from the homes of the people in consequence of the progress of the Reformed doctrines. But the artistic instinct of Palissy saw in pottery, could he but succeed in covering it with a suitable enamel, a material upon which he could realize some of the conceptions of his mind. For fully fifteen years did he pursue his search. He had begun with scarcely any knowledge of the prop erties of the clay with which he had to deal ; but his repeated failures were less exasperating than the scorn he experienced abroad as a visionary, or possibly even worse, a secret counterfeiter of the king's money ; while at home he was re proached by his wife for the scanty means he contributed to the common hoard. Meantime, before his success was assured, Palissy had im bibed (1546) the truths of the gospel, first preached in their purity by some obscure monks whom PALISSY. 1729 PALLADIUS. the intolerant legislation of Francis I. soon put to death. From a convert, Palissy soon became a lay-preacher ; and, though he never was ordained as a minister, his exhortations led to the forma tion of the Protestant church of Saintes. He has himself left us an affecting description of the wonderful change produced in the course of a few years upon the morals of the people of the city and its neighborhood by the work, of which his simple reading and expounding of the Bible was the humble origin. Toward the close of the reign of Henry II. the remarkable abilities of the Huguenot potter of Saintes at last obtained recognition. Constable Anne de Montmorency became his patron, and somewhat relieved his poverty by furnishing him the means of building suitable ovens for baking his novel productions. But even the safeguard given him by the consta ble did not prevent Palissy from being thrown into prison as a heretic, when in 1562, during the course of the first " religious war," Saintes Was the scene of a violent re-actionary movement. At the request of Montmorency, Catharine de' Medici issued an order for the potter's release, and from that time forward became his protector. In 1572 he owed his safety, during the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, to the queen-mother's commands. At that time, or shortly before, Palissy with his sons was employed by Catharine (through whose influence he had received the formal title of "inventeur des rustiques jigulines du roi ") in decorating the gardens of the Palace of the Tuileries, then in process of construction. It was impossible, however, for so outspoken a Protestant to live in Paris unharmed during the troublous years of the close of the reign of Henry III. In 1588 Palissy was again in prison because of his faith. It was on this occasion that he is said to have been visited in the Bastille by the weak king, who in vain begged him to recant, at the same time informing him, that, should he refuse, he would be compelled to leave him to his fate. The fearless answer of the humble potter, as given by Agrippa d'Aubigne in his ConJ'ession de Sancy, has become famous in history : " Sire, you have several times told me that you pitied me ; but it is I that pity you, who have uttered the words, 'I am compelled.' That was not spoken as a king. These girls my companions, and I, who have a portion in the kingdom of heaven, will teach you this royal language, that neither the Guises, nor all your people, nor you, will know how to compel a potter to bow the knee to images." There is no sufficient reason for doubt ing the substantial correctness of the reply, as it has been transmitted to us, although the form may be somewhat affected by the style of the epigrammatic writer to whom we are indebted for its preservation. It is certain that Palissy re mained in the Bastille, together with other pris oners for the faith, until after the death of the king, and himself died there, of want and bad treatment, in 1590, at the age of about eighty years. The transcendent merits of the Huguenot potter as an artist have long been acknowledged ; . and his productions, many of which occupy places of honor in the museums of the Louvre, of Cluny, and elsewhere, are greatly sought after. It is only within our own times that the skilful artisan has been accorded high rank as a sound thinker on political economy and as a writer of the French language inferior to few other men in the sixteenth century. Lamartine, no incompetent judge in such matters, says of him, " It is impos sible not to proclaim this poor workman in clay one of the greatest writers of the French tongue. Montaigne does not excel him in freedom, Jean Jacques Rousseau in vigor, La Fontaine in grace, Bossuet in lyric energy." It may be mentioned as an historical curiosity, that a Roman-Catholic committee erected a statue to Palissy at Saintes in 1868, and in its proceedings on the occasion made light of the Protestantism of a man with whom religious convictions always held the high est position. The secretary of that committee naturally attempted to prove Palissy 's. reply to Henry 111. to be apocryphal. Monographs on Palissy's life and works abound in the French language. For contemporary references to him, see Lestoile : Journal de Henri III., and Agrip pa d'Aubigne : Confession calholique de Sahcy. The Bulletin of the French Protestant Historical Society contains numerous instructive articles. O. Douen contributes a thorough sketch to Lich- tenberger : Encyclopedic des Sciences religieuses. See also Henry Morley: Life of Bernard Pal issy, N. Y., 1852, 2 vols. HENRY M. BAIRD. PALL, from the Latin pallium, "cover," "man tle," is used in several ways, — as the name of the white linen cloth which is spread over the altar- table during the celebration of mass, and which represents the winding-sheet of the Lord ; as the name of the black velvet cloth which is spread over the coffin while it is borne to the tomb, etc. See Pallium. PALLADIUS, the opponent of Epiphanius and Jerome in the Origtnistic controversy ; b. in Galatia about 368 ; went, when he was twenty years old, to Egypt, to make himself acquainted with the great fathers of monasticism. Though the hermits whom he first approached, in the vicinity of Alexandria, were so severe that he did not feel strong enough to join them, he lived for a long time among the hermits of the Nitrian Mountains, the Skitic Desert, and the Thebais. From Egypt he went to Palestine, where he spent three years among the monks of Mount Olivet, and became acquainted with Rufinus. In 400 he was consecrated bishop of Helenopolis in Bo- thynia by John Chrysostom, at that time patri arch of Constantinople. As an ardent adherent of Chrysostom, he became in 403 entangled in the Origenistic controversy. The reports are obscure and confused concerning this point. It is certain, however, that he went to Rome, probably in order to invoke the aid of Honorius in behalf of the exiled Chrysostom. On his return to the East he was seized, and banished to Syene in Upper Egypt. After many sufferings, he was recalled, and made bishop of Aspona in Galatia, where he died at the time of the Council of Ephesus, 431. Three works, still extant, have been ascribed to him ; but only one of them, Hisloria Lausiaca, is of undoubted authenticity. It is a collection of lives of Egyp tian and Palestinian monks, written in 420, partly from own experience, partly from the work of Rufinus, and dedicated to Lausias, governor of Cappadocia. It is found in Migne : Patrol. Graze, xxxiv. ; see also Weingarten: Der Ursprung des Monchlums, Gotha, 1877, and Baring-Gould, in PALLADIUS. 1730 PALMER. Contemporary Review, October, 1877. Whether the Dialogus de vita Chrysostomi, edited by E. Bigot, Paris, 1680, and the De Gentibus India, edited by E. Bisseeus, Lon., 1665, are by the same author as the Historia Lausiaca, or by some other Palladius, is very questionable. zockler. PALLADIUS, Scotorum Episcopus. Date and place of birth are unknown. Prosper Aquitanus says in his chronicle for A.D. 429, that Palladius, then a deacon, induced Pope Celestine to send St. Germain of Auxerre to Britain against the Pela gians. In the same chronicle for A.D. 431 occurs the well-known passage, "Ad Scotos in Christum credenles ordinatur a papa Cozleslino Palladius, et primus episcopus miltitur." None now doubts that by Scoti the Irish are meant. The Irish " Lives " of St. Patrick all represent the mission of Pal ladius as a failure, and as lasting only a few months. Most of them say that he left the coun try, and died among the Britons or the Picts, al though Tirechan says (and the author of the fourth " Life " of Colgan's collection countenances the tradition) that he suffered martyrdom in Ireland. This account is irreconcilable with the successes recorded in these very lives, and with the state ment of Prosper, who knows nothing of St. Patrick, that Celestine had made Ireland Chris tian. It seems probable that the papal com mission, together with the connection with St. Germain and other facts in the life of Palladius have been transferred to St. Patrick, and then the date of the death of the former made early enough to admit the possibility of his successor having a commission from Celestine, who died in April, 432. There is no good authority for holding as genuine any of the writings attributed to Palladius. See Oolgan : Acta sanctorum veteris et Majoris Scotia, seu Hiberniaz sanctorum insula, Louvain, 1645, fol. ROBERT w. hall. PALLAVICINO or PALLAVICINI, Sforza, b.in Rome in 1607 ; d. there in 1667. He entered the order of the Jesuits in 1637, and was appointed professor of philosophy at the Jesuit college in Rome in 1639, and professor of theology in 1643. His principal work is his history of the Council of Trent. In 1619 appeared the work of Paolo Sarpi, and it was considered urgently necessary to encounter its violent attacks. Consequently the Jesuit Terenzio Alciati was charged by Urban VIII. with collecting the necessary materials ; and when he died, in 1651, the execution of the work was confided to Pallavicino. The book, written in Italian, appeared in two volumes folio, in Rome, 1656, 1657, and was received with great satisfac tion by Roman-Catholic critics, though it is very far from having overthrown the censures of Sarpi. The best edition of it is that in six volumes quarto, Faenza, 1792-99. The Latin translation of it was made by the" Jesuit Giattinus, Antwerp, 1673, 3 vols. In 1659 the author was made a car dinal by Alexander VII. HERZOG. PALLIUM (Latin pallium, "a cover," "a man tle " ), a white woollen scarf of the breadth of a hand, and adorned with six black crosses, is an ecclesiastical ornament borne by the highest offi cers of the Roman-Catholic Church on the most solemn occasions. Its origin is variously ex plained; some referring it to the head-band of the Jewish high priest, others to the mantle of the Roman emperor. Most probably, however, it is connected with the