l^wfifiS //^'OZ/cU. iy<^iyt£X:A^ c^trytd^^^^"^ 5078 HISTORY is a revelation, not a recital. It is more than a random record of facts, for facts are not derelicts floating hither and thither on an unknown sea. I'hey are light-houses for the enlightenment and guidance of intelligent voyagers. And he who throws facts together as one throws dice IS not a historian — he is a juggler in events, for so great an authority as Macaulay has said that "facts are the mere dross of history." "History is a divine poem," said President Garfield, "in which every nation is a canto and every man a word." Only those, therefore, who regard facts as milestones on the road of progress are capable of writing history, "The historian," said Schlegel, "is a prophet looking backwards,'' Noble L, Prentis was such a seer. He gathered facts, not as a child gathers trinkets, but as a scientist gathers data. He saw significance, purpose and design, in events. He Vas an interpreter as well as coUator of facts, and this work which bears his name has soul in it, as well as facts in it — without which an alleged history is not worth the reading. . I knew this divinely gifted man intimately. A great soul was his. He was, perhaps, the most popular and prolific writer who ever touched pen to paper in this State, No subject was commonplace under the magic of his facile and, versatile pen. His prodigious memory was a storehouse of history, and his analytical mind and great "soul enabled him to place proper value upon occurrences, and to preserve in this concrete form the salient and essential facts in the evolution of the State, Into this garner a great and good man has put the ripened harvest of life rich in experience, in knowledge and in wisdom, and left it as a dower of wealth to the schools of Kansas, Executive* Office, May l-'05.- E. W. HOGH. ^.^f^ s: A HISTOET OF KANSAS BY NOBLE L. PRENTIS Edited and Revised BY HENEIETTA V! EACE, A.M,, professor of education, southwestern college. Published by Caroline Pkentis, TOPEKA, KANSAS, 1909 Copyright, 1909 BY CAEOLINE PEBNTIS L- p i .3 So PREFACE. The attempt has been made, in preparing this volume, to give, within a convenient compass, the most interesting and material occurrences and events in the history of the rise of a great Free State from a wilderness. Harrowing details and discreditable happenings have been purposely omitted. The story has been told as a record of courage, steadfastness, and increasing devotion to the principles of human freedom and national union. No attempt has been made to "write down" to the supposed intellectual capacity of children. Students old enough to enter upon the study of the history of an American State, it is believed, will find all the statements and conclusions comprehensible. It is to be hoped that the reader or student wifll consider this small and necessarily limited history of one State, as a help and introduction to the study of the history of the American Union, which should be the pride and privilege of every American citizen in youth and age. NOBLE L, PRENTIS, INTRODUCTORY NOTE. The Prentis History of Kansas as presented has been thoroughly revised and carefully edited. That which was valuable in the earlier editions has been retained and much new material has been added. The book has been worked over with the purpose in view of rendering it more teachable and of making the story of the State in all its richness of deep interest to the young student. To this end, the subject matter has been carefully outlined, events have 5 6 PEEFACE. been arranged with the most significant in the foreground, and telling scenes have been vividly described. The story of Coronado, the life of the Indian, the toil of the missionary, the exciting times of the struggle, the lonely heroic life of the pioneer homesteader ou the prairie, all are written with an idea of bringing to the mind of the student, not a dry array of facts but scenes of real life. Foot notes judiciously selected give interesting events and lend color and tone. The philosophy of history is carefully worked out in the Terri torial Period — beginning with the development of slavery in the United States and continuing through the contest in Congress to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill which was made to get the slavery question out of Congress and into the Territory. The inevitable result follows and the struggle in Kansas begins. The Topeka movement is organized and runs for a time side by side with the Territorial government until final victory comes in the triumph of the Free State Party. The State and Territorial periods are divided into administra tions. This is done to show events in their relation to each other aud to reveal the different periods as scenes in the life of the State, Yet these events are so written that anyone desiring to study certain subjects, for instance. The Topeka Movement, The Development of the People's Party, Prohibition or The Work of the Women of Kansas, may follow the subject through the admin istrations without difiiculty. The heroic defense of the State, the patriotic service of the Kansas soldier in the Civil War, the bravery of the boys who volunteered in the Spanish-American War, are subjects that are handled so as to develop appreciation and patriotism. The value of maps in the study of history has long been acknowl edged. The maps of the text have been carefully made. Every place mentioned should be located by the student. For the lower grades, the stories of the text will be found fasci nating, Kansas has a history of remarkable interest and great value in both her own and national life. The children of so notable a State should know of its greatness, and be inspired by the heroes who builded even better than they knew. PEEFACE. 7 With a deep sense of gratitude to Miss Eace for her intelligent, conscientious and earnest work in the thorough revision of the text, and with sincere appreciation of all kindly criticisms and words of commendation, the publisher sends out this new edition, believing that a generous reception awaits it. A love for Kansas History on the part of the children and youth of the State which Mr, Prentis loved is reward sufficient for the writer, CAEOLINE PEBNTIS, BIBLIOGRAPHY. Kansas Historical Collection (Volumes I to X). Report of United States Bureau of Ethnology, Volume XIV, Kansas — Spring, History of Ready Reference — Larned. The Annals of Kansas — ^Wilder, History of Kansas — Andreas. United States History — Fiske. The Kansas Confiict — Robinson. Kansas, Its Interior and Exterior Life — Mrs, Eobinson, The Rescue of Kansas from Slavery — Dr, Brown, Kansas 1857— T. H. Gladstone, The Conquest of Kansas — W, A, Phillips, Geary and Kansas — John H, Gihon, Kansas and Nebraska Hand-Book — Parker, Wars of the Western Border — Brewerton, The Santa Fe Trail— Col, Inman, Commerce of the Prairie — Gregg, Kansas Territorial Governors — Connelley, Charles Eobinson — Blackmar, Kansas and Nebraska — Edward Everett Hale, James Henry liane — Connelley, John Brown — Connelley, Kansas in Literature (Volumes I and II) — Carruth, Poems of Ironquil — Ware, Stratagems and Spoils — White, In Old Quivera — Margaret Hill McCarter, Early Travels and Adventures in America and Asia — Henry M. Stanley. Indian Sketches — Irving. CONTENTS. page. INTRODUCTORY. Chapter I. Natural Kansas 11 THE PERIOD OF EXPLORATION. Chapter II, Spanish Exploration 16 III, French Exploration 24 IV, American Exploration 31 V, Some Famous Trails '. 42 THE INDIAN COUNTEY. Chapter VI. The Country Set Apart for the Indians. 51 VII, Indian Tribes and Customs 54 VIII, Missions, Trading Posts and Forts, . . , o9 THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD, review of the situation. Chapter IX. The Organic Act, — The Kansas-Xe- braska Bill 67 X. Kansas Territory 71 THE struggle IN KANSAS, XI. Governor Reeder 's Administration 79 THE REIGN OF VIOLENCE. XII. Governor Shannon 's Administration . . . 8S XIII. Governor Geary's Administration 104 XIV. Governor Walker's Administration. .. .109 XV. Governor Denver's Administration 116 MAKING the constitution. XVI. Governor Medary 's Administration. .. .121 THE PERIOD OF STATBHOOD. state construction. Chapter XVII. Governor Robinson's Administration, 1861-1863 141 XVIII, Governor Carney's Administr.vtion, 1863-1865 151 XIX, Governor Crawford's Admi.\-istk.\tion, 1865-1869 172 8 CONTENTS. 9 THE PERIOD OF STATEHOOD- Continued. years op great immigration. page. XX. Governor Harvey's Administration, 1869- 1873 183 XXI. Governor Osborn 's Administration, 1873- 1877 189 XXII, Governor Anthony's Administration, 1877-1879 198 economic growth. XXIII. Governor St. John's Administration, 1879-1883 202 XXIV. Governor Click's Administration, 1883- 1885 210 XXV, Governor Martin's Administration, 1885-1889 215 political changes. XXVI. Governor Hqmphrey's Administration, 1889-1893 224 XXVII. Governor Lewelling's Administra tion, 1893-1895 241 XXVIII. Governor Morrill's Administration, 1895-1897 250 XXIX, Governor Leedy's Administration, 1897-1899 256 industrial development. xxx. Governor Stanley's Administration, 1899-1903 265 XXXI, Governor Bailey's Administration, 1903-1905 275 XXXII, Governor Hoch's Administration, 1905-1909 281 XXXIII. Governor Stubbs' Administration, 1909 288 XXXIV, Industrial Kansas 292 XXXV, Educational Institutions 297 XXXVI, Kansas Literature 300 APPENDIX, Description of Counties 321 Organic Act 346 Admission Into the Union ¦ 352 Constitution 356 Kansas Territorial Officers, 1854-1861 383 State Officers of Kansas, 1861-1909 , 384 A HISTORY OF KANSAS. INTRODUCTORY. CHAPTER I, NATURAL KANSAS, 1. Description. — Kansas has been described by geolo gists as a part of the great plain stretching from the Mississippi River on the east to the Rocky Mountains on the west. It is 408 miles long by 208 miles wide and should be looked upon as a block, in the plain, constitut ing an essential part of it and not specially different from other portions lying on either side of it. The aver age altitude is 2,000 feet above the sea level. The altitude rises approximately from 750 feet on the eastern, boundary to about 4,000 feet on the extreme western boundary. The lowest point in the state is in the southeastern part at Coffeyville in Montgomery county. It is 734 feet above the sea level. At the mouth of the Kansas River in Kansas City the elevation is 750 feet. The highest point in the state is in the northwestern part at Kanorado in Sherman county, where the altitude is 3,906 feet. The general effect is that of an immense prairie, rising west ward into a very high prairie, but the appearance is not that of a flat and boundless plain. The waters of the state, which generally flow eastward, have an average fall for the whole state of nearly eight feet to the mile, 11 12 HISTORY OF KANSAS, Although the surface is a great plain sloping eastward, its minute topography is often rugged and varied ; valleys 200 feet deep, bluffs and mounds with precipitous walls 300 feet high; overhanging rocky ledges and remnants of cataracts and falls in numerous streams giving ' a variety of scenery, are to be observed all over the eastern Scene on the Marmaton, Bourbon County. Kansas. part of the state, and to even a greater extent in some portions of the we^t, 2. Story of Kansas Nature in Its Literature. — All the natural features of this great rectangle; all the varying aspects of the earth, as touched by the shaping hands of the seasons ; all the shifting panorama of the skies ; all NATURAL KANSAS. 13 the myriad voices of the winds; the shine of shallow, wide and wandering streams; the fringing trees that watch the waters as they pass ; the lovely charm of each rocky promontory that looks out upon the sea of grass, all these have proved to be the inspiring and informing spirit of Kansas literature. In all that has. been written in prose and verse since first the wide wilderness heard the cautious but advanc ing feet of the pioneer, the story of Kansas nature has been told. Readers of books written in Kansas find im pressions made on mind and heart, by sun and cloud, by drouth and rain, by calm and storm, and witness the procession of the days of the Kansas year. Days when, as one has written, "the broad, wintry landscape is flooded with that indescribable splendor that never was on sea or shore — a purple silken softness that half veils, half discloses the alien horizon, the vast curves of the remote river, the transient architecture of the clouds — and days without clouds and nights without dew, when the effulgent sun floods the dome with flerce and blinding radiance, days of glittering leaves and burnished blades of corn, days when the transparent air, purged of all earthly exhalation and alloy, seems like a pure, powerful lens, revealing a remoter horizon and a profounder sky," Review Questions, — What are the dimensions of the State of Kansas? — What is the average altitude? — Locate the highest and lowest points. — Make a relief map of the State, showing the river valleys, the general slope of the land and the highest and lowest points, — How has Kansas nature affected its literature? — Make col lections of poetry and prose written in Kansas and notice the nature touches. PERIOD OF EXPLORATION. Quivira — Kansas. In that half-forgotten era. With the avarice of old, Seeking cities he was told Had been paved with yellow gold, In the Kingdom of Quivira — Came the restless Coronado To the open Kansas plain. With his knights from sunny Spain; In an effort that, though vain, Thrilled with boldness and bravado. League by league, in aimless marching, Knowing scarcely where or why, Crossed they uplands drear and dry, That an unprotected sky Had for centuries been parching. But their expectations eager Found instead of fruitful lands. Shallow streams and shifting sands. Where the buffalo in bauds Roamed o'er deserts dry and meager. Back to scenes more trite, yet tragic. Marched the knights with armor 'd steeds; Not for them the quiet deeds; Not for them to sow the seeds From which empires grow like magic, 14 NATURAL KANSAS. 15 Never land so hunger-stricken Could a Latin race re-mold; They could conquer heat or cold — Die for glory or for gold — But not make a desert quicken. Thus Quivira was forsaken; And the world forgot the place Through the lapse of time and space. Then the blue-eyed Saxon race Came and bade the desert waken. — Eugene Ware. CHAPTER II, SPANISH EXPLORATION, 3. Narvaez Expedition — Cabeca de Vaca. — Cabeca de Vaca^ in 1536 was probably the first European to traverse the Western plains. He lived in Seville, Spain, where Narvaez was raising his forces for the colonization of Florida, and being a friend of the king, received the appointment of royal treasurer and high sheriff of the enterprise. The expedition started in 1527 with four ships and four hundred, men and landed in the south eastern part of North America. In the wilds of the newlj- discovered country the army became scattered and de moralized. When the boats in which a remnant had taken refuge were wrecked off the coast of Texas, none escaped except Cabeca de Vaca, two other Spaniards and a negro. These were cast ashore on one of the islands of Matagorda Bay, They were taken prisoners by the Indians, who had never seen white or black men before and who regarded their captives as supernatural beings. For six years they were carried from tribe to tribe. Finally Cabeca and his party secured their freedom, and for three more years wandered over the plains trading with the Indians and exploring the country. It is thought by some historians that Cabeca de Vaca came upon the Indian trail, later called the Santa Fe, and followed it far 1, Pronounced, ka-ba'-sa-da-va'-ka. 16 SPANISH EXPLORATION. 17 into New Mexico. In 1536, he reached the Spanish set tlements on the Pacific. The importance of this expedi tion to Kansas history lies in its effect. On his return to Spain, Cabeca painted in such glowing colors the richness of the country which he had visited that the Map of Coronado's Expedition, king determined to send another expedition and Coro nado's expedition was organized.^ 2. Buckingham Smith while secretary of the American Legation at Madrid discovered tbe "Narrative of Cabeca de Vaca" in the archives of State, where it bad lain for nearly tbree bundred years, unread and forgot ten. As a story of suffering, tbis old manuscript, yellow with age, and covered with tbe dust of tbe centuries, bas no parallel in the bistory of exploration. 18 HISTORY OF KANSAS, CORONADO'S BXPEDITION. 4. Prom Compostela to the Rio Grande.— Francisco Vasquez de Coronado led an exploring party into Kansas in 1541. Indian traders from the country north of Mexico had brought to the capital city large amounts of gold and silver ;. Cabeca dc Vaca on his return from the Coronado Crosslcg the Territor.v in 1541. Narvaez expedition had told of large and wealthy villages in the territory which he had traversed ; Mexico and Peru had yielded great treasure to Spanish adventurers. Hop ing to be rewarded in like manner, Mendoza, viceroy of Mexico, raised an army for the exploration of the "seven SPANISH EXPLORATION, 19 cities of Cibola and the unknown regions to the north," and placed Coronado in command. The army consisted of 300 mounted Spaniards, and 1,000 friendly Indians and servants, provided with large supplies of arms, horses, cattle and sheep. In February, 1540, the expedition started from Com postela, They traversed the Pacific coast through Culia- can to the Rio Sonora, Then striking into the interior near the source of that river they penetrated the moun tains and came in sight ofi one of the seven famed cities of Cibola, Tiguex, a flat-roofed Pueblo village. The Spaniards assaulted and captured the village, securing inuch needed provisions of corn, beans, fowl and salt,^ The winter camp was made at Tiguex on the Rio Grande, in New Mexico, near the present site of Ber nalillo. The winter was unusually severe ; the Rio Grande was frozen over so that it could be crossed on the ice by mounted men. The natives were unfriendly, food became scarce, the army discouraged, and no gold 3. From an old book of 1670. "Next to Mexico is Quivira, wbich is feated on the moft weftern part of America, over againft Tartary, from whence probably the inhabitants firft came into this New World, that fide of the country being moft populous, and the people living much after the manner of the Tartars, foUowing the Scafons of the' Year for the Pafturage of their Cattel ; that fide of America being full of Herbage, and enjoying a temperate Air. Tbe People defire glafs more than Gold. Their chief Riches are their Kine, wliich are Meat, Drink, Cloth, Houfes and Ufensils to tbem : for their Hides yield tbem Houfes ; their Bones, Bodkins : their Hair, thread ; their Sinews, Ropes ; their Horns, Maws, and Bladders, Vessels ; their IJung, Fire ; their Calves, Skins, Budgets to draw and keep water in ; their Blood, Drink ; tbeir Flesh, Meat, etc. "In Quivira there are but two Provinces that are known, Cibola and Nova Albion, fo Named by Sir Francis Drake, when he compaffed the World. It abounds with Fruits, pleafant to both eye and palate. The people are given to Hofpitality, but witball, to Wich-craft, and worfhip- ping of Devils," — Kansas Historical Collection, 30 HISTORY OF KANSAS, or silver had yet been found. Still Coronado was un daunted,^ 5. From the Rio Grande to Quivira. — The Indians, weary of the troublesome visitors, employed strategy to get rid of them. A Mississippi Indian captive of the Pueblos, for the price of freedom told Coronado that to the northeast lay the cities of Quivira and that there gold eould be found in abundance. This Indian, because he resembled, the people of the Balkan, was called "the Turk." Eagerly the Spaniards accepted his story, and taking him as guide, left the Rio Grande and traveled toward the northeast to the Rio Pecos, Crossing on a hurriedly constructed bridge, they traveled, according to the record of Coronado and Jarmarillo, who was a dis tinguished member of the expedition, thirty-seven days to the east and southeast. Here "the Turk" was accused of deceit by Isopete, an Indian belonging to a neighboring tribe of the Quiviras. Isopete declared that Quivira lay to the north. When it was found that their guide had been leading them into desert places where they would perish for food, .' ' the Turk ' ' was put in chains and later strangled. Under Isopete 's^ guidance thirty-six of the most reso- 4, Several interesting relics supposed to have been left by Coronado's men, are in the Kansas Historical Collection, From a mound near Lindsborg Professor J. A, Udden of Bethany College unearthed a fragment of Spanish chain mail, believed to be a part of tbe armor of one of Coronado's men, W, 15, Richey of IlarveyvlUe has given to tbe State a Spanish sword which was found in Finney County near the head waters of the Pawnee, It bears on Its blade : Ne Me Saques Sin Razon ; Ne Me Enbalnes Sin Honor, Translated this reads, "Draw me not without reason ; sheath me not without honor," Near tbe bllt is tbe name Juan Gallego in script letters, Gallego was one of Coronado's most dlstlngulsbed offlcers, ' 5, Isopete is pronounced I-so-pe'-te, SPANISH EXPLORATION. 31 F ^^^ ^9 1 MJ^^^R^lBmB hHHH^ X i^P ^^ t. i lute turned northward and came in thirty days to the Arkansas river, where the Santa Pe trail crosses it not far from the present site of Dodge City. This was on St. Peter's and St. Paul's day; so they named the river St. Peter and St. Paul. Following the river in a northeastern direction for eighty miles, they met a Quivira hunting party on the site of Great Bend, and going across country" they came to Quivira^ itself, a group of Indian villages located along the valleys of the Smoky Hill and Kansas rivers. Coronado and his men went from village to village, chain Man, which extended probably as far as MfeDowell's Creek, At the farthest northeastern point which they reached they erected a cross with this inscription, "Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, commander of an expedition, arrived at this place."* The long search was ended. Quivira was found, but no gold, silver or precious stones were there, and Coronado, ignorant of the greatness of his discovery, returned disheartened to Mexico, where the viceroy re ceived him in silent disapproval.® 6, Near Lindsborg the iron part of a Spanish bridle and a bar of lead witb a Spanish brand on it were found In the Quivira locality, 7. The Quiviran Indians were Pawnees, 8, The Cibola cities were found to be but pueblos in Arizona and New Mexico, Monuments have been erected in Geary, Dickinson, Riley and Wabaun see Counties,, to commemorate tbe Spanish explorations of 1841-42. 9. While Coronado was making these long marches Desoto, another Spanish knight, was making the conquest of Florida, After his death and burial in the Mississippi River, Moscoso took command of the once splen did army, now worn and suffering with the toil of conquest, and endeav- 32 HISTORY OF KANSAS, 6. Father Padilla.— After Coronado's return to Mex ico Father Padilla, one of the faithful priests of the expedition, went back to Quivira as a missionary to the Indians, He was killed by the Quivirans because he had left them, 'and was on the way to spread the Chris tian religion to other tribes. Padilla ordered the few who were with him to escape, and kneeling, met the savage at tack. Friendly Indians piled stones above his grave, mak ing a crude monument, which still standi crowning the summit of a hill near Council Grove, Thus was Christianity brought to Kansas, and Father Padilla was our first martyr.^" 7. Onate's Expedition. — Governor Onate of New Mexico with eighty men, marched in search of Quivira in 1601. He .joined a war party of an Indian tribe called the Escansaques (Es-can'sak), who were enemies of the The Padilla Monument. ored to lead them overland to the Spanish settlements in New Mexico. They came so far west that tbey saw snow-capped mountains. Tbeir entire route became a trail of flre and blood for Desoto had taught tbe Indian to fear and hate tbe Spaniard. At last in despair tbey returned to the Mississippi River. It is thought by some students of history that Moscoso entered Kansas. It is the opinion of the t'nited States Bureau of Ethnology that neither Moscoso nor Cabeca de Vaca ever trod Kansas soil. 10. Under the Spanish, the country of which Kansas is a part was known aa Florida. SPANISH RESTORATION, 23 Quiviras, and a joint attack was made on the Quiviran villages. The Spaniards and their allies were successful. To crown the victory, the Escansaques set fire to the homes of the Quiviras, The governor, endeavoring to stop the outrages, aroused the enmity of the Indians, and they turned* upon the Spaniards, A battle ensued in which a thousand Indians were killed. The Spanish loss was insignificant, but soon afterward Onate discontinued his explorations and returned to New Mexico, Revie-w Questions, — Name two Spamsh explorers of Kansas and give date of exploration, — Look up in a United States History an account of the Narvaez Expedition. — What was the most important result of Cabeca de Vaca's wanderings? — Give four causes of Coro nado's Expedition, — Trace Coronado's line of march, — Locate Qui vira. — ^What proofs have we of Coronado 's being in Kansas ? — Who was the first Christian martyr in Kansas? — What country did Onate explore and why did he discontinue his exploration? — What was the motive of Spanish exploration? CHAPTER III. FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. 8. Louisiana Territory. — In 1682 La Salle, ' ' the great est and most sagacious of explorers," sailed down the Mississippi to its mouth. On April 9th the banner of France was planted at the southern gateway, and La Salle in the name of Louis XIV, King of France, took posses sion of the Mississippi and all lands which it and its tributaries might drain. In honor of the king this vast territory was named Louisiana. It extended from the' Allegany to the Rocky Mountains, and from the Great Lakes to' the Gulf. Kansas, except a small portion of the southwest corner, was included in this territory. 9. Exploration of M. du Tisne. — The French planted colonies at the mouth of the Mississippi in 1699 as a result of La Salle's exploration. In 1719 M. de Bienville, Governor of Louisiana, sent out M, du Tisne, who ex plored the country to the southwest, coming near the eastern boundary of what is now Kansas, and possibly Crossing the southeastern corner. The Spaniards of New Mexico hearing of Tisne 's visit, and wishing to save the territory to Spain, sent out an armed caravan under Villazur,^ which came into the Kansas country in 1720, 1. ViUazur. with the usual Spanish desire for display, had with bim many pieces of silverware such as silver cups. The Indians kept tbese for trinkets and showed them with great pride to the French, Villazur's party rested at the pueblo village of Quartelejo, The massacre occurred at the junction ot the Platte rivers in Lincoln county, Nebraska, 24 FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. 35 The Spanish army while in a night camp was attacked by the Indians and totally destroyed. ViUazur was kiUed. 10. Exploration of M. de Bourgmont.^ — In order to hold the territory, the French in 1723 built a fort upon an island in the Missouri river near the mouth of the Osage and named it Fort Orleans. M. de Bourgmont' was put in command. He made extensive trips along the Kansas river and its tributaries. The first trip was made into the Kansas country in 1724, to establish commerce with the Indians and to make a treaty with the Padoucas. In June of that year, Bourgmont 's advance detachment under M. de St. Ange left Fort Orleans and went by water up the Missouri river to the Kansas. Later Bourgmont himself started overland. He was accompanied by several Frenchmen with a retinue of servants and a hundred Missouris commanded by eight war chiefs, and the great chief of the nation. On the way, he induced three hun dred Kanza warriors with their squaws and children, sixty-four Osages with war chiefs, and large delegations of the Otoes and lowas to join his forces. They traveled in columns. The French commander and Indian chiefs in savage array led the advance, fol lowed by Indians on horse and foot; mules loaded with French supplies, Indian dogs dragging lodgQ poles, and Indian women bearing burdens made up the rear. There 2, M. is the abbreviation for Monsieur. Du Tisne is pronounced, dii-tis-na'. M. Du Tisne started from Kaskaskia, 111. Bienville is pronounced, be-5ng-vll, 3, Bourgmont is pronounced, Boorg-mong, 26 HISTORY OP KANSAS. were many hardships to endure en route, and once Bourg mont, stricken with fever, was obliged to return to Fort Orleans, but at last, in October, the villages of the Padoucas were reached. The Indians were arranged by tribes in a great circle, with M, de Bourgmont, St. Ange and the chief of the Padoucas in prominence. M, de Bourgmont addressed them ; the chiefs responded in turns and then they smoked the pipe of peace. The party re turned to Fort Orleans in November. Cannon were fired, flags raised, and the Te Deum was sung in honor of the treaty. In 1725 the Indians totally destroyed Fort Orleans and massacred the entire garrison. The atrocity discouraged the French, and from 1725 until 1803 Kansas was an almost forgotten country. Map of Louisiana Purchase. 38 HISTORY OF KANSAS. Tliomas Jefferson. 11. Louisiana Purchase. — In 1763, at the close of the French and Indian War, France ceded Canada and all her possessions east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans to England and all west of the Mississippi River with New Orleans, to Spain. The term Louisiana was at this time ap plied to the territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains. Spain's hold on Louisiana became so weak, as the years passed, that for safety she retroceded it to France in 1801 by secret treaty. Napoleon was then First Consul of France. He had hoped to build a magnificent empire in Louisiana. His plan was to send over a strong army of 25,000 men, accompanied with a fleet to guard the coast, but the ever-watchful England thwarted his design. Napoleon knew that he must take possession of the terri tory and hold it or England would become its master, and this of all things he did not desire; he was pressed on every side by wars and political combinations; he saw clearly that to divide his forces in order to undertake a great American enterprise would endanger his power; and lastly he needed money to carry on his campaigns. There had been trouble for some years between the colonists and Spanish authorities at New Orleans in re gard to the commercial rights of the Lower Alississippi. To obviate further difficulties Jefferson, president of the United States, sent a request to Livingston, American minister to France, to open negotiations for the purchase of New Orleans. When Napoleon heard the message, FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. 39 he said with passionate vehemence, "Irresolution and deliberation are no longer in reason. It is not only New Orleans that I will cede, it is the whole of the colony with out reservation." The treaty was ratified in October, 1803,* and the Louisiana territory became the property of the United States.^ 12. The United States Occupies the Territory. — The treaty which made Kansas United States territory was concluded April 30, 1803, but St, Louis, and the province of Upper Louisiana, remained in the hands of the Spanish until March 9, 1804, nearly a year afterward. On that day Major Amos Stoddard" of the United States army appeared at St. Louis, and acting as agent of the French Republic, received from Don Carlos de Hault Delassus, the Spanish Lieutenant-Governor, the formal cession of the province from Spain to France. The Spanish Regi ment of Louisiana moved out ; a detachment of the First United States Artillery marched in; the American flag was raised; and the next day, Major Stoddard began the rule of the United States under the title of commandant. The value of the great acquisition to the United States cannot be overestimated. One million square miles of splendid territory, an empire in itself, was added to the national domain ; the navigation of the Mississippi River 4. The treaty was negotiated by Livingston and Monroe. Barhe Mar bois and Tallyrand, The province of Louisiana, consisting of over 1,000,- 000 square miles, was purchased for $15,000,000, Tbe interest on th'e amount and the satisfaction of claims made tbe total sum $27,267,621. 5, While Spain held Louisiana she demanded excessive duties for the American commerce tbat passed in or out of tbe river. Because tbe treaty by which Louisiana was ceded to France was kept secret the Spanish held possession in Amerioa. 6, Major Amos Stoddard, who was the descendant of the great divine, Jonathan Edwards, and grand-uncle of Hon. John Sherman, of Ohio, was the flrst American commander of the Kansas country. He was a good man and a brave soldier. 30 HISTORY OF KANSAS. was forever insured and the political power and integrity of our government against foreign intrusion was pre served, ' Review Questions, — Describe the Louisiana Territory, — On what grounds did the French lay claim to it? — For whom was the Territory named? — Name two French explorers of Kansas; give date of explo ration and territory explored, — Why did Bourgmont gather so many tribes and travel in such state? — Why did he consider the treaty significant? — Give the history of the Louisiana Purchase, — What did Napoleon desire to do in Louisiana? — Give four reasons for the sale of the Territory, — Why did the United States government desire to acquire it? — What was the total cost? — When was the treaty con cluded? — Why did the Spanish have possession when Stoddard came t& St, Louis? — Did the secret treaty have anything to do with the oondition? — What has been the influence of the Louisiana Purchase on subsequent history? CHAPTER IV. AMERICAN EXPLORATION, Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804. 13. Planned by Jefferson. — With the acquisition of Upper Louisiana by the United States, came the spirit of enterprise and exploration. In the latter direction the new government set the example. President Jefferson was full of interest and curiosity about the new empire of which so little was really known, and wrote with his own hand the directions governing the expe dition which was to set out under Cap tain William Clark, brother of General George Rogers Clark, the conqueror of Illinois, and Captain Merriwether Lewis, who had been the President's private ^^'"' ¦^""°°' '^'"''• secretary. He selected both these guides and leaders from personal acquaintance ; both were Virginians, and from his own neighborhood, 14. Expedition in Kansas. — The expedition reached the rendezvous near St, Louis early in the spring, and before the Spaniards were willing to acknowledge the Missouri as an American river. After the formal trans fer the expedition, on the 10th of May, 1804, started up the turbid Missouri, and on June 27th reached the mouth 31 32 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. of the Kansas River, landed and made a camp within the present limits of Kansas City, Kansas. Proceeding up the stream, the voyagers noted in the different journals objects on either shore which may still be recognized by the description. On the 4th of July, 1804, the party landed at or near the present site of Atchison at noon, and made brief observance of their country's natal day. They named a small stream near their landing place Fourth of July Creek, and going on up the river four miles, called another Kansas stream Independence Creek, a name which it bears to this 4ay. Thus was the Fourth of July first celebrated in Kansas, 15. West to the Pacific. — A few days later, the boats had passed beyond the '^"•'*- *'*""'"'" ^'^ limits of Kansas, and the voyagers were on their way to the "land of the Dakotas," to the unknown springs of the Missouri, to the untrodden passes of the Rocky ]\Ioun- tains, to the far Columbia, and on to the sounding surges of the Pacific. The explorers returned after two years, with the loss of but a single man in all the perils of the waste and wild. PIKE'S EXPEDITION. 16. Purpose and Koute. — In July, 1806, two years and two months after the Lewis and Clark expedition had gone up the Missouri, another expedition left Belle Fon taine, a small town near St. Louis, under the command AMEEICAN EXPLORATION. 33 of Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike,^ a young and active officer of the United States army. His instructions from the government were "to take back to their tribe on the upper waters of the Osage River some Osage In dians who had been redeemed from captivity among the- Pottawatomies; then to push on to the Pawnee Republic on the upper waters of the Republican River, then to go south to the Arkansas, and to the Red River, interview ing on the way the Comanches." 17. Route Tlirough Missouri. — ^Pike followed the Mis souri to the mouth of the Osage. Turning at that pic turesque stream, he traversed its banks until he came to the Osage villages near the present line of Kansas. There he met Chief White Hair. Procuring horses at the vil lages, Pike mounted his party of some twenty ofiicers and soldiers, and a number of Osage Indians, and started to execute the remainder of his mission. 18. Entrance Into Kansas. — Lieutenant Pike entered Kansas in what is now Linn County. He kept on to the southwest, and climbing a high rise, eame upon a sight which has delighted millions of eyes since, "the prairie rising and falling in beautiful swells as far as the sight can extend." The party came later to a ridge, which Pike describes as the dividing line between the waters of the Osage and Arkansas, Still marching westwatd, they reached the Neosho River, and crossing it, followed 1, When Pike was a young fellow he was with his father, who had command of a company at New Orleans, It became necessary to send some important dispatches to Cincinnati. Colonel Pike called his men before him and asked for volunteers for the dangerous journey. Young Zebulon unhesitatingly stepped forward and said," "I'll go,. Father." With one companion, he made his way on horseback among hostile Indians up the Mississippi River, crossed the ice on the Ohio and delivered the dis patches in safety. ¦ .;-i ^¦^Bl^^j^? 1 i > ./^>S£, ..if/i^^^HI IhK^^ ^'% 1 lient. Zebnlon Montgomery Pike. AMEEICAN EXPLORATION. 35 the divide between the Neosho and the Verdigris. On the 17th of September, going northward, they arrived at the Smoky Hill River, and after two days reached tbe Saline River. 19. The Trail of Spanish Troops. — It was about this time that Pike came across the trail of Spanish troops. The Spanish authorities in New Spain, hearing from St. Louis of his departure, had sent Lieutenant Malgares with a large pa-rty to intercept him. Malgares had gone up the Red River, thence north to the Arkansas, and so on to the Saline, but the parties had missed each other. Lieu tenant Pike was destined to meet Lieutenant Malgares later. 20. The Stars and Stripes Unfurled. — Pike's party reached Pawnee Republic on the 25th of September, 1806. Its principal village was located in what is now White Rock township. Republic County, near the present town of Republic City. The spot was made memorable. Pike had but sixteen white soldiers. His Osage allies he probably did not count for much, since he describes them as "a faithless set of poltroons, incapable of a great and generous action." With his little force, however, he overawed the sullen and hostile villagers. He met in council 400 Pawnee warriors on September 29, 1806. The .Spanish flag was flying from a pole in front of the council lodge. Pike ordered it lowered and the American flag raised in its stead. It was done, and the "Stars and Stripes" for the first time was given to the Kansas breeze. Regardless of the temper of the Indians, he remained in the neigh- 36 HISTORY OF KANSAS. borhood until the 9th of October, when he marched off in the direction of the Great Bend of the Arkansas River. 21. The Party Divided.— When he arrived at the Arkansas, Pike divided his party. Two canoes were con structed. One canoe was made of four buffalo hides and two elk skins and another was fashioned of green Cottonwood. In these Lieutenant Wilkinson, six soldiers and two Osage Indians embarked for Fort Adams, on the Mississippi. They were soon obliged to abandon their canoes and make their way on foot. Their progress was slow ; they suffered intensely from the cold. Finally they built other boats, and though greatly hindered by floating ice and sand bars, they managed to reach Arkansas Post in safety, January 9, 1807. Pike with the other division of the party stood at the parting of the ways on the low bleak shore of the Ar kansas River. It was" the last of October, and snow was falling every day. Why he did not mardh south to the Red River according to his first instructions has never been made clear; instead, he moved up the Arkansas, climbing the long slope to the Rocky Mountains, The country was full of wild horses; Indians were met fre quently, and again the Spanish trail was crossed. 22. Pike's Peak;— On November 15, 1806, Pike saw something else. "At two o'clock in the afternoon," he writes, "I thought I could distinguish a mountain, which appeared like a small blue cloud ; I viewed it Avith a spy glass, and was still more confirmed in my conjecture, yet communicated it only to Dr. Robinson, one of the com pany, who was in front of me. In half an hour it ap peared in full view before us. When our small party AMEEICAN EXPLORATION. 37 arrived on ¦ the hill, they, with one accord, gave three cheers for the Mexican Mountains." What Pike saw at first as a "small blup cloud" was the Great White Mountain of the Spaniards, the inajestic eminence afterward named, in his honor. Pike's Peak. He measured the altitude of the mountain, making it 18,581- feet above the sea, and endeavored to reach the summit, but without success. Afterwards he records, "In Pike's Peak, our wanderings in the mountains it was never out of our sight." These wanderings entailed fearful suffering, for the soldiers were thinly clad, the weather was severe, and the wild waste was inhospitable. 2. The actual height of Pike's Peak is 14,147 feet. 38 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 23. Taken Prisoner. — Pike reached the west fork of the Rio Grande and built a stockade. Here he was cap tured, as an intruder on Spanish territory, by a party of Spanish soldiers. His instruments and papers were taken from him, and he and his men were marched as prisoners to Santa Fc From Santa Pe they were taken to Chihuahua, Mexico, then a fine city of 60,000 iuhabit- ants. Lieutenant Malgares,' who had searched for Pike in Kansas, commanded the escort. Everywhere, by sol diers and people, the young American office^ was treated more as an honored guest than a prisoner. Finally, hav ing been the recipient of several valuable presents,* he was taken to within three days' march of the American frontier and liberated. He arrived at Natchitoches, Louisiana, July 15, 1807, nearly a year after he left St. Louis. 24. Pike's Subsequent Career. — ^After Pike's return to his own country, he continued in the army, where his rise was rapid. In the War of 1812 with Great Britain, he served as brigadier-generaP on the northern frontier. 3, Malgares is pronounced Mal-ga-ra', 4, Among the presents whicb tbe Spaniards gave Pike were a quaint old Spanish edition of Don Quixote and a dress pattern of beautiful white satin. The dress pattern was given to his wife, who with his sister had waited in great anxiety at St, Louis for the home coming of the wanderer, i This sister was a great favorite of General- Pike. She was the mother of Mrs. Sarah Sturdevant of Larned. Mrs. Sturdevant has tbe ^precious scrap on whicb were written tbe last words General Pike addressed to his wife. 6. Lieutenant Pike was called upon to take command of the expedi tion to the north at the request of General Dearborn, whose health was such that he was unable to make the trip. In order that Pike should take tbe command, it was necessar.v that he be made a brigadier general. This promotion be refused to accept unless his father, Major Zebulon Pike, who had served long and creditably in the army, should also be promoted. The government iiocedod In his demand, and his father was made Colonel. — (Kansas Historical Collections.) AMERICAN EXPLORATION. 39 On April 27, 1813, he planned and carried out an at tack on York, now Toronto, Canada, and was fatally wounded at the moment of victory. At his request the flag of the captured garrison was placed beneath his head. As his dying glance met the folds of "Old Glory," he said, "Keep the flag floating," and expired. Erected by tbe State of Kansas, 1901, To mark tbe site of the Pawnee Republic, wbere Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike caused the Spanish flag to be lowered and the Dag of the United States to be raised, September 29, 1806. 25. Prominent in Kansas History. — The name of Zebulon Montgomery Pike forms a part of the history of Kansas, and should be mentioned with honor, because he was the first intelligent American explorer of the in terior of Kansas ; the first to raise the flag of the United States within its present borders, and the first to record 40 HISTORY OF KANSAS. observations of the Great Plains country of which Kansas is a part. The story of natural Kansas was spread about the world by his journal published in 1810.' Early Expeditions. 26. Long's Expedition, 1819. — The expedition of Pike was followed by that of Major Stephen H. Long, who ascended the Missouri (in the Western Engineer) for the purpose of scientific research. This was the first steamboat on these waters. Two years were spent in the country by members of his party. They studied the topogi-aphy, geology and zoology of the country and the 6. In 1899 Elizabeth A. Johnson ot Eepublic county deeded to the State Historical Society eleven acres of land, containing the site of the old Pawnee village, where tbe American flag was flrst unfurled in Kansas. The deed provided that tbe society should fence and suitably mark tbe spot for historic preservation. Tbe legislature of 1901 appropriated ifS.OOO for this purpose. The deed was modified so as to require only that the visible remains of the village be enclosed. Accordingly but six acres of the eleven deeded the state were enclosed with an iron fence costing .$1,150, and a Barre Vermont granite shaft twentv-slx feet high was put up at a cost of SfLTSO, On September 2i), 1901, tbe monument dedicated to tbe memory of Zebulon Montgomery Pike was unveiled with appropriate ceremonies, ^ ^ AMERICAN EXPLORATION. 41 life and customs of the Indians. Thomas Say, who ac companied the expedition, was a distinguished scientist, and wrote some very valuable descriptions of natural Kansas. 27. Fremont's Expeditions.— John C. Fremont made several trips across Kansas in his exploration of upper Louisiana and the Oregon country. In May, 1842, he came up the Missouri and Kansas Rivers to Chouteau's trad ing post located on the Kansas River about six miles west of its mouth. Here he fitted out his expedition, and with the famous Kit Carson' as his guide, he proceeded up the river, and camped near the present site of Lawrence. He crossed the river where Topeka now '^" carson. stands, and proceeded northwest along the Blue and Platte rivers to the Wind River Mountains. He returned by way of the Platte River to the Missouri. Fremont made four later expeditions. Review Questions, — Name four American expeditions in Kan sas and give date of each, — By whom was the Lewis and Clark Expe dition planned and what was its purpose? — Show on the map where Lewis and Clark journeyed through Kansas, — Where was our first Fourth of July celebrated? — Give the purpose of the Pike Expedi tion. — Trace the Pike Expedition, — Name three incidents showing Lieutenant Pike's bravery and patriotism. — Who were the first sci entists in Kansas? — Give Fremont's route on his flrst trip through this section. . 7. Kit Carson, whose real name was Christopher Carson, was a famous American hunter, trapper, Indian fighter, and scout. His adven tures read like a romance. He came to be regarded throughout the coun try as the typical frontiersman, resourceful In danger, an adept with tbe rifle, and skilled even beyond the Indians in woodcraft and knowl edge of wild animals. See "Four American Pioneers," publisbed by the American Book Company, The Wind River Mountains are in Colorado, CHAPTER V. SOME FAMOUS TRAILS, 28. The First Trail.— The. faintest trail, and perhaps the earliest, was that made by the Indian dog dragging lodge poles from place to place. Then eame the first "white man's road," the trace of the packers' loaded mules, burros and horses, then the wide roads made by the traders' trains and the army wagons. All these left their mark in Kansas in the years when it was not an undiscovered country, but lying open and void, waiting for the rising of the Star of Empire. SANTA FE TRAIL. 29. The City of Santa Fe. — Pike in his narrative had described the ancient city of Santa Fe, New Mexico, the oldest city in the present United States. It was a city of perhaps 2,000 people, with its public square, its Palace of the Government, its Alameda, its quaint church of San Miguel, and its adobe houses, Spain ruled, and Spanish practices and costumes prevailed. An indescrib able grace of foreign flavor pervaded the drowsy old town; there the black-eyed Spanish beauty reigned, and the soft ' syllables of the Spanish language were heard, Santa Fe, however, was tributary to a vast country, and a great amount of business was transacted there. It was 42 SOME FAMOUS TRAILS, 43 said that $750,000 worth of goods were brought to the town each year. 30. The Non-Intercourse Rule Broken. — On account of Pike's description, great interest was aroused, and many individual attempts were made to open up com mercial relations between the Missouri border and Santa Fe. These attempts generally resulted in disaster. The Spanish government desired no intercourse, and repressed all such by demanding excessive tribute. Map' of Some Famous Trails, The Mexican Revolution, which began in 1810 and triumphed in 1821, making Mexico a republic, broke down the non-intercourse rule, and in 1824 the first wagon train passed over the' road from Missouri to Santa Fe. 31. Early History of the Trail. — There had been a trail to the Southwest before. Indian traditions reveal the story of a well marked highway, and it is thought that back in the days of the mound builders at least 44 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. parts of this route were used. The fact is well estab lished that it was a common road for Indian tribes for hundreds of years, and as we have already seen, Coronado followed it on his way to Quivira, Baptiste Le Grande, in 1804, was the first white man to make the trip with goods. Captain Bechnell in 1821 transported successfully the first pack train, and in 1824 came the wagon trains. On August 10, 1825, a commis sion of the United States and representatives of the powerful Osage nations met under a great oak tree near the place where the Santa Fe Trail crosses the Neosho, and made a treaty which led to the stronger establish ment and freer use of the "Trail," The place has since been called "Council Grove," and the oak, which still stands, "Council Oak." During the same year Major Sibley commenced the survey, and for three years was employed in laying out the highway and making treaties with the various tribes. 32. The Eastern Terminus. — The eastern terminus was at first Franklin, Missouri, on the Missouri River. Later the seat of trade was removed to Independence, Mis souri. In time the business was divided with Westport, a newer town, built on or near the Kansas line. From the Missouri River landing of Westport has since grown Kansas City. 33. Description of the Trail. — ^Leaving the Missouri line, the trail led a little south of west to Council Grove, and then across the country to strike the Arkansas at the center of the arc of the Great Bend, where one road continued to follow the river into what is now Colorado, while at Cimarron Crossing, near Fort Dodge, a shorter SOME FAMOUS TRAILS. 45 road bore off to the southwest to the Cimarron River and to New Mexico. The Santa Fe trail was the first broad mark made by civilization across the face of the prairies. It was a great road 775 miles long, 500 miles of which were in Kansas, a h&rd, smooth thoroughfare, from 60 to 100 feet wide. It had not a bridge in its whole extent, and was the best natural road of its length ever known in the world. In token that it had come to stay, the broad-faced yellow sunflower, since chosen by Kansas people as an emblem of their state, sprang up on either side where the wheels had broken the soil along the wild highway. 34, Points on the Trail. — A famous spot on the trail is the crossing of the Neosho River at Council Grove. The ford of this stream in the heart of the city and the main street are the same old highway and river cross ing where thousands of feet have passed in bygone years. Here was the last chance to buy supplies, and here the whites and Indians met often in council. The Great Bend of the Arkansas River^ was dark and bloody ground; thence west every mile has witnessed conflicts between the Indians and the caravans of traders, or between different tribes of Indians. Pawnee Rock,^ was a landmark, known from one end of the trail to the other. It was considered one of the most dangerous points on the long and perilous road. This was a favorite battle ground of the tribes. Here 1, The Santa Fe railroad bridge crosses the Pawnee Fork at the pre cise spot where the old trail did, 2. Pawnee Eock has been given to the state by tbe Women's Kansas Day Club and Benjamin F, Unrub ot tbe town of Pawnee Rock. 46 HISTORY OF KANSAS. Pawnee Rock. the Indians would hide and stealthily attack caravan or overland coach as it attempted to cross the stream. On an island at Larned, according to Major Inman, occurred a savage battle between the Pawnees and Cheyennes, in which the latter were severely defeated. So on through scenes of trial and conflict, the old trail led to where once stood old Fort Aubrey. It may be said that the five hundred miles of the Santa Fe Trail in Kansas, during the years that it was traversed by all classes of travelers, from solitary horsemen to the marching armies, witnessed the display of all the great human qualities, patience, fortitude, and the most heroic courage, as contrasted with the darkest treachery and the most cowardly ferocity. 35. Its Effect on Kaiisas Development. — After the lay ing out of the highway, Kansas was no longer a solitude. A stream of human life was, as it were, set flowing through the country. Trains going and eoming over the long road were seldom out of sight of each other, or of the gleam of the nightly fires. Millions of dollars' worth of property was transported by the pack animals and 48 HISTORY OF KANSAS. wagon trains. An army of men was employed to drive and care for a host of animals. This army included, besides Americans, many Mexicans as teamsters and packers, an art in which they stood unrivaled. Thus the dark features and soot-black hair of the "greaser" were made familiar from the Missouri to the mountains. The Spanish words incorporated in the English as spoken in Kansas at this day, date back to the days of the Santa Fe Trail. 36. The Oregon Trail.— The Santa Fe Trail, while, perhaps, the most importa;nt, was not the only great highway existing in Kansas before it was recognized as the, white man 's country. The Oregon Trail was a great thoroughfare. It ran through Doniphan, Brown, Nemaha and Marshall counties and through the northeast corner of Washington County, then it turned into Nebraska and followed the North Platte westward. By it a -great emigration moved on to California; the Mormons used it extensively. Colonel Inman designated this trail as the "Great Salt Lake Trail," and others as the California Road. 37. The Fayetteville Road.— In the days of the Cali fornia emigration a road long visible after it ceased to be used was that coming from Fayetteville, Arkansas, northwestward, and joining the Santa Fe Trail at/Turkey Creek, in McPherson County. 38. Port Riley Military Road.— A military road ran from Port Riley to Leavenworth and down to Port Scott. It has been said that the vaUeys of the Kansas River and of the Arkansas River were the first to be used as thor- SOME FAMOUS TRAILS. 49 oughfares by civilized men in Kansas. But the great geographical truth was early discovered that Kansas is .in the center of the great highway from the valleys of the Mississippi and Missouri to the mountains and the Pacific Ocean, Review Questions. — Name four famous trails or roads that were noted in Kansas history. — Draw a map locating them. — Describe the termini of the Santa Fe Trail. — How do you account for the great trade whieh passed between these towns? — Why did the Mexican Revolution break down the non-intercourse rule? — Who was the first white man to make a trip over the Santa Fe Trail? — How far did he travel? — Name some noted places on the Santa Fe Trail, — What was its value to Kansas development? 50 HISTORY OF KANSAS, Map ot Kansas included In defined Indian Country. Kansas received an Eastern Boundary 1820 — a Platte Purchase. THE INDIAN COUNTRY. The Prairie expresses itself in bronze. In no other material does it care to be sculptured. 'Tis a sullen metal but heroic. — W, A. QUAYLE, CHAPTER VI, THE COUNTRY SET APART FOR THE INDIANS, 39. The Eastern Boundary. — In 1820, by the organi zation of Missouri as a State of the Union, Kansas, which was before without form as part of Louisiana, received an eastern boundary. The west line of Missouri, as flrst established, followed a meridian line north and south, drawn through the mouth of the Kansas River at Kansa': ( 'ity, to the Iowa line. This line was really a line between white settlement and Indian occupation. The portion of Indian ground between the Missouri line and the filis- souri River was ceded by the lowas and Sacs and Foxes in 1836, and became a part of the State of Missouri under the name of the Platte Purchase. The Missouri River then became the boundary, but Kansas remained Indian ground. 40. Limitation of Settlement Theory. — It seems to have been considered that the Missouri River was the limit of possible white settlement. Pike had written of Kansas in his journal in 1806, "From these immense prairies may arise one great advantage to the United 51 53 HISTORY OF KANSAS. States, viz. : the restriction of our population to certain limits, and thereby a continuation of the Union. Our citizens being so prone to rambling and extending them selves on the frontiers, will, through necessity, be con strained to limit their extent on the West to the borders of the Missouri and Mississippi, while they leave the ¦prairies, incapable of cultivation, to the wandering abo rigines of the country." In the days between 1830 and 1854 the principal figures in Kansas were Indians, the regular army officer, the Indian trader, and the missionary. 41. Indian Country. — What is now Kansas was in cluded in the "Indian Country" by act of Congress, May 26, 1830. The fol lowing metes and bounds formed its boundaries : "Beginning on the Red River east of the Mexican boundary, and as far west as the country is habitable, thence, down the Red River eastward to Arkansas territory, thence northward along the line of Arkansas Ter ritory to the State of Mis souri; thence north along i""'""' ^^^"^ 'i^'^"'^' i«37. its westwardly line to the Missouri River, thence up the Missouri River to the Puncah^ (or Ponca) River, thence 1. The Ponca River empties Into the Missouri near the northern boundary of Nebraska. COUNTEY SET APAET FOE INDIANS. 53 westward as far as the country is habitable, thence south ward to place of beginning," This gave a country 600 miles north and south and 200 miles east and west. The country was not considered habitable more than 200 miles west of the Missouri line, on account of absence of timber. Eeview Questions, — How did Kansas receive an eastern boun dary? — What was the Platte purchase? — How did Pike value the plains of Kansas? — Describe the Indian country of 1830. CHAPTER VII. INDIAN TEIBES AND CUSTOMS. 42. The Indians. — The oldjest authorities represent this country, now called Kansas, as occupied principally by four great tribes of Indians, the Kanzas,- the Osages, the Pawnees aild the Comanches or Padoucas,. These tribes seem to have claimed this country among them and to have extended widely beyond its present limits. They belonged principally to the barbarous tribes, Difi'erent tribes, however, showed different degrees of advancement, 43, Traits of the Four Tribes. — The Kanza, Osage and Pawnee In dians lived in villages. Their lodges were stationary, circular, and cov ered with poles and earth. In the '^''p''^'" i°*'*°- center of the roof a hole allowed the escape of smoke 1. In Scott County pueblo ruins have been discovered which are be lieved to be the remnant of the old Apache village Cuartelejo, mentioned in the Spanish reports. During tbe period of Spanish control tbe Indians were persecuted with such cruelty for witchcraft that a band of Apaches ran away and settled at Cuartele,io. They were afterward taken back by the Spaniards. Eight rooms have been unearthed. They were plastered, contained pottery, corn, and implements of the domestic life, war and the hunt. 2. The Kanza Indians claimed northeastern Kansas, tbe Pawnees northern Kansas, the Padoucas northwestern, and the Osages southern Kansas. The Pawnees were Quiviras. The Kansas or Kaws were tbe Escansaques, the name developin.a; from Esc.Hn'sa to Canza or Kanza. It is said to m^an "people who came from the place ot tbe south wind," 54 INDIAN TRIBES AND CUSTOMS. 55 from the fire-place below. Around the room, mats of reed, artistic in workmanship, were sometimes sus pended. Beds, elevated from the ground and covered with buffalo skins for bedding, were arranged beside War Dance In the Interior of a Kanza Lodge, the walls. These Indians were large and muscular, with the usual Indian characteristics of color and facial • A note from Isaac McCoy's Journal : "Different persons have at vari ous times written tbe name (Kanza) of this tribe differently, as suited tbe fancy of each. We have cho.sen to adhere to the pronunciation of tbe natives themselves, which is Kau-zau. We have been the more in clined to do this from the supposition that its near resemblance to the name of tbe southern tribe supposed to be exterminated, from which Arkansas River derived its name, tbe proper pronunciation of wbich is Ah-kau-zau, might lead to a development of facts relative to the origin of these people, which would be of benefit to the future historian," 56 HISTORY OF KANSAS. markings. They dressed in skins of animals and dec orated themselves with paint, beads, and feathers. The men spent their time fishing and hunting, or fight ing, when on the war path. The women cared for the lodges and cultivated the ground, raising corn, pumpkins, and melons. They dressed and served the meat which the men brought from the hunt, and carried the wood and water. The hereditary chief was the principal man of the clan; there were several subordinate chiefs, all of whom held their positions by virtue of their bravery in battle. The clans were united into tribes, whose chiefs met in council for tribal affairs. The Comanches were a branch of the Shoshoni, a group of cognate tribes, hold ing the central Rockies, They were the only prairie tribe of the group, were noiliadie after their migration into Kansas, and resembled the savage tribes in their leading characteristics, 44. Other Tribes. — Other tribes in Kansas classed with the savage Indians. They had no permanent abiding place, but moved from one hunting ground to another, their belongings dragged on lodge poles harnessed to Indians dogs,' The rude tent-like skin wigwam was the only protection of the child of the prairie from sun and storm, 45, Religion of the Indians,— The religion of the In dians was a nature worship of sun, wind, lightning, etcetera The medicine man was the prophet and priest of the tribe. Among the Shawnee Indians there was a 3. The Indians began to use the horse as early as 1724, INDIAN TRIBES AND CUSTOMS, 57 tradition of the creation agreeing essentially with the account in Genesis. 46. The Removal Policy.— As early as 1824 the United States government had entered upon a policy of remov ing the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi, to a country which should be their own, and in the Act of 1830 the Indians were assured in almost affectionate language that the lands they were given in exchange for those Barbarous Indians. Letter Writing, they were already occupying should be theirs forever, and that the United States would give them patents if they so desired. Accordingly, the Kansas and Osage Indians were re stricted to smaller hunting grounds, in order to make 58 HISTORY OF KANSAS, room for the Eastern Indians. The Shawnees, the Dela wares, the Sacs and Foxes, the lowas and the Kickapoos were brought from Missouri ; the Ottawas and the Wyan dottes from Ohio ; the Pottawatomies from Michigan, and the Miamis from the Wabash Valley. Some tribes of the Kanzas were driven westward to the Blue River. The Cherokees were granted lands ia Kansas, but never occupied them in force. Several small tribes, the AVeas, the Piankeshaws, the Muncies, the Peorias, the Kaskas kias, and the Chippewas were also granted lands. The Indians were forced to move. Map of Indian Reservations. REviEvir Questions. — Name the four great tribes of Indians which occupied Kansas territory in 1830, — Give their leading charac teristics, — What was the religion of the Indians? — What was the removal policy and how was it carried out? CHAPTER VIII. MISSIONS, TRADING POSTS AND FORTS. Missions. 47. Grand Village.— Near Independence Creek, in Atchison County, there. once stood a large Kanza Indian village known to the French as Grand Village des Cansez, Jesuits of the La Salle-Marquette type established a sta tion at Grand Village as early as 1727, 48. Osage Missions. — The Presbyterians established the first Protestant mission in Kansas for the Osage Indians at Neosho and at Boudinot, on the Neosho River, in 1824, Rev. Benton Pixley was the founder, and with others labored most earnestly and devotedly there for the benefit of the Indians and the development of their children. The first Catholic baptism of Kan sas Indians was administered by Father Charles La Croix, who came J^""''^"' J"""" schoenmakers. to the Osages in Missouri in 1820, where the Presbyte rians had already established their Harmony Mission,^ He was given by them a room for a chapel, and baptized several Osage children. In 1847 the Rev. John Sehoen maker came to the Osages, with several other mission- 1. Harmony Mission was in what is now Missouri Just over the line from Fort Scott. 59 60 HISTORY OF KANSAS. aries and Sisters of Loretto, and began what proved for him a lifetime labor for the spiritual and temporal benefit of the Osages,^ However little the Indian may have cared, the labor in his behalf was incessant. 49. The Shawnee Missions.^- In 1830 the Rev. Thomas Johnson came as missionary to the Shawnees. A few years later the Shawnee Manual Labor School was established. Here the Indian girls were taught to sew, cook, spin, and weave, and the Indian boys practiced farming, carpentering, shoemaking, and brick laying, while the English language and the studies of the American schools received their share of attention. The Shawnees attracted the good of- •"=''- ''^o™as Johnson. fices of the Friends as long ago as the date of their treaty with William Penn. Among the religious teachers of these people, Henry Harvey was hon orably distinguished in both Ohio and Kansas. The Friends established a large mission among the Shawnees in what is now Johnson County. 50. Ottawa Mission. — On the mis sionary roll of honor no name is to be written above that of Isaac McCoy. He was the effective advocate of the Act of 1830 for the removal of the Indians , ^- ^l"l, ^'**' 9^ *''6 Catholic Mission became tbe town of Osage Mis sion and for a time tbe county seat of Neosho county. The name of tbe place was afterward changed to St. Paul. 3. Shawnee Mission became noted in territorial chronicles a-! tbe meeting place of tbe flrst Territorial Legislature. Isaac McCoy, MISSIONS, TEADING POSTS AND FOETS. 61 to the West, and preceded the-Tndians to Kansas, explor ing and surveying their reservations. He was known and beloved by all the tribes. Rev. McCoy firmly believed in the possibility of the elevation of the Indian, and worked to that end until the close of his life. His work at Ottawa Baptist Mission was in association with Jotham Meeker. \ There is in the annals of Kansas no story of greater devotion than that of Rev. Meeker and his wife! Mr. Meeker,Mis- Christina Mccoy, called by the Indians, "He that speaks good words," came to the Shawnees, in the Indian country, 1833, and later went to the Ottawas, He was a practical printer, and brought to Kansas the first printing press and type. He printed the first book in Kansas, and pub lished an Indian newspaper and many books in the Ottawa language. Mr, Meeker, largely assisted by one of his converts, Mr, J, T, "Tawa" Jones, estab- Rev. Jotham Meeker, ijgjied a church, a school, and a fine farm. After years of patient labor, Jotham Meeker died in 1854, and was followed in two years by his wife. Both rest where they fell in the cause of religion and civilization,* 4, The State Historical Library has thirty-eight volumes of manu script containing the correspondence, journals, diaries, etc., of the Eev. Isaac McCoy. They cover the period from 1809 to 1849. The graves of the Eev. Jotham Meeker and his wife are in an old for saken cemetery near Ottawa, Franklin county. Some day the citizens of the State may honor themselves by bunting out and suitably marking this last resting place of these brave pioneers. The diary of Eev, Meeker in the State Historical Library contains an account of tbe great flood of 1844, Had tbis diary been read and be lieved by the people of the river valleys, fewer lives would bave been lost 63 HISTOEY OF KAl^SAS. 51. The Iowa Mission.— Rev. Samuel Irwin began a Presbyterian mission among the lowas in 1837. He erected several buildings and wrote a grammar of the Iowa language. A daughter of Missionary Irwin is be- Baptist Mission, established in 1831. Here Meeker's printing press was first set up in 1833. lieved to have been the first white girl born in Kansas. 52. St. Mary's Mission. — In 1847 the Catholic mis sionaries established their principal headquarters at St, Mary's,^ on the Kansas River, and theilee missionary priests visited the different tribes while they remained. and much property might bave been saved from destruction in tbe great flood of 1903. The Indians have a tradition that the Kansas River extended from bluff to bluff in a great flood before tbe white man came. An old Indian observing the city of Topeka in construction, grunted, "White man heap big fool." ,5. The building here pictured was erected at St. Marv's by the Catholic church people. It was not, however, the flrst Catholic church MISSIONS, TEADING POSTS AND FOETS. 63 SELEfT*U¥M5rs, rnr i i ( v i. t^^^^ \< v /.J in wi !>- ^' I \ 53. The Work of the Missionaries. — Several other mis sions of less significance than the ones described were established. The mission aries were heroic pioneers of Kansas. They invented phonetic alphabets ; they created written 1 a n - guages, wrote dictionaries and song books, and gave the Indian the Bible and the Christian religion. They went into the rude lodges and wigwams and cared for the sick and the dying. They suffered from poverty and often from savage cruelty; they A Meeker Title Page. sacrificed h 0 m c and frieiids, and many died alone on the prairie that the Indians might know the better way and the higher life. First Cathedral of Eaasas. that was built on Pottawatomie creek, probably in what Is now Anderson county. It became a widely known place, and many people passed and repassed the spot or were given shelter under the hospitable roof. 64 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. "Little to him whose feet unshod The thorny path of the desert trod. Careless of pain, so it led to God." 54. Trading Posts. — Numerous trading posts were established dur ing the Indian Period, Trappers, hunters, traders, and Indians gath ered there and bartered their goods, the white man often exchanging whiskey, tobacco, and trinkets for ^j the most valuable furs and skins. At one post alone the trade amount ed to $300,000 annually. The most noted of these places were West- ^o'- ^^"''^ Leavenworth. port a great outfitting station, the Chouteau trading posts on the Kansas River and in the present Lian County, and Bent's Fort, to the far West, 55. Ports Established. — In consequence of the presence of the Indians, Fort Leavenworth was established, in 1827, by a detachment of the Third United States Infantry, and was named in honor of Colonel Baptist Indian Mission, Shawnee '^^^''y LcaVeUWOrth, of that county. Erected in 1848. regiment, Fort Scott was lo cated in 1842, Fort Riley, the third important post in Kansas, was not established till 1853, It was named for General Bennett Riley, who guarded the Santa Fe Trail and fought in Mexico. MISSIONS, TEADING POSTS AND FOETS. 65 PJTaLlei Map of Kansas Territory. Review Questions. — Name the great missions of Kansas. — Who were the most noted missionaries? — What were the methods of their service for the uplift of the Indian? — What do you think of their devotion to duty and their self-sacrifice? — Quote Whittier 's lines in commemoration, — Locate four trading posts and tell of their activi ties, — What forts were established because of the presence of the Indians? ' TERRITORIAL PERIOD. ' ' God give us men. A time like this demands Strong minds, great hearts, true faith, and ready hands; Men whom the lust of oflice cannot Tiill ; Men whom the spoils of ofifice cannot buy; Men who possess opinion and a will. Men who have honor — men who will not lie ; Tall men — suncrowned, who live above the fog In public duty and in private thinking. ' '¦ — J. G. Holland. REVIEW OF THE SITUATION. CHAPTER IX. THE OEGANIC ACT— THE KANSAS-NEBEASKA BILL. 56. The Missouri Compromise, — Slavery troubles in the United States began with the adoption of the Con stitution, but the territory of the Louisiana Purchase was not seriously affected until the passage by Congress of the Missouri Compromise^ in 1820. This measure pro vided that Missouri should be admitted as a slave state, and that in all remaining territory west of the Mississippi River and north of 36° .30' (the southern boundary of Missouri) slavery should be forever prohibited. 57. Result of the Missouri Compromise. — The Missouri Compromise was a great surprise to the people who opposed slavery, for they had hoped, after the admission of Louisiana as a slave state, that the remainder of Louisiana territory would be free. To even things up, Maine was admitted as a free state, making twelve free and twelve slave states in the Union. CoD.gress had adopted the plan of admitting first a free and then a slave state so as to preserve a balance of power in that body. This geographical subterfuge was not, to say the least, an ideal way to settle a question of great moral consideration, "For the present," said John Quincy 1, In 1836 the Missouri Compromise was violated by an act of Con gress in the Platte Purchase, which extended the boundary of Missouri in the northwestern part, to the Missouri Eiver, admitting thereby slaves into a free country. 68 HISTOEY OF KANSAS, Adams, "the contest is laid asleep." The phrase 'laid asleep' was wisely chosen, for the terrible question gained new strength' through repose ; when it awoke, many years later, it showed itself, as Jefferson predicted it would, more irrepressible and more formidable than ever. 58. Growth of the Slave Power. — As the years went on, many anti-slavery societies were formed, in the South, at first, as well as in the North. Henry Clay declared that "slavery was the deepest stain upon the character of our country." John Quincy Adams thundered philip pics against it ; Wendell Phillips ' oratory moved the masses ; Emerson, Lowell, and Whittier wrote in heroic lines the call to duty; abolitionists of the North spoke and wrote in execration ; Garrison was mobbed and Love joy murdered; still the slave forces grew in strength. Texas was admitted in order to augment its power; the Compromise of 1850 was its victory, and, as if nothing could hinder its progress, the Kansas-Nebraska Bill was proposed.^ 59. Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — This bill was introduced by Stephen A. Douglas,^ of Illinois, for the avowed pur pose of taking the slavery question out of Congress and putting it in the hands of the people. The Nebraska country was the country west of Missouri, Iowa, and 2. The Compromise of 1850 provided that California should be ad mitted to the Union as a free state, tbat tbe territories of Utah and New Mexico should be formed without any provision concerning slavery, tbat slavery should be prohibited in the District of Columbia, tbat Texas should be paid $10,000,000 to give up her claim on New Mexico and that a fugitive slave law should be enacted providing for the return of run away slaves to tbeir masters. California in ber constitution had provided for freedom before applying for admission. By the Compromise, I'tah and New Mexico were made possible for slavery and the fugitive slave law made tbe North a hunting ground for runnway slaves. 3. The Douglas idea was called "squatter sovereignty." The squat ters were to be supreme authority on the great question. THE OEGANIC ACT. 69 Minnesota territories. It was north of the Missouri Compromise line of 36° 30', and slavery had been for ever excluded from its boundaries by that compromise. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill p'^'^vided that the people of the territory should decide whether it should be free or slave. The bill annulled the Missouri Compromise ; it seemed to those opposed to slavery that it threw down all bars, and the threat of a Southern planter that he would yet call l^e roll of his slaves on Bunker Hill would soon be carried out.* 60. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill in Congress. — No bill ever introduced in Congress provoked such excited de bate. Wade raised his voice against "giving slavery a chance to enter a territory as large as all the free states, pure as water and beautiful as the garden of God." Sumner protested vehemently against "removing the landmarks of freedom," "We are on the eve of a great national transaction," said Seward, in the last hours of the discussion, "a transaction that will close a cycle in the history of our country." The debate lasted nearly five months. The bill passed the Senate at four o'clock on the morning of March 4, by a vote of thirty-seven to fourteen, and the House at midnight of May 22, by a vote of 113 to 100. It was signed by President Franklin Pierce, May 30, 1854. 61. The Reception of the Bill.— The triumph of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill was received throughout the North 4. Charles Sumner, Salmon P. Chase, and William H. Seward were leaders against the Kansas-Nebraska Act. There were, from 1852. occa sional feeble attempts to induce action for a territorial organization at Washington, and, in 1853. Abelard Guthrie was nominated as delegate in Congress by a convention at Wyandotte, while Rev. Thomas Johnson was put in nomination at the Kickapoo village. The latter was elected and went to Washington, but was not received. 70 HISTOEY OP KANSAS, with demonstrations of grief and anger. A great num ber of American citizens, with the experiences of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Fugitive Slave Law, and the Compromise of 1850, and with the Dred Scott Case then pending in the courts, did not believe that the bill meant an honest submission of the question of slavery to the bona fide settlers of Kansas, or meant anything except a determined purpose to force slavery upon Kansas, and upon every territory in the United States, Douglas was condemned all through the North, He said, "I could travel from Boston to Chicago by the light of my own effigies," 62. Results of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — The conse quences of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill were momentous. It opened the territories of Kansas and Nebraska as a battleground between the forces of freedom and slavery: it gave the finishing blow to the Whig Party; it made the Democratic Party for many years sectional rather than national; and it united the forces which formed the Republican Party, We shall see its results in Kansas. Eeview Questions. — Name the historical events whieh reveal the growth of the slave power in the Nation from the adoption of the Constitution to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. — What was the Missouri Compromise and in what two ways did it affect the ter ritory that later eame to be known as Kansas? — See map, page 65 and page 67. — Give the year of its enactment, — What was the Kansas- Nebraska Bill? — State its purpose, — What was the eflfect of its intro duction in Congress? — How was it received by the country at large? — Find anti-slavery poems in the writings of Whittier, Lowell, Long fellow and others that were inspired bv the ' ' Crime Against Kansas, ' ' — How are Wendell Philips, Charles Sumner and Abraham Lincoln connected with Kansas history at this time? — Give four results of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. CHAPTER X, KANSAS TEEEITOEY. 63. The Name Kansas. — The Kansas-Nebraska Act defined the boundaries of the new territory and gave to it the name Kansas. The spelling and definition of the word have been the cause of much discussion. Professor Dunbar, formerly of Kansas, a most accomplished Indian linguist, states that the name of the Kansas River is derived from the Kansas Indian word Kanza, meaning "swift," 64. Kansas Boundary. — The following are the limits of the territory as given in the act : Beginning at a point on the western boundary of Missouri, where the 37th parallel of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the eastern boundary of New Mexico ; thence north on boundary to latitude 38 ; thence follow ing said boundary westward to the east boundary of the Territory of Utah, on the summit of the Rocky Moun tains ; thence northward on said summit to the 40th paral lel of latitude ; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the State of Missouri; thence south with the western boundary of said state to the place of beginning. The south line was not made to conform with the line of the Missouri Comprojnise, 36° 30', but was fixed at the 37th parallel, the boundary between the reservations of 71 72 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. the Cherokees and the Osages. The area is 126,283 square miles. 65. The Population. — At the organization of the ter ritory, the white population of Kansas consisting of six or seven hundred citizens, was concentrated about the forts, trading posts, missions, and reservations from the Missouri River to Council Grove. The largest number were located in and around Uniontown in what is now Shawnee County. The population was smaU, scattered, and uninterested in public affairs. 66. Across the Border. — Missouri, on account of her own institution of slavery, was interested in Kansas. Western Missouri contained 50,000 slaves, and abolition in Kansas meant danger to property and social forms there. In fact, it was stated in a representative pro-slavery con vention in Lexington, in July, 1855, "that the endorse ment of restriction in the settlement of Kansas was vir tually the abolition of slavery in Missouri." David R. Atchison, United States Senator from Missouri, was the leader of the pro-slavery element, and B. F. Stringfellow was a close subordinate. He urged that Kansas be flooded with slaves, and that when they were found profitable they would be retained. 67. Missourians in Kansas. — President Pierce had barely signed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill before large num bers of Missourians rushed across the line and seized the best lands. Settlers were required to live on their claims a stated length of time and build houses preparatory to making homes, but the Missourians, not even waiting for the Indians to get out of the way, staked out claims, sometimes merely notching trees or crossing a few logs KANSAS TEEEITOEY. 73 to represent a cabin, and then went back to Missouri. "They , were men who proposed to reside in Missouri, but vote and fight in Kansas. Jubilant and defiant, they threatened with death any abolitionist who would dare to settle in the territory." 68. New England Emigrant Aid Society. — On the pas sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill the Anti-slavery people were thoroughly discouraged. Theodore Parker said, ' ' In the steady triumph of despotism, ten years more like the ten years past and it will be all over with the liberties of America: ' ' And Garrison wrote, ' 'fWill Kansas)be a free state ? We answer, No ! Not while the existing Union stands. Its fate is settled. ' ' But there was one man who dwelt in the "valley of vision"; he believed that what was planned for evil could be turned to good; that the Kansas-Nebraska Bill might yet serve freedom's cause. Eli Thayer,^ of Boston, member of the Massachusetts legislature, advocated with great enthusiasm the idea of free state emigration to Kansas. His efforts interested some prominent men of Massachusetts, and as a result the New England Emigrant Aid Society^ was formed, with J. C. Brown as president. Mr. Thayer traveled 60,000 miles and gave a great many lectures in the inter est of organized emigration, and Amos A. Lawrence, a wealthy financier, contributed large amounts from his private fortune to further the enterprise. Dr. Charles Robinson, who had been a factor in California's admission as a free state, was made local agent. 1, Mt, Oread of Lawrence University was named after the Mt. Oread school in Worcester) of whicb Mr. Thayer was founder. 2. The Emigrant Aid Society offered flfty dollar^ for tbe best poem on the subject of Emigration. The prize was won by Lucy LarcOm, then a teacher in Wheaton Seminary, at Norton, Massachusetts, on tbe poem, "The Call to Kansas," 74 ¦ HISTOEY OP KANSAS, 69. The Purpose of the Society. — The aim of the or ganization was to induce first-class emigrants to go to Kansas, to protect them from the hardships of pioneer settlement, to select territory under experienced leaders, to invest capital, and provide hotels, saw mills, grist mills, newspapers,' schools, and other improvements. Anyone, whether in sympathy with the organization or not, was at liberty to take advantage of its benefits. Expenses were not paid. The colonists sent by the company in 1854 numbered seven hundred and fifty-one. About $140,000 was spent by the association for its work in Kansas. 70. Other Organizations. — Other anti-slavery organi zations were "The Emigrant Aid Society of New York and Connecticut," and the Union Emigration Society of Washington. The border counties of Missouri, also active, rang with the note of the preparation of pro-slavery and "Defensive Associations," "Squatter Associations," "Blue Lodges," and other secret and open societies were formed. The issue was joined, Ih the ears of those who marched to Kansas from the conquering North, sounded a watchword which has always rung in men's ears like the note of a trumpet, or breathed as the voice of a siren ; itwas — "Freedom."* 3. A powerful literary agency enlisted for tbe winning of Kansas was the New York Tribune, edited by Horace Greeley. 4. There were many claim disputes, tbe most serious being at Law rence ; for as Lawrence was the only Free State town then well estab lished, the opponents were anxious to get it out of tbe way. The town site of Lawrence was purchased for .fSOO ot a Mr. Stearns. Soon, how ever, another claimant, John Baldwin, appeared, and demanded tbat a tent belonging to a Lawrence settler be removed. His demand was re fused. Baldwin secured tho assistance of attorneys and laid out a plot for a town, but this did not avail, for tbe liiiwrerice settlers quietly held KANSAS TEEEITOEY. 75 71. Towns Founded. — President Pierce signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, May 30. On the 13th of June the Leavenworth Town Company was organized at Weston, Missouri, In the same month the first newspaper in Kan sas the ' ' Leavenworth Herald, ' ' was printed under a tree Lawrence, Kan., 1855, on the town site. The Atchison town company was formed in Missouri, July 27, Leavenworth, Atchison, and Lecompton were founded by pro-slavery people from Mis souri. The free state emigrants founded Lawrence and To- their own. Finally the Missourians, resorting to forceful measures, assembled about eighteen men in arms, and sent this notice to Dr. Robin son : "If you do not remove that tent in thirty minutes we will." Dr. Robinson sent back the laconic reply, "If you molest our property, you do It at your peril," About thirty of the Lawrence men eame together with 76 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. peka,'^ and later Osawatomie, Manhattan, and Wabaunsee. On the first day of August, 1854, the pioneer party from New England, under Mr. C. H. Branscomb, reached Law rence. Two weeks afterward they were followed by a larger party under the leadership of Dr. Charles Robin son and Samuel C. Pomeroy. The town was named Lawrence in honor of the treasurer of the society. At first Lawrence was merely a collection of tents. These were superseded by qu^eer grass-thatched huts and rude mud-plastered log cabins." In these crude homes dwelt some rare New England men and women, imbued with the spirit of their forefathers who had come to America that they might worship God in their own way, according to the dictates of their own conscience. Dr. Robinson as captain to guard the tent. He proposed to arbitrate, but the opposing party refused, and declared that if the Lawrence people did not surrender in one-half bour, a force of 3,000 if not 30,000 MTissourlans would be raised and "wouid sweep tbem off tbe face of the earth." The half hour passed and a quarter, still there was no attack. When Dr. Robinson was asked, "What shall we do if the Missourians attempt to remove the tent; shall we fire to hit or flre over their beads?" "Well," said Dr. Robinson, "I should be ashamed to flre at a man and not hit him." A spy overheard tbe remark and reported to tbe Missourians. They withdrew very soon. 5. Topeka was founded December 5, 1854, 6. A note from Mrs. Robinson's Diary : "We attended church. How strange everything appeared. The hall where the meetings are held isl a two-story wooden building. It is simply boarded with cottonwood and tbat, to a person in tbe country Is explanation sufficient of its whole appearance ; for the sun here soon curls the boards, and every ohe shrinks from every other, leaving large cracks between. For a desk to support the gilded morocco-covered Bible, sent by tbe Plymouth church, a rough box turned endwise and standing near one end of tbe hall was used. The singers were seated upon one side of tbe preacher, while upon the otber side also fronting the desk were other seats — rough boards used until the settees are flnished. All this seems rough and uncouth, and at tbe flrst moment we felt tbat two thousand miles lay between us and the pleasant sanctuary of our fathers. But when we look on the pleasant faces around us, and tbe services commenced with tbe singing of hymns learned long ago, and we beard In the persuasive, winning tones of tbe preacher the same heavenly truths which will render one's life here as holy as elsewhere, we felt that New England was in our midst. We realised more fully the truth which bas been pervading our thoughts for many days thnt "a man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth." KANSAS TEEEITOEY, 77 The Song of the Kansas Emigrant. Printed in the "Herald of Freedom," at Lawrence, Oct. 21, 1854. We cross the prairies as of old The Pilgrims crossed the sea. To make the West as they the East The homestead of the free. Chokus : The homestead of the free, my boys. The homestead of the free. To make the West as they the East The homestead of the free. We go to rear a wall of men On Freedom's southeru line . And plant beside the cotton tree The rugged northern pine. We're flowing from our native hills, As our free rivers flow; The blessings of our mother-land Is on us .as we go. We go to plant her common schools On distant prairie swells. And give the Sabbaths of the wild The music of her bells. Upbearing like the ark of old. The Bible in her van We go to test the truth of God Against the fraud of man. No pause, nor rest, save where the streams That feed the Kansas run, Save where our pilgrim gonfalon Shall flout the setting sun. 7. The Herald of Freedom, edited. by G. W. Brown, was the flrst Free State paper published. The flrst number was issued in January, 1855. In 1855 tbere were at least thirty-flve slaves in Doniphan county. Cary B. Whitehead traded bis farm in tbat county for a number of slaves, which he afterward took to Missouri. The flrst issue of the White Cloud "Chief," Hon. Sol. Miller's paper, was printed on a press operated by a slave whom Mr. Miller hired from his owner for that purpose. — C. E. Cory, 7th Vol., Historical Report. 78 HISTOEY OF KANSAS, We'll tread the prairies as of old Our fathers sailed the sea; And make the West as they the East The homestead of the free. John G, Whittier. (Sung to the tune of "Auld Lang Syne.") Eeview Questions, — What is the derivation of the name Kansas? — What is the boundary of Kansas according to the Organic Act? — What is the title of this act? — Describe the population of Kansas at the time of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, — Describe con ditions in Missouri and the people across the "border." — What was their immediate action when the Kansas-Nebraska Bill became a law? — Who conceived the idea of the New England Emigrant Aid Society? — What was the purpose and organization of the society? — Name other slavery and anti-slavery organizations. — Name three free state and three pro-slavery towns that were founded ih 1854- '55. — Memo rize the ' ' Song of the Kansas Emigrant. ' ' THE STRUGGLE IN KANSAS. CHAPTER XI. GOVEENOE EEEDEE'S ADMINISTEATION. July 7, 1854— Sept. 7, 1855. 72. First Territorial Governor.— Andrew H. Reeder,^ first Governor of the Territory of Kansas, was appointed by President Pierce. He arrived at Fort Leavenworth on the 7th of October, 1854. He was a Penn sylvania lawyer of high standing, but had never held public office. He had always been a member of the Democratic party, and thoroughly endorsed the doc trine of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Gov ernor Reeder received a hearty welcome at Leavenworth, and his reception was quite as kindly at Lawrence, which he soon afterward^ visited. He made a tour of observation through the territory to inform himself concerning its topography and population, 73. Territorial and National Officials, — The other ap pointed ofiicers of the territory arrived at intervals. The Secretary of the Territory was Daniel Woodson, of Virginia. His office was most important, since, under the organic act, he assumed in the Governor's absence all his 1. Governor Reeder is said to have designed tbe territorial seal. It is two inches in diameter with a shield in the center with the motto above it, "PopuM voce nata," It means "Born by the voice of the peo ple," or "Squatter Sovereignty." Around the shield are the words : "Seal of tbe Territory of Kansas, Erected May 30, 1854." 79 80 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. powers and functions. The Chief Justice of the Territory was Samuel D. Lecompte, of Maryland, a strong pro- slavery advocate. Officers of significance in Kansas affairs at Washington were: Franklin Pierce, President of the United States and signer of the Kansas-Nebraska Act ; D. R. Atchison, acting vice-president of the United States, and United States Senator from Missouri; Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War, and afterwards president of the Confederacy; and Stephen A. Douglas, chairman of the Committee on~ Territories in the Senate. 74. First Election. Congressional Delegate. — Gov ernor Reeder issued his proclamation for an election for a delegate to Congress on the 29th of November, This was the first election held in the territory. The candi dates were Gen, ^ John W, Whitfield, Pro-slavery ; R. P, Flenniken, Administration Democrat, and John A. Wake field, Free State. On the day of the election, as was afterwards reported by an investigating committee, a large number of persons came over from Jlissouri and voted, but General Whitfield received a legal plurality. As this would have happened, and he would have received a certificate of election without it, the invasion was a causeless and senseless outrage, which had no further effect than to inflame the North, where the determination that Kansas should not be a slave state was daily growing more resolute. The name which assumed the most prominence in the leadership of the Pro-slavery movement was that of David R. Atchison. 75. First Census.— In February, 1855, Governor Reeder THE STEUGGLE IN KANSAS. 81 caused the first census of the territory to be taken. It showed a population of 8,601 persons and 2,905 voters. 76. Second Election — Territorial Legislature. — Gov ernor Reeder divided the territory into districts, ap pointed judges of election and ordered an election for a Ter^-itorial Legislature to be held March 30, 1855. Both sides realized the importance of this election and strove for victory. The excitement in Missouri exceeded all previous experiences. The Blue Lodges^ became very active. Meetings were held and money was collected to meet the expenses of those who would' go to Kansas to control the polls. ^ An invading force of 5,000 entered the territory. They came on. horse-back, in wagons and carriages, an "unkempt, sun-dried, picturesque mob," armed with shot-guns, revolvers, and bowie knives, and generously supplied with whiskey.* Squads were de tached and sent to the different voting places. The judges of election appointed by the Governor were driven from the polling places or forced to resign their offices," The census of the preceding month of February gave Kansas Territory 2,905 voters. At this March election 2. The Blue Lodges were secret proslavery societies. 3. Mr. William Phillips, a lawyer residing in Leavenworth, had sworn a protest against the validity of tbe election in bis district. He was taken into Missouri, where they shaved one side of his bead, tarred and feathered him, and put him up at auction, where a negro sold him for one dollar. .A meeting wbicb sanctioned this action was presided over by a member of the ProSlavery Kansas Legislature, and tbe resolution was offered by a judge and member of the House of Representatives. 4. "I tell you to mark every scoundrel among you that is tbe least tainted with free-soliism or abolitionism and exterminate him. Neither give nor take quarter. • * • I advise you one and all to enter every election district in Kansas, in deflance of Reeder and his vile myrmidons and vote at the point of the bowie knife and tbe revolver." — General Stringfellow in an address to Missourians. 5. On the wall of a saloon in Kansas City, Missouri, was posted this notice : "$1,000 reward for Ely Thayer, the founder of the New Eng land Emigrant Aid Society," The Missourians brought their tickets with them. 82 HISTOEY OP KANSAS. 6,318 votes were cast, of which 1,410 were legal and 4,908 were fraudulent. When their votes were cast the Mis sourians went back to Missouri. 77. Effect of Invasion. — The day after this election the actual facts were known all over the territory; within the week, in every corner of the United States. The result was fuel to the roaring fire; every means which had been used before in the warfare against slavery was redoubled. The betrayed people who had gone to.^the territory under the implied promise of the Kansas- Nebraska Act," that the people of the territories should be allowed to regulate their institutions in their own way, became throughout the Free States the objects of boundless sympathy. The incidents of the invasion of March 30 were told in song and story, by artist's pencil, and by press and pulpit, and the Free State emigrants, with increasing vigor and numbers, pressed into the Ter ritory of Kansas. 78. Governor Reeder 's Action. — In six out of eighteen districts. Governor Reeder set aside the elections for informality, and ordered an election to be held May 22 to fill vacancies. He removed his office from Fort Leaven worth to the Shawnee Manual Labor School, two miles west of Westport, Missouri, and ordered the first- Legis lature of the territory to convene at Pawnee, a town which had been laid out near Fort Riley. After his decision in regard to the elections, and his proclamation for the meeting of the Legislature, Governor Reeder went 6. The Free State men had come to the Territory unarmed, but after the Missouri invasions, arms were sent for In self-defeuse against the ruffians. Sharp's rifles were sent them iu boxes marked "Books." THE STEUGGLE IN KANSAS. 83 East to meet charges which the Pro-slavery leaders had made in asking his removal,' First Territorial Capitol, Pawnee, 1855. 79. Election of May 22.— At the election to fill vacan cies in the legislature, caused by the Governor's refusal to sanction the unlawful voting in certain districts, the Pro-slavery voters neither in the territory nor in Mis souri took part. The Free State voters alone participated. 80. First Legislature — Pawnee, — The members of the Legislature met at Pawnee on July 2, 1855. The Pawnee town company had erected a stone building for the use of the law-makers. The Legislature came, went into camp, remained four 7. Tbe walls of the legislative building still stand In sight of the tJnlon Pacific railroad track a few miles east of Fort Riley. 84 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. days,' unseated the Free State members, seated the mem bers declared elected on the 30th of March, and passed a bill ' ' to remove |he capital temporarily to Shawnee Manual Labor School." This act was vetoed by the Governor, it passed over his veto, and the Legislature adjourned. 81. Govemor Reeder Renioved. — On the re-assembling of the Legislature at the Shawnee Manual Labor School, Governor Reeder informed the body that it was in ses sion where it had no right to be, in contTavention of the Act of Congress, and that he could give no sanction to any act that it might pass. The Legislature, in both branches, memorialized the President of the United States to r»move Governor Reeder. On the 31st of July his removal was officially announced, and on the 16th of August the Governor reported his removal to the Legislature, So ended the term of the first territorial Governor of Kansas. He had served eleven months. 82. Woodson Acting Governor. — The departure of Governor Reeder made Secretary Woodson acting Gov ernor. His signature is affixed to all laws passed by what the Free State party called the "Bogus Legisla ture." 83. Acts of Shawnee Legislature. — The first Legisla ture reassembled at Shawnee and adopted as a system of laws the Missouri statutes, adding thereto a series of "black laws" exceeding in ferocity anything ever 8, jSev. Thomas .Johnson states tbat "nearlv all the members of the legislature iiad to camp out in the open sun, and do their own cooking without a shade tree to protect them, for there were no boarding houses in the neighborhood excepting two unfinished shanties. The gentry came prepared for roughing it, as tbey brought an unprecedented assortihent of legislatorial fixtures, pots, kettles, sauce pans, provisions and tents " THE STEUGGLE IN KANSAS. 85 known in the United States. A large number of counties were organized; Lecompton was fixed upon as the terri torial seat of government, and a provision was made that every officer in the territory, executive and judicial, was to be appointed by the Legislature or by some officer of the Legislature." 84. Mob Violence at Atchison. — ^During the spring and summer of 1855 there was much disturbance. Many of the collisions were doubtless incited by private and per sonal enmity, but the outrages which created the most profound impression throughout the country were those committed for opinion's sake. Rev. Pardee Butler was seized at Atchison, in August, and sent down the river on a raft made of two logs, with many circumstances of injury and insult. Returning the following spring, he was stripped, tarred, and covered with cotton. He was a peaceable settler of the county, he had only expressed his opinion upon a question which, und'er the Kansas- Nebraska Act, was left to the determination of the lawful voters of the territory. His story was told all through the North and roused a determination of resistance. While Pardee Butler was going down the river on his raft, John Brown was moving along the road to Kansas with his rifle. 9. As an example of some of the laws formed : It was enacted that the death penalty should be inflicted In tbe case of one who should entice, decoy, or carry away any slave with intent to procure his freedom. To question the right of slave-holding meant felony and imprisonment with hard labor. A citizen could be disfranchised who refused to take oath to support the Fugitive Slave Law. The "freedom of the press" was vio lated. If one should assert that persons had not the right to hold slaves in the Territory or caused to be Introduced or printed any denial of tbe right to hold slaves, such a one wouid be deemed guilty of felony and punished by imprisonment at bard labor for a term of not less than two years. Free State men were denied tbe right to hold office. It was provided that "hard labor" should be with heavy ball and chain locked to the ankles and on public roads or buildings, and that the convicts could be hired out to private parties. Early Map of Kanaas. THE STEUGGLE IN KANSAS. 87 Eeview Questions, — Give the dates of Governor Eeeder 's Admin istration, — What had been his experience, and what was his attitude with regard to Kansas affairs when he came to the Territory? — Who were the territorial and national oflScials that had supreme control in Kansas? — What was their attitude? — What was the purpose and result of the first election held in Kansas territory? — What was the first census report? — Describe the election of the first Territorial Legislature,— What was the effect of the "Invasion"? — Note Gov ernor Eeeder 's action and the resulting May election, — Locate Pawnee and Shawnee, — Enumerate the significant acts of the first Legislature. — Give reasons for the removal of Governor Eeeder. — What were the "black laws"? — Why was the first Legislature called the "bogus Legislature"? — Do you approve of Governor Eeeder 's action during his administration? THE REIGN OF VIOLENCE. CHAPTER XII. GOVEENOE SHANNON'S ADMINISTEATION. Sept, 7, 1855— Sept. 9, 1856. 85. Second Territorial Governor. — In September, 1855, Wilson Shannon, of Ohio, Second Territorial Governor of Kansas, appeared at Westport, Missouri. Unlike Gov ernor Reeder, Governor Shannon had been much in pub lic life. He had been Governor of Ohio, United States Minister to Mexico, and member of the House of Repre sentatives, where he had voted for the Kansas-Nebraska Act. THE TOPEKA MOVEMENT. 86. Origin. — After the first two elections and the inva sions from Missouri, it was a question among the Free State people what was to be done that Kansans might have their rights as American citizens recognized. Dr. Charles Robinson was a sagacious and conservative leader, and to him the people turned. He decided that the wisest move would be to ignore the "bogus territorial legislature," adopt a state constitution and apply for ad mission into the Union. Accordingly «°^^"" ^"^™ sf^nnon. meetings were held to spread the idea among the people and unite them for service. The most significant meeting 88 THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE. 89 was that at Big Springs in October, 1855. James H. Lane, a politician from Indiana, was there. Ex-governor Reeder gave a stirring address. Since his removal from office he had thrown heart and soul into the Free State movement and was a great help botjhi inside and outside the territory. The eflfort was the beginning of the Free State Party and the movement which resulted in the Topeka Constitutional Convention, 87. Topeka Constitutional Convention. — Delegates to the Topeka Constitutional Convention were elected Octo ber 9, 1855. The Convention met on the 23d of October and completed the Topeka Constitu tion, the first constitution of Kansas, on the llth of November. The con stitution was submitted to a vote of the people on the 15th of December. At Leavenworth the poll books were destroyed by a Pro-slavery mob, and also the office of a Free* State news paper. Outside of Leavenworth 1,731 votes were cast for the constitution, and 46 against it. The Pro-slavery people refused to vote at both of these elections. The Topeka Constitution provided, "There shall be no slavery in this State, or involuntary servitude except for crime." 88. Election of Congressional Delegate. — On October 1, an election for delegate in Congress was held. The Free State voters took no part in the election, and John W. Whitfield received 2,721 votes. On October 9 the Free State voters cast 2,849 votes for Andrew H, Reeder. Congress refused to seat either contestant. James H, Lane, 90 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. THE WAKAEUSA WAE, 89. Cause. — The unity of the Free State "people in the Topeka movement was a constant irritation to the Mis souri party even though they knew that they had ia their favor the President of the United States, the Governor, and the Territorial Legislature, The Free State leaders were very careful to violate no law of the United States, and holding themselves in quiet reserve awaited the result of the Topeka movement, November 21, 1855, a crisis eame in the murder of Charles M, Dow, a Free State settler, by P, M. Coleman, a Pro-slavery advocate, at Hickory Point about ten miles south of Lawrence. Dow was a young Democrat of high standing in the community who had made his home with' Jacob Branson, a farmer. When it was found that he was murdered for his principles rather than for anything that he had done, .indignation knew no bounds. Dow was buried by his Free State friends, who declared that they would ferret out the murderer and his accomplices. That night, Coleman fled to Shawnee. No effort whatever was made by the authorities to bring him to justice. Though the Free State leaders tried to prevent it, someone burned Coleman's cabin," and he "swore his life" against Dow's friend, Jacob Branson. " On the night of November 26, a band of Free State people had gathered together at the scene of the murder. While they were there Sheriff Jones (who, though a resident of Missouri, was by ap pointment of the Territorial Legislature Sheriff of Douglas County) went to Branson's home with a posse and took him into custody. The Free State men came THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE, 91 to ask for Branson, and were informed that he had been taken away by a band of arii;ied men. In the sea,rch, they came upon Sheriff Jones with his men at Brandon's Bridjge, and demanded and secured Branson's release.' 90. The Events of the War.— Sheriff Jones, in high dudgeon, rode to Franklin, a Pro-slavery outpost, dis patched a messenger to Missouri, and notified Governor Shannon that a rebellion had broken out in the Territory and that 3,000 men were required to suppress it. The Governor believed the report, ordered Generals Richard son and Strickler bf the territorial militia to march to Lecompton and report to the sheriff with all the force they eould collect. In the meantime, the Missouri border was stirred with appeals, and a large force raised to organize another invasion. A formidable Pro-sl&.very party consisting of 1,500 men gathered at Franklin, rharchecl up to Lawrence, and went into camp on the banks of the Wakarusa. They were a rough crowd of adventurers. Free State companies gathered from the vicinity and joined the garrison at Lawrence, where defenses were prepared under the direc tion of Robinson with Lane second in command.^ Law rence had 600 defenders. General Easton, editor of the Pro-slavery ' ' Kansas Herald, ' ' reconnoitered the town, ad- 1, Mrs. Eobinson tells of the ladies' part in the defence : "Mrs. Wood, whose husband has ever been most active in the free-state cause, and for wbom the enemy feel no little bitterness, has offered her little shake cabin next the hotel for tbe general use. Dally and nightly the ladies meet there in the one room, with its loose open floor through whicb the wind creeps,' to make cartridges, their nimble fingers Ijeeping time with each heart beat for freedom, so enthusiastic are they in aiding the defense." Mrs. Samuel N. Wood and Mrs. George W. Brown of Lawrence went out six miles from tbe town and brought in two kegs of powder hidden in the voluminous folds of their fashionable dresses. Tbe invaders halted them, but finding that they were ladies released tbem and allowed tbem to go on their way. 92 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. vised Governor Shannon that it was well fortified, and recommended a call for the United States troops at Leavenworth. The governor acted accordingly, but Colonel Sumner, who was in command, refused to respond without orders from Washington. Finally two men from Lawrence contrived to get through the enemies' lines and communicate with Governor Shannon. They found him entirely deceived as to conditions. Thinking the Free State people a band of outlaws he was bent on depriving them of their arms which they had a constitutional right to carry. Governor Shannon visited the camp of the Missourians and then Lawrence, and finding that the Lawrence people were in the right, and alarmed at the lawless host he had collected, succeeded in dispersing the Missourians, to the chagrin of Sheriff Jones. The Governor affixed his signa ture to a treaty of peace signed by Dr. Robinson and James Lane. A few evenings later, these gentlemen, ex cepting the Governor, met many of the leaders of both sides at an evening party given 'by the ladies of Law rence.^ Even Sheriff Jones was an invited guest. 2. The party was given that the governor and his friends might find tbat the Lawrence people were not a set of outlaws but cultivated, loyal, American citizens. When the voting commenced, the legality of a vote of a Mr. Page was raised. Before it was decided. Colonel Samuel Young stepped up to the window and said he would settle the matter. Tbe vote of Mr. Page was withdrawn, and Colonel Young offered to vote. He refused to take tbe oath prescribed by the Governor, but swore that he was a resident of the territory, upon which bis oath w.is received. He told one of the Judges, wben asked if he intended to make Kansas his future home tbat It was none of bis business, that if he were a resident then he should be asked no more. After bis vote was received Colonel Young got up on tbe window-sill and announced to the crowd that be had been permitted to vote and they could ail come up and vote. "The polls were so crowded tbat for a time wben tbe men had voted tbey were obliged to get out by being hoisted up on the roof of the building and passing out over the house." — The Kansas Conflict. "At Bloomington tbere was an exceptionally successful bedlam The .ludges exhibited obstinacy which yielded' only to an active revolver and bowle knife treatment. * * • It was intimated tbat their resigna tions would be accepted — a bint which they neglected to act upon THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE. 9.3 91. Thomas W. Barber a Martyr.— But the ' ' Wakarusa War" was not destined to end without bloodshed. Thomas W. Barber, a young man, who had been among the defenders of Lawrence, was on his way home with two friends, when they were confronted by two horsemen, who detached themselves from another party, and Barber was killed. Murders had not been uncommon, but this excited unusual horror. The funeral of Barber was at tended by every demonstration of respect, Charles Robin son and James H. Lane speaking beside the coffin; Whittier afterwards wrote the "Burial of Barber:" , Not in vain a heart shall break. Not a tear for freedom's sake Fall unheeded; God is true. The Kansas county of JBarber commemorates his name. 92. The Winter of '55 and '56.— The winter of '55 and '56 was a very severe one. The pioneers in their little cabins were unprepared for it, and many suffered intense ly not only from cold, but also from hunger. THE TOPEKA MOVEMENT CONTINUED, 93. Election of State Officers. — The Free State party continuing its tentative government, on January 15, 1856, elected state officers and chose Dr. Charles Robinson governor. 94. Session of Topeka Legislature.-^On the 4th of March, 1856, the first session of the Topeka legislature Finally, to expedite affairs a borderer drew his watch and announced a five minute period of grace^then resignations or death. The five min utes expired and nothing had been done. An extension of one minute was allowed, during wbich the judges decamped." — Spring. Samuel Jones, afterward known as "Sheritt Jones," led the crowd at Bloomington. 94 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. was held, Dr, Robinson presented a message, and James H, Lane and Andrew H, Reeder were chosen United States Senators, A memorial was prepared asking ad mission into the Union. The legislature adjourned to meet July 4. 95. Topeka Constitution in Congress. — The Topeka Constitution was presented in the Senate of the United States by Lewis Cass and in the House by Honorable Daniel Mace of Indiana. On the 3d of July, 1856, the House of Representatives passed a bill for the admission of Kansas under the Topeka Constitution by a vote of ninety-nine to ninety-seven. The opposition of the Senate to any free Constitution was invincible, and there the Topeka Constitution failed to receive the required num ber of votes. 96. The Territorial Judiciary. — The Judiciary of the Territory was entirely in the hands of the enemies of the Free State party. An act by the Territorial Legislature provided "that no person conscientiously opposed to the holding of slaves, or not admitting the right to hold slaves in tliis Territory should be a juror in a case in volving the right to such property." Chief Justice Le compte and Judge Cato were the most prominent judges. They were both in sympathy with the Missouri party. 97. Arrest of the Free State Leaders. — In ]\Iay the grand jury of Douglas County under the instruction of Judge Lecompte, began its session at Lecompton. The "treason-suppression" program was advanced. Ex- governor Reeder, Dr. Charles Robinson,^ and many others 3. Dr. Robinson had started east with Mrs. Robinson to confer with friends ot his cause and to put the report of the investigating committee THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE, 95 were indicted for high treason. Ex-governor Reeder* was in the Territory in attendance on the Congressional Investigation Committee. He refused arrest and made his way to Kansas City, Missouri, whence he escaped in disguise down the Missouri on the deck of a steamboat."' Dr. Robinson was arrested while traveling with Mrs. Robinson, at Lexington, Missouri. He was brought back to Lecompton and held a prisoner for four months. THE SACK OF LAWEENCE. Ul 98. Conditions and Causes. — Word came frequently to the settlers at Lawrence that an attack on the town was being planned in Missouri.^ Telegrams were sent to the President and to Congress asking for protection, but no protection was afforded. Well might the town of Lawrence be concerned for its safety. Its leaders who in safe hands. At Lexington he was seized and detained until legal papers could be obtained from Kansas. Colonel Preston started with his prisoner to Lecompton. Governor Shannon, fearing a rescue at Xaw- rence, baited the party at Franklin, and sent them to Leavenworth, where Governor Robinson barely escaped a mob. Later be was taken to Le compton and confined with other Free State prisoners a part of the time in a log hut and at other times in a tent. Tbe place of confinement was called the "Bastile of the Prairies." Mrs. Robinson, after ber return from the east, joined him here. 4. Reeder escaped disguised as a wood-chopper. He wore a blue jean suit, a battered felt hat, smoked an old clay pipe, and carried an ax over his shoulder. He walked through the crowds at the hotel undetected, and was rowed down the river to an out-of-the-way landing, where a friendly captain took bim on board. "Get aboard, you old scallawag. I won't wait two minutes for you," shouted the captain, simulating gruff- ness as Reeder clambered on board. 5. Governor Reeder had many' valuable papers, whicb, although dis guised, he dared not carry out of Kansas on his person, nor was tbere any of his men who dared to do it for him. Helen M. Hutchinson, a brave woman, concealed the papers and took them safely out of the state, although she was intercepted bv ruffians on tbe road. Fort Riley was built in 18.'55. In 1899, upon the solicitation of General Sheridan, the Government began the reconstruction ot the Fort. It is now a beautiful place, a school for artillery and cavalry. 7. Missouri received /onstant accessions from the proslavery country, bands coming from as far away as South Carolina. Buford, of Alabama, Issued a call for 300 men, offering by way of inducement, transportation, support for a year, and the satisfaction of a chance at an abolitionist. 96 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. had served so long and faithfully had been imprisoned or driven out of the state. It stood alone and helpless. Sheriff Jones, who had never recovered from his defeat in the Wakarusa War, made himself so obnoxious in his arrest of Free State men that he was shot and wounded, but not fatally, by a youth of Lawrence. The act, though repudiated by the citizens who offered to assist in finding the guilty party, was held against the town. The affair created great excitement in Missouri, where Jones was considered a hero, and it was declared that Lawrence, "that foul blot on the soil of Kansas," must be removed. As a result the grand jury of Douglas County found bills of indictment against the Free State newspapers — the "Herald of Freedom" and the "Kansas Free State" — and against the principal hotel of Lawrence. 99. Events. — To carry out the ruling of the Grand Jury, Marshal Donaldson issued a call to towns on the border to rally at Lecompton. Another wild lawless crowd assembled under the leadership of Sheriff Jones and General Atchison. On the 21st of May, 1856, they^ en tered Lawrence with 800 cavalry and infantry and two cannon, burned and battered down the Free State Hotel, destroyed the offices of the newspapers, and threw the presses into the river. On th^ ruins of the office of the "Herald of Freedom," they planted a blood-red fiag bearing a lone star and the words "South Carolina and Southern Rights."* Stores were broken into and robbed, and Dr. Robinson's house was burned." 8. The South Carolina fiag is now in the possession ol the Kansas state Historical Society at Topeka. 9. T. H. Gladstone, correspondent of tbe London Times, and a relative of England's great statesman, was at Kansas City wben tbe mob returned from the Sack of Lawrence. He describes tbe scene thus : "I shall THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE. 97 100. A Reign of Terror. — At last the demons of war were loose. Dr. Robinson and his co-laborers had shun ned violence and had always counseled no bloodshed, and a careful observance of the federal laws, but after the arrest of the Free State leaders and the sack of Lawrence the territory was "plunged into chaos"; a reign of terror began. John Brown now became prominent in Kansas affairs. He felt that he had a divinely appointed mission to free the slaves. Spring says of him that whatever else may be laid to his charge^whatever rashness, unwisdom, or bloodiness — no faintest trace of self-seeking stains his Kansas life, "In behalf of the cause which fascinated and ruled him hfe was prepared to sacrifice his enemies, never forget the appearance of the lawless mob that poured into the place, Inflamd with drink, glutted with indulgence of the vilest passions, displaying with loud boasts the plunder they had taken from the inhab itants, and thirsty for tbe opportunity of repeating the Sack of Lawrence in some other offending place. Men for the most part of large frame, with red fiannel shirts and Immense boots worn outside their trousers, their faces unwashed and unshaven, still reeking with the dust and smoke of Lawrence, wearing the most savage looks and giving utterance to the most horrible imprecations and blasphemies ; armed moreover to the teeth with rifles and revolvers, cutlasses and bowie knives — such were the men I saw around me. Some displayed a gross intermixture in their dress, having crossed the native red rough shirt with satin vest or narrow dress coat pillaged from the wardrobe of some Lawrence Yankee or having girded themselves with cords and tassels which the day. before had ornamented the curtains of the Free State Hotel. Look ing around at these groups of drunken, bellowing, bloodthirsty demons, who crowded around tbe bar of the hotel .shouting for drink, or vented their furious noise on thie levee without, I felt that all my former expe rience of border men and Missourians bore faint comparison with the spectacle presented by this wretched crew, who appeared only the more terrifying from the darkness of the surrounding night. A number of these men became my companions for the night as I went up by one of the Missouri steamboats from Kansas City to Leavenworth City. I found on the upper deck the few more gentlemanly persons to whom 1 bad referred. One or two appeared to be United States officers, men of edu cation and reflnement. Another, a gentleman more advanced in years, held himself somewhat apart, and appeared engaged in anxious thought. He had an eye full of bright intelligence and wore the aspect of one who was superior to those around him. To my astonishment I per ceived that the older gentleman was a prisoner. In renly to Inquiry by many the answer was "given, 'It's Governor Robinson being brought round from Lawrence by way of Kansas City.' " 98 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. and if the offering proved inadequate, to sacrifice him self." 101. Pottawatomie Massacre. — It was reported to John Brown, that Pro-slavery men of Pottawatomie Creek were attempting to force people who were obnoxious to them from the country and he with a company of seven or eight men went up to Dutch Henry's crossing and at tacked the homes of the Pro-slavery settlers, May 24, 1856. James P. Doyle, his two sons, William Sherman, commonly called "Dutch Henry," and Allen Wilkinson, a member of the Shawnee legislature, were called out of their cabins and killed.^" 102. Black Jack. — The whole country now became the prey of marauding parties of both sides. Horaes were desecrated, crops destroyed, and towns pillaged. Captain Pate, who had taken part in the siege of Lawrence, on hearing of the Pottawatomie Massacre, started to capture Brown, but Brown captured him and twenty-eight of his men at Black Jack and kept them prisoners. 103. Palmyra. — The Missouri border rushed into the territory. Whitfield, delegate to Congress, was made leader. They planned to unite with Pate and drive every abolitionist from the country. The Free State leaders also became active and concentrated their forces at Palmyra. The two armies stood face to face June 5. Governor Shannon then became alarmed, and ordered the United States troops to the rescue. Colonel Sumner responded, sent the belligerent parties home, and released 10. "The men killed had been our neighbors and I was sufficientiy ac quainted with tbeir characters to know that they were of the stock from which came the James brothers and the Youngers, who never shrank from perpetrating crime if it was done in the interest of the proslavery cause." — August Bondi, THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE, 99 the prisoners. On the way back to Missouri, Whitfield's party plundered Osawatomie, 104. Disbanding of the Topeka Legislature. — In spite of the fact that the Topeka Constitution was admitted into Congress and that a bill was passed for its adoption in the House of. Representatives, the administrations of President Pierce and those in control in Kansas Terri tory took the position that adherence to the Topeka gov ernment or non-obedience to the Shawnee-Mission Legis lature constituted some form of treason and insurrection. On the reassembling of the Legislature at Topeka, July 4, 1856, Colonel E. V. Sumner, of the National Forces, accompanied by United States Marshal Donaldson,^ ap peared with five companies of United States dragoons and two pieces of artillery. Entering the Senate and House Colonel Sumner ordered the Legislature to disperse. He was obeyed. Governor Shannon was out of the Territory. Colonel Sumner" acted under the orders of Acting- Governor Woodson and Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis. Colonel Sumner said, "Gentlemen, I am called upon this day to perform the most painful duty of my whole life. God knows that I have no party feeling in this matter and will hold none as long as I occupy my present position in Kansas." Because of his considerate conduct he was given three cheers by the Legislature.^^ 11. Colonel Sumner was soon afterward relieved of his command by the administration at Washington. Persifer I. Smith, an ardent advocate of proslavery, succeeded him. 12. "The Daughters of the Revolution have placed a tablet on the -¦-,-i^-w . .«¦ s ^'i ';^ i ^ ift Colonel E. V. Sumner. 100 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 105. Siege of Lawrence. — In August the siege of Lawrence became serious. Pro-slavery men occupied forts at Franklin, Saunders, and Titus. These forts con trolled the approaches to the town and cut ofif supplies. Food became scarce. Captain Abbot said, "The boys lived for days on oats. It was like eating prairie hay," On August 13 Free State men under James Lane attacked Franklin, smoked out the block house, and compelled the garrison to surrender. Two days afterwards Fort Saun ders was secured, and on August 16, Captain Sam Walker with the loss of only one man captured the fortified house of Colonel Titus and twenty prisoners. Colonel Titus was the most noted of border ruffians. On Sunday, August 17, Governor Shannon came to Lawrence, and made a treaty of peace, under the terms of which pris oners were released. 106. Resignation of Governor Shannon. — On August 18, 1856, Governor Shannon wrote to President Pierce, "I am unwilling to perform the duties of governor of this territory any longer." On August 21, he received notice of his removal. Secretary Woodson again con trolled, and the reign of ruffianism became supreme. 107. Destruction of Osawatomie. — On the 30th of August, 250 men from Missouri, under General John W. Reid, attacked Osawatomie. The place was defended hy forty-one men, under John Brown. In this action, Fred erick Brown, a son of John Brown, was killed by Rev. Martin White, Six Free State men also lost their lives. All the houses in Osawatomie save four were burned, sidewalk on Kansas Avenue. Topeka, marking the lots ou whicb the 'rnpckrt constittitional convention as.semWed, and where Col, E. V, Sumn«r dispersed tbe Topelia Leplslnfure. THB EEIGN OF VIOLENCE, 101 108. Mob at Leavenworth. — In Leavenworth, a Pro- slavery mob murdered William Phillips, a Free State lawyer, who had been tarred and feathered the year be fore, and a vigilance committee compelled Free State citizens to leave the city. 109.. Exchange of Prisoners.— On the Sth of Septem ber, 1856, a force of 300 Free State men from Lawrence under James Lane with l^wo pieces of artillery appeared at Lecompton on the heights about the town. They were met by Colonel Phillip St, George Cooke, with a detach ment of United States troops, who demanded the errand of the approaching army. It was explained that the re lease of the Free State prisoners — not the "treason pris oners," who were held by United States authorities, but all others — was demanded, and the general protection of the Free State population from robbery and murder. As a result of this interview an exchange of prisoners was effected. 110. Release of Dr. Robinson. — By the efforts of Amos A. Lawrence, who had some influence with President Pierce, Dr. Robinson was liberated on bail of $5,000 just four months from the day he was taken prisoner. Of the re maining prisoners, some were tried and acquitted, some esoaped, and in the case of others the suit was dismissed. 111. Response to the Narrative of the Struggle. — The calamities of Free State men stirred Northern sentiment deeply. Pulpit, press, and convention rang with Mrs.saraT.L.EoWnson the story of suffering. Legislatures of several states 102 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. passed resolutions of sympathy for the Kansas pioneer struggling for the cause of liberty. Mrs. Robinson's book, "Kansas — Its Interior and Exterior Life," appeared in the autumn of 1856. Its strong, brave, clear, realistic narrative of border events stirred to the depths the hearts of its readers. It ran through nine editions. Beneficent societies sprang up everywhere, ^^ Three hundred thou sand dollars in money and provisions were sent to Kansas, and hundreds of settlers poured into the territory. They were shut off from Missouri ; therefore avoiding that state, they came down through Iowa and Nebraska.^* 13. One of the companies of emigrants was called "Lane's Army." It was a body of 400 settlers, many of them from Chicago, Members stopped alone the line and founded Holton and Plymouth. Late in September, James Redpath came witb 130 men. Shannon ordered Colonel Johnson to examine tbe force on its advent to ascertain the purpose of its coming. Colonel Johnson pronounced tbem "Real immigrants." Another division consisted of 218 men and five women. "I do not see many spinning-wheels sticking out of the wagons," said Colonel Cooke as he passed among them. "Indeed, there were no visible furniture, agricultural implements, or mechanical tools, but all tbe requisite articles for camping and campaigning purposes." Tbis band was marched before the governor, but was liberated after he had given them some advice as to the conduct of settlers in Kansas, 14. "The liifle Christians" from Connecticut under the leadership of C. B. Lines were a far-famed ban4. Tbey came armed with Bibles and rifles. Said their leader, "Like our fathers we go witb tbe Bible, to indicate the peaceful nature of our mission and the harmless character of our company, and a weapon to teach those who may be disposed to molest us (if any such there be) tbat while we determine to do that which is right, we will not submit tamely to that which is wrong." Tbis company founded Wabaunsee. It was also known as tbe "Beecher Bible Company." Eeview Questions.— Give the dates of Governor Shannon's Ad ministration. — Why was the Topeka movement " organized ? — Trace carefully the Topeka movement through this administration, giving each event. — When and where did the Free State Partv have its beginning? — What was the attitude of this party with "regard to United States laws? — Give the date, causes and results of the Wakarusa War? — What do you think of the action of Sheriff Jones, Governor Shannon and Dr. Eobinson in this warf — Give the attitude and action of the Territorial Judiciary. — Describe the Sack of Lawrence, giving causes and results. — Trace" John Brown through THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE, 103 this administration, — Locate the places about Lawrence that figured in the Siege. — Do you think there is a turning point in this adminis tration favorable to the Free State Party? — If yon do, what is the turning point? — Describe the disbanding of the Topeka Legislature. — W'hat was the response to the narrative of the Struggle? CHAPTER XIII. GOVEENOE GEAEY'S ADMINISTEATION. Sept. 9, 1856— April 16, 1857. 112. Third Territorial Governor.— On the 9th of Sep tember, 1856, Governor Geary, ^ third governor of Kansas Territory, arrived at Fort Leavenworth. He was a man of exceptional executive ability, strong and forceful in character, true to a trust, and a soldier of reputation for bravery. He, like Dr. Robinson, had had experience in the western world, having been first mayor of San Francisco, and having taken prominent part in establishing the government of California. The disorders of Shannon's admin istration had aroused indignation the country over, and the Democratic Party feared defeat at the coming election if something were not done to Governor John w. Geary, adjust the difficulties in Kansas, Gov ernor Geary was decided upon as a man strong enough to master the situation. He was confident of success; the 1, Governor Geary flrst gave peace, in degree at least, to the Terri tory. He later served two term'; as governor of Pennsylvania, and was one of its most noted chief executives. Durins; the Civil war he asked permission to raise a regiment. Within forty-eight hours 0,000 men applied to bim for enlistment in his regiment. Maria Child sent a box of clothing to the women of Kansas. She wrote, "Never have I been so proud of women as I bave been while reading of your patient onduriinec and your undaunted heroism," 104 THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE. 105 desperate conditions fascinated him, and his hand with no uncertain grasp took the lever of Kansas affairs. He did not hesitate to report the true conditions in Kansas to the authorities at Washington. He wrote to President Pierce that he had to contend against "armed ruf&ans and brigands"; and that the town of Leaven worth was in the hands of bodies of men, who, calling themselves militia, perpetrated the most atrocious out rages under the shadow of authority from the Territorial government. 113. The Hickory Point Fight. — Governor Geary ar rived at Lecompton on the 10th of September, 1856. The next day. Captain Harvey, a Free State partisan, surprised a Pro-slavery force at Slough Creek, in Jefferson County, and captured the blood-red South Carolina flag, which had been raised at the sack ing of Lawrence in May. Captain Harvey, two days afterwards, attacked Hick ory Point, in Jefferson County. Later the 101 men south Carolina Fiag. under Harvey were taken prisoners by Colonel Cooke, U. S. A,, who marched them to Lecompton, where they were held by Judge Cato for trial on the charge of murder in the first degree. Twenty of these were afterwards sentenced to five years in the penitentiary, though they were never incarcerated. 114. Governor Geary's Action. — Governor Geary's first act was to issue a proclamation disbanding the Terri- 106 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. torial militia, and ordering all other armed men to quit the Territory. The Governor proceeded to Lawrence, September 13, and found the town in arms in prospect of another invasion with about 300 poorly equipped and discouraged defenders. Even the women and children were preparing to aid in the hopeless defense. He left United States troops there, and went to the junction of the Wakarusa and the Kansas Rivers, where he found a force of 2,700 men from Missouri armed and organized, drawn up horse and foot, and having with them a six-pound battery. They were under the com mand of Atchison, Reid, Whitfield, and Sheriff Jones^ and were on their way to the destruction of Lawrence, Governor -Geary ordered the force to disband and it dis appeared. This is sometimes called "The Invasion of the 2,700," 115, Free Immigration.— The Missouri River had been for some time closed against Free State travel, and large parties of Free State immigrants had been entering the Territory via Iowa and Nebraska. In October, a party was arrested by Colonel Cooke and a Deputy United States Marshal. Governor Geary met the immigrants and ordered their release. Afterward, immigration was free. 116. Thanksgiving Day.— Governor Geary appointed Thursday, November 20, as a day of thanksgiving for the advent of peace.^ 117. Kansas State University Initiated. — "As early 2. Sheriff ,lones resigned because Governor Gearv refused to order from Fort Leavenworth one hundred balls and chains to put on the Free State prisoners at Lecompton. f^ ^w '^''^''"''*";,,^' i?,*^ Herald of Freedom was reissued at Lawrence. feu ".Brown, the editor, raised the Stars and Stripes over tbe building. the office was crowded with people waiting for '^hc paper Thev had had none since May 21. THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE, 107 as 1856, Mr, Amos A, Lawrence, of Boston, one of the founders of the New England Emigrant Aid Company, in whose honor the city of Lawrence received its name, re quested Charles Robinson to spend some money for him in laying the foundation of a school building on the north part of Mount Oread, Mr, Lawrence explained his hopes and plans in a letter to Rev, Ephraim Nute, of Lawrence, dated December 16, 1856, He says: 'You shall have a college which shall be a school of learning and at the same time a monument to perpetuate the memory of those martyrs of liberty who fell during the recent struggles. Beneath it their dust shall rest ; in it shall burn the light of liberty which shall never be extinguished until it illumines the whole continent. It shall be called the "Free State College," and all the friends of freedom shall be invited to lend it a helping hand.' His dream was our great university. ' ' A meeting was held on Christmas Day, 1856, to elect a board of trustees 'for the University. Governor Geary and Dr. Robinson were made members, 118, The Topeka Legislature. — The Topeka Legisla ture re-assembled in January, 1857, when some of the officers and members were arrested by a Deputy United States Marshal, and taken to Tecumseh, 119. Second Territorial Legislature, — Lecompton.— The second Territorial Legislature met at Lecompton, January 12, Many of the bills passed were most unjust.. 4. Since Geary's administration the President and bis advisers bad felt that Kansas could not be made a slave state,' but that it might yet be saved to Democracy, and this they hoped Governor Walker would secure. 108 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Governor Geary vetoed them, but they were passed over his veto. The legislature was entirely Pro-slavery.* 120. Governor Geary Retires. — Governor Geary's con tentions with the legislature and judiciary to secure jus tice for the people were continuous. His life was con stantly threatened. He applied to the federal commander for troops, and was coolly told that they were otherwise employed. At the urgent request of his friends he left the territory and went to Washington to secure aid from the administration. Being unsuccessful, he resigned. Many years afterward, in grateful remembrance of Gov ernor Geary 's course in Kansas, the name of Davis County was changed to Geary. 121. Governor "Walker's Appointment. — James Bu chanan became president of the United States, March 4, 1857, Robert J, Walker was appointed governor, ilarch 26, 1857. He was preceded to the Territory by Frederick P, Stanton, Secretary, who became Acting Governor until the arrival of Governor Walker, Eeview Questions, — Note the dates of Geary's Administration. — Why was he appointed governor? — What was his immediate action on arriving in the Territory? — Describe the Invasion of the 2,700. — Eelate the story of the initiation of the State University. — Where was the meeting of the Second Territorial Legislature held? — How did Governor Geary serve the Territory? — What was the greatest hin drance to his endeavors to bring about a reign of law and order? — What is your opinion of President Pierce 's attitude so far in the his tory of the Territory? CHAPTER XIV. , GOVEENOE WALKEE'S ADMINISTEATION. April 16, 1857— May 12, 1858. 122. Fourth Territorial Governor. — Governor Walker, the most able man sent to the Territory from Washington, arrived in Kansas in May, 1857. He was a Pennsylvanian by birth. He had served as United States Senator from Mississippi, and during Polk's /administration was Secretary of the Treasury. He re fused to serve as governor of Kansas Territory on the President's request, but being urged and promised the un divided support of the administration as well as a free hand in Kansas af fairs, he consented. His idea was to establish the ballot in Kansas, to "se-Govemor Robt. j. waiker. cure obedience to territorial laws, and to promote the adoption of a constitution by which Kansas could be ad mitted as a state. The Secretary of the Territory, Frederick P. Stanton, was a very capable, scholarly lawyer, who had served in Congress ten years as representative from Tennessee. He preceded Governor Walker to Kansas and served as acting governor until May. Governor Walker on his tour of the Territory pledged the people that their rights at the ballot box should be held sacred and inviolable, loa 110 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 123. Election of Delegates for Lecompton Constitu tional Convention. — A Pro-slavery constitutional conven tion had been for a long time in contemplation. The Pro-slavery Territorial Legislature on June 15, 1857, had passed a bill au thorizing the election of dele gates. Governor Geary had vetoed it on the grounds that it did not provide for the submis sion of the constitution to the people. Another objection was that the census for the appor- ^'"'''"^ ^'*°'<"'- tionment of delegates had been very imperfect. Secretary Stanton, however, on his arrival stood for the action of the Territorial Legislature, and submitted the election of delegates for the Lecompton Constitutional Convention, The Fr'ee State men for the above reasons refused to take part in the election. Only 2,071 votes were cast out of 9,251 registered, 124. Election of Territorial Legislature. — October 5, 1857, was a "red-letter" day for the Free State advo cates. It was the regular election for members of the Territorial Legislature and territorial delegate to Con gress, In order that the returns might express the will of the Kansas people. United States troops were stationed at many of the voting places. This action discouraged invasions from Missouri. However, at Oxford precinct in Johnson County and in McGliee County.' an Indian 1. McGhee County Is now Cherokee County, THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE, m reservation, a large fraudulent vote was cast.^ Oxford precinct containing eleven houses cast 1,628 Pro-slavery votes. Governor Walker and Secretary Stanton, true to their promises, issued a proclamation rejecting the re turns from these two precincts. This settled the Free State character of the lawful returns, securing to that party nine of the thirteen councilmen and thirty-four of the thirty-nine representatives composing the legisla ture. Marcus J. Parrott was elected Free State Territorial Delegate to Congress. 125. Lecompton Constitutional Convention. — The Le compton Constitutional Convention which was Pro- slavery met September 11, and framed the second Consti tution of Kansas. The Pro-slavery Party, since a majority of the people were for a free state, concluded that their only course was the submission of the constitution to Congress with out its being submitted to the people. It was provided, therefore, that the vote should be taken on the~ "Consti tution without slavery," or the "Constitution with slavery," no vote being allowed against the Constitution. The Free State people stood for the submission of the whole constitution, not merely one clause, and refused to vote. The vote, taken on the 21st of December, 1857, ac-- corded to John Calhoun, President of the Lecompton Constitutional Convention, stood, "for the Constitution 2. Judge Cato issued a writ of mandamus ordering the governor to issue certificates of election to the proslavery delegates from the Oxford and -McGhee precints; tbat failing. Sheriff Jones tried intimidation and violence, but all to no purpose. Stanton stood firm. 112 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. with slavery," 6,226; "for the Constitution without slavery," 569. An enormous fraudulent vote was cast.^ 126. Second Submission of Lecompton Constitution. — During the sitting of the convention. Secretary Stanton at the urgent request of many citizens called a special session of the Legislature. A message to the Legislature from Stanton, Governor Walker being absent, urged the submission of the whole constitution. The legislature ordered a vote of the people on January 4, 1858, "for" or "against" the Constitution. The vote as declared by the Governor was 10,288 against the Constitution to 138 for it. Still the Lecompton Constitution was not shelved. 127. Resignation of Secretary Stanton. — After having called the special session of the legislature. Secretary and Acting Governor Stanton was relieved of his duties by the administration at Washington, and James W. Denver was appointed in his stead, December 21, 1857. ^12§. Third Territorial Legislature. — Lecompton. — The third Territorial (and first Free State) Legislature met in regular session at Lecompton the 4th of January, 1858, organized, and on the 6th adjourned to Lawrence, The first act of the legislature was the preparation of a me morial to Congress, disavowing all intention to serve under the Lecompton Constitution, and urging that body not to admit Kansas into the Union under it. The Territorial Legislature remained in session at-, Lawrence for forty days. It passed bills to repeal the 3. An interesting bit of bistory is told In connection witb the elec tion returns from Oxford. The legislative investigating committee was interested in seciuing them. They were supposed to be In the hands of iMcLcMn, chief clerk of Calhoun, president of the convention. Iilvestl- gatlon failed to flnd them, however. General Walker, then sheriff of THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE. 113 slave code, and to abolish slavery in the Territory, over the veto of Acting Governor Denver, and to remove the Capital of the Territory to Minneola, Franklin County, It also provided for the election of delegates to meet in a Constitutional Convention. This action resulted in the Leavenworth Constitution. 129. The Topeka Legislature.— The Topeka Legisla ture met in Topeka in January, 1858, adjourned to Law rence, and asked the Territorial legislature then in ses sion to substitute the Topeka organization for the Terri torial organization. This they refused to do. The Topeka government had accomplished the work for which it had been designed. In its constitution, it had given expres sion of .the belief of a large and powerful faction of Kansas people. It had united them in common faith and had been a revelation of their strength, determination, and ability. Now the supporters of the Topeka move ment felt that they should unite with the newer Free State movement for another constitution, A few of ^e old members met on March 4, but there being no quorum adjourned to meet no more as the Topeka Legislature. 130. The Leavenworth Constitution. — The Conf ention assembled at Mineola on March 23, 1858, and adjourned to Leavenworth, re-assemhling on the 25th. The Leaven worth Constitutional Convention adopted a Constitution which did not contain the word "white." At the elec tion of May 18, the Leavenworth Constitution received Douglas County, was informed that the retums were bidden under a wood-pile near McLean's office. Walker secured a Search and Seizure warrant, went down and found them under the woqd-pile in a candle box. 114 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. an aggregate of 3,000 votes. It was presented, but never voted on by either House of Congress. Minneola, where the Convention first assembled, was not legally made the capital of Kansas Territory. The bill removing the capital thither was declared illegal by Jeremiah S. Black, Attornei^ General of the United States, 131. Governor Walker's .Resignation. — The adminis tration at Washington failed to keep faith with Governor Walker, and knowing he would be unable to redeem his promises to the people, he resigned in May. Acting Gov ernor Denver was made Governor and Hugh S. Walsh, secretary, May 12, 1858. THE FOUNDING OF SCHOOLS. 132. Baker University. — Baker University was char- ^ m The "Old Castle," Baker University, tered under the auspices of the Methodist Church, and located at Baldwin, in February, 1858. It was named after Bishop Osman Baker. President Lincoln contributed $100 for its benefit. THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE, US 133. Highland University. — Highland University, a Presbyterian School, began its career at Highland in 1858, Eeview Questions. — Who was the Fourth Territorial Governor, and when did he serve? — What three measures did Governor Walker advocate on his coming into the Territory? — Who was his secretary, and what did he do as soon as he arrived to carry out the desire of his chief? — Give the story of the election 'of the Territorial Legis lature on October 5, 1857. — ^What was the character of the Third Territorial Legislature? — Name the most important laws passed. — What were the results of the Topeka government? — What was the dis tinguishing characteristic of the Leavenworth Constitution? — Why was Minneola not made a capital of Kansas? — Why did Governor Walker resign? — When was Baker University founded? CHAPTER XV. GOVEENOE DENVEE'S ADMINISTEATION. May 12, 1858— Dec. 18, 1858. 134. Fifth Territorial Governor. — Governor Denver^ was a Virginian. He had served under General Scott in Mexico, and as State Senator in California. He had been a member of the House of Representatives, and at the time of his appointment was commissioner of Indian affairs. Prom being Acting Governor during Walker's administration he became governor, Hugh S. Walsh was secretary and acting governor during Governor Denver's absence. 135. The Jayhawker. — The greater part of border ruffianism heretofore occurred within a radius of a few miles -of Lawrence, Down near Ft, Scott in the southeastern part of the state, however, border ruffianism Governor James w. Denver, ^ow assumed alarming proportions. The section around Pt, Scott was settled largely by Pro- slavery people. Finally, a few Northerners drifted down into that section, Missouri ruffians under G. W. Clark made several raids on the Free State members of the communities there, burning houses, stealing property and t. The city of Denver was named iu honor of Governor Denver bv the Lecompton party which located the towu site. i'euM.i, oy 116 THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE. Hy assassinating those whom they considered enemies of their cause. The Free State men banded together for protec tion at first, but finally retaliated. They were called "jayhawkers. "- Their most noted leader was James Montgomery,^ 136. The Marais des Cygnes Massacre. — The darkest tragedy in the annals of Border Warfare occurred north of Ft. Scott at a Trading Post on the Marais des Cygnes River, in Linn County, May 19, 1858. A party of twenty-five ruffians from across the border, headed by Captain Charles" Hamilton, collected eleven Free State settlers, stood them up in a line in a ravine and fired upon them. Five fell dead and all the others save one were badly wounded; the five wounded Eind one un- wounded man feigned death and escaped. The murdered men were William Stilwell, Patrick Ross, William Colpet- 2er, Michael Robinson and John F. Campbell. The wounded were William Hairgrove, Asa Hairgrove, B. L. Reed, Amos Hall and Asa Snyder ; the unharmed man was Austin Hall. The place of the terrible deed is now 2. The origin of the word "jayhawker" is traced to an Irishman named Pat Devlin. One morning a neighbor is said to have met him returning from a foraging expedition, laden witb spoils. "Where have yon been, Pat?" "Jayhawklng," said Pat. "Jayhawking," said the neighbor, "What's that?" "Well," replied Pat philosophically, "in the old country we have a bird called the jayhawk, which kind o' worries its prey. It seemed to me as I was riding home that tbat was what I'd been doing." It is said tbat the depredations of some of the jawhawkers were no less terrible than those of the Missourians. 3. Captain James Montgomery was a brave true-hearted conscientious man who always acted from principle. Contrasted with him was Dr. Chas. R. Jennison, who boasted that tbe Missouri mothers hushed their children to sleep by whispering the name of "Doc Jennison." After a very notorious raid from Missouri led by Clark, Captain Montgomery, bent on retaliation, took a characteristic way to find out who the raiders were. He went over into Missouri into the midst of the enemy disguised as a school teacher. He secured a school, taught it two weeks, and having ascertained the personnel of tbe raiding party suddenly disappeared. Tbe school master reappeared later to the dis comfiture of his patrons in a very different guise. 118 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. marked by a public monument,* and its memory will be forever preserved by the lines of Whittier, with their final prophecy: LE MAEAIS DU CYGNE, "A blush as of roses Where rose never grew ! Great drops on the bunch grass. But not of the dew! A taint in the sweet air For wild bees to shun! A stain that shall never Bleach out in the sun! ' ' Back, steed of the prairies ! Sweet song-bird, fly back! Wheel hither, bald vulture ! Gray wolf, call thy pack! The foul human vultures Have feasted and fled ; The wolves of the border Have crept from the dead, ' ' In the homes of their rearing. Yet warm with their lives, Ye wait the dead only. Poor children and wives! Put out the red forge fire. The smith shall not come; Unyoke the brown oxen. The plowman lies dumb. "Wind slow from the Swan's Marsh, O dreary death-train. With pressed lips as bloodless As lips of the slain! Kiss down the young eyelids, Smooth down the gray hairs ; Let tears quench the curses That burn thro ' your prayers. ' ' From the hearths of their cabins, The fields of their corn. Unwarned and unweaponed. The victims were torn — By the whirlwind of murder Swooped up and swept on To the low, reedy fenlands, The Marsh of the Swan. ' ' With a vain plea for mercy No stout knee was crooked; In the mouths of the rifles Eight manly they looked. How paled the May sunshine, Green Marais du Cjgne, When the death-smoke blew over Thy lonely ravine. ' ' Strong man of the prairies. Mourn bitter and wild! Wail, desolate woman! Weep, fatherless child! But the grain of God springs up From ashes beneath, And the crown of His harvest Is life out of death. ' ' Not in vain on the dial The shade moves along To point the great contrasts Of right and of wrong; Free homes and free altars And fields of ripe food; The reeds of the Swan 's Marsh, Whose bloom is of blood. 4. Only one of the murderers was ever brought to justice and he not until flve years after the tragedy. THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE. 119 ' ' On the lintels of Kansas Henceforth to the sunset. That blood shall not dry. Unchecked on her way. Henceforth the Bad Angel Shall liberty follow Shall harmless go by! The march of the day." 137. Peace Tour of Governor Denver. — Governor Den ver made a peace tour of the country after the tragedy. The climax of his endeavors was at a mass meeting at Fort Scott, He said, "I shall treat actual settlers with out regard to former difficulties. I do not propose to dig up the past. Both parties have done wrong, but I shall let all that go." 138. Visit of John Brown. — John Brown made a visit to the Southeast shortly after Governor Denver's peace mission. Brown's advent was anything but quieting. He entered Missouri, brought over fourteen persons law fully bound in servitude, and though a reward of $3,000 was offered by the Governor of Missouri for his capture, he escaped with his flock to Canada. 139. Failure of Lecompton Constitution. — It was evi dent by the beginning of 1858, that slavery could never be established in Kansas with the consent of the people, yet, nevertheless, President Buchanan urged upon Con gress the acceptance of the Lecompton Constitution, de claring that Kansas was "already a slave State, as much as Georgia or South Carolina." In this policy he was vigorously opposed by Senator Douglas, After much discussion the Lecompton Constitution was sent back to the Kansas people. The vote was taken August 2, 1858, under the propositions of the "English bill, "^ and again the Constitution was repudiated by 11,812 to 1,926 votes. 5. The English Bill was the bill under which the Constitution wag considered. 120 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 140. Resignation of Governor Denver. — Governor Denver resigned October 10, 1858. He was the first gov ernor not removed or compelled to resign, Hugh S. Walsh served as acting governor until the arrival of Govemor Medary. Eeview Questions, — Who was the Fifth Territorial Governor? — What is the origin of the term "jayhawker"? — Describe the Marais des Cygnes Massacre, — What do you think of the peace tour of Gov ernor Denver? — Tell of John Brown as a liberator. — Why was the Lecompton Constitution repudiated? MAKING THE GONSTITUTION. CHAPTER XVI. GOVEENOE MEDAEY'S ADMINISTEATION. Dec. 18, 1858— Feb. 9, 1861. 141. Sixth Territorial Governor. — Samuel Medary^ was an editor of prominence in Columbus, Ohio. He was a forceful writer, and made the "Ohio Statesman" a power iu the land. He served his party so faithfully and well that his admirers gave him the title of "Old Wheel Horse of Democracy. ' ' He nominated James K. Polk for the presidency, and was offered the position of United States minister to Chili. Medary was Minnesota's last territorial governor, and the last one to hold that office in Kansas. He began his duties at Le- Governor Samuel Medary, compton December 18, 1858, George M. Beebee was secretary and acting governor during the absence of his chief, 142. Fourth Territorial Legislature — Lawrence. — Governor Medary 's position required him to pass in re- 1. Governor Medary's name was formerly written Madefra and ds still pronounced so, el having the sound a. 121 122 HISTOEY OP KANSAS. view the acts of the Fourth Territorial Legislature. That body met at Lecompton January 3, 1859, and adjourned at once to Lawrence. It repealed the "Bogus Statutes" of 1855, which were afterwards burned in the streets; made provision for a Constitutional Convention and a State Government if the people should decide for it at a preliminary election, and passed an act of amnesty for offenders in certain counties who had been fighting over political differences, WYANDOTTE CONSTITUTION. 143. The Convention. — The election of delegates to the Convention occurred on the 7th of June, 1859. The Convention which was to frame the Constitution under which Kansas was destined to enter the Union of the States, assembled at Wyandotte, July 5, 1859. It was composed of fifty-two delegates. In the election of these, the old appellations of "Free State" and "Pro-slavery" were abandoned, and the elected delegates were classified as thirty-five Republi cans and seventeen Democrats. It was the first Consti tutional Convention in Kansas which contained members of both political parties. A permanent organization was effected by the choice of James M. Wiuchell, as Presi dent; John A. Martin, as Secretary. 144. The Model.— The Constitution of the State of Ohio was adopted as a "model or basis of action." 145. For Freedom.— The Convention was for freedom. The Sixth Section of the Bill of Rights was made to read Kingman, MAKING THB CONSTITUTION. 123 "There shall be no slavery in this State, and no involuntary servitude, except for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." A proviso to suspend this section, for one year after the admission of the State, was voted down, twenty-eight to eleven. This was the last sugges tion made to allow slavery to exist in Kansas, for a day or an hour. Said a ''^^'^'^"''^'^ chafrman; member of the Convention, "the Constitution will com mend itself to the good and true everywhere, because through every line and syllable there glows tlie generous sunshine of liberty." 146. Boundary and Capital. — The Convention rejected a proposition to embrace, in the new State, a portion of Nebraska south of the Platte. It fixed the western boun dary at the twenty-fifth meridian, cutting off* the Terri torial county of Arapahoe, which was afterwards em braced in the Territory and State of Colorado. Thus, the boundaries of Kansas were finally and permanently de termined. The temporary seat of Government was located at To peka. 147. Adoption of the Constitution. — The vote on the constitution was taken on the 4th of October, 1859, and stood : for the Constitution, 10,421 ; against the Con stitution, 5,530, The "homestead clause" was submitted separately, and received 8,788 votes, as against 4,772. Thus the free people of Kansas adopted the Wyandotte Constitution. 124 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 148. Men of the Convention. — The Wyandotte Consti tutional Convention has maintained a high place in the regard of the people of Kansas, on account of the strong and steadfast character of its mem bership, and of the solid quality of its work. Historians of the Convention have recorded that few of the hereto fore prominent leaders of political action in the Territory were present in the Convention, and that a large pro portion of the members were young men. Solon 0. Thacher. Its labors wcrc followed, within two years, by the admission of Kansas as a State, and by the outbreak of a war in which the existence of the State, and of the Union had to be maintained. In the councils of the civil state, and in its armed defense, the members of the Wyandotte Convention bore a high and honorable part.^ 149. The Permanent Work of the Convention.— Though the Wyandotte Convention contained few of 2. In the organization of the first Supreme Court, Samuel A, King man served as an Associate Justice, and afterward, as its Chief Justice, Two of the framers ot the Wyandotte Constitution, John J, Ingalls and Edmund G. Ross, lived to serve Kansas in the Senate of tbe United States, John A. Martin, the youthful Secretary, was twice chosen Gov ernor of the State. Two of the lawyers of tbe body, Solon O. Thacher and William C. McDowell, were chosen District Judges at the first elec tion under tbe Constitution. These and many others served tbe State long and well in various places of responsibility, in the flrst and subse quent Legislatures, on the bench, and in otber capacities, W. R. Griffith, the flrst State Superintendent of Public instruction, was a member of the Convention, When "war's wild deadly blast was blown," the members of this Con vention rallied to the standard. James G. Blunt entered tbe service at once and became a major-general. John P. Slough became a brigadier- general, while other offlcers and members of the Wyandotte Convention entered the army as line and fleld offlcers of the Kansas regiments. MAKING THE CONSTITUTION, 125 those who had prior to its assemblage been recognized as conspicuous leaders in controlling publie opinion in the Territory, it framed a Constitution that met the Kansas idea of the rights of man, of the protection of the home, and the es tablishment of justice. The spirit of the Constitution has been preserved. None of the amendments added to it have weakened or restricted its original purpose. It remains, after fifty years, *"'^- °- '• ^- nJ'^'iois. the charter of liberty, and the basis of law in Kansas.^ 150. Abraham Lincoln in Kansas. — In December, 1859, Abraham Lincoln visited Kansas, He spoke at Elwood, Troy, Doniphan, Atchison and Leavenworth. Lincoln had made his entrance into the national political arena by virtue of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and consequently had been interested ih the welfare of Kansas Territory since its organization. That the people of Kansas loved and respected Lincoln goes without saying. The largest political gathering that had ever assembled in Kansas heard him at Leavenworth. His speech was substantially the same as that delivered afterward at Cooper Institute, New York City, and is one of the ablest productions of American statesmen. 151. Election of Officers.— On the 6th of December, 1859, an election had been held under the Wyandotte 3. A Kansas woman, Mrs. Nichols, attended the sessions of the convention daily and sat knitting and listening while tbe members wrought out the Constitution. As occasion offered she counseled for those provisions that protect the sacred rights of man, the protection of the home,^ and the establishment of justice. 126 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Constitution for State officers, a, Representative in Con gress, and members of the Legislature. Dr. Robinson, who had endeared himself to the hearts of the people during the long but successful struggle, was chosen the first governor of the state for which he had labored so faithfully. Martin F. Conway was elected representative in Congress. In the national election of 1860 Abraham LincoLa was elected president of the United States. 152. The Free State Party. — The great victory after all was not bought by battle and carnage, but by the diplomacy of the Free State Party, of whom Dr. Robinson was chief. Its record "has no parallel in American his tory. ' ' It united individuals and factions into an efficient whole ; it turned the mistakes of enemies into forces in its own favor. The invasions, the arrest of the Free State officers, the dispersion of the Topeka legislature, the sack of Lawrence, all were blunders of the Missouri party which the Free State leaders turned to their own account. On every corner the Missouri party was out-generaled while the Free State forces were advanced steadily to victory. The early acts of the drama of the Nation's trial were played in Kansas and were the foreshadowing and the prophecy of the Civil War. 153. Fifth Territorial Legislature — Lawrence.— The fifth and last Territorial Legislature of Kansas met at Lecompton on the 2d of January, 1860, and in spite of the protests of Governor Medary, adjourned to Lawrence, The Governor and Secretary remained at Lecompton, the Legislature adjourned sine die. The Governor called MAKING THE CONSTITUTION. 127 the Legislature to meet in special session at Lecompton. The Legislature met and passed a bill adjourning to Lawrence ; the Governor vetoed the bill ; it was passed over his veto, and the Legislature assembled in Lawrence, The most important act of the legislature was the passage of a bill abolishing slavery. Governor Medary vetoed the bill. It was passed over his veto. This was the last. Governor Medary resigned in December, 1860, ahd was tendered a public dinner at Lawrence, in token of the. appreciation felt for the dignity, firmness and impartiality with which he had performed his duties. George M. Beebe, Secretary of the Territory, became acting Gover nor and continued in this capacity until the inauguration of the State Government, February 9, 1861. 154. Action of Congress on the Constitution. — The people of Kansas had spoken, but the will of the people was not yet to be consummated. The admission of Kansas as a Free State was yet to be opposed in the Senate of the United States. On the llth of April, 1860, the House passed the bill admitting Kansas under the Wyandotte Constitution. The bill went to the Senate and was there rejected. On the 21st of January, 1861, Jefferson Davis and other Southern Senators announced their withdrawal from the Senate of the United States. On the same day William H. Seward called up in the Senate the bill for the admission of Kansas and it was passed, thirty-six to sixteen. It was then returned to the House and passed out of the regular order, 117 to forty-two, and on the 29th of January, the Aet was signed by James Buchanan, MAKING THE CONSTITUTION, 129 President of the United States. That January day was thereafter "Kansas Day,"* 155. Lincoln Heralds the New Star. — The morning of the 30th of January, 1861, found Kansas a Free State of the Union. Th6 first time the flag of the United States was raised over Independence Hall, Philadelphia, with the added star of Kansas in the field, was on the 22d of February, 1861. In raising the flag. President-elect Lin coln said: "I am invited and called before you to par ticipate in raising, above Independence Hall the flag of our country with an additional star upon it. I wish to call your attention to the fact that, under the blessing of God, each additional star added to that flag has given additional prosperity and happiness to this country." The star of Kansas was raised above the birthplace of Independence, on the birthday of Washington, by the hands of Lincoln, the Emancipator. When a deed is done for Freedom, Through the broad earth 's aching breast Euns a thrill of joy prophetic. Trembling on from east to west. — Lowell. INDUSTEIAL AFPAIES. 156, The Pony Express.— In April, 1859, the flrst Pony Express started from St. Joseph, Missouri, across Kansas, 4. Tbe Lawrence Free State cannon. Old Sacramento, had been buried at the close of tbe IBorder Warfare, but on Kansas' natal day it was dug up, placed on Mt. Oread, and made to participate in tbe celebration. It is now at the State University. 130 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. for San Francisco, to span the gap which then existed between the Missouri River and the Pacific coast. The plan was to carry the mail on horseback, and, as rapid time was required, relays were stationed every twenty- five miles, at which fresh horses and riders were kept. The mail carrier, mounted on a spirited Indian pony, would leave St. Joseph at break-neck speed for the flrst relay station, swing from his pony, vault into the saddle of another standing ready, and dash on toward the next station. At every third relay a fresh rider took the mail. Through rain and sunshine, night and day, over mountain and plain, the wild rider continued solitary and alone. The distance, 1,996 miles, was made in ten days. Then came the Wells & Fargo Express, next the Butterfield Overland Stage Company, and then the great railways. 157. Drought of I860.— The year 1860 was a notable one for the nation and for Kansas. Aside from the politi cal strife and anxiety, Kansas witnessed the coming of the direst natural calamity recorded in the country's history, ranking with the flood of '44. Prom -June, 1859, until November, 1860, there was a widespread drouth, relieved by a few local showers. Vegetation perished save the prairie grass, whicli during the early spring and midsummer flourished along the ravines and creeks, and even when dried up by s.imuei c. Pomeroy. the hot winds, cured suddenly into hay and so afforded feed for cattle. It is estimated that in this time of want MAKING THE CONSTITUTION. 131 30,000 emigrants left the country west of the Missouri, spreading the story of the disaster. In time, arrange ments for systematic aid for Kansas were organized in the East. Kansas was divided into two aid districts, S. C. Pomeroy being placed in charge of Northern, and W. F. M. Arny^ of Southern Kansas. The response from the great States of New York, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio was especially generous, I\Iore than 8,000,000 pounds of provisions and clothing, $85,000 in money, and 2,500 bushels of seed w, f, m. Amy. wheat were received by the constituted "aid" authori ties, and great amounts of "aid goods" were received from churches, societies and individuals," 158, Shadow of Coming Events. — It was with the shadow of great privation still hanging over the State that the new State Government began its existence. There had been civil strife; the steps of famine had followed, and now were heard in the near distance the mutterings of war, which was to wrap the Nation in smoke and flame. ^ 5. In June. 1861, empty fine-woven sacks could be found in every community, all nuirked "W. F. M., Arny, Agent." Later on, men and bovs could be seen wearing pants and coats made from these sacks, with "W. F.," or "Arny" or "Agent" in sight. 6. General S. C. Pomeroy was made receiving agent at Atchison. Tbis place was selected on account of its being the only railroad station in Kansas. General Pomeroy devoted his whole time to this benevolent work, and no man could have been more vigilant, industrious, and faithful than be in the discharge of tbe onerous and trying duties assigned to him. — Kansas Historical Collections, Vol. IX. 7. A discussion sprang up in the newspapers as to tbe first school master "abroad" in Kansas after its organization as a Territory. J. B. McAfee claims to have opened the Leavenworth Collegiate Institute May 132 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Eeview Questions. — Give the dates of the administration of Governor Medary, — Where was the State Constitution of Kansas formed? — What was the model after which it was patterned? — How did the.inembers of the convention st&nd on the slavery question? — When did Kansas receive its final boundary? — Eeview the boundaries of the countries which have included Kansas from early times until 1861. — What can you say of the character of the men of the con vention? — Tell of Abraham Lincoln in Kansas. — Give a summary of the work of the Free State Party. — Where did the Fifth Territorial Legislature meet? — Where is Kansas Day in the calendar, and why do we celebrate it? — Tell how Lincoln heralded the new star represent ing Kansas on the national flag. — Do you consider the lines of Lowell prophetic of the freedom of the slave in the nation? — Tell of the industrial affairs at the close of the period. — Name the territorial capitals. — How many constitutions were formed? — How many terri torial legislatures assembled? — Give a summary of the Topeka gov ernment. 14, 1855. Edward P. Fitch is named as having npened the pioneer scbool of Kansas at Lawrence, January 16, 1855. Mr. G. W. W. Yates notes as the oldest country school that at the Union schoolhouse, three miles north of Lawrence, begun in February, 1855. The Old Windmill at Lawrence. A BRIEF SUMMARY OF CERTAIN SUBJECTS OF THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. THE TEAGEDY OF JOHN BEOWN. His Migration and Settlement. — It was the 23d of August, 1855, that John Brown,^ born at Torrington, Conn., May 9, 1800, a man then fifty-five years of age, started from Chicago, 111., with a heavily loaded one-horse wagon for Kansa^. He wall^ed beside his wagon, shot game for food, passed through Illinois, Iowa and Missouri, and reached a point on or near Pottawatomie creek, eight miles from Osawatomie, Kansas Territory, on the 6th of October, 1855, He settled in the neighborhood of his sons, John Brown, Jr., Salmon, Frederick, .Jason, and Owen Brown, who had come to the territory with their families early in the year. From the day of his arrival, his name became attached, for weal or woe, for glory or for shame, with that of Kansas. He was very gen erally known first as ' ' Osawatomie Brown. ' ' His first public appearance in the troubles of the Territory appears to have been at Law rence during the "Wakarusa War," in Decem ber, 1855, That dist\irbanee was ended by a "treaty," as it was called, but "Osawatomie Brown" wanted no treaty and counseled re sistance. On the 24th of May, 1856, five Pro- slavery settlers on Pottawatomie creek were killed. This was the "Pottawatomie Mas sacre," over John Brown's complicity in which there has been much controversy. John Brown, when asked by his son, Jason Brown, who was horrified by the deed, "Father, did you have anything to do with that bloody affair on the Pottawatomie?" said, "I approved it." John Brown. 1. Personal Memoirs of U. R. Grant : "My father worked for and lived in the family of Mr. Brown, the father of John Brown. I bave often heard my father speak of John Brown, particularly since tbe events at Harper's Ferry. Brown was a boy when they lived in the same house, but he knew bim afterwards, and regarded bim as a man of great purity of character, of high moral and physical courage, but a fanatic and extremist.^ in whatever be advocated." 133 134 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. John Brown in the Field. — From this time forward, John Brown may be said to have taken and kept the fleld. He seldom joined himself with what may bo called the masses of the Free State party. He did not aspire to the civil or military leadership of that party, but, with a small and chosen company, he kept the wood and prairie; attacking and attacked. A few da.ys after the ' ' Pottawatomie Massacre, ' ' Captain H. Clay Pate, a Deputy United States Marshal, with a posse, captured .John Frown, Jr., and Jason Brown. They were turned over to the United States troops and marched to Lecompton, prisoners. On the road they were treated with such severity that John Brown, Jr,, was driven insane. On the 2d of June, Captain .John Brown, at Black Jack, captured Captain Pate and twenty-eight of his party, and held them prisoners till they were taken from him by United States troops, but treating them, as Captain Pate himself stated, with humanity. On the 30th of August occurred the second attack on Osawatomie. John Brown, with forty-two men, unavailingly fought the assailants, the town was burned, and his son Frederick was shot down in the road. John Brown in Massachusetts. — In February of the next year, 1857, John Brown appeared before a committee of the Massa chusetts Legislature and told of the suffering in Kansas as he had " seep, it, the burnings, the robberies, the murders, the houseless people, the fire, smoke and desolation. The Liberator. — After this Eastern visit he appeared again in Kansas, made a raid into Missouri, brought out fourteen slaves, and went away to the North with them. The Governor of Mis souri offered $3,000 reward for him, and the President of the United States $250. An attempt made to capture Brown on his northward way at Holton was a failure. In the early days of January, there appeared in a Kansas paper, the "Lawrence Eepublican," a communication signed by Brown, and usually called "John Brown's Parallels." It was his farewell to Kansas, He recited his action in carrying off the slaves from Missouri, and contrasted it with the "Marais de Cygnes Massacre," which had happened in the May previous. When this article appeared. Brown had gone from Kansas, In March, 1859, he went north with twelve fugitive slaves. He returned to the states soon after his triumphal entry into Canada as a liberator; went with not more than twenty men to the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, took pos session, and extended freedom to the slaves' in the vicinity. He had hoped to incite the slaves to rise and demand their freedom. When asked by what authority he had taken public property, he JOHN BEOWN. 135 said, ' ' By the authority of Almighty God. ' ' When the troops of state and nation entered the fort after a brief contest, all the insurgents but two or three were dead or wounded. Brown was thrust twice with a sabre but not killed. The Defense. — On the 1st of November, 1859, John Brown stood up in court at Charlestown, "Virginia, to answer if he might, why sentence of death should not be passed upon him, and he drew some further ' ' parallels. ' ' "I have another objection, and that is, that it is unjust that I should suffer such a penalty. Had I interfered in the manner in which I admit, and which I admit has been fairly proved (for I admire the truthfulness and candor of the greater portion of the witnesses who have testified in this case), had I so interfered in behalf of the rich, the powerful, the intelligent, the so-called great, or in behalf of any of their friends, either father,, or mother, brother, sister, wife, or children, or any of that class, and suffered and sacrificed what I have in this interference, it would have been all right, and every man in this court would have deemed it an aet worthy of reward rather than punishment. "This court acknowledges, as I suppose, the validity of the law of God. I see a book kissed here which I suppose to be the Bible, or, at least, the New Testament. That teaches me that all things 'Whatsoever I would that men should do unto me, I should do even so to them.' It teaches me further, 'to remembe'r them that are in bonds as bound with them. ' I endeavored to act up to that instruction. I say, I am yet too young to understand that God is any respecter of persons. I believe that to have interfered as I have done, as I have always freely admitted I have done, iu behalf of His despised poor, was not wrong, but right. Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children, and with the blood of millions in this slave country, whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I submit, so let it be clone. ' ' On the 2nd of December, 1859, John Brown was executed at Charles town, Va. In Memory. — In Kansas, the name^ of John Brown is held in remembrance in many ways, both by the old who knew his face, and the young who have but heard his name. In 1877 a marble monument was reared to his name at Osawatomie, near the old field of fearful odds. In the collection of the State Historical Society are preserved the garments he wore, and some of the last lines he is known to have written. A Kansas poet, Eugene F. Ware, has written of him: 136 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. From boulevards,O 'erlooking both Nyanzas, The statued bronze shall glitter in the sun, With rugged lettering: "John Brown of Kansas; ' He dared begin; He lost, But losing, won. ' ' Golden medal presented in 1874 to Mrs. Mary A. Brown, widow of John Brown. by the French Government. On October 21st, 1874, a letter was written by Victor Hugo to the widow and children of John Brown. It was signed by nine other Frenchmen, who represented the Eepublicans of France. With this letter was a beautiful gold medal bearing the likeness of John Brown on one side and an inscription in French on the other. The letter and medal are now in the State Historical Society Museum, A free translation on the reverse side of the John Brown medal reads as follows: "To the memory of John Brown, legally assassinated at Charleston, the 2d of December, 1859, and to that of his sons and his companions, lifeless victims to the cause of the liberty of the colored people. ' ' TEEEITOEIAL CAPITOLS. Kansas Capitols. — A history of the various edifices which have been used from time to time for Kansas capitols. Territorial and State, would serve as a thread on which to string a political history of Kansas, and, moreover, a sketch of the material prog ress of the country. Fort Leavenworth. — The first capital of Kansas, the first executive office, at least, was at Fort Leavenworth. Here, in obedience to his instructions from Washington, came Andrew H. Eeeder, first Governor of Kansas Territory. Ho was assigned quarters in a brick building on the west side of the parade. The executive office was in a stone building belonging to the quar- TEEEITOEIAL CAPITOLS. 137 termaster's department. It was furnished with republican sim plicity. Here the Governor, who had taken the oath of office in Washington, administered the obligation to his associates in the Territorial Government as they, one after another, arrived. Here he issued commissions and proclamations, and on one occasion held court as a justice of the peace. Shawnee Mission. — After fifty days' experience at Fort Leav enworth, Governor Eeeder, on the 24th of November, 1854, re moved the seat of government to the Shawnee Manual Labor School, commonly called the Shawnee Mission, located one mile from the Missouri line, two and one-half miles from West- port, Mo., and seven miles from Kansas City. Somewhat reluctantly, Eeverend Mr. Johnson and his wife received as guests the Governor and the larger number of the Territorial officers, and saw the mission appropriated in part as the capitol of Kansas. The winter of 1854-55 passed quietly at the Mission. The Governor and his associates doubtless watching with interest the operations of the Mission, which was then at -the height of its prosperity, with between 200 and 300 Indian boys and girls in attendance, who studied their books, and, be sides, labored on the fine farm of 1,900 acres, and worked in the shops and "the mill. The Territorial officers boarded with the Mission family, as later on did many of the members and officers of the Legislature. Pawnee. — April 16, 1855, Governor Eeeder called for the con vention of the Territorial Legislature July 2, at Pawnee, near Fort Eiley. There was little at Pawnee, except a stone house, the ruins of which are still visible. Yet that stone house was the first "capitol building" of Kansas. The Legislature refused to remain at Pawnee, and re-located at Shawnee Mission. Pawnee came to immediate grief. The site was declared to be within the military reservation of Fort Eiley, and the settlers were removed by the soldiers. Shawnee Mission. — The Legislature, again ensconced at the Shawnee Mission, proceeded to perform the acts which acquired for it the title, with the Free State people, of the "Bogus Legis lature. ' ' Governor Eeeder remained with it officially but a short time, only four days, at the end of which he informed the body that he had been removed. He remained a short time longer as a spectator. To Shawnee Mission came the second Territorial Governor, Wilson Shannon, and the execlitive office was maintained there until the spring of 1856. 138 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Lecompton Chosen. — A joint session of the Legislature m August, 1855, located the permanent capital at Lecompton, The second Territorial Legislature which assembled at Le compton, January 12, 1857, met in a frame house, which had been built for- its occupancy by Mr. William Nace. The national ad ministration, however, was determined on Lecompton as a capital, . and Congress made a liberal appropriation for a capitol building, which rose only to the height of the foundation, but Was sufficient to consume the appropriation. The foundation was afterwards occupied by the building of Lane University. The frame house on Elm street was the meeting place of the Lecompton Constitu tional Convention, which gave the structure the name of Constitu tional Hall. The second Legislature held its entire session at Lecompton, but the third Legislature, which entertained different political convictions, adjourned to Lawrence, which was there after virtually the capital, the successive Legislatures meeting at Lecompton, and adjourning at once to Lawrence, In Lawrence, — Lawrence furnished two "capitols" in which the Legislature met. One is described by the local historian as the "new brick building, just south of the Eldridge House," of which the two houses occupied the second and third floors, the other was "the old concrete building on Massachusetts street, north of Winthrop." In Lawrence met, in 1861, the last of the Territorial Legislatures. CONSTITUTIONS, Constitutions. — Four constitutions were formed in Kansas. The Topeka Constitution passed the House, but failed to pass the Senate. The Lecompton Constitution passed both Houses of Congress, but failed to be confirmed by the people of Kansas. The Leavenworth Constitution was never voted on by either House of Congress. The Wyandotte Constitution was the constitution under which Kansas was admitted. All but tho Lecompton Con stitution prohibited slavery. Territorial Legislatures. — There were five Territorial Legisla tures. The first met at Pawnee and adjourned to Shawnee Mis sion. The second met at Lecompton. These were both Pro-slavery. The third, fourth, and fifth met at Lecompton, and adjourned to Lawrence. The last three were Free State. The Topeka Government,— The first act of the movement for the Topeka Government was the election of delegates to the Topeka Constitutional Convention October 1, lSo5, The con- THE CONSTITUTIONS. 139 vention met October 23, and completed the constitution Novem ber 11. It was voted on by the people December 15, and a ma jority of votes cast were in its favor. The Pro-slavery party did not vote. On January 15, 1856, State officers, under the constitution, were elected. Charles Eobinson was made governor. On March 4, 1856, the first session of the Topeka Legislature was held. On March 24, 1856, the Topeka Constitution was presented to Congress. It failed to pass the Senate. On July 4, 1856, the Topeka Legislature was disbanded by order of Jefferson Davis and Acting Governor Woodson. In January, 1857, the Legislature reassembled, but its officers were arrested. In January, 1858, the Legislature met and adjourned to Lawrence. On March 4, 1858, the Legislature met at Topeka, but there being no quorum, adjourned. THE PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. WHAT CONSTITUTES A STATE, What constitutes a state? Not high-raised battlement or labored mound. Thick wall or moated gate; Not cities proud with spires and turrets crowned; Not bays and broad-armed ports. Where low-browed baseness wafts perfume to pride. No! men, high-minded men. With powers as far above dull brutes endued In forest, brake, or den. As beasts excel cold rocks and brambles rude, — Men who their duties know. And know their rights, and knowing, dare maintain. Prevent the long-aimed blow. And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain ; These constitute a state; And sovereign law, that state's collected will, 0 'er thrones and globes elate. Sits empress, crowning ,good, repressing ill. — air iViUiam Jones, STATE CONSTRUCTION. CHAPTER XVII. GOVEENOE EOBINSON 'S ADMINISTEATION. 1861—1863. ' ' Of all the states, but three will live in story : Old Massachusetts with her Plymouth Eock, And Old Virginia with her noble stock. And Sunny Kansas with her woes and glory. ' ' 159. The State.— On January 29, 1861, Dr. Robinson took the oath of governor; the "ship of state" was launched and Kansas with all her thrilling history of the past, all her hopes for future years began the life of statehood in the great Republic, gg^ Governor Charles Robinson. THE FIEST LEGISLATUEE OF THE STATE. 160. Place of Meeting.— The first State Legislature met at Topeka, the temporary capital designated by the Wyandotte Constitution, on the 26th of March, 1861. The infant State possessed no buildings of its own. The House assembled in the Ritchie Block, which then stood on the southeast corner of Sixth and Kansas Ave nues, and the Senate in the Gale Block, a short distance south. The inconveniences of a leaky roof forced an adjournment of the House to the Congregational Church, where it concluded its sessions. The Legislature organ ized with Lieutenant-Governor Root as President of the Senate, and Honorable "W. W. Updegraff as Speaker of the, House. 141 142 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 161. Election of United States Senators. — On the 4th of April the Legislature elected the first two United States Senators from the State of Kansas. There was but one ballot, and there were many changes of votes. James H. Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy were chosen. 162. Legislative Acts. — The Legislature remained in session until June. Its most important act was authoriz ing the issue of $150,000 in bonds to meet the current expenses of the State. Its most interesting historical act was the adoption of the great seal of the State,* for which many designs were offered. The most striking reature of the design chosen is the motto. Ad Astra per Aspera, with which every Kansas child is familiar, and which was the suggestion of Honorable John James Ingalls. The main business of the first Legislature of Kansas 1. The design tor a State seal submitted bv .lohn ,T. Ingalls con sisted of a blue shield, a cioud at the base, out" of which rose n single star, toward a consteliation of .SI stars. It was symbolic of one state coming up out of its strife to .loin the other 34 states. Above, the Latin motto, "Ad astra ver aspera," "to the stars throush difflcnities." was very suggestive. The simpi,e unique design of Mr. Ingalls was modified STATE CONSTEUCTION. 143 was with war. A company was formed of officers and members of the Legislature, which, during the recess, day after day, was drilled by a member who had attended a military school and knew something of military tactics, A bill was passed for the organization of the state militia. 163. Topeka the Capital. — The Legislature also pro vided for an election to be held on the 5th of November, 1861, to determine the location of the State capital, Topeka received 7,996 votes, Lawrence 5,291, all others 1,184. Topeka was declared the capital. KANSAS IN THE CIVIL WAE, 164, Kansas Patriotism. — The first year of Kansas as a State, found her "soul in arms, and eager for the fray." It may be said that for the four years that succeeded the firing on Fort Sumter, the thought, the occupation, the experience of Kansas was war. Everything gave place to meeting the responsibilities, and enduring the anxieties, sufferings, and losses of war. There was never in the course of the struggle a inan drafted in the State of Kansas, nor was there ever a bounty offered either by the State, or any city or county in the State. Troops were raised continually as called for from the first to the last.- 165. Kansas Responds to Lincoln's Call. — On the 15th of April President Lincoln issued his first call for 75,000 men.and marred by the addition of prairie landscape, buffalo pursued by Indian hunters, a settler's cabin, a river with a steamboat (the moat un-Kansas like feature of all^ and above a rising sun a cluster of 34 stars. 2. The United States census of 1860 gave Kansas 143,643 Inhabitants, of whom 34,242 were in the vicinity of Pike's Peak. This popuiation 144 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. On the 22nd of April the Legislature passed an aet for the organization of the militia. Under the aet. Governor Robinson organized 180 companies, divided into two divi sions, four brigades and eleven regiments. On the 17th of April, five days after the firing on Sumter, Captain Samuel Walker, of Lawrence, tendered Governor Robin son a company of one hundred men. Within a week seven military companies had been formed in Douglas county alone. By the end of the month companies had been formed in nearly every county. In the latter days of JMay the organization of the First Kansas Volunteers was begun in Leavenworth. On the 3d of June, a party of volunteers from the First Kansas crossed the Missouri River from Leavenworth to latan, on the Missouri side, and cap tured a Confederate flag. In the affair three men were wounded. This was- the first Kansas blood shed in the Civil War. 166. Kansas Volunteers Organized: — The volunteer organizations sworn into the service of the United States were: The First, Second, Eighth, Tenth, Twelfth, Thir teenth, and Seventeenth Infantry, and First and Second Colored Infantry. The Second, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth, Eleventh, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Cavalry. The First, Second, and Third Batteries, and Independent Colored Battery. 167. The Frontier Guard,— The Frontier Guard was a body of men, who, for fifteen days, frpm April 18 to was greatly diminished by the "drought of 1860." The entire quota assigned to Kansas during the ('ivii War was 16.li."i4 men. and the number raised was 20,097 ; thus Kansas furnished a surplus of 3,433 men. STATE CONSTEUCTION. 145 May 3, 1861, before many troops had reached the City of Washington, guarded the White House and President Lincoln. The Guard was commanded by General James H. Lane. Mark W. Delahay, D. R. Anthony, Marcus J. Parrott, A, C- Wilder, Samuel W. Greer, and many other Kansas men belonged to it, 168. The War in Kansas. — Kansas Samuel w, Greer. ^g^g open to attack On the east and south, while on the west, the Indians served as a per petual menace. The soldiers of Kansas were called alter nately to repel invasion, and to penetrate the fastnesses of the enemy. The war was waged in a wide and almost wilderness country; a country of mountains, defiles, tan gled woods and canebrakes, traversed by countless streams, rapid and roaring, or deep, winding and slug gish; but, for the most part, without bridges or ferries. In the thousands of miles of marching the Kansas sol diers often saw not a rod of smooth and. settled highway ; they moved by trails, over the hills and far away across the prairies, guided by the sun, the distant and random gun, the smoke of combat or the vengeful burning. They were far from the region of great and decisive battles, of strategic combinations and foreseen results. The columns came and went, making forced marches for days and nights together; fighting a battle and win ning a dear bought victory, to return whence they came. They fought, and marched, and camped in a region that was neither North nor South, and so experienced a 146 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. climate with the evil features of both. They met the blinding sleet and snow; were drenched with tropical rainstorms, and braved alike the blazing fury of the sun, and the bitter malice of the frost. Far from their bases of supplies, food and powder must be brought a long, toilsome and dangerous way, guarded at every step, fought for at every ford and pass. It was a hard and desperate warfare. For Kansas, the Civil War was but the continuation of the border troubles. Along the border the war assumed the character of a vendetta — a war of revenge, and over all the wide field a war of combats, of ambushes and ambuscades, of swift advances and hurried retreats ; of spies and scouts ; of stealth, darkness and murder. All along the way men riding solitary were shot down; little companies were killed by their camp fires; men fighting on both sides neither asked, gave, nor ex pected mercy, 169. Kansas Troops in Missouri. — The first regiment to leave the soil of Kansas was the First Kansas Infantry, under command of Colonel George Deitzler, which moved from Leavenworth to Kansas City, Missouri, in June, 1861. The Second, under Colonel Robert Mitchell from Lawrence followed, and later, both regiments became a brigade of the army of General Nathaniel Lyon, un der command of Colonel Dietzler. On the 10th of August, 1861, this Kansas brigade stood in battle array on "Bloody Hill," and fought out tlie'^^"""! •^^''b^ w- Deitzier. engagement of Wilson 's Creek, where 1,200 Union soldiers STATE CONSTEUCTION. 147 General Eob't B. Mitcliell. were killed. The Second was the last regiment to leave the field. 170. Additional Regiments Raised. — Shortly after the battle of Wilson's Creek, it was reported that General Price had organized a column for a demonstration against Port Scott, This increased the inter est in the organization of the Third, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Kansas Regi ments, of which, on the day of Wil son's Creek, scarcely a battalion for each had been recruited. The com panies in Southern Kansas were or dered to rendezvous at Fort Scott, and moist of the companies in North ern Kansas were equipped at Fort Leavenworth. By the middle of August, what came tp be known as Lane's Kansas Brigade, composed of the Third and Fourth Kansas Infantry, the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Kansas Cavalry, numbering in all 2,500 men, was organ ized. To the brigade was attached the First Kansas Battery. 171. Price Threatens Kansas. — On the 1st of Septem ber, General Price's Confederate advance, under General Rains, had reached Drywood, twelve miles south of Fort Scott, and a scouting party eame in and drove off a herd of United States mules, grazing within two miles of the post. This piece of audacity led to the advance of a Union force, under Colonels Jennison and Johnson, and a sharp skirmish at Drywood. After this came various movements, including the withdrawal of the Union forces 148 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. from Fort Scott in the direction of the Little Osage, and the throwing up of the work known as Fort Lincoln. In the midst of the preparations for defense eame the intel ligence that General Price had abandoned his proposed invasion of Kansas, and had marched in the direction of Lexington, Missouri. General Price accomplished his march to the Missouri River, and forced the surrender of Colonel Mulligan and 2,500 men at Lexington, 172. The Burning of Osceola. — The Kansas Brigade, James Lane in command, operated on the left flank of Price's army. Colonel Judson of Lane's army, on the 23rd of September, attacked Osceola, Missouri, where a quantity of supplies had been accumulated for the enemy. These, with Osceola, were burned. Upon the advance of General Fremont with a large force General Price re treated back to Arkansas. The Kansas Brigade then moved to Kansas City. 173. Service of the Indians. — In the early days of 1862, more than 6,000 Indians in the Indian Territory adhered to the Government of the United States, drew together and fought the Indians who had joined the Confederacy, and several regiments of Texas Cavalry. In the dead of winter, in the midst of a driv ing snow-storm, the loyal Indians, with their aged chief, Hopoeithlej^ohola, fell back into Kansas, In their camps, on Pall River, they suffered greatly during the winter, but iu the spring Colonel w. A. Phillips, three uiounted regiments were organ ized from these Indians. They were officered from Kan- STATE CONSTEUCTION. 149 sas regiments, many of the officers being from the Tenth Kansas, and later served in an Indian brigade commanded by Colonel William A. Phillips. 174. Consolidation of Forces. — In March, 1862, the Third and Fourth Kansas Infantry, and a portion of the Fifth Kansas Cavalry, were consolidated at Paola as the Tenth Itansas Infantry. Colonel Montgomery, of the Third, was transferred to the Second South Carolina Regiment, and Colonel Weer, of the Fourth, assumed the command of the new organization. The numbers ' ' Third ' ' and "Fourth" do not again appear in Kansas military history. In May, 1862, the First, Seventh and Eighth Kansas Regiments left Leavenworth for Corinth, Missis sippi. 175. The Colored Soldiers. — In November, the First Kansas colored regiment was organized at Fort Lincoln. Kansas now had soldiers] white, red and black. 176. Kansas Troops in Arkansas. — On the 5th of De cember, 1862, General James G. Blunt joined his force to the already battling army of General Herron, and fought till the sun went down in the battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas. On this field were gathered the largest num ber of Kansas troops, up to that time ever drawn together. 177. The Second State Election.— In November, 1862, the second State election in Kansas occurred. Thomas Carney, Rei)ublican, was chosen Gov ernor, and A. Carter Wilder Repre- ^- barter wiiaer. sentative in Congress. The Democratic Party made no 150 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. nomination for governor. The Republican Union Party had nominated W. R. Wagstaff. Eeview Questions. — Why is Kansas Day a day of special sig nificance, not only in the State but also in the nation? — Where and when did the First Legislature meet? — Who were our first United States senators? — When and how was Topeka made the capital? — Describe the seal.- — What is the meaning of "Ad astra per aspera"? ¦ — How did the people of Kansas reveal their patriotism at the open ing of the Civil War? — What remarkable statement is made as to volunteer service? — What was the Frontier Guard? — Give the charac teristics of the War ih Kansas. — In what famous battle in Missouri did the Kansas troops engage? — How did General Price threaten Kansas? — Some people consider the burning of Osceola an atrocious deed, do you? — How did the Indian and colored soldiers serve in the War? CHAPTER XVIII. GOVEENOE CAENEY'S ADMINISTEATION. 1863—1865. 178. The Legislatures of 1863 and 1864.— In the midst of war's alarms, Kansas began the foundihg of her great educational system. The Legislature of 1863 made itself memorable by its remarkable work for education. The University whieh Amos A. Lawrence in 1856 had pro moted was made a State University. The State Normal School for the in struction of teachers was established at Emporia. This was the first state institution of its kind in the United States and shows an advance position in educational thinking. The State Governor momas Camey. Agricultural College was founded in Riley County, the state receiving the land of Blumont College, near Man hattan. Its purpose is to teach such branches of learning as relate to agricultural and mechanical arts. Other scientific and classical studies are included in the curric ulum; and military tactics is a requirement. This legislature also incorporated the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company, located the first State Insane Asylum at Osawatomie and provided for the build ing of a penitentiary at Lansing. The Legislature of 1864 151 152 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. locate'd the State Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Olathe, and the Blind Asylum at Wyandotte, and organized the State University and the State Normal School. 179. Kansas Troops in Indian Territory. — In 1863, the Kansas fighting was transferred to the Indian Territory. Colonel William A. Phillips with his Indians fought Col onel Coffey at Fort Gibson, now Fort Blunt. Colonel James M. Williams, with the First Kansas, colored, 800 strong, and 300 Indians, defeated General Stand Watie at Cabin Creek. QUANTEILL'S EAID. 180. Kansas' Position. — Kansas, during the war, was exposed to three species of invasion and calamity: first, to the hostile approach of the regular forces of the Con federacy; second, to the raids of Indians; and, third, to the attacks of guerrillas, irregular troops, the scourge and curse of war. These predatory rangers, whose occu pation was robbery, and whose pastime was murder, kept the country in terror. The places chosen Avere those with out defences or garrison, where it was possible to plun der and kill with comparative safety. The most appalling of these disasters was Quantrill's raid on Lawrence, on the morning of the 21st of August, 1863. 181. The Attach a Surprise.— It is remarkable that Lawrence, a town which had served as a rendezvous for troops through the war, should, on that morning, have had at hand no single armed military organization for its defense, and that an attacking force of between 300 and 400 men should have ridden through forty miles of set tled country from the Missouri border, without a single STATE CONSTEUCTION. 153 messenger reaching the doomed place with word of warn ing. At one point a Federal force was passed by the guerrillas, their character made out, and word was sent to Kansas City, but not to Lawrence. It was five o'clock in the still, summer morning when drowsy Lawrence was wakened by vengeful yells, the crash of revolvers, and the pattering hoofs of horses. There was no defence. There were no defenders. The soldiers in the town were but a small body of recruits who were in camp, but had not yet received arms. These were destroyed by what might be called a single volley. The militia company of the place had stored their arms in their armory, and could not reach them. 182. The Massacre. — There was first the hurried charge, the guerrillas firing on whoever they saw as they rode past, and afterward the deliberate and painstaking massacre, house by house, and man by man, which lasted for four hours. As is often the case in seasons of terror, the women displayed the highest courage, struggling with their bare hands to save their homes from the flames, their sons and husbands from the swarming murderers. The town was robbed and burned, the black smoke rising in a great cloud in the still air. The Eldridge House, the successor of the old Free State Hotel, burned in 1856, was specially devoted to the flames. The safeguard given the guests and inmates of this hotel by Quantrill himself, was the one ray of mercy that illumined the darkness of the time. These were protected while he remained in the town. The guerrillas, loaded with plunder, left unmolested. They avoided places that looked defensible, and a few 154 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Union soldiers on the north side of the river, firing across the stream, kept the neighborhood near the river bank cleared of enemies. There was no seeking for a combat. Those who were killed were non-combatants who died without an opportunity for defense. As the enemy drew off. General Lane and Lieutenant John K. Rankin gath ered a handful of men, only sufficient in force to keep the enemy moving, and started in pursuit. Eldridge House Ruins. 183. Estimate of the Killed.— To this day the count of the dead and wounded on that fatal day varies. Mr. Speer estimates that 183 men and boys were killed. Dr. Cordley says : ' ' The number killed can never be exactly known. As nearly as can be ascertained there were 142. This included the missing two or three who never re turned. A few of the wounded died later, and possibly STATE CONSTEUCTION. 155 some were killed who were never heard of. One hun dred and fifty would not be far out of the way for the whole number. It is estimated that the raid made eighty widows and 250 orphans."^ The inscription on the citizens' memorial monument, raised in 1895 in Oak Hill cemetery, reads: "Dedicated to the memory of the 150 citizens, who, defenceless, fell victims to the inhuman ferocity of border guerrillas, led by the infamous Quantrill in his raid upon Lawrence, August 21, 1863." 184. The Burial. — Nearly a week was filled with the gathering up and burial of the dead. Fifty-three bodies were laid in one trench. On the Sunday following the massacre, there was held in the old stone Congregational Church a service by the pastor, Rev. Dr. Cordley, and Rev. G. C. Morse of Em poria, whose brother-in-law. Judge Carpenter, was among the slain. There was no sermon, but instead there was read the 79th Psalm: "0 God, the heathen are come into their inheritance. They have laid Jerusalem in heaps. The dead bodies of thy servants have they given to ,^be meat unto the fowls of the heaven, and the flesh of thy saints unto the beasts of the earth. Their blood have they shed like water round about Jerusalem, and there was none to bury them," 185. Loss and Help. — The aggregate loss of property 1. The first schoolmaster, who taught the Free State and 'Pro-slavery parents' children aiike, and never spoke of politics in his schooi, EBward Fitch, was wantonly murdered in his home and his house set on fire. The wife succeeded in drag.ging the body from the flames. They cureed her, and threw it bacic and it was consumed. One of them discovered her looking at her husb.ind's photograph, with her three children around her. He grabbed it and cast it into the fire. Nobody couid conceive a cause for this cruelty till the mother said : "My iittie child had gotten a toy American flag, and had climbed upon the shed and placed it there." 156 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. estimate as would be hard to reach, "As careful an could be made," say the early and late historians, "was about $1,500,000." To the stricken city and its people, Kansas, though war-scourged and poor, displayed the utmost generosity, and help came from far and near. 186. Massacre of General Blunt's Staff. — On October 6, 1863, the massa cre of General Blunt's staff near Bax ter Springs occurred. He had been on Gen, James g. Biunt. business in Kansas and was returning with a small cav alry escort to Fort Smith, when he was attacked by Quantrill with 600 guerrillas. Eighty of his party, with several civilians, were killed. General Blunt, rallying some fifteen of his guard, held off the foe and escaped. The guerrillas attacked a sraall post near by. called Fort Blair, but were beaten off with loss. PEICE 'S EAID IN MISSOUEL 187. The Confederate Situation.— In 1864 the Confed erate situation in Louisiana, the Indian Territory and Arkansas became temporarily improved. The Confed erate armies were strengthened in arms, clothing, and even artillery, by Captures made in the campaigns men tioned. General Sterling Price was reported to have 10,000 veteran troops in a good state of equipment, and his ranks were nearly doubled in numbers by a severe conscription in Arkansas. 188. The Union Situation. — During the sunimer of 1864, the Union forces in Arkansas were principally con- STATE CONSTEUCTION. 157 eentrated in Little Rock and Fort Smith. In September, when the rumors of a move northward on the part of General Price began to thicken, the forces available for the defense of western Missouri and Kansas were scat tered. General Curtis had taken the field against the Indians,- and was operating from Port Kearney, General Blunt had assumed command of the district of. Upper Arkansas, and was in pursuit of the Indians beyond Port Larned. Major-General Sykes, U. S. A., was in command at Lawrence of a small and scattered force of Kansas troops whieh was charged with the duty of keeping up communi cations and supplies with Ports Gibson and Smith, and the forces in southeastern Kansas. < AN SAS sprinjnelil Map ot Price Campaign. 158 HISTOEY OF KANSAS, 189. General Price Moves Northward. — General Price crossed the Arkansas at Dardanelle, between Little Rock and Port Smith, His army was divided into three divisions commanded by Generals Pagan, ilarmaduke, and Shelby. Among the generals of brigade and colonels were nearly all the surviving officers who had fought west of the Mississippi and north of Louisiana from 1861 to 1864, The number of the Confederates at the crossing of the Arkansas was estimated at 18,000 men. 190. Union Supplies Captured.— On the 12th of Sep tember the escort of a large supply train consisting of 610 cavalry and infantry. White and Indian, commanded by Major Henry Hopkins, was attacked at Cabin Creek, Cherokee Nation, by 2,500 of the eneniy under General Gano, of General Price's command, and the train cap tured and burned. It was a very serious loss. 191. Defense of St. Louis. — In the meantime. General Rosecrans, commanding at St, Louis, seemed uncertain as to the strength and direction of the enemy's movement. But there was no longer room for doubt after the 24th -of September, and General Thomas Ewing proceeded to Pilot Knob, where he was attacked, on the 27th of September, by Price's army. Gen eral Ewing made a steady defense, but finally blew up his magazine at Pilot Knob, and fell back. From this time Kansas names begin to figure in the history. The rear guard of the little column General Tbos. Ewing. was placed under command of Major Williams, of the STATE CONSTEUCTION. 159 Tenth Kansas, The pursuing column was checked from time to time, and at last General Ewing reached Rolla, where the infantry of his force remained in garrison, and the cavalry marched with General McNeil to Jeffer son City. It is believed that General Ewing 's resistance saved St. Louis. 192. Concentration of Forces. — On the 2d of October General Rosecrans reported to General Curtis that Price was moving westward, and the concentration of Kansas militia began at Olathe. A force of 6,000 men was col lected at Jefferson City, of which 4,000 were cavalry, composing the Provisional Cavalry Division under Gen eral Alfred Pleasonton. 193. Call for, Volunteers.— On the 8th of October, Gov ernor Carney issued his proclamation calling out the "men of Kansas," and announcing Major-General Deitz ler as commander-in-chief. 194. The Response. — The response of the "men' of Kansas" was immediate. Says Adjutant-General HoUi day in his report: "Never was appeal for help answered so promptly. In most instances, on the next day, or the second, after the receipt of the proclamation at regimental headquarters, the regiment itself in full force was on the march for the rendezvous." The whole number of Kansas militia who appeared for active service exceeded 16,000 men. Many of the officers se-rving in the militia had seen service in the volunteers. 195. Battle of Lexington. — On the receipt of the news that Price had passed Jefferson City and occupied Lex ington, General Blunt relieved General Sykes at Olathe. General Blunt moved to Lexington with two brigades of 160 HISTOEY O^ KANSAS. cavalry. Early on his arrival he inspected the position with his aides. General James II. Lane and Lieutenant- Colonel Burris. On the approach of Price's advance the fight was opened by a portion -of the Fifteenth Kansas under Lieutenant-Colonel Hoyt. As his troops fell back before the overwhelming mass of the enemy, the move ment was covered by a column of Kansas regiments. When this column was flanked by the enemy, it would fall back and form another line, thus keeping up a fight for six miles, 2,000 against 28,000. In the darkness the command fell back toward Independence, bivouacking a few miles from the Little Blue. At sunrise. Colonel iloon- light was left to defend the bridge at the Little Blue while possible, and the rest of the division fell back to Inde pendence, 196. Battle of the Little Blue. — In the morning the battle of the Little Blue' began. Colonel ^loonlight with 600 men was on the grounds. He was joined by Colorado regiments and the Fourth, Twelfth, and Nineteenth Kan sas Militia, They fought valiantly until the order came, "Fire the bridge and fall back." They obeyed, fighting the enemy 28,000 strong, which came swarming through the shallow water as they retreated. General Blunt eame on the field and formed a new line, which contained no more than 2,500 men. Then there Avas fighting, eight hours of it in all, and our little army fell back to Inde pendence. There were 600 men to begin, and 2,500 to close, with a loss of about 200. 197. Battle of the Big Blue.— The entire force under 2. The names Little Blue, Big Blue and Independence must not be misapplied to Kansas locations. This flghting was all done in Missouri. STATE CONSTEUCTION. 161 General Curtis rested on the west bank of the Big Blue, on the road leading from Independence to Kansas City, during the night of October 21, 1864. The transportation was sent back to Kansas City, where as at Wyandotte, guns were fired during the night to warn the militia. Before all who camped that night along the winding stream, there lay a troubled day. The Big Blue may be crossed only at fords, and the battle of the 21st consisted largely of the attack and defense of these fords. The point that became most famous during the day was Byron's ford. Here the enemy, after a heavy fight, succeeded in crOSS-Colon^' James Montgomery, ing, and the Union forces were crowded back toward Westport, but in turn the Confederates were themselves pressed back. At sundown the Union troops retired to Westport. The tragedy of the day was the overwhelming of the Second Kansas State Militia under Colonel Veale, sup porting a single gun at the Macabee farm. The des perate fight around the gun resulted in a loss to the bat talion of thirty killed, fifty wounded and 102 captured. The command was from Shawnee county. 198. Movements Before Westport. — At four o'clock on Saturday evening, the 22d, the left and centre of the Union army fell back to Kansas City, and were placed in the intrenchments there. General Curtis faced the foe with his volunteers in Westport and his militia in 162 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Kansas City, The Confederate line ran along the Blue from Byron's ford to beyond Russell's ford. General Pleasonton, from Jefferson City, followed after Price's army, and attacking the enemy's rear division, occupied Independence, Three brigades — Sanborn's, Brown 's, and Winslow 's^took the road to Byron 's Ford ; McNeil' with another brigade moved to Hickman's Mill, and 10,000 infantry under Major-General Smith moved from Lexington to Independence, 199. Battle of Westport.— At five o'clock on the fate ful Sunday morning, the Kansas State Militia moved out of the intrenchments with the Ninth Wisconsin Battery and the Kansas Colored Battery, Soon the battle was resumed. There were charges and countercharges; in some instances hand-to-hand combats ; fights stubborn behind stone walls, and fights rapid to carry them,' the artillery everywhere firing from every point of vantage, the guns sometimes in danger and saved by a rush, and finally a general movement forward. Eighteen brass Parrott guns and thir teen howitzers opened at once on the opposing lines. The enemy began to coionei Thos. Moonlight. waver and fall back. Cheer upon cheer rose from the Union lines. The militia poured into the field, and the open prairie was reached when a heavy column of cav alry emerged from the timber, and Pleasonton 's charge Avas on. 200. Retreat of General Price. — Price's army, fighting all the while, began its retreat southward, followed by STATE CONSTEUCTION. 163 10,000 Union men, while Colonel Moonlight, with another division, marched along the border, interposing as far as possible between the enemy and the State,'' 201. Price in Kansas. — The retreating army, however, crowded into Kansas, entering in Linn County. The pursuit became closer. There were combats at Trading Post Ford and at the Mounds. On the 25th of October the decisive battle of Mine Creek was fought on Kansas soil, where 800 prisoners and nine guns were captured, and many officers of high rank, including Generals Mar maduke and Cabell, fell into the hands of the Union men. 202. Defeat of Price at Newtonia. — Prom the fields of Mine Creek and the Little Osage, the enemy was pressed with such vigor as to force it to' abandon the intention of attacking Fort Scott. Price was followed back into Mis souri and finally defeated at Newtonia, where the pris oners of the Second Kansas Militia, taken at the Little Blue, were paroled and rejoined their friends.* 203. Farewell of General Curtis. — From the head quarters of the Army of the Border, Camp Arkansas, on the 8tli of November, 1864, General Curtis issued his con gratulatory order, saying: "In parting, the General ten ders his thanks to the officers and soldiers for ' their generous support and prompt obedience to orders, and to his staff for their unceasing efforts to share the toil inci dent to the campaign. The pursuit of Price in 1864, and 3. Many of the K.insas Patriots who gave their lives for the saving of the nation were interred in the city cemetery at Topeka. A stately monument has been reared to marie their resting place by their comrade, G. G. Gage. 4. Teacher should take a United States map and point out the places where the Kansas troops served. 164 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. the battles of Lexington, Little Blue, Big Blue, Westport, Marais des Cygnes, and Newtonia, will be borne on the banners of the regiments who shared in them; and the States of Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Colorado, Illinois, In diana, Wisconsin, and Arkansas, may g'lory in the achieve ment of their sons in this short but eventful campaign." Kansas at Chlcltamauga. — Viniard's Place. 204. Service of Kansas Volunteers. — With the closing of the "Price raid" campaign, ended, generally, the fight ing days of the Kansas regiments. In the course of the four years' war, these commands saw service over a wide area. The First Kansas took part in the siege of Vicks burg, and served in Louisiana, The Seventh Cavalry took part in the operations about Corinth, Miss,, in west- STATE CONSTEUCTION. 165 ' 'Mother Bickerdj ke. ' ern Tennessee and northern Mississippi. The Eighth In fantry fought at Perryville, Ky., Chickamauga, and Mission Ridge, marched east to Atlanta, and back again to Nashville, participated in the great battle of December, 1864, and saw its last active service in Texas. The Tenth Infantry took part in the battle of Nashville, the siege of Mobile, and the assault on Port Blakely, and was mustered out at Montgomery, Ala. The Eleventh Cavalry carried its guidons to far Wyoming, 1,000 miles from Port Leavenworth. The First Kansas Battery was ordered to Indiana to check the famous "Morgan raid." Subsequently it served with the armies of Tennessee and Mississippi. The detachment from the Second Kansas Cavalry, known as HoUister's and Hopkins^ battery, served in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi. The other commands as well as these did their work in Kan sas, Missouri, Colorado, Arkansas, and the Indian Ter ritory.^ 205. Kansas Oificers Commissioned. — The following general officers from Kansas were commissioned by Presi dent Lincoln during the war: Major-General James G. Blunt, Brigadier-Generals Robert B. Mitchell, Albert L. 5, On the map of the State are preserved, in the names of counties, the names of Kansas soldiers — Mitchell, Cloud, Trego, Norton, Clark, Harper, Rooks, Rush, Russell, Stafford, Cowley, Graham, Jewell, Osborne, Ellis, Gove, Pratt, Ness and Hodgeman. Governors Crawford and Harvey, whose names are borne by counties, were offlcers in Kansas regiments. Alfred Gray and Dudley Haskell saw service with Kansas troops. Among the men and women who have brought honor to the State is Mary A. Blckcrdyke, better known as "Mother" Bickerdyke, who died at 166 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Lee, George W. Deitzler, Thomas Ewing, Jr., Powell Clayton. Colonel Cloud was commissioned as Major-General of the State Militia by Governor Crawford. 206. Records of the State. — The record of the two wars in which Kansas was so early in her history engaged — the warfare forced on her people to make the State free and the war for the preservation of the Union — has been well kept. Through the exer tions of the State Historical Society, which has known through nearly all its history but two secretaries. Judge ' Franklin G. Adams and George W. Martin, there has been gathered a great store of publie reports, private letters, journals written by soldiers by the camp-fire's light or amid the echoes of battle, and the "bruised arms" used in many a savage fray. In these collections is illustrated all the story of Kansas from the earliest time. Here are the rude implements and weapons of the Indians; the stained and worn manuscript journals of the missionary, who strove for the Indian's welfare; the maps and charts of the early explorers; the account books of the fur traders ; the evidences of the first hard life of the pioneers, the advanced guard, showing in out- Bunker Hill, Kansas, November 8, 1901. In the beginning of the great rebellion she was one of the flrst to comprehend that "war means sick ness." For four years, first without orders, and later under commission, she cared for thousands of the brave boys In blue. After the war Mother Bickerdyke helped to settle Kansas with es-soldlers of the Union Army and their families. The Mother Bickerdyke Home for soldiers' widows Is a beautiful monument to this great soi^Ied woman. Franklin Ml^ionary liidge. 168 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. ward and visible signs the road followed to a finished and intense civilization.* 207. The State's Colors. — In the care of the State itself the flags of the Kansas regiments and batteries are pre served. The battle flags of the Kansas regiments and batteries were formally presented to Governor Crawford, at a soldiers' celebration held at Topeka on the 4th of July, 1866, and have since remained in the care of the State. INDUSTEIAL AFFAIES. 208. The Homestead Law. — An event having a most important bearing on the life and prosperity of Kansas was the passage of the Homestead Law. The bill had been introduced in the House by Mr. Grow, of Pennsyl vania. It had once been vetoed by President Buchanan. 'It was signed by President Lincoln, and took effect on the 1st of January, 1863. Within ten years thereafter twenty-six millions of acres of the publie lands were entered by homestead settlers. The law, in substance, gave a title from the United States to the actual settler who held the 160 acres for five years. The Hoihestead Law was an answer to those who demanded "land for the landless," and who sang: "Uncle 6. In August, 1890, Congress made lawful the purchase of 7,600 acres of land in Tennessee and Georgia to be known and preserved as the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park. By the same act It was mad^ lawful for States having troops engaged In the battles upon these grounds to suitably mark their location by tablets or monuments. The Legislature of 1893 gave power to Governor MorrUl to appoint a commission of Kansas soldiers to control the olacing of mohuments to the memory of the Kansas boys in blue who fought in these memorable battle flelds. As a result of the worlj of this commission three beautiful memorials were erected. They were unveiled on the 20tli of September, 1895. One is a monument on Mission Ridge at Chattanooga, one a granite boulder tablet on Orchard Knob, and the third a monument at Viniard's Place, Chici^amjiuga. J STATE CONSTEUCTION. 169 Sam is rich enough to give us all a farm. ' ' At the close of the Civil War the law was so amended that the home steader might deduct from the five years' residence re quired by the law, the time passed by him in the military or naval service of his country. With the close of the war, a great ex-soldier immigration poured into Kansas. 209, Grant to A. T. & S. F. Railroad.— The policy of subsidizing the railroads in lands and bonds by the gen eral Government was diligently labored for by Kansas men at Washington. In 1863, Congress made to the State of Kansas a grant of land, giving alternate sections, for ten miles in width, amounting to 6,400 acres per mile, on either side of a proposed line running from Atchison via Topeka to some point on the southern or western boundary of the State in the direction of Santa Pe, with a branch from some point on the southern line of Kansas to the City of Mexico.-' This grant, the State of Kansas transferred to the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Pe Railroad r-Company, February, 1864. It amounted to some 3,000,000 acres of land. 210. Grant to t}ie Union Pacific Railroad. — The East ern Division of the Union Pacific, on which work was begun on the State line of Kansas and Missouri in No vember, 1863, eventually received a grant of alternate sections, twenty miles in width, and amounting to 12,800 acres to the mile. The grant extended 394 miles west from the Missouri River, and amounted to some 6,000,000 acres. Other lines extending through Kansas received subsidies, but these two, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa 170 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Pe and the Union Pacific Eastern Division, later called the Kansas Pacific, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, were the largest grantees of land. Besides these grants the railroads acquired large tracts of Indian lands. 211. Results. — The organized counties voted large amounts of bonds to the roads, and the progress of the roads for a time was the progress of the State. The grants of land facilitated the building of the roads, and in Kansas the railroads preceded instead of following the settlement, greatly accelerating the old process of filling a country with a wagon immigration. The land grant companies sold their lands at low rates, and on long time, and the alternate sections reserved by the Govern ment were sold at $2,50 an acre, while beyond the "rail road limit," the homesteader pushed in everywhere. The United States land offices which, in the territorial days, were located along the line of the Missouri river, were moved westward from time to time to accommo date the host of claim seekers, who, in some instances, remained- about the offices the entire night to await their opening in the morning. 212, Election of 1864.— On November 8^864. the gen eral election in Kansas resulted in the choice of Samuel J, Crawford, Republican, for Governor. The Democratic Party had no ticket in the field, Solon 0. Thacher was the candidate on the Republican Union ticket, Abraham Lincoln received the .first vote of Kansas for President of the United States, Eeview Questions, — Whv are the enactments of the Legislatures of '63 and '64 memorable f— Tell of Quantrill's raid.— Describe the STATE CONSTEUCTION, 171 Union and Confederate situation of 1864. — Give the Price campaign through Missouri. — What battles were fought in Kansas? — Where was the tiial defeat of Price's army? — Name the most noted battles of the Civil War in which Kansas soldiers took part, — Where are the records and colors of the State kept? — Describe the records. — When you go to Topeka, look for the colors in the historical rooms. — What was the Homestead Law? — Tell of the grants made to the Santa Fe and to the Union Pacific Eailroads. — What were the results of the grants? Store Dugout, .Osborne, Kansas, CHAPTER XIX. GOVEENOE CEAWFOED'S ADMINISTEATION. 1865—1869. 213. The Legislature of 1865. — James H. Lane was re elected United States Senator by the Legislature of 1865. 214. The Soldiers' Home-Coming.— At the close of the war the troops came marching home from far and near. On April 8, 1865, a great jubilee was held at Leavenworth, celebrating the Union victories and the close of the war. 215. The Homesteader. — The homesteader has been styled the "Pil grim Father" of Kansas. He left the great highways of travel and sought the vast, open country. From the thin line of timber skirting the stream, he might gather a few logs t^o build his cabin, but more often he shaped his habitation in or of the earth itself, a dugout or a sodhouse, the walls built up of strips of prairie sod turned over by the plow, the roof covered with marl, or natural lime, as it was called, from the bottom of the prairie draw. Here, with his wife and children, lived in the first hard years the homesteader, under the vast sky, girt about by an immense and remote horizon. They were often miles from any house, theirs, as far 172 Governor Samnel J. Crawford. STATE CONSTEUCTION. 173 as eye could see, the only habitation. The stillness of the prairie was broken only by the swish of the prairie grass, with now and then the trill of the meadow lark, the croon of the prairie chicken, or the call of the wild water fowl in its flight across the boundless expanse of sky. Sod Schoolhouse, Osborne Cojnty, Kansas, At first the buffalo^ in their migrations passed in vast herds, and the stragglers wandered near the settler's door; or the blanket Indian came to barter or to beg, stopping in front of the prairie cabin and summoning the inmates with the single salutation, "How." 1. When there was nothing left of the buffalo save their bleaching bones, the settler gathered these up and hauled them to the distant railroad station, where they accumulated in great white piles. Thus he added to his slender store of ready money. From Hays City, in May, i875, the shipments of bones. amounied to twenty tons, a day. They were shipped east for fertilizing and other purposes. 174 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. The toil of the early years yielded small return ; often the brown face of the settler searched the sky in vain for a sign of rain to freshen the ground for the fainting corn; and in the autumn, after' the scorching sun had turned the prairies to bronze, the prairie fire swept ia lurid fiame, and the settler and the mother of his children Buffalo. went out to "back fire" that they might save the home and few belongings from the ruthless destroyer. To secure supplies and obtain news of the world be yond, the settler would take his team and go to the trading post miles away, to be gone for days, while the mother cared for her children alone but unafraid in the prairie vastness. Thus, in sun and shower, in drought aud storm lived STATE CONSTEUCTION, 175 the early pioneer and began the development of that civilization of which Kansas has a right to be proud, 216. The Indian. — ^While the Kansas frontiersman was thus holding the picket line of civilization, he was exposed for years to the incursions of a ruthless enemy, who came and went with the uncertainty of the wind — the Indian, The Civil War had not ended before the State was en dangered by the incursions of .the savages. The Indians, in 1864, had become so formidable that Generals Curtis and Blunt had planned a campaign against them, but were recalled from it to meet the advancing Confederates of General Price. 217. Indian Raids.— In i865 and 1866 the Indians came along the northwestern v^alleys and murdered set tlers on White Rock Creek in Republic County and at Lake Sibley in Cloud County, in the northern part of the state. These outrages were followed (by an Indian raid in the Solomon valley. The building of the Union Pacific through Kansas, in 1867, excited the savages. The entire plains country seemed full of their war parties. They attacked settlers in the Republican, Smoky Hill, and Solomon valleys, and raided in Marion, Butler, and Greenwood counties. In June of 1867, the Cheyennes, Arapahoes, and Kiowas united to drive back the frontier line of settlement and to close communications across the plains. Lieutenant-General Sherman called on Governor Craw ford for a battalion of volunteer cavalry, and in obedi ence to the Governor's proclamation, the Eighteenth Kan sas Battalion of 358 men, commanded by Colonel H. L. Moore, took the field. Colonel Moore met and defeated ]76 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. the Indians and drove them toward the headwaters of the Republican. While the Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Kio was, Sioux, and Comanches were operating in the north west, bands of Osages, Wichitas and others were raiding in the southern and western portions of the State, neces sitating the stationing of troops at Port Larned and other points. 218. The Treaty of 1867.— On the 28th of October, 1867, Generals Sherman and Sanborn, and Commissioner- of-Indian-affairs Taylor made a treaty with the Chey ennes and Arapahoes at Medicine Lodge Creek, which provided that these Indians should remove to a reserva tion in the Indian Territory. As a conciliatory measure the Indians were given the privilege of hunting in Kansas and were furnished with arms by the government. The measure proved very disastrous to the settlers. 219. The Treaty Broken. — ^As soon as they were ready in the spring, the Indians broke the treaty, a body of 500 Cheyennes penetrating the State nearly to Council Grove, Morris county, murdering and robbing as they went. At the very time, in August, when the Indians were drawing arms at Port Larned, a party of Cheyennes was murdering men, women and children in Ottawa, Mitchell and Republic counties. 220. Governor Crawford to the Rescue. — On hearing of the raid. Governor Crawford went by special train to Salina, placed himself at the head of a company of volun teers, and followed the trail of the Indians. It was found that forty persons had been killed, numberless outrages committed, and that for sixty miles the settlements had been destroyed and the country laid waste. On his return STATE CONSTEUCTION. 177 to Topeka, he sent a dispatch to the President: "The savage devils have become intolerable, and must and shall be driven out of the State." He offered to furnish all the volunteers necessary to insure a permanent and last ing peace. In reply. General Sheridan, at Fort Harker, gave assurances that the line of settlement should be pro tected and garrisoned with infantry, while a regular cav alry force should scout the exposed country. Governor Crawford, however, called for a force of five companies of cavalry from the militia of the State, each man to furnish arms and accoutrements, and be furnished with rations by General Sheridan, The companies were sta tioned at exposed points from the Nebraska line to Wichita, relieving a regular force to operate against the Indians. General Sully went south of the Arkansas with nine companies of cavalry, and taught the Cheyennes and Arapahoes some useful lessons, 221. Governor Crawford and the Nineteenth. — Con vinced that the Kiowas and Comanches were determined to keep up the fight. General Sherman called on the Gri^v- ernor for a full regiment of volunteer cavalry. Governor Crawford issued his proclamation on the 10th of October, 1868, and on the 20th of October, ten days later, the regi ment of 1,200 men was mustered into the service at To peka. The regiment was called the Nineteenth Kansas Volunteer Cavalry. Gallant Governor Crawford resigned the governorship of the state on November 4, 1868, to assume the command of the Nineteenth. The regiment left Topeka on the 5th of November, and on the 28th joined General Sheridan on the North Cana dian, but at one o'clock pn the morning of the 27th of 178 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. November, General Custer had charged into Black Kettle's village on the Washita, killed 103 warriors, and captured fifty-one lodges and many horses and mules. The Indians fell back, and, on the 24th of December, sur rendered. The Nineteenth moved to Fort Hays in March, having kept the open field all through the severe winter, and in April was mustered out. This was the last call on Kansas for so large a force as a regiment to repel or pursue Indians; 222. Battle of Beecher Island on the Arickaree. — The Indian wars on the plains terminated with the Battle of Beecher Island, September, 1868. Scouts reported to General Sherman that a small band of Indians not to exceed 200 in number were entering northwestern Kan sas. General Sherman selected fifty experienced Indian fighters and placed Colonel Forsythe of his own staff in command. On September 10 the troops left Pt. Wallace. At Ft, Sheridan they struck the trail of the Indians, and following it soon came to a deserted Indian village, where at least 600 lodges had stood. This discovery did not dishearten the brave fifty; they pressed on fearlessly. The camp for the night was made opposite a sandy island on the north bank of the Arickaree,^ which at that season of the year contained no water. Just as day began to dawn the Indian alarm was given. In an instant Colonel Forsythe 's command was in battle forra. The valley re sounded with the yells of a thousand savages. Stripped of their blankets and hideously painted, they rode down the hills like demons. The chiefs, conspicuous in their 2. The Arickaree monument is in Colorado, flve or six miles west of the Kansas line, in Yuma County. Kansas paid for half of the monu ment, because ail the men engaged were Kansas settlers. Colorado paid the balance. STATE CONSTEUCTION. 179 war bonnets, led the tumultuous onslaught. Colonel For sythe gave the order, "Reach the island and hitch the horses." They were none too soon, for the savages were upon them. Fire ! Pire ! rang out along the line as the men dropped behind the sand ridges. The answering roar of the muskets drowned the savage yell ; painted warriors reeled and fell from the plunging ponies; still the Indians came on in savage fury. Volley after volley smote them ; the dead and dying strewed the sand. Suddenly, like the sweep of a tempest, the savages turned and fled, leaning from their ponies to gather up their fallen as they rode away. The Indians, led by the noted chief Roman Nose, made another attack at 11 o'clock, this time on the east end of the island. Jack Stilwell, a youth of eighteen, and five men were stationed there. So sure was the aim of the brave fellows that Roman Nose, who was thought to have a charmed life, fell at the first volley. Again the savages turned back. A third attack was led by Dull Knife, a celebrated old warrior. He too fell, and his braves fled before the skilled marksmanship of the scouts. This ended the battle ; the Indians however kept the hills. More than half of the scouts in the sand pits were either wounded or killed. There was no food but horse flesh ; water was obtained by digging in the sand. Colonel Forsythe was severely wounded and unable to rise. It was decided that an effort should be made to inform Fort Wallace, ninety miles away, and Jack Stilwell and James Trudeau^ volunteered to go. They were given per- 3. The third night .ifter Stillwell and Trudeau left the island, two others, Donovan and Pllley, started for the fort. They came upon Colonel Carpenter's command, on the south fork of the Republican. The 180 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. mission, and started at midnight. The first day they hid beneath a bank but three miles from the battle-field, the second day a swamp protected them, and the third day, seeing Indians in an open plain, they concealed them selves in the carcass of a buffalo. At last they reached Port Wallace and immediately troops were hurried to the Monument Commemorating Battle of Beecher's Island. rescue. Nine days after the morning of the first battle, relief came to the beleagured men on the Arickaree. "In recent years it has been ascertained through Indians who were engaged in the battle that they lost between seven and eight hundred braves." ^23. Forts, — During the Indian troubles three impor- command rode to the rescue in a twenty-mile dnsh, and reached the Island twenty-six hours in advance of the Fort Wallace partv. Lieutenant Fred Beecher, a uophow of Henry Ward Beecher, was Uilled hero. STATE CONSTEUCTION. 181 tant forts were built in the West. Port Larned was estab lished in 1859 in Pawnee County. It was then known as the camp on the Pawnee Pork, The name was changed to Camp Alert in February, 1860, and,- to Port Larned in June of the same year. Fort Dodge was on the Santa Fe Trail, and had been a famous camping place for years. In 1864 Colonel Ford, of the Second Colorado Cavalry, located the fort. At first the buildings were of adobe. In 1867 permanent structures were raised. Port Hayes in Ellis County was located in 1867, near Big Creek, a branch of the Smoky Hill River, Other forts ^ere Port Wallace in Wallace County and Port Ellsworth in Ells worth County, 224. Death of Senator James H. Lane.^ — Senator James H, Lane* cdmmitted suicide in July, 1866, Governor Crawford appointed Honorable Ed mund G. Ross to fill the unexpired term in the United States Senate, 225. Election of United States Sen ators. — The Legislature of 1867 elected S. C. Pomeroy and Edmund G. Ross United States Senators. 226. Election of 1868.— On the res ignation of Governor Crawford, the official duties of state were assumed Nehemiah Green. by Lieutenant-Governor Green. In November James M. Harvey was elected Governor on the Republican ticket. The nominee of the Democratic Party was George W, Click. In the national election U. S. Grant was elected President of the United States. 4. See biography. 183 HISTOEY OP KANSAS. Eeview Questions. — When and for what purpose was the jubilee held at Leavenworth? — Describe the life of the homesteader. — What do the children of the State owe to the pioneer? — What were the Indian raids of 1865-66? — Was the treaty a wise oue? — Tell of Gov ernor Crawford's action with regard to the Indian raids. — Describe the Battle of Beecher Island. — Locate the principal forts built on account of Indian troubles, — What prominent politician died during this administration? YEARS OF GREAT IMMIGRATION. CHAPTER XX. GOVEENOE HAEVEY 'S ADMINISTEATION, 1869—1873. 227. The State House and the Legislature.— The State Government, which had occupied a brick building on •Kansas Avenue, erected by private parties in 1863, and known as the "State Row," aban doned these primitive quarters in the later days of 1869 for the newly com pleted east wing of the present Capi tol, upon which work had fairly be gun in the spring of 1867. The first Legislature to meet in the State's own house was that of 1870, James M. Harvey^ being the chief magis trate of the Commonwealth. This""''^"''"^ J'^™^^ "¦ Harvey. Legislature ratified the Fifteenth Amendment to the Con stitution. 228. Indian Troubles of 1869-70.— The still implacable red man harried the borders of the State in the spring of 1869 and 1870, coming in at the northwest. A battalion of militia was sent to the Republican, Saline, and Solo mon valleys, and United States troops were employed in the same region. This served to keep the Indians within bounds. See biography. 183 184 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 229. The Cattle Trade and the Cow-boy.— With the building of the railroads the great Texas cattle trade became a feature in Kansas. In 1866 Joseph G. McCoy came to Abilene and began his labors to attract the drive from Texas to Kansas. He was successful and from 1867- 1872 Abilene was a cow-boy town. The cow-boy, with his jingling spurs, his wide hat, his six-shooter, and his enor mous leather saddle, soon became very common over the state, as he herded the long-horned cattle on the plains or drove them to the most convenient shipping place. Ready to meet and thrive upon this sunburned traveler from Texas, and eager to share the burden of his money and his sin, came a motley crowd of both sexes, and great disorder prevailed by night and by day. This in turn led to the appointment of a "regulator of the peace," an officer who was always armed with several revolvers and possessed an unrivaled facility in their use. Thus Kansas became the home of Wild Bill, Buffalo Bill, Long Jim, etc., who for years held a place in the dime novel liter ature of the country. In 1871 the great cattle trade tar ried for a season at Newton. By the close of Harvey's administration the trade began to be a great feature at the new city of Wichita, and in 1875 at Dodge City. At these points the sale and shipment of cattle rarely fell under 200,000 head a year. 230. Census of 1870.— The United States census, taken in June of that year, showed a population of 362,307.- The increase in population of Kansas from 1860 to 1870 was 235.99 per cent. The average increase for all of the 2. In 1872, it was discovered that Kansas cast a larger vote than any New England state, except Mussiubusetts. YEAES OF GEEAT IMMIGBATION. 185 States and Territories was 21.52 per cent.^ Under the census of 1870, the State became entitled to three Rep resentatives in Congress. 231. Railways in Kansas. — The first locomotive for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Company, the "C. K. HoUiday," reached Topeka in March, 1869. On the 1st of September, 1870, the Kansas Pacific, originally called the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division, and begun at the Kansas State line in Wyandotte in 1863, reached Denver, being the first railroad to cross Kansas from east to west. 232. Kansas Invitation. — With the construction of these railroads, and their enormous land grants to be disposed of, ensued several years of such bold advertise ment as Kansas had never before received. The agents of the land departments of the great railroad companies visited Great Britain and the Continent; offices for the dissemination of information were opened in every im portant city in the United States and Europe, The buf falo head, the especial symbol of the Kansas Pacific, became visible in the most distant capitals; the advan tages of the Santa Fe and its lands were set forth in all modern languages. All distinguished representatives of foreign nations were invited to join excursions through Kansas, and among these came the Grand Duke Alexis,* of Russia, and his suite, who were welcomed by Governor. Harvey and the Legislature at Topeka. The members of the press of the United States and of the world were 3. In 1878, Kansas, stood at the head of the wheat states with a crop of 33,315,538 bushels. 4. See Kansas Historical Collections, Vol. X, for an interesting ac count of tho entertainment of the Russian prince. 186 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. cordially invited, and Kansas travelers, in remote regions of Europe, often found local communities greatly excited and interested over the advent of a Kansas newspaper, describing the lands of the Great West ready and waiting for the settler. 233. Colonization. — A favorite method of disposing of the lands was in large tracts to "colonies," In 1871 the Kansas Pacific sold to a Swedish colony, in Saline county, 22,000 acres ; to a Scotch colony, in Dickinson county, 47,000 acres; to an English colony, in Clay county, 32,000 acres, and to a Welsh colony, in Riley county, 19,000 acres. In 1873, George Grant, of England, purchased of the Kan sas Pacific Company 50,000 acres in the eastern portion of Ellis county, with the design of colonizing English people of means, 234. Labor Party and the Grange. — Two significant developments of Governor Harvey's administration were the Labor Party's organization and the Grange Move ment. The Labor Party held its first state convention in September, 1870, Its platform advocated, among other ideas, the natural right to land, the referendum of legis lative acts, and $2,000 exemption from taxation. The first Grange was organized in 1872 and was a co-opera tion of the farmers for protection and development. At one time there were 30,000 members of the Grange in the State. 235. Election of United States Senator. — Alexander Caldwell was chosen United States Senator by the Legis lature of 1871, 236. Election of 1872.— At tlie electiou of 1872 Thomas A, Osborn, Republican, was chosen Governor. The Lib- YEAES OP GEEAT IMMIGEATION. 187 eral Republicans nominated Thaddeus H. Walker. The Democratic Party made no nomination for Governor, In the national election U. S. Grant was elected President of the United States for a second term. Eeview Questions. — What was the first legislature to meet in the State House? — Tell of the "cattle trade" and describe the cow boy. — What was the first l-ailroad to cross Kansas? — Who was Grand Dulie Alexis, and why did he come to Kansas? — What colonies settled in Kansas during Harvey's administration? — Name two important organizations of this" period. — Why are they important? This statue of John J. Ingalls is in the Hall ot Fame to the capitol building at Washington. It Is the worls of Charles Henrv Niehaus, the most famous sculptor in the United States, nnd it is said to be among the best of the worits of art at the capital city. CHAPTER XXI. GOVEENOE OSBOEN'S ADMINISTEATION, 1873—1877. 237. The Legislature of 1873.— The Legislature of 1873 chose John J. Ingalls^ United States Senator to succeed Samuel C. Pomeroy.^ Senator Caldwell resigned March 24, 1873, and Gov ernor Osborn appointed Robert Crozier to fill the vacancy. 238. State Educational Institutions. — The State Uni versity, which dedicated its first building in 1866, in 1873 opened its main building, considered, at the time, one of the finest struc tures devoted to educational uses in the United States. General John Fraser was Chancellor at this time. The State Normal School completed a new building in 1872. The State Agricultural College removed to a point nearer Manhattan in 1873. The Insane Asylum at Topeka was added^""'^™"'' t"™"^ ^- °''"'"'- to the State institutions in 1875. 239. The Common Schools. — In 1874 Kansas, taking an account of stock in resources educational, noted that 1. See biography. 2. See biography. 189 state Normal Buildings, YEAES OF GEEAT IMMIGEATION. 191 the school districts had grown in number, since 1861, from 214 to 4,181,; the school population from 4,901 to 199,019. The number of teachers employed had increased from 319 to 5,043. This increase was made from year to year, including the years of the Civil War, no year being marked by a falling off or a cessation of growth, showing that the people of Kansas were not to be diverted by any vicissitude from the upbuilding of the common and public school, the hope and security of free government, EUEOPEAN IMMIGEATION. 240. The Mennonites.— With the addition of the Atclii- son, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Company to the land- selling corporations, came vigorous efforts to imduce emi gration from Europe. Mr. C. B. Schmidt, on behalf of the company, traversed the Russian empire, carefully watched by the emissaries of the Government, and opened up communication with the Mennonite communities in Southern Russia, whose thoughts had been turned toward emigration to America by the proposed revocation, by the Czar's Government, of the privileges- under, which their fathers had settled in Russia, In August, 1873, five leaders of these people (kindred in race and religion to the founders of Germantown and other early German settlements in Pennsylvania) visited Kansas to select lands for a colony from Russia, The Legislature of 1874, mindful of the peaceful principles of the colonists, passed an act exempting Mennonites and Friends from military duty. 241. Mennonite Settlement.— In September, 1874, 1,600 State Agricultural College RulUliiiKs. YEAES OF GEEAT IMMIGEATION, I93 Mennonites arrived at Topeka from Russia. In October the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Pe Company sold them 100,000 acres of land in Harvey, Marion, and Reno counties. The following summer they were living in their villages of Gnadenau and Hoffnungsthal, in Marion county, and located on their farms about. In July, 1877, it was estimated that 6,000 Mennonites had settled in the Arkansas valley. Though for a time popularly called "Russians," they were Germans in lan guage and lineage. They brought with them from Russia the apricot and mulberry, and also brought what they had retained in Russia, the German thrift, industry, and belief in popular and universal education. They aban doned, after a brief trial, the village and "common field" idea under which they lived in Russia, and absorbed the American idea of individual ownership and control. They have taken part in all the business life of the communities amid which they came to dwell, they have become promi nent in it, and have distinguished themselves by their attachment to the cause of education, fostering higher schools of their own, and patronizing the State Univer sity and other educational institutions of the first rank. The Mennonite immigration continued for several years, the immigrants coming directly to Kansas from Russia and Germany. 242. Russian Immigration.— In the years 1875- '76- '77 a large "Russian" immigration settled, under the auspices of the Kansas Pacific, in Ellis county. These people, divided into five settlements named after cities and towns in Russia, adhered to some extent to the village system. 194 HISTOEY OF KANSAS, almost universal among the agricultural population of Russia, and to the Catholic faith, to which they have tes tified their devotion by building commodious and sub stantial churches. They have found Kansas a land of promise and fulfilment. THE GEASSHOPPEE INVASION. 243. The Disaster of 1874. — There is no rose without its thorn, and the ten wonderful years for Kansas, 1870 to 1880, were broken by one year of calamity, 1874. In that year the drought came after the wheat harvest and the grasshoppers became a burden. As a spectacle the approach of the winged destroyers was sufficiently ter rifying. They came in great clouds darkening the sky, and settled down on trees and growing crops, devouring leaf and branch. The destruction of vegetation was com plete all through the summer and fall. 244. Relief Committee. — A special session of the State Legislature was called, but concluded that relief from the State treasury was impracticable, and that the locusts must be met by issues of county bonds. In this .juncture a State Relief Committee was organ ized, composed of well-known and responsible citizens of the State, who issued an address to the citizens of Kansas and the people of the Eastern States, This committee received and disbursed money and goods to the amount of $235,000. This was the last grasshopper invasion, and probably the last aid campaign in or for Kansas, Owing to tlio conduct of unauthorized, irresponsible and YEAES OF GEEAT IMMIGEATION, 195 mercenary parties, against whom the State Committee raised loud but ineffectual warning, the word "aid" be came quite as unpopular in Kansas as the word "locust." 245. The Departure. — In the early spring of 1875, the young locusts hatched out in large numbers and created much alarm. They evinced, however, a delicacy of con stitution unknown to their hardy, northern progenitors. Almost as suddenly as their forebears had come they took wing and flew to the northward, in time to allow late planting, and the season which followed was one of the most fruitful in the history of the State. 246. The Year 1876.— The 100th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence was marked in Kansas by the mildness of the season with which the year opened. The ground was unfrozen, and bluebirds were singing in January and February. The people throughout the State evinced a revived interest in the history of their country and their State. The Fourth of July, 1876, was celebrated with enthusiasm, and seventy-five newspapers published local histories, 247. Kansas at the Centennial. — A feature of the ad ministration was the participation of Kansas in the Cen tennial Exposition of 1876 at Philadelphia, The Legis latures of 1875 and 1876 appropriated $30,000 for the exhibition, A building was erected in an excellent loca tion. Dividing the space with the State of Colorado, the State of Kansas made a memorable exhibition therein. Every feature of the exhibition was a success. A most admired map, showing by a S|tar the location of every 196 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Kansas schoolhouse, is still preserved in the Capitol at Topeka. Kansas received a certificate for the best col lective exhibit; a first premium on fruit; a medal for a bound record book, exhibited by the State Printer, George W. Martin, and a prize for the best farm wagon, appro priate to the State whither, by freighter's wagon and farmer's wagon, the "Star of Empire" has taken its westward way. 248. The Legislature of 1874. — James M. Harvey, who had served two terms as Governor of the State, was elected United States Senator by the Legislature of 1874, to fill the remainder of the term for which Alexander Caldwell was elected, a portion of the term having been filled by Hon. Robert Crozier, by appointment of the Governor. 249. Amendment to the Constitution. — In 1876 the Constitution of the State was amended so as to provide for biennial sessions of the Legislature. 250. Election of 1876. — In this year there was a revival of political parties over the State, The Prohibition Party held its first state convention and nominated John Paul son for governor. The National Greenback-Labor Party nominated M. E. Hudson, The Democratic Party chose as its leader, John Martin, and the Republican Party, Geo. T. Anthony, The Republican nominee was elected. In the national election Rutherford B, Hayes was elected President of the United States, Prudence Crandall wus imprisoned in 183.3 In Canterburv, Connecticut, for attempting to teach colored Rirls. She moved to Kansas in 1876. In 1886 she was given a pension by the State of Connecticut. YEAES OP GEEAT IMMIGEATION. 197 Beview Questions. — What senator was elected by the Legis lature of 1873? — Give an account of the development of the State and common schools. — Who were the Mennonites? — Where did they settle? — Describe the grasshopper invasion. — What was its date? — Tell of Kansas at the Centennial. — What amendment was made to the Constitution in the Centennial year? — What new party appeared in the same year? Cpcv^- H ,-/ ' o M^- ./^.V'^r" .4-1^ CHAPTER XXII. GOVEENOE ANTHONY'S ADMINISTEATION. 1877—1879. 251. The Legislature of 1877.— Preston B. Plumbs was elected United States Senator by this Legislature. In an effort to improve the schools of the State, an act was passed providing for a imiform sys tem of Teachers' Institutes. The in stitutes were to be held annuaUy in every county of the state for a term of four weeks. 252. The Temperance Movement. — The year 1877 is noted as marking the advance of a great temperance reform. In November of that year, the Francis Murphy^ Temperance Movement began organization in Topeka. It spread to Lawrence and Leavenworth and finally over the entire State, until thousands of persons had signed the pledge to abstain from intoxicants. On March 9, ISTS. the State Temperance Society was organized, with John A. Ander- 1. See biography. ;l. Francis Murphy wn? an American temperance evangelist, born in Wexford, Ireland. He served in the Federal army during our Civil War. Beginning in 1870 at Portland, Maine, he started temperance reform clubs throughout that State, and yvas their flrst president. His headquarters were in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. After his first addresses there in 1876, 45,000 people signed the pledge, a number that was soon increased to 10,000,000 as a result of his ministrations in different parts of the United States. He labored also in England and acted as chaplain in the Spanish-American War. — International Encyclopedia. 198 Governor George Anthony. YEAES OF GEEAT IMMIGEATION. 199 son' as president. At a state temperance convention held later in the year the State Temperance Union was organ ized, with John P. St. John president. On August 30, 1878, the temperance people of the nation met in a great National Temperance Camp-meeting at Bismarck Grove, Lawrence. Thousands of people from all parts of the Union assembled there, and for twelve days discussed ways and means of securing the disruption of the liquor power, 253, The Woman's Christian Temperance Union. — The Woman's Christian Temperance Union was organ ized at Bismarck Grove, Lawrence, in 1878. Prances Wil lard had appointed Miss Amanda Way to act as leader until the State could be organized. Miss Way served as chairman of the meeting. Mrs. M. B. Smith, of Topeka, was chosen president, Mrs. Smith was a noble pioneer in the work, Piere and there over the State were women's tem perance societies, notably the Woman's Christian Temperance So-^'^'"'*"'^ P'o^'™ »• p^"""- ciety at Winfield, organized by Mrs,- Clotilda HUton Greer. Mrs. Smith brought these societies together and formed in the year of her service a comparatively strong State Association, The motto of the Woman's Christian Tem perance Union, "For God, Home, and Native Land," is the ideal of its labors and a prophecy of its service, 254. Cheyennes Start for Their Old Home.— In the fall 3. See biography. 200 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. of 1878, a band of northern Cheyennes who had been' removed to the Indian Territory, resolved to return to their former home. Taking their women and children, they started northward through Kansas. When the news of their departure reached Port Dodge, a detachment left the Port and attacked them at the canon of the Famished Woman's Pork. Lieutenant-Colonel William H. Lewis, commanding the troops, was killed, and the Indians pro ceeded on their way. As the Indians crossed several main lines of railway and many telegraph lines, information of their progress was constantly forwarded. The State Gov ernment sent arms to the settlers in the threatened coun try, but nothing in the way of assistance could be secured from General Pope at Fort Leavenworth. On the 30th' of September the Indians appeared on the Sappa, in Decatur County, and committed fearful atrocities, then made their escape almost unmolested to the North. They were finally overpowered, and a number of those identi fied as having committed outrages were sent, on demand of Governor Anthony, to Kansas for trial before the civil court for murder and other crimes, but were never prose cuted. This raid, in which forty white persons were re ported killed, was the last in Kansas,* 255. Minor Events.— In 1877 the first telephone in the State was put up at Manhattan. In 1878 the State Normal School building at Emporia was burned, A strike of railroad employees at Emporia occurred 4. The legislature of 1909 passed an act appropriatins: to the board of county commissioners of Decatur countv the sum of .f1.."i00 for the purpose ot erecting a monument to citizens killed in said county in a raid of Cheyenne Indians September 30, 1878, This was the last raid and the last sc.ilping within the borders of Kansas, an incident In our history certainly worth marking. YEAES OF GEEAT IMMIGEATION. 301 which brought out troops by the Governor's orders to quell the disturbance. Two noted men of the nation, who had been prominent in the effort to make Kansas free, visited the State during this administration. They were Eli Thayer and Henry Ward Beecher. Topeka tendered Mr, Thayer, as the guest of the State, an elaborate banquet and reception, Mr. Beecher preached in Topeka and Lawrence. 256. Election of 1878.— John P. St. John was nomi nated for Governor by the Republican Party, John R. Goodin bj-^ the Democratic Party, and D. P. Mitchell by the Greenback Party. John P, St, John was elected. Eeview Questions. — What senator was elected by the Legis lature of 1877? — Tell of the inauguration of the Temperance Move ment, — When and where was the Wo.man's Christian Temperance Union organized? — What is the society's motto? — Eelate the story of the Cheyennes' departure from the Indian Territory, — Name four minor events of this administration. , ECONOMIC GROWTH. CHAPTER XXIIL GOVEENOE ST, JOHN'S ADMINISTEATION. 1879—1883. 257. The Legislature of 1879.— The Legislature of 1879 re-elected John James Ingalls United States Senator. It provided for the erection of a State Reform School at Topeka and for the building of the west wing of the State House. 258. The Prohibition Movement. — In his message to the Legislature of 1879 Govemor St. John made the following statement: "The subject of temperance in its relation to the use of intoxicating liquors as a bev erage has occupied the attention of the people of Kansas to such an ex-G"^*^"'""^ '"^^ ^- s'- •'"'"'¦ tent that I feel it my duty to call your attention to some of its evils, and suggest, if possible, a remedy therefor. Much has been said of late years about hard times and extravagant and useless expenditures of money; and in this connection, I desire to call your attention to the fact that here in Kansas, where our people are at least as sober and temperate as are found in any of the states of the West, the money spent annuaUy for intoxicating liquors would defray the entire expenses of the State 202 ECONOMIC GEOWTH, 203 government, including the care and maintenance of all its charitable institutions. Agricultural College, Normal School, State University, and Penitentiary, and all this expenditure for something that, instead of making man kind nobler, purer and better, has only left its dark trail of misery, poverty, and crime. Its direct effects, as shown by the official reports, have supplied our state prison with 105 of its present inmates," "Could we but dry up this one great evil that consumes annually so much wealth, and destroys the physical, moral and mental usefulness of its victims, we should hardly need prisons, poor houses or police." 259. The Prohibition Amendment. — The Ij«gislature of 1879 voted by a joint resolution to submit to a vote of the people an amendment to the State Constitution for ever prohibiting in Kansas the "manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors," except for medical and scientific purposes. The amendment was adopted at the general election in November, 1880, the vote standing '92,302 votes for the amendment to 84,304 against it.^ The Legislature of 1881 passed the act to enforce the provisions of the amendment, called the Prohibitory Law, the final vote in both Houses standing 132 ayes to thirty- one nays.^ Kansas' firm stand for her prohibitory law is a proof of the strength of character of her citizens and a con- 1. When the vote was counted, it was found that Cowley County was the banner county and Winfield the banner city. Bach had given in favor of the prohibitory amendment the largest number of votes in proportion to the population of any countv or city in the state. 2. Dnring thirty years the law has not been repealed nor has the Con stitutional Amendment upon which it is based been re-submitted to the people for their aflBrmation or rejection. 204 HISTOEY OP KANSAS. stant illustration in practical reform to the states' of the nation. 260. The Election of 1880.— In the State election of 1880 Governor St, John was re-elected. James A. Gar field was elected President of the United States in the national election. 261. The Exodus. — In the spring of 1874 it was noted that parties of colored people were emigrating to the State from the South, the larger number from Tennessee. These immigrants located in southeastern Kansas, and engaged in growing cotton, A settlement was also formed in Morris County. In the spring of 1879 occurred the rush from the South, to which was given the name Of the "Exodus," and the "Exoduster" for a time became a prominent figure in Kansas. Great numbers of colored people, men, women, and children, arrived by rail at Parsons, from Texas, and on steamboats at Wyandotte and Atchison. The later comers represented the ex-slave population of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Louisiana, They were set ashore with their scanty household goods, strangers, houseless, food- less, but seemingly cheerful and unbaring. Their story soon became the talk of the country, a Congressional committee was formed to investigate the "Exodus," and many witnesses were summoned from Kansas, In the meantime, the "Exodusters" cared for them selves, and were cared for, A Preedman's State Central Association was formed, headed by Governor St. John. ECONOMIC GEOWTH. 205 Money and goods were received, $2,000 coming from Chi cago and $3,000 from England. 262. Settlement of the Negroes.— In the late fall of 1877, "Exodusters" gathered from Topeka and other points, and founded the town of Nicodemus, in Graham County. With but three horses in the entire settlement, the people in the spring put in wheat and other crops, with hoes and mattocks, and in the harvest pulled the grain with their hands. The men afterwards walked to eastern Kansas and to Colorado in search of work, and the women "held down the claims." The "Exodusters" formed little suburbs in the cities where they collected, and "Tennesseetown," in Topeka, is a relic of the "Exo dus." The entire body was absorbed in the laboring population of the State. These immigrants conducted probably the first successful attempt of the freed people to occupy, under the Homestead Law, /the public lands of the United States. They came to Kansas moved by an impulse to seek security in the pursuit of life, liberty and happiness. 263. Kansas-Nebraska Act Anniversary. — In 1879, at Bismarck Grove, Lawrence, the quarter centennial of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was held. The day selected, the 15th of September, 1879, as it turned out, was the twenty-fifth anniversary of the issue of the first newspaper in Kansas. The meeting was marked by the number of men and women present who took part in the stirring scenes of 1854 to 1859, Among the honored guests and speakers from abroad was Rev, Edward Everett Hale, of Boston, whose story of "A Man Without 206 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. a Country," had taught a generation of young Kansans patriotism, and who had himself labored with voice and pen for Kansas in the old territorial days. His book, "Kansas and Nebraska," pubUshed in 1854, has been pro nounced the ablest Kansas book of its time. 264. Constitutional Convention Reunion. — There was a reunion at Kansas City, Kansas, July 29, 1882, of the surviving members of the Wyandotte Constitutional Con vention. At this first meeting of the Constitutional build ers since their adjournment in 1859, it was discovered that only twenty-nine were living, with nineteen still residents of Kansas, and of these ten were present. The proceedings were of the highest interest and a permanent association was formed, 265. Kansas Day. — With the growth of the State, it became evident that the feeling of state pride pervaded both its older and its younger population. The observ ance of the 29th of January as "Kansas Day" became, in the early 80 's a custom in the schools of the State. In 1882 the observances in the public schools of Wichita and Junction City were matters of State remarlv, and since that time the "Kansas Day" celebration has become well nigh universal. On "Kansas Day" elaborate programs are prepared, essays are read on various periods in the history of Kansas ; Kansas songs arc sung, Kansas poems recited, the favorites being the "songs of freedom," with which, in the early and doubtful days. Whittier, Lowell, Bryant and others were inspired. Then there are verses, ranging from grave to gay, descriptive of the Kansas earth, and sky, and life, which have been evoked from Kansas writers. On these festive occasions the school ECONOMIC GEOWTH. 207 rooms are decorated with the national colors; the motto of the State is prominent, while royally radiant the sun flower holds its place as the State 's emblem. 266. The Kansas Sunflower. — Without any statutory provision or formal adoption as the "State flower." there came about through the "vox populi" the selection of the sunflower as the emblem of Kansas, The sunflower is a pioneer in the State, coming with the first breaking of the soil by the passing wheel or other disturbing 208 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. agency. It sprang up on either side of the Santa Pe trail for 800 miles. It comes wherever, in Kansas, man comes to sow or reap, marking the time and place, and if the claim is abandoned, it grows within the roofless walls of sod. The sunflower is the badge worn by Kan sans on great occasions at home and abroad.^ 267. The Osage Reservation. — ^In 1869 the Osage In dians had made a treaty selling their lands to the Leaven worth, Lawrence, and Galveston Railroad Company, to the amount of 8,000,000 acres,* The settlers, many of whom had located on these lands prior to the sale, be came fearful lest they should lose their homes. Great meetings were held at Osage Mission, Parsons and other points and the question was agitated. On the 19th of January, 1874, the Attorney-General of the United States issued an order to the United States District Attorney of Kansas to bring suit to test the validity of patents issued to railroad companies for any part of the Osage ceded lands. The case was argued in the United States Circuit Court at Leavenworth, and in August decided for the settlers by Judges Miller and Dillon, In April, 1876, the United States Supreme Court decided the ease for the settlers. After seven years or more of waiting and anx iety, the settlers indulged .in great rejoicing. In March, 3. Noble L. Prentis in the Champion of September suggested the sun flower as the state flower. "The capitol square is surrounded by a dense growth, rods in width, of rampant sunflowers. They grow as big, rank and yellow as if they were forty miles from a house. The sunflower ought to be made the emblem of our State. Nothing checks it or kills it. It is always 'happy as a big sunflower.' Grasshoppers have never held the edge on it, and in drouthy times, when everything else wilts and holds up its hands, the sunflower continues business at the old stand. It prob ably has some private arrangement with nature for securing aid." 4. The Osage Indian lands covered the territory which Is now Neosho, Labette and parts of counties on either side. ECONOMIC GEOWTH. 209 1880, the passage of Congressman Ryan's Indian Land Bill opened the whole Kaw Reservation to settlers. 268. Other Events. — During this administration Gen eral Gran,t and President Hayes' visited Kansas. The new State Normal building at Emporia was finished. A fine building at Washburn College was completed, and Campbell College at Holton was organized. 269. Election of 1882. — Governor St. John was a can didate for the third term on the Republican ticket, George W. Glick was the Democratic candidate for Gov ernor, and Charles Robinson the Greenback-Labor Party 's candidate. George W. Glick was elected. 5. At Parsons, President Hayes said "Kansas is the best-advertised state in the Union and you come up to the advertisement. When you go anywhere, the people naturally show you the best thing they have. I wondered what would be the best thing .you would show me here. You took me to see your school house. There is no better advertisement for a city or a state." General Sherman said, "1 don't know what mystery has brought about the rapid development of Kansas, except the mystery ot education and industry." . Leavenworth was the old home of General Sherman. He practiced law there. Eeview Questions. — Give the dates of St. John's Administra tion. — What was the burden of the governor's message to the Legis lature? — What is the substance of the prohibition amendment? — When, was it adopted by the people? — What was the Exodus? — What distinguished men were the guests of Kansas during this adminis tration? — Have you read "A Man Without a Country"? — How is Kansas Day often celebrated by the schools? — How did the sunflower come to be the emblem of the State? — What was the decision of the United States Supreme Court on the Osage land question? CHAPTER XXIV GOVEENOE GLICK 'S ADMINISTEATION. 1883—1885. 270. The Legislature of 1883.— The Legislature of 1883 re-elected Preston B. Plumb United States Senator. 271. Captain Payne and Oklahoma. — In 1880, Captain David L. Payne appeared as the original "Oklahoma Boomer." Captain Payne was an old-time and well- known citizen of Kansas, In 1879, while an employee of the Government in Washington, he made the discov ery, as he believed, that the lands in the western part of the Indian Ter ritory which had been ceded by the ' Creeks to the Government for occu pation by other civilized tribes, and by freedmen, belonged to the public lands of the United States because they had not been so occupied. Be-*'"""™' ''""^' ^- "^"'=*- ginning in 1880, parties of "boomers," as they came to be called, marched into the coveted territory on an aver age about twice a year under the command of Captain Payne. They were as often arrested and turned out by the United States troops, and held to appear in the United States courts, but nothing suppressed the boom ers. On the 28th of November, 1884, Captain Payne 210 ,^^^^ ^ w 0- ^ !? ECONOMIC GEOWTH. 211 dropped dead of heart disease at Wellington, Kansas. But his work prospered in the hands of Captain Couch and other lieutenants, and the agitation was transferred to Congress. 272. Kansas Philanthropy.— Kansas having, in her earlier and dryer days, freely received, in her more pros perous years freely gave. A destructive flood prevailing in the Ohio valley in the spring of 1884, a train of thirty- one cars, loaded with corn by Sedgwick County farmers, was dispatched from Wichita. The cars were decked with flags and banners gay, and contained 12,400 bushels, which brought $8,500 at Cincinnati. The Sedgwick County train was followed by the Butler County train, thirty cars of 400 bushels each, which sold for $8,000. The G. A, R, Post at Port Scott shipped a load of corn to Richmond, Virginia, in aid of a Confederate Home. The corn crop of 1885, which was not a remarkable corn year, was estimated to be worth more money than the entire gold and silver product of Colorado, California and Nevada. 273. Congressional Action Pertaining to Kansas. — In 1884, the United States Government established Haskell Institute,^ a school for teaching and training Indians, at Lawrence, The students are taught house-keeping, dress making, tailoring, blacksmithing, carpentering, etc, as well as common and high-school branches. The Congress of 1884 also passed an act for the estab lishment of a National Soldiers' Home at Leavenworth. It has grown in buildings, appointments and number of 1. Haskell Institute was named for Congressman Dudley C. Haskell of Lawrence.' 312 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. inmates to be one of the most important military homes in the country. 274. Other Events. — An important publication of the period was Andreas' History of Kansas. It is a compila tion of the facts of the history of the State, and is a book of great value to the historian. During this admin istration the State Woman's Suffrage Association was organized. 275. Election of 1884.— At the Republican Convention John A. Martin was nominated for Governor. G. W. Glick was made the Democratic nominee, and H. L. Phil lips received the nomination of the Greenback-Labor Convention. John A. Martin was elected. In the national election, Grover Cleveland was elected President of the United States. Eeview Qui:stions. — Tell of Captain Payne and Oklahoma. — Why did he consider the western part of the Territory subject to entry under public land laws? — When were Haskell Institute and the National Soldiers' Home founded? — Memorize "Walls of Corn," ECONOMIC GEOWTH. 213 WALLS OF COEN. Smiling and beautiful, heaven's dome Bends softly o 'er our prairie home. But the wide, wide lands that stretch away Before my eyes in the days of May, The rolling prairie's billowy swell, Breezy upland and timbered dell,. Stately mansion and hut forlorn — Al! are hidden by walls of corn. All the wide world is narrowed down To the walls of corn, now sere and brown. What do they hold — these walls of corn. Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn? He who questions may soon be told: A great State's wealth these walls enfold. No sentinels guard these walls of corn. Never is sounded the warder 's horn ; 314 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Yet the pillars are hung with gleaming gold. Left all unbarred, though thieves are bold. Clothes and food for the toiling poor, Wealth to heap at the rich man 's door ; Meat for the healthy and balm for him Who moans and tosses in chamber dim. Shoes for the barefooted ; pearls to twine In the scented tresses of ladies fine; Things of use for the lowly cot Where (bless the corn!) want cometh not; Luxuries rare for the mansion grand. Booty for thieves that rob the land; — All these things and many more. It would fill a book but to name them o'er. Are hid and held in these walls of corn. Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn ! Where do they stand — these walls of corn? Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn? Open the atlas, conned by rule, la the olden days of the district school. Point to thia rich and bounteous land. That yields such fruits to the toiler 's hand. "Treeless desert," they called it then. Haunted by beasts, forsaken by men. Little they knew what wealth untold Lay hid where the desolate prairies rolled. Who would have dared, with brush or pen. As this land is now, to paint it then? And how would the wise ones have laughed in scorn Had prophet foretold these walls of corn. Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn! —Ellen F. AUerton. Written during Governor Glick 's administration. CHAPTER XXV. GOVEENOE MAETIN 'S ADMINISTEATION. 188S— 1889. 276. The Legislature of 1885.— The twenty-first ses sion of the Legislature was noted for the number of laws enacted. The most important are given. John J. Ingalls ¦t^^^g==^=^ggg=j, was re-elected United States Senator. p--»v: ...x,;^ ^jj g^g^ providing for a Labor Bureau was passed; it was thereby made the duty of the labor commissioner to visit mines, work shops, and factories twice a year and report on the indus trial interests of the State. An act also provided for uniform teachers' examinations, and added physiology Governor John A. Martta. ^nd '^hygiene to the list of subjects. A state board of health was inaugurated.^ 277. State Institutions.— The Legislature of 1885 pro vided for the Soldiers' Orphan Home at Atchison, and for the removal of the Asylum for Imbecile Youth to Winfield, This asylum had been first established at Lawrence in 1881. The State Reformatory was located at Hutchinson, 1. Silk culture was introduced into Kansas in 1885 in a Mennonite settlement so successfully that the legislature of 1887 recognized its value and passed the Silk-Culture Bill. A silk reeling station was established at Peabody. Buildings were furnished, eggs of the silk worm were dis tributed and a bounty paid for cocoons. The silk worms live on the mulberry tree. 215 216 ¦ HISTOEY OF KANSAS. The aim of the institution is the reformation rather than the punishment of youthful criminals between the ages of sixteen and twenty-five. The system at the Reforma tory affords a graded course of treatment, the condition and comfort of the student being made dependent upon his conduct. 278. Educational Institutions. — In 1885 Southwestern College was founded at Winfield by the Methodist Con ference of Southwestern Kansas. John E. Earp was the first president. The Presbyterian church established Emporia College at Emporia in 1885. In 1886 the Salina Wesleyan was established at Salina. This is also a Methodist College. Cooper Memorial College was located at Sterling the same-year and endowed by the United Presbyterians. Midland College was established by the Evangelican Lutheran church at Atchison in 1887. A German Baptist Dunkard College was located at McPherson in 1888, and Bethel College, a ilennonite school, at Newton, St, John's Military College, a school for boys, under the control of the Episcopal church, was established at Salina, In the year 1887, 812 school houses were built in Kansas. 279. National Educational Association. — The National Educational Association met in Topeka in July, 1885; 7,000 teachers, representing every part of the United States, were present Dr. Canfield, of Kansas University, was elected president, 280. Wilder 's Annals.— Wilder 's Annals of Kansas, ECONOMIC GEOWTH. 217 a book of nearly 1,200 pages, by D. W. WUder, was pub lished in this administration. It is a compilation of the most important events of Kansas history from the days of Coronado to the year 1886, 281. Amos A. Lawrence. — The announcement of the death, at Nahant, Mass., of Amos A. Lawrence, was re ceived with unusual tokens of respect at Lawrence, a city named in his honor. Mr. Lawrence was one of the or ganizers of the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Society. His name was given to the new Free Soil settlement in the autumn of 1854. In 1856, at a meeting held in Lawrence to institute a university, Mr. Lawrence was chosen a trustee. A gift of $10,000 in notes by Mr. Lawrence for educational purposes, which was turned over to the Kansas State University on its location at Lawrence, was the first endowment of the institution. Amos Lawrence was regarded, in a sense, as the father of Lawrence and of the University. The manufacturing city of Lawrence, Mass., was also named in his honor, and he was the founder of Lawrence University at Appleton, Wis. 282. Railroad Strike.— In March, 1886, on the line of the Missouri Pacific Railway in Missouri and Kansas, the most extensive strike in the history of railroads in these states began. The men in the operative department of the road left work at Sedalia, Mo., on the 6th of March, and thence the strike spread to all the centers of exten sive railroad employment, as Wyandotte, Atchison and Parsons. Thirty engines were disabled at Atchison, a freight train was wrecked at Wyandotte, and the engi- 218 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. neer and fireman were killed. Governor Martin held con sultations with Governor Marmaduke of Missouri and endeavored to bring about an arrangement to secure peace by arbitration, between the striking men and the railroad companies. In consequence, however, of the disturbed conditions at Parsons, the Governor ordered the First ICansas Militia into the field. The strike was declared off in the last of April. It caused much suffer ing, both to the working people and the general public. The original cause was the discharge from employment of a foreman in the car shops, at Marshall, Texas. 283. Kansas at New Orleans.— Kansas, at the New Orleans Exposition, 1889, took first prizes on wheat, corn, flour, sorghum, sugar, apples, and cattle. Sixty-five first and second prizes were awarded, Kansas thereby leading every State in the Union. 284. Soldier Census.— The Legislature of 1885 made provision for a census of the soldier population of the State. It was discovered that not far from 100,000 Kan sans had been enrolled in the army of the Nation. Sol diers' reunions became the most popular festivals. 285. National Cemetery. — The National Cemetery at Fort Leav6nworth was dedicated May 30, 1886, with mili tary pomp and splendor. 286. Election of 1886.— At the election of 1886, Gover nor Martin was the Republican candidate for re-election. Colonel Moonlight was the Democratic candidate, and C. H, Branscomb was the candidate of the Prohibition Party. Governor Martin was re-elected. ECONOMiq GEOWTH. 219 287. The Municipal Suffrage Bill.— The Legislature of 1.887 passed the municipal suffrage bill, which conferred on women in Kansas at school, bond and municipal elec tions, the same right to vote possessed by men. The bill received the signature of Governor Martin on the 14th of February. About 26,000 women voted at the follow ing spring election, Mrs, Medora Salter was elected Mayor of Argonia, perhaps the first woman in the world to hold the ofSce. 288. The Kansas Boom..— In the five years from 1880 to 1885 there had been a general prosperity, which led up to a "boom" in the towns and cities for which, when it was over, there seemed to be no reasonable explanation. Extensive additions, spreading over great areas, extend ing in some instances miles from the business centers of the towns and cities, were laid out, and real estate was held and sold at stupendous prices. Bonds were issued for all sorts of municipal improvements. Electric light plants and street railways became numerous. Water works were voted where the natural sppply of water was hardly appreciable, and hydrants arose amid the prairie grass. In cities of the minor class, massive and imposing business blocks were erected worthy of the solid and long established commercial centers of the country. In the course of twelve months, extending into 1886, ninety- fdtir new towns were chartered. In ten months of the year 1886, 453 railroad charters were filed in the office of the Secretary of State, and by the end of the year 2. It was made known through the Historical Society that by con tribution of $1,000 by Mrs. Margaret Northrup of BrooklyD, New York, a pew for citizens of Kansas had been secured forever in the Metropolitan M. E. Church in Washington, D. C. 220 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Kansas led the States in railroads. In 1887, the great Kansas "boom" was still booming. Wichita formed a good illustration. On the first day of the year it was announced that for the past year her manufactures, her mercantile salaries, her wholesale trade, and her bank clearings were in the millions. The list of real estate sales made a newspaper column a day. Syndicates were organized to deal in real estate in many of the towns, and municipal improvements multiplied. The close of the year saw the coUapse of the "boom." 289. Mexican Pilgrims. — The passage through the State, by rail, of a party of 250 Mexican people on a pil grimage to Rome, was a reminder of the changed order of travel and transportation. Such pilgrimages had not been unknown in Mexico before, but had been undertaken entirely by sea from Mexican ports. These pilgrims recognized the opening of a great continental route through the United States via Kansas, eating, drinking, sleeping, and assembling in the cars for their devotions as they journeyed. 290. Years of Trial and Recovery.— The year 1885- '86 fell below the usual productiveness. The year 1887 was a year of disaster in an agricultural sense, being a year of severe drought. The pioneers out on the wide prairie suffered and many of the farms were mortgaged. The year 1888 was a year of recovery. These periods of re covery have often been noticed in Kansas history. The "bad years" in the first thirty years of Kansas, viz., 1860, 1868, 1870, 1874, and 1887 were each foUowed by seasons of uncommon fruitfulness. ECONOMIC GEOWTH. 231 291. Completion of County Organization.^In July, 1888, Governor Martin issued his proclamation organiz ing the county of Greeley, with Tribune as the county seat. This completed the organization of Kansas coun ties, 106 in all. Subsequently, the county of Garfield was attached to Pinney County, and the number reduced to 105. 292. County-Seat Difficulties. — In several counties of the state, contests on the location of the county seat pre vailed. The most tragic of these was in Stephens County where the contest between the rival towns of Woodsdale and Hugoton became very serious. Opposing factions fought, feuds became numerous and deadly, and several people, including the Sheriff of the County, were kUled, An appeal for help was made to the governor and the second regiment of Kansas Militia was ordered to the country to preserve order. 293. Remarkable Fossil Discovery. — Mr. S. S. Hand sent to Chancellor Snow, of the State University, a fossU fish, found in Hamilton county, and Professor Snow wrote: "My view about your fine fish is, that it lived and died when what is now Hamilton county, more than 3,000 feet above the present sea level, was under the salt water ocean. Remains of fishes, sharks and great sea monsters are found abundantly in the rocks of Western Kansas, especiaUy along the banks of the Smoky HiU River and its branches. In fact, the ocean covered the entire western portion of the United States. The Rocky Mountains were not upheaved when your fish lived and died." 222 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Kansas is an attractive field for the labors of the paleon tologist, especially in the Niobrara formation in Rooks, Ellis and Trego counties. Of the thirteen fossilized birds of the North American continent and Europe, catalogued in 1873, seven species were found in Kansas, Of saurians, or lizards, thirty-one are found in the small strip of the Niobrara in Kansas to four in all of Europe. In the ocean which covered what is now Kansas, sharks swam numer ously, as many as three hundred of their teeth having been found in a space of thirty inches square. The fossil beds of Kansas have been intelligently and diligently searched for many years, and invaluable specimens have been preserved in the collections of the State University and other Kansas institutions of learning, and of Yale University, where they have attracted the attention of the scientists of the world. ^ 294. Death of Ex-Governor Carney.— On the 30th of July, Thomas Carney, second Governor of Kansas, the first to fall out of the line of Kansas chief magistrates, died. He was buried in honor at his long-time home, Leaven worth, 3. Disappearance of the Buffalo. — It was announced that the last buffalo remaining in Kansas was sold by Mr. C. J. Jones to a party in New York, and was to leave the State. The event created but a senti mental regret. The disappearance of the buffalo, which existed in Kansas in such numbers, even after the settlement of the State had begun, as to delay the passage of railroad trains, was regarded like the vanishing of the Indian, as inevitable and not to be deplored. The buffalo served a purpose in earliest days by furnishing his meat, hide and bones for the temporary uses of the pioneer, but the latter found no difficulty in sub sisting without them after the supply was withdrawn. Much more of a loss than the buffalo himself was that of the buffalo grass, which formed the pasturage of countless, thousands of these .inimals both winter and summer. This "oe.gan to give way to a coarser and less nutritious herbage with the disappearance of the tramping herds. On the other hand, it was claimed by competent observers that the earth became more absorptive of moisture and responsive to cultivation. The disappearance ot the buffalo wallow, the prairie dog town, and the botanic family of the cacti, marked the surrender ot the land to fertility and civilizatidn. ECONOMIC GEOWTH. 233 295. David Ware. — David Ware, for twenty-six years janitor of the Kansas State House, died in Topeka, in September, 1888. He was born a slave in Missouri, and came to Kansas during the war. He took charge of the Capitol on its first occupation by the State, and continued its custodian to the close of his life. His fidelity and honesty were unimpeachable. His funeral was attended by the officers of the State, and ' his character was made the subject of eulogy by Governor Martin. Oayli ware. 296. Election of 1888.— In November, 1888, the na tional and state election occurred. The candidates for governor were as follows : Republican, L. U. Humphrey ; Democrat, Judge John Martin ; Union Labor, P. P. Elder ; Prohibition, A. M, Richardson. L, U. Humphrey was elected. Benjamin Harrison was elected president of the United States in the National election. Eeview Questions. — What important labor laws were passed by the Legislature of 1885? — What State institutions were established? — Name and locate the colleges that were founded during Martin 's Ad- miiiistration. — What noted association met in Topeka in 1885? — What contribution was made to Kansas historical achievements? — How did Amos A, Lawrence serve the State? — What honors did Kansas win at the New Orleans Exposition? — What was the Municipal Suffrage Bill? — describe the Kansas boom, — Tell of the years of trial and recovery.^How many counties are in Kansas and what was the last one organized ? — Give Chancellor Snow 's opinion of the remarkable fossil discovery in Hamilton county. ' T' V J' / POLITICAL CHANGES. CHAPTER XXVI. GOVEENOE HUMPHEEY'S ADMINISTEATION. 1889—1893. 297. Messages to the Legislature. — The Legislature of 1889 assembled on the 8th of January. Governor John A. Martin delivered to the Legislature a retiring, and Governor L. U. Humphrey an inau gural message. The attention of the Legislature was especially directed to the condition of the debtor classes, and the need of legislation in their behalf. Governor Martin called at tention to the mortgage laws. He said: "It should require something more than a mortgage to steal a man's farm. Our chattel mortgage'^"''"""'' '^- f- Humphrey. laws invite outrages on property rights that are as fla grant as grand larceny, and the wrong and injustice that has been done under the shield of these laws has been a disgrace to civilized government." 298. Legislative Acts.— On the 23rd of January, 1889, the joint session of the Legislature by a unanimous vote elected Preston B. Plumb United States Senator for a third term. The most important acts were : An act re ducing the rate of interest by contract from twelve to ten 224 POLITICAL CHANGES. 235 per cent and the legal rate from seven to six per cent ; an act authorizing cities and townships to issue bonds and to subscribe stock for sugar manufactories ; an act to in crease the amount of bounty to be paid on sugar manu factured in Kansas from $15,000 to $40,000; an act ap propriating $36,000 for a building for the G. A. R. at Ellsworth ; an appropriation to establish a State Soldiers ' Home whenever Congress should give one of the National Military Reservations as a site, and an act receiving the Girls' Industrial School. 299. The Girls' Industrial School.— The industrial school for girls at- Beloit whieh was made a state insti tution by the Act of the Legislature of 1889, had been established in 1888 by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, which had donated to the institution eighty acres of land. 300. Manufacture of Sugar. — The industry which most engaged the energies of Kansas in 1889 was the manu facture of sugar from the sorghum cane. For several years the attempt to manufacture sugar at a profit from the native cane had been carried on, and factories were erected at various points. >The United States Agricul tural Department had been enlisted, and Government chemists aided in the experiments. The result of a series of costly experiments at Ottawa, Sterling, and other places, was the discovery and admission that sugar could not be made from the sorghum cane in paying quantity by the "roller" process employed in the treatment of the Louisiana cane, but the showing of a series of trials at 226 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Fort Scott was claimed as demonstrating the efficiency of the "diffusion" process. In, September, 1889, Jeremiah M. Rusk, United States Secretary of Agriculture, visited Kansas, and published that "the manufacture of sugar was a success beyond his anticipations; that at Conway Springs the product of sugar gave a profit of ten per cent. 301. Bounty and Aid. — The Legislature gave a bounty of % cents a pound to the amount of $40,000. The sugar crop of 1889, on which the State bounty was paid, amounted to 1,293,274 pounds, and in 1890 to 1,371,930 pounds. Bonds were voted by municipalities in aid of sugar mills and refineries, the aid proposed reaching, in some instances, $100,000 in bonds. The manufacture was continued for some years. In 1892 but two sugar mills, those at Medicine Lodge and Fort Scott, received the State subsidy, the product being 998,100 pounds of sugar. In the course of events the Government and State aid was withdrawn. 302. Salt Industry. — The salt-making industry, which had received a considerable impetus in 1887, and, in fact, had been carried on to some extent from the beginning of the settlement of the State, but which produced only 13,000 bushels in 1880, was enormously increased in 1889, Early in the year. Senator Plumb made the statement that "the development of the salt industry in Kansas has had the effect of reducing the price of salt in the ^Mississippi valley twenty-five per cent, from the prices prevailing twelve months ago." Wellington organized its eighth POLITICAL CHANGES. 327 salt company. Hutchinson already had ten salt plants in operation, with more in course of construction. Mc Pherson had made a promising start, and Kingman, Lyons, Anthony, Sterling, Great Bend, and other points were engaged in the manufacture. The salt deposit was reached at depths varying from 420 to 925 feet. Mill at Jimction City, Kansas. 303. Corn. — The year 1889 was the greatest "corn year," so far, in the agricultural annals of the State, the figures being 6,820,693, acres, with a yield of 273,988,321 bushels, valued at $51,649,876,18; an average yield of 40.15 bushels to the acre. This inspired ex-Governor John A. Martin to say of Kansas corn: "Corn is the sign and 228 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. seal of a good American agricultural country ; corn is an American institution ; one of the discoveries of the conti nent. It was known to the Indians, and to cultivate it was one of the few agricultural temptations which over came their proud and haughty contempt for labor. Kan sas has com and so is in luck." 304. Kansas at the Paris Exposition. — Kansas was represented at the Paris Exposition of 1889, and received a gold medal for the best agricultural report exhibited ; a silver medal for the publications of the State Labor De partment,, and honorable mention for the exhibits of the Douglas and Conway Springs sugar manufactories.^ 305. Harbor Conventioo. — In response to a call by Governor Humphrey, a convention of delegates from many of the Western and Southern States assembled at Topeka, October 1, 1889, to devise means for securing a deep- water harbor on the coast of Texas. Six hundred dele gates responded, including Governor Thayer, of Nebraska, Governor Francis, of Missouri, seven ex-Governors, nine Congressmen, and many other men of prominence. Fifteen States and Territories were represented. United States Senator Plumb presided over the deliberations of the convention. 306. Opening of Oklahoma. — ^Kansas bore a great part in the opening and occupation of Oklahoma. In the early months of 1889 there was an evident increase in the in- 1. Referring to the awards at the Paris Exposition, the Kansas City .Tournal. after stating thnt Anheuser took the second premium for the lager beer manufactured at St. Louis, adds, "among the silver medals is one of the state of Kansas awarded to the state department of Pnblic Instruction for Reports and School Work. Missouri thus gets a premium for lager beer and Kansas for education. Kansas is ahead at Paris." POLITICAL CHANGES. 239 terest felt in the opening of this territory to settlement. The so-called boomers collected in large numbers during the winter at points on the border, more especially at Arkansas City and Caldwell, awaiting the action of Con gress, The progress of "the BiU" was followed with alternations of hope and fear. At last the suspense was ended by the proclamation of the President announcing the date of the opening of Oklahoma to be at 12 o'clock on April 22, 1889, and giving the regulations under which the 1,800,000 acres of land were to be taken. 307. Preparation. — The Cherokee reservation, sixty miles wide, lay between Kansas and Oklahoma. It was called in common parlance "The Strip," This Strip was filled with people prior to the opening day and the night before, a line of camp fires shone from the Kansas boun dary to the Oklahoma line, marking the route of, the homeseekers. Everything was planned in advance. The Government functionaries were waiting in the land offices in Oklahoma. The town sites had been selected and named, Guthrie, destined to be the capital, named in honor of a citizen of Kansas, had its thousands of fore ordained citizens, as did other townsites, 308. The Race. — A multitude of people gathered on the line, some in vehicles of varied description, some mounted on^the fleet-footed race horse, others on th^ wiry prairie pony. A troop of United States cavalry was drawn up in front. Just as the sun touched the noon meri dian, a bugle sounded, like a call to arms, the cavalrymen moved forward, wheeled to the right and left to clear the way, and the occupying wave, made up of 40,000 230 HISTOEY OF KANSAS, human beings, swept into Oklahoma. There was a mo ment of peril at the line, and then the mass opened out like a fan, and all were safe. From Arkansas City six great railroad trains, carrying 6,000 people, moved in the evening into the new country. It was estimated that the population of Kansas was diminished by 50,000. But Kansas is like the wondrous bush in the wUderness of old, burning, but never consumed. 309. Monument to General Grant. — On the 17th of September at Fort Leavenworth the first monument erected in the United States in memory of General Grant was unveiled. The statue is by Lorado Taft. George R, Peck delivered on the occasion an impressive dedicatory address, 310. Death of John A. Martin.— On the 2d of October, 1889, John A. Martin, tenth Governor of Kansas, died at Atchison, He came to Kansas from Pennsylvania, his native state, in 1857, his eighteenth year, and soon became editor and proprietor of the "Atchison Champion." ]\Ir. Martin was distinguished as a Kansas journalist, states man and soldier from his early youth. He was secretary of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention, and a member of the first State Senate. 311. Honorable David J. Brewer, Associate Justice. — On January 6, 1890, Honorable David J. Brewer was sworn in as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Judge Brewer for years had occupied the District and Supreme Court bench of Kansas, and his choice to the highest court of the nation was regarded as an honor paid the State. POLITICAL CHANGES. 231 312. Chancellor of the State University. — The choice of Professor Francis Huntington Snow, in 1890, as Chan cellor of the Kansas State University, brought to the head of the institu tion a man learned in many things, and especially in that which pertained to Kansas. Chancellor Snow began his work in the University in 1866, and employed the years to stu^y matters of interest in Kansas, His appointment was a reward for years of earnest service. . Chancellor F. H. Snow, Uni- 313. Completion of Land Sale by versity of Kansas. Santa Fe. — The land agents of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe" Railroad Company held a meeting in Topeka to mark the close of the great land selling enterprise of that company, which was carried on for nearly twenty years, and which had disposed of an empire. The sys tem by which miUions of acres passed from the hands of the Government, and of a corporation, into the pos session and ownership of individuals, with scarcely a trace of friction, was a business miracle. It was announced, in 1890, that Kansas Division, Union Pacific, Y/as the only railroad company having any por tion of its original grant for sale, ' 314. Original Package Case. — The controversy be tween the advocates and opposers of the Prohibition Law increased in bitterness during this administration. The former were greatly enraged by the sudden appearance in the State, at many different points, of liquor stores, acting, as they claimed, under the authority of a decision 233 HISTORY OF KANSAS. of the United States Supreme Court, in what was called the Original Package Case. The Court, or a majority, three justices dissenting, held that intoxicating liquors formed an article of commerce to be transported like any other article, and that no State had the power to prevent the importation of liquors in unbroken original packages. 315. Wilson Bill. — The excitement caused was great. Large public meetings were held to denounce the original package saloons; the keepers were in some instances ordered out of town; in some cases the liquors were shipped, by the citizens, back whence they came. Many of the liquor sellers were arrested as violators of the law, but were usually discharged by the courts by virtue of the Supreme Court decision. At last remedial legisla tion was sought. Congress was appealed to, and the re sult was the passage of the "Anti-Original Package Law," or the Wilson Bill, which established the right of a State to exercise its police power over any articles sent into it, whether in the original packages or otherwise. This ended one form of attempt to do, in the State of Kansas, that which the State says shall not be done, 316. The Eleventh Census.— In 1890 the eleventh cen sus of the. United States was taken. The population of Kansas, as published by the Government Census Depart ment, was placed at 1,427,096. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S PAETT. 317. The Farmers' Alliance.— The Farmers' AUiance, which had attained prominence, in 1889, as a secret and social organization composed of farmers, and devoted to POLITICAL CHANGES. 233 the interests of all agriculturists, and admitting to its membership men and women, became, in 1890, an active political force. The impeUing and controlling sentiment that led to the organization of the Alliance, was the belief that in the conduct of government, and the making of laws, the farm ing, and, indeed, the laboring classes generally, had been neglected or discriminated against; that capital was allowed undue weight; that corporations were allowed full sweep for unjust, avaricious and oppressive disposi tion, and escaped their just burden of taxation; that the loaner of money had all the advantage in his transac tions with the borrower; the mortgagee of the mort gagor; and that a Government originally designed on the basis of the freedom and equality of all men, had become perverted. 318. Measures Urged. — The Farmers' Alliance urged measures of relief for the debtor class; a stay law for a period of two years; various measures for the benefit of mortgagors, and for the help of the shipper and the passenger as against the railroad companies, who, it was claimed, were deriving an exorbitant income from their rates, at the expense of the public. The Alliance asked for a law requiring land sold under foreclosure to bring the amount pf the judgment and costs ; a law that should make the State Railroad Com missioners elective by the people ; that should make United States Senators elective by the people, and various enact ments and regulations that should give the people the opportunity to exercise their power directly, rather than by delegated agents. 234 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. The complaint of all might be summed up as too much taxation; too much mortgage; too much reign of the rich ; too little consideration of the poor ; too much debt. The county indebtedness of Kansas had doubled in the ten years between 1880 and 1890. 319. A New Party. — ^While there were some dis avowals of any intention on the part of the Alliance, separately or collectively, to take action after the manner of a political party, it was quite impossible that it should happen otherwise. Many local Alliances declared their intention to act together in support of certain political tenets, and particularly in opposition to certain political leaders of the old parties. A new party seemed inevi table. . 320. The Populist Party. — At a convention assembled at Topeka, June 12, 1890, delegates representing the Farmers' Alliance, the Industrial Union, the Patrons of Husbandry, the Knights of Labor, the Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association, and the Single Tax Clubs, organized the People 's Party, as it called itself in the State of Kan sas, or the Populist Party, as it came to be popularly designated. Hon. B. H. Clover, president of the Farmers' AUiance, was chairman of the convention at which the People's Party was organized. 321. The Election of 1890.— At the State election in November, 1890, four tickets were placed in the field. The Republican was headed by Governor Humphrey, who was nominated for re-election ; tlie Democratic was headed by ex-Governor Charles Robinson: the People's POLITICAL CHANGES. ;J35 Party, by John F. Willitts, and the Prohibitionists were led by Rev. A. M. Richardson. Governor Humphrey was re-elected. The People's Party elected a large number of state legislators, THE LEGISLATUEE OF 1891. 322. The Election of United States Senator.— The Leg islature began its session on January 13, As the adhe rents of the new People's or Farmers' Alliance Party were in control of the Lower House and of both Houses on joint ballot, the proceedings of the session were watched by the public with great interest. On the 28th of January, Wm, A, Peffer received 101 votes for United States Senator, and was declared elected. Senator Ingalls retired from an honorable service of eighteen years in the United States Senate, over which he was for four years the presiding officer and where he had been a promi nent figure in the Nation's affairs. 323. Acts of the Legislature. — Important acts of the session provided a system of law for the promotion of irrigation; declared that all natural waters, whether standing or running, and whether surface or subter ranean, in that portion of the State west of the ninety- ninth meridian, should be devoted, first, to purposes of irrigation in aid of agriculture subject to ordinary domes tic uses, and second, to other industrial purposes, and might be diverted frbm the natural beds, basins, or channels for such purposes and uses. Eight hours was declared to constitute a day's work for -all laborers, workmen, mechanics, or 'other persons 236 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. employed by or in behalf of the State, or by or in behalf of any county, city, township, or other municipality of the State. The first Monday in September of each year was declared a legal holiday to be known as Labor Day. Associations and unions of workingmen were protected in their labels, trademarks, and forms of advertising. A law was enacted to prevent ownership of land by non resident aliens or corporations, incorporated under the laws of any foreign country. Provision was made for submitting to the people at the November election in 1892 the question whether a convention should be called to revise, amend, or change the St.ate Constitution.^ 324. Appropriations of the Session. — Sixty thousand dollars was appropriated to continue the construction of the main building and wings of the State House, An appropriation of $3,500 was made to establish an experi ment station at the State University, to propagate the contagion or infection supposed to be destructive to chihch bugs, and to furnish it to farmers free of charge. The sum of $60,000 was appropriated to purchase seed grain for those farmers who lost their crop by reason of the drought of 1890, This Legislature also accepted the provisions of an Act of Congress granting aid for the endowment and support of colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts. 336. Chancellor Snow's Discovery.— Not only are the Kansas beasts of the field and the fowls of the air objects 2. The people of the State defeated the proposition to change the State Constitution as dangerous to the prohibition clause. POLITICAL CHANGES. 237 of ceaseless study and report, but the insects, especially those' noxious and harmful to the husbandman, are under constant surveillance. One result of this is historical. In 1888, Professor Snow, of the State University, learned that the chinch bugs of the State were dying of a disease characterized by the appearance of a white or gray fungus. This was the first discovery. He next dis covered that the disease was infectious, that it might be communicated by infected to healthy bugs. This was the second discovery, and a Kansas newspaper volunteered the information that Professor Snow would send the in fectious material on application. Within a few days Professor Snow received requests from nine different States. The discovery was followed up with true Kansas ardor. Thousands of packages of the infection were distributed over the State, and reports received from thousands of experimenters. The Legislature of 1891 made an appro priation in aid of Professor Snow's experimental station at the University. In 1894, 8,000 packages of the infec tion were sent out to individual farmers in Kansas, Mis souri and Oklahoma. In the meantime the States of Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois had followed the example of Kansas, and had established their own dis tributing stations. The general result of the labor and investigatio.i kept up for years, was, that the farmer may possess a partial, if not entire, protection against one of the most destructive of the enemies of his fields. 326. Discovery of Alfalfa. — One of the discoveries of agricultural Kansas for the year 1891 was that of alfalfa. 238 HISTOEY OF KANSAS, In the spring of that year the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture received such reports of its value that he arranged a place for it in his statistical rolls, and the assessors were requested to give the acreage of alfalfa separate from other tame grasses. Alfalfa had been cul tivated in the old world more than 2,000 years, and was introduced into Mexico and South- America by the Span iards. In 1854 it was brought from Chili to California, whence it spread to the states of the Rocky Mountains, and later the Central West. 327. Relief for Russia. — The settlers from Russia, lo cated in Ellis County, in view of the great famine pre vailing in the districts of Russia, whence they came, sent $10,000 to the suffering, and an agent to bring a party of over 300 families of their eountrypeople to Kansas. 328. John A. Anderson, United States Consul. — In February, 1891, John A. Anderson, of Kansas, was con firmed as United States Consul-General to Egypt. He was destined never to behold his native land again. He died at Liverpool, England, while returning to the United States on leave. He was a man of striking character and force of purpose, who made his mark as President of the State Agricultural College, and afterwards represented Kansas in Congress for five terms. Mr. Anderson was one of Kansas' most efficient statesmen. No man from the State ever did better work in the National House of Representatives. One of the laws of which he was author is the two-cent postage law. 329. Colonel N. S. Goss.— Colonel N. S. Goss feU dead POLITICAL CHANGES, 239 of heart disease, at Neosho Falls, where he was visiting friends, on the 10th of March, 1891, He was an old resi dent of Kansas, a man of business and fortune, and an ornithologist of rare attainments. The passion of his life was the study and collection of birds. In his pursuit he ranged from Labra dor to Guatemala, and on his death left to the State the fine collection of birds, all mounted and arranged by himself, which is preserv-ed in the State Capitol at Topeka, and is known coionei n. s. goss. as the "Goss Ornithological Collection." The last work of Colonel Goss' life was the publication of "Birds of Kansas," a work of great value, embodying the labors and personal observations of years, and standing alone in the Kansas literature of its class. 330. Death of Preston B. Plumb.— On December 20, 1891, Preston B. Plumb, United States Senator from Kan sas, died after a brief illness, caused by overwork, at Washington, D. C. The vacancy in the United States Senate occasioned by the death of Senator Plumb was filled on the 1st of January, 1892, by the appointment by Governor Humphrey of Hon. Bishop W. Perkins, making the third time in the history of the State when this 'office had been filled by appointment of the Governor. Mr. Perkins had served three years in the Army of the Union. in line and staff positions ; and in Kansas on the judicial bench and in the lower House of Congress. 331. Election of 1892.— The year 1892 was the year of a Presidential election, a political year, and business 240 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. was affected in Kansas, as in all the rest of the country. In Kansas the political revolution was made complete. The entire People's Party State ticket was elected. Lorenzo D. Lewelling became Governor. The candidates at the head of the other State tickets were as follows r RepubUcan, A. W. Smith; Prohibition, I. 0. Pickering. The Democratic Party united with the People's Party. Grover Cleveland was elected President on the National ticket. Eeview Questions, — ^What was the burden of Eetiring Gov ernor Martin's message to the Legislature of 1889? — What afOietion other than drouth and failure of crops did the pioneer suffer from? — What law was enacted as a result of Governor Martin's message? — Eelate the history of the Girls ' Industrial School. — TeU of the manu facture of sugar and the encouragement given it by the Legislature. — Give an estimate of the value of the agricultural and the mineral pro ductions of Humphrey's Administration. — Tell of the opening of Oklahoma, — How did it affect Kansas? — What State erected the first monument to General Grant, and who was the sculptor? — What noted Kansan delivered the dedicatory address? — What national recognition came to a Kansan during Governor Humphrey's Administration?— When didDr, Snow become chancellor of the State University? — See his biography for an account of his service. — What was the Original Package Case? — What measure was passed to control it? — Tell of the development of the People's Party. — What were the results of the election of 1890 and of the senatorial election of 1891? — Name some interesting acts of the Legislature of 1891. — What important dis covery was made by Chancellor Snow during this administration? — Give the history of alfalfa, — What famous men died during this administration? Cyclone at Harper and Wellington. — On the 27th of May, 1892, the towns of Harper and Wellington were visited by a tornado, and ten per sons killed, a large number wounded, and a vast amount of propertv destroyed. The storm was among the most destructive of the manv which have visited the State, and excited special horror from the fact that the fatal bolt was sped after nightfall. Science and the Cyclone, — What has been called the "Kansas cyclone" Is not peculiar to Kansas, but has been known in all parts of the United States ; more especially in the great area between the Allegheny and Rocky mountains. CHAPTER XXVII. GOVEENOE LEWELLING'S ADMINISTEATION. 1893—1895. 332. Inauguration of the Executive. — Governor Lewel ling was inaugurated on the 9th of January, 1893. 333. Organization of the Senate. — On the 10th a Leg islature assembled which was destined to a stormy, and at times anxious existence. The Senate was organized under the presidency of the Lieutenant-Governor, Percy Daniels, at twelve o'clock. The Populists had a majority in the Senate, THE LEGISLATIVE WAE. 334. Attempted Organization of the House. — As shown by the certificates of election, the Republicans had a majority in the House, but the Popu lists claimed a majority, contending that fraudulent measures had been used in the election of 1892. The members of the House assembled in the hall; both parties claimed the right to organize the House, and the contest began. R. S. Osborn, Secre tary of State, appeared and stated that he did not wish 'to deliver the 241 Governor Lewelling. 242 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. roll of members certified as elected by the State Board of Canvassers, in the absence of a presiding officer. A motion that the Secretary of State preside temporarily was objected to, and he departed, taking the roll with him. Both parties then proceeded to organize the House, the Republicans electing George L. Douglas Speaker, and the Populists, J. M. Dunsmore. Both Speakers occupied the same desk, and during the first night slept under the same blanket on the floor in the rear of the Speaker's desk, each one with a gavel in his hand. 335. Dunsmore House Recognized. — On the third day of the session. Governor Lewelling recognized the Duns more, or Populist, House as the legal body, and on the fourth day the Senate took the same action, the Repub lican Senators formally protesting. The two contending bodies continued to sit on different sides of Representa tive Plall for some days. In time, an arrangement was made by which one body met in the forenoon and the other in the afternoon. Numerous attempts were made by various parties to effect a settlement, but in vain. On the 17th of January Governor Lewelling sent in his mes sage to the Senate, where it was read, and to the Populist House, which ordered it printed. 336. Election of United States Senator. — On January 25, in t'he midst of the disturbances, the Senate and House met in joint session, presided over by Lieutenant-Gov ernor Daniels, John Martin received eighty-six votes, and was declared elected United States Senator. The Repub lican members held a joint session, and gave Joseph W, Ady seventy-seven votes. The United States Senate seated John Martin. POLITICAL CHANGES. 243 337. The Arrest of Sergeant-at-Arms. — In order to get the subject before the Supreme Court, L. C. Gunn was arrested by a sergeant-at-arms of the Republican House on a charge of neglecting to obey a mandate of that body. Mr. Gunn asked to be discharged on the ground that the Republican House was not the lawful House of Representatives and had no authority to order his arrest, 338. Contest for the Hall. — While this case was pend ing, stirring events were destined to occur. On the 14th of February an attempt was made by two deputy ser geants-at-arms of the Republican House to arrest Ben C. Rich, Chief Clerk of the Populist House, on a charge of "contempt." After a sharp scuffle, Mr. Rich was res cued by his friends, and soon after appeared in triumph in the Populist Plouse, Governor Lewelling directed the Adjutant-General to call out a company of militia if necessary. On the night of the 14th, the officers of the Populist House barricaded the door of the Hall of Rep resentatives. On the morning of the 15th, the Republican House, headed by their Speaker, appeared, thrust aside the outer guards, smashed in the door with a sledge hammer, entered and took possession. 339. The Douglas House Besieged. — Governor Lewel ling called out several companies of State militia; guns were brought out of the State arsenal; a gatling gun and artillerists were ordered from Wichita. On the other side, Sheriff Wilkinson, of Shawnee, County, who had de clined a summons from both Speaker Dunsmore and the Governor, announced himself as the regular custodian of the peace of the county, marched a force of deputies into the State House, and joined the large force of sergeants- 244 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. at-arms of the Republican House. The Republican House was, in a sense, beleaguered, but was supplied with pro visions passed through the lines. 340. Close of the Contest. — The siege was not destined to last long. On the 16th Governor Lewelling appeared, and requested that the force occupying the Hall of Rep resentatives turn it over to him fo.r the night. This was refused. A committee of citizens of Topeka besought the Republican House to yield, and avoid a bloody contest with the militia. This proposition was received with in difference. Negotiations finally resulted in an agreement, on the 17th, that the Republican House should continue to hold the hall; that the Populist House should meet elsewhere ; that the deputies and the militia should retire, and that the proceedings against Chief Clerk Rich should be abandoned. This ended what has been caUed the "Legislative War" of 1893, in which, happily, no lives were lost. It is earnestly hoped that such an occurrence will never happen again in the State. 341. Decision of the Supreme Court.— On the 25th the decision of the Supreme Court in the Gunn case was ren dered. Chief Justice Horton affirmed the constitution ality of the Republican Plouse, in which view Associate Justice Johnston concurred, and from which Associate Justice Allen dissented. 342. The House Organized.— On the 28th of February, the late Populist House appeared, headed by the ser geant-at-arms carrying the American flag, and spread upon the record their formal protest. The two Houses then became the one House of Representatives of the State of Kansas. An eye-witness remarks of the appear- POLITICAL CHANGES. 245 ance of Topeka during the "Legislative War": "No other capital city on earth could have passed through such a scene of conflict without serious loss of life, and, it is also likely, great destruction of property. The absence of the saloon is the chief explanation." 343. The State Umversity Library Building.— In 1893 the Regents of the Kansas State University decided to devote the bequest of $90,000, given to the University by Mr. William B. Spooner, of Boston, to the erection of the fine fireproof library building of the University, which bears Mr. Spooner 's name.^ KANSAS AT THE COLUMBIAN ^EXPOSITION. 344. The Kansas Building. — At the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, in celebration of the discovery of America, Kansas took her part among her sister states. The Kansas State Building, which was a very beautiful one, was located near the Fifty-seventh Street entrance and in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, a reduced copy of the home of Washington, presented by the State of Vir ginia. On the opening of the festivities of Kansas Week, 2. On the occasion of the dedication of the Spooner Library, in 1894, Hon. D. W. Wilder wrote : "It is now too late to accept your kind invi tation. I should be the only guest, probably, who had seen Mr. Spooner, and seen him a great many times. I was a schoolboy, the son of an anti- slavery father. I attended many, meetings of the anti-slavery folks, a very small band. Not one person in ten thousand in Boston, in those days, forty-six years ago, was an avowed Abolitionist. Some of the meetings, in the days of mobs and violence, had a few dozen of the fear less and faithful present. The stalwart figure of the sincere and fearless Wm, B. Spooner was always to be seen. Sometimes he spoke. No doubt, he always helped the feeble cause with his purse, as well as his voice and influence. One unknown boy will never forget his face, his person, his heroism. He was as true as his friends. Garrison and Phillips. "Let the young men and women of Kansas, who now enjoy the gift of this noble man, remember that it comes from a pioneer in the cause of freedom, the cause that made for them a new and glorious country., And let the books upon the shelves of the Spooner Library give a true history of the anti-slavery conflict." 246 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Governor Lewelling, representing the State, responded most excellently to_the gracious address of welcome by the president of the Exposition. 345. The Woman's Department. — The Woman's De partment had a room allotted to it in the Kansas Building, but woman's taste, skill, and industry were in evidence in all of the rooms, and in all, the pioneer woman, the first woman, who builded with the others in laying the foundations of the State, was represented by the work of her toiling hands. 346. Educational Exhibit. — The educational exhibit of Kansas was extensive, representing an expenditure of $12,000. The Kansas schools of all grades, from the common schools to the great State institutions, made a remarkable showing in the immense exhibition, which in the Liberal Arts Building alone covered four acres of wall and fioor space. It seemed that everything that brain and hand may accomplish in the schoolroom was exhibited. 347. Collection of Professor Dyche. — In the annex to the main building was displayed the great collection of Professor Dyche, of the State University, comprising 121 specimens of North American mammals, occupying an artificial landscape of rock and ravine, mountains and prairie and swamp, extending apparently into the indefi nite distance. Prominent, of course, was the mighty buffalo, once lord of the Kansas plain. The bison was presented as in life and death ; standing in defiance, and overcome by a gang of snarling wolves. Standing near the former rangers of the plains and mountains, was the horse, "Comanche," who, pierced with many wounds, POLITICAL CHANGES. 247 survived Custer's fight at the Little Big Horn, and passed his last years in honorable ease at Fort Riley. After his death, which occurred in his thirty-first year, he was mounted in the taxidermic laboratory of the Kansas State University, with the understanding that he might be shown at the World's Fair. 348. Agricultural ISxhibit.— The main agricultural ex hibition was made in a special pavilion in the Agricultural Building, near the great displays of North Dakota and California. A remarkably ornate style of wall decoration was employed. Corn, wheat, oats, all the grasses, and the seeds thereof, made up innumerable designs, and iu every possible gradation of color, while the word "Kan sas" shone everywhere wreathed in roses and shaped of bold sunflowers. The structure might well have served in the old time as the temple of the goddess Ceres. The horticultural, live-stock, dairy, forest^ and mining exhibits were all very creditable. Rock salt was present in the mining exhibit in beauty and plenty, and visitors took away specimens with the information that Kansas had salt enough to supply the world for a million years. 349. The Year 1894. — There was much unrest among the laboring classes during the year of 1894, Strikes were 3. "The treeless and unwatered plains sent the biggest walnut log to the World's Fair, and have a subterranean flow that is capable of irri gating an area more fertile and extensive than the ^Valley of the Nile. The indescribable splendor of the palaces of the Exposition, with their white domes and pinnacles, and statues and colonnades, and terraces and towers, came from the cement quarries of the Saline and the Smoky Hill. And this is but the dawn. We stand in the vestibule of the temple. Much less than one-half the surface of the State has been broken by the plough. Its resources have been imperfectly explored. It has developed at random. Science will hereafter reinforce the energies of nature, and the achieve ments of the past will pale into insignillcance before the completed glory of the century to come." — .lohn J. Ingalls. 4. Collectors of fossil remains in Kansas have for years enriched museums with valuable specimens. Mr. Charles H. Sternberg, of Law- 248 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. reported, especially among the coal miners and railroad men. Another evidence of the popular discontent was the marching of the "Coxey Army," a crowd of unem ployed men from the different states. The army marched to Washington to petition Congress and the President. 350. Oil and Gas Discovery. — The greatest discovery and development in Kansas, in 1894, was in the oU and gas field. Nineteen fiowing wells were reported in Wilson County. .A Pennsylvania Company, exploring in that region, stated that of twenty-one wells which they had bored, but two were valueless. The Neodesha wells were said to be equal to those of Lima, Ohio. Oil and gas were struck at Sedan, Thayer, Cherryvale, and other places, but the Neodesha field remained the most important. 351. Educational Report. — The reports of Commis sioner Harris, of the Bureau of Education, showed that Kansas had the greatest proportional school enrollment of any State in the Union, the per cent being 87.66. The next States in order were: Maine, 87.12; Iowa, 86.33; South Dakota, 81.04, The per cent in New York was 70,40. The large proportion of the attendance to the enrollment in 'the schools of Kansas shows the interest felt by the people of the State in education. Kansas received its earlier and later settlers from the States in the Union in which a system of free public schools was earliest established and has been most successfully main tained. The common school in Kansas is a heritage from rence, found in 1894, In tbe northeast part of Lane County, a bed ot fossils containing nearly the entire skeleton of the hairy mammoth, similar to that found in Siberia, and preserved in St. Petersburg, a cast of which was exhibited at the World's Fair, Over 150 elephants' teeth formed part- of Mr. Sternberg's discovery. POLITICAL CHANGES. 249 the oldest and best educated communities of the United States. 352. Death of Prominent Men. — In the year 1894 Kan sas parted Avith twp faithful friends, guides and advisers, who had both held the helm of the ship of State in the early part of her voyage. They were Ex-Governors Charles Robinson and James M. Harvey. 353. Election of 1894.— In November, 1894, the Repub licans succeeded in turning the tide which had so strongly set against them in previous years, and elected Edmund N. Morrill, Governor. The Populists renominated Gov ernor Lewelling; I. 0. Pickering led the Prohibition ticket, and David Overmeyer the Democratic ticket. At this election the constitutional amendment, conferring on women the full exercise of suffrage, was defeated, the vote standing 95,300 votes for, to 130,139 votes .against. Eeview Questions. — -Tell the story of the Legislative War, — What magnificent gift came to the State University during Lewell ing's Administration? — What anniversary - did the Columbian Expo sition celebrate? — What part did Kansas take in the exposition? — What two prominent men died during this adrainistration? — How did the Kansas Educational Eeport of this term compare with that of pther States? — What most significant item did the report contain? CHAPTER XXVIII. GOVEENOE MOEEILL'S ADMINISTEATION. 1895—1897. 354. The Legislature of 1895.— The Legislature of 1895 was Republican on joint ballot, and elected Lucien Baker, of Leavenworth, United States Senator, as the successor of John Martin in the "Lane line." 355. Legislative Acts. — The Legislature did not in dulge in novel or excessive measures. The principal acts were the establishment of appellate courts to relieve the pressure of busi ness on the Supreme Court, and the appropriation of $30,000 for experi ments in irrigation. Three thousand dollars was also appropriated to buy coal for destitute settlers in the west ern portion of the State, A concur rent resolution was adopted, asking that the statue of John Brown be Governor e. n. Morriii. placed, as representing Kansas, in the Statuary Hall of the Capitol at Washington. Congress refused to grant the request. 356. Irrigation.— The State entered the business of irrigation in accordance with the Act of the Legislature of 1891. In June the State irrigation plant at Goodland 250 S-OLtTlCAti CHANGES. ^5l was given a public trial. The thirteenth and last of the Stat% plants was located at Dodge City in July. The Board of Irrigation, appointed by the Legislature, dur ing its existence of two years, instituted gji extensive series of experiments, mostly in the western portion of the State, boring thirteen wells to different depths, and testing various pumps and motive powers. The wells were sunk at likely and unlikely places, in the low grounds, on the high plateaus, and in the sand hills. In the County of Sherman 150 reservoirs for irrigating purposes were constructed in the year 1895. Both north western and southwestern Kansas were included in the State's experiments, and a great stimulus was given the cause of irrigation in those sections. The search for an underground supply of water for domestic and irrigating purposes has resulted in the discovery in central Kansas of what seems a subterranean river, with a slow but defined flow, and apparently exhaustless in quantity. 357. Natural Gas at lola. — In the matter of resources the chief development in Kansas was that of natural gas, the lola gas field coming into line with the Neodesha oil field. Natural gas was first discovered at lola in boring for coal to a great depth in 1871. Fifteen years later came the discovery of the gas fields of Indiana and Ohio, and the grand results which these states achieved in building up manufacturing centers proved the incentive by which the people of lola were induced to make efforts to test the prospects shown in the Acers well. Near the end of 1895, a great natural- gas well was opened. The gas rushed upward with a roar as if a hundred locomotives were letting off steam at once. The 252 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. gas territory has since developed over an area of some eighty square miles. Great flows have been struck at LaHarpe and Gas City. Twenty-nine wells have been drilled, which furnish fuel for zinc smelters, many manu factories, and fuel and light for the city of lola. When Thomas Watson, the "middle-of-the-road" Pop ulist candidate for Vice-President, visited lola, in Sep tember, 1896, ten million cubic feet of gas were consumed in honor of the event. 358. Weather Phenomena. — The year 1895 was re markable for the variability of the Kansas temperature. In January the mercury was sixteen degrees below zero; in February eighteen degrees; persons froze to death at Newton, New Basle and Chanute, and three Stanton County children perished. On the 9th of May the mer cury was ninety-three degrees above zero, on the 12th there were hard frosts. There was much complaint of suffering and need in the westem counties. The State Normal students contributed to the relief of the desti tute, and cities and counties over the State sent generous donations. The Railroad Commissioners furnished 10,000 bushels of corn for seed, and the State shipped in large quantities of coal. 359. The Enforcement of Law. — The Prohibitory Law and the matter of its enforcement was an absorbing sub ject in the State in 1895 and '96. Loyal citizens worked most fait*hfully to secure effectual prohibition. The courts The State was visited by severe cyclones, costing several lives. The most fatal in their effect were those at Clifton, In April, and Seneca, in May. The month of May again seemed the month most subject to these storms. POLITICAL CHANGES. 253 served well. In many places violators of the law suf fered very severe penalties. The sentiment that the law ean and must be enforced extended generally over the State. 360. Monuments to Kansas Heroes. — On May 30, 1895, Decoration Day, a monument was dedicated in the cemetery at Topeka, to the memory of the men of the Second Kansas State Militia, Shawnee County Regiment, who fell in the battle of the Blue, in October, 1864, The remains of the brave militiamen were removed to Topeka in 1866, but the graves were only slightly marked. The monument reared at this time was the gift of Mr. G. G. Gage, of Topeka, who served in the Second Regiment and was taken prisoner at the Blue. At Lawrence a monu ment was dedicated to those slain in the Quantrill raid. At Frankfort a monument to the Union soldiers buried there was unveiled. 360a. Death of Ex-Governor Anthony. — ^Ex-Governor George T. Anthony died at Topeka, August 5, 1896. He was a man of sterling worth and served Kansas to his own honor and to the State's best welfare. 361. Daughters of the American Revolution. — The first Kansas chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution was organized in 1896. The purpose of the organization is "to perpetuate the memory of the spirit of the men and women who achieved American Inde pendence; 'to promote as an object of primary impor tance institutions for the development of knowledge ' ; to cherish, maintain and extend the institutions of American 254 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. freedom; to foster true patriotism and love of country, and to aid in securing for mankind all the blessings- of liberty," This society has done much in commemorating his torical events in Kansas. The Topeka chapter has placed a tablet with suitable inscription in the sidewalk in front of Old Constitutional Hall, where the Topeka constitu tion was framed. It has also placed a tablet in the walls of the building, marking the site of the first log cabin in Topeka, and so on through a long list of good deeds. 362. Issues Before the People. — The year 1896 was devoted in Kansas, as in the other states of the Union, to political discussion and action. The national conven tions of the great political parties met, framed their platforms, and announcec^ their candidates. The ques tions before the people being largely financial — the "gold standard" as opposed to "free silver," and "free trade" as against "protection" — there was endless opportunity for discussion. In Kansas, the canvass, one of the most thorough and earnest ever made in the history of the State, was conducted principally by "home talent." 363. The Election of 1896.— The political combinations during the summer resulted in the fusion of the Demo cratic and People 's parties, and Kansas east her electoral vote for Bryan and Sewall. The Populist State and Con gressional tickets were triumphant. John W. Leedy was elected Governor. The Republican candidate for re-elec tion was Governor E. N. Morrill. Wm. McKinley was elected President of the United States on the National Republican ticket. POLITICAL CHANGES. 255 Eeview Questions, — Why did Congress refuse to place the statue of John Brown in Statuary Hall? — Would you be glad to have it there? — How did the Legislature of 1895 show its sympathy for the Western sufferers? — Tell of the work of irrigation in Kansas. — What great natural resource was discovered during this administra tion? — How is the prohibitory law serving as> time goes on? — What prominent man' died during this administration? — How have the Daughters of the American Eevolution served the State? — What were the issues before the people in the campaign of 1896? CHAPTER XXIX. GOVEENOE LEEDY'S ADMINISTEATION. 1897—1899. 364. The Legislature of 1897. — The Legislative session of 1897 lasted sixty-seven days, being the longest on record in Kansas. January 26, the joint session of the Legislature elected Wm. A. Harris United States Senator. Mr. Harris had previously served in the House of Representatives. A bill for a uni form system of text-books in public schools was made a law. The 29th of January was, in 1897, formally ob served by both branches of the Leg islature as "Kansas Day." 365. Text-Boox Commission. — For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the Text- Book Law there was created a School Text-Book Com mission, consisting of eight members, appointed by the Governor by and with the consent of the Senate, not more than three of whom should be selected from any one political party. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction was made chairman ex-officio. 366, Agricultural Conditions. — The carefully collated and very conservative statistics collected by the Secre tary of the State Board of Agriculture, showed that the farm products of Kansas for the years 1897-98 amounted 256 Governor John W. Leedy. POLITICAL CHANGES. 257 in value to $288,259,056 ; which was a gain of $43,506,301, or nearly eighteen per cent over the preceding biennial period. The reports show an increase in the value of farm products in Kansas for every biennial period from 1877-78 forward, except for 1885-86, and 1893-94. In other words, there were four unproductive years in twenty-one. With 1897 came increased signs of pros perity, following a period of d,epression. It was estimated that Kansas raised, in 1897, enough wheat for every man, woman and child in the State; to provide seed for the eoming year, and to feed all of New England, New York, and Pennsylvania for twelve months. 367. Mineral Products. — In April, 1897, a great oil refinery was built at Neodesha, and eighty-seven wells produced daily an . average of four barrels of oil each. The stock of oil accumulated at Neodesha before the opening of the new refinery amounted to over 300,000 barrels. Oil was piped from Neodesha to Chanute. Kan sans began to buy, in quantity, Kansas oil. lola, Coffey ville, Independence, Cherryvale, Paola, Neodesha, Osa watomie, and Chanute were noted as producers of natural gas. Kansas was rated as the eighth State in the Union in the number of men employed in coal mining. The salt- producing capacity at Hutchinson was increased to over 1,650,000 barrels per annum. 368. Sons of the Revolution. — In February, 1897, the first Kansas chapter of the Sons of the Revolution was organized. The patriotic societies having an historical origin find a fertUe soU in Kansas. The population is largely American, and a great number of families 258 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. trace their lineage to a Revolutionary, and even Colonial, ancestry. THB SPANISH-AMEEICAN WAE. DEWEY. O Dewey was the morning Upon the flrst of May ; And Dewey was the admiral Down in Manila bay ; And Dewey were the Regent's eyes, "Them orbs" of Eoyal Blue ; And Dewey feel discouraged? 1 Dew not think we Dew. Written by Eugene Ware upon hearing of Admiral Dewey's victory over the Spanish fleet at Manila. 369. Kansas Patriotism. — In Kansas, peaceful and prosperous during the year 1898, the thought of the peo ple was yet of war — the war with Spain. The event which created the most enthusiasm was the victory of Admiral Dewey at Manila, on the 1st of May, 1898. Kan sas never before saw so many American flags unfurled as m honor of the triumph of the American navy. 370. Colonel Fred Funston and Cuba. — Kansas people sympathized from the first with the Cubans in their strug gle against the tyranny of Spain, and their knowledge of the situation was increased by the arrival from Cuba, in January, 1898, of Colonel Fred. Funston, a Kansas boy, a former student of the State University, with home and friends in Kansas. After a service of two years in the insurgent army in Cuba, he returned to his native State and spoke in many places on the incidents and the lessons of the Cuban war for freedom. The people of Kansas were deeply moved by the sufferings of the hap less Cuban non-combatants, by the starving to death of 150,000 people, and by the evident determination of the Spanish to exterminate the Cuban race. POLITICAL CHANGES. 259 371. The Destruction of the Maine. — The treacherous destruction of the Maine, in the harbor of Havana, on February 15, 1898, stirred the indignation of the citizens of Kansas, as it did of all loyal Americans)^ They waited, however, the result of the investigation, and in the mean time were generous participators in the effort to relieve the starving Cubans, especially at Mantanzas. 372. Succession of Events. — The succession of events was watched with the most intense interest; the passage of the emergency bill, appropriating $50,000,000 for the defense of the United States; the message of President McKinley, with the Maine report; the President's mes sage recommending the intervention of the United States the passage by Congress of the intervention resolutions the submission of the President's ultimatum to Spain the beginning of the war by the act of Spain in breaking off diplomatic relations with us. Kansas, in every step for the protection of the honor of the United States, stood by the Government. 373. Vohinteers,— The President's caU for 125,000 men was issued on the 23d of April. But Kansas had not waited for the call. On the 18th of April a company of eighty men marched to the office of Governor Leedy and offered their services for the war.^ The Governor prom ised to accept their services on the first call. A tender was also made Secretary-of-War Alger by General Charles McCrum, of the Kansas National Guards, for any needed service at any time. 1. The American battleship Maine, at anchor in Havaua harbor, where it had been sent on a peaceful mission and for the protection of American interests, was blown up. it is believed, by a Spanish mine, February 15, 1898. Two officers and 264 of the crew were killed or drowned. 2. When the call for volunteers came to Emporia the quota assigned to her was fllled within four hours. 260 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. The quota of Kansas when the call came was announced as 2,230 men. Governor Leedy summoned to his aid Colonel Fred. Funston, probably the only man in Kansas who had seen military service in Cuba, and the work of recruiting three regiments of volunteer infantry began at once,^ 374. Patriotism of Kansas University and State Nor mal. — The desire to enlist ran high among the young men of Kansas, and was manifested in the higher educational institutions. The council of the State University felt impelled to issue a circular, advising students to weigh the question well before enlisting, but stating that if they heard the voice of honor and their country's call, the benediction of their alma mater would be upon them. Members of the senior class enlisting were granted their diplomas without waiting for graduation. The State Normal School extended the same courtesy to its soldier- students. 375. Camp Leedy. — It was soon announced that in Kansas the policy adopted in some of the States, of en listing the National Guard organizations into the volun teer service, would not be followed, but that the regi ments would be raised without regard to existing militia organizations. Recruiting offices were established at vari ous points in the State, and after enrollment, companies went into quarters at Camp Leedy, the State camp near Topeka, where the men were re-examined and mustered into the service of the United States. By the Sth of May two regiments were quartered at Camp Leedy. 3, It is recorded that of the three white regiments recruited at Topeka, every volunteer signed his name himself in tbis list. This speaks well for the education of the Kansas people. POLITICAL CHANGES. 261 376. Joseph K. Hudson, Brigadier-General. — On the 27th of May, Major Joseph K. Hudson, who had won his title in the old Tenth Kansas and the Sixty-second United States Volunteers, was nominated as a Brigadier-General from Kansas. 377. The Regiments. — It was de cided that in numbering the regi ments, allowance would be made for the seventeen regiments that Kansas raised in the Civil War, and for the two recruited afterwards to fight the Indians. Accordingly, the first Kan- Generai J, K. Hudson, gas regiment enrolled in the war against Spain was numbered the Twentieth, a number that came to be heard of on both sides of the world. The Twentieth Kansas Volunteers was made up of twelve companies under command of Colonel Frederick Funston. The companies composing the Twenty-first Regiment were mustered on the 14th of May, with Colonel Thomas G. Fitch, commanding. The Twenty-second Regiment was mustered on the 17th of May, with Colonel Henry C. Lindsey commanding. 378. To the Field.— On the 16th of May, 1898, the Twentieth Regiment broke camp at Topeka, and left foi San Francisco, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Little, Colonel Funston having been caUed for a time to Washington. The Twenty-first was the next to leave, journeying to the great camp on the old field of Chicka mauga, and after a brief interval, on the 25th of May, the Twenty-second left Camp Leedy for Camp Alger, near FaUs Church, Va. Thus, by the 1st of June, Kansas 263 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. had three regiments mustered into the service of the United States, and in camps of instruction. 379^ At the Camps. — The Twenty-first and Twenty- second found themselves camped in historic localities. "Camp Alger" was situated on-the old plantation of Lord Fairfax, with which Washington was familiar when a young soldier, and Camp Thomas on the bloody field of Chickamauga in the old wat. During the summer, re cruiting officers visited Kansas on behalf of the Kansas regiments. In one day 100 men left Lawrence to join the Twentieth. > 380. Colored Troops. — On the 21st of June, Governor Leedy announced his intention of raising two battalions of colored troops, under the President's caU for 25,000 men. In the face of many predictions of its impossi bility, the enlistment of colored soldiers proceeded. By the 4th of July there were 400 men at Camp Leedy; two days later there were 550 men. Governor Leedy tele graphed the War Department that two battlions were ready, and asked permission to raise a third. He was informed that the volunteers under the President's call had been entirely apportioned. Lieutenant-Colonel James M. Beck commanded this regiment. It was organized as the Twenty-third. 381. The Twenty-third to Santiago. — The colored regi ment, the Twenty-third, was the first to leave the soil of the United States. The regiment left Topeka August 22, 1898, went directly to New York, and sailed on the Vigilencia for Santiago, arriving there 850 strong, in time to see the embarkation of the last of the Spanish troops for Spain, • Within twenty-four hours the Twenty-third POLITICAL CHANGES. 363 was loaded on a railroad train and transported to San Luis, an old Cuban town, where is was destined to remain until its return to the United States. 382. The Twentieth Kansas to the Philippines.— The Twentieth Kansas Regiment sailed from San Francisco, Colonel Funston commanding, on the steamship "Indi ana," October 27, and on the "Newport," November 9, 1898.* The ships arrived in Manila in the early days of December. 383. The Home Oomiing.— With the middle of August came the signing of the protocol and the evident end of the war with Spain.^ As the foe had disappeared, many of the enlisted men felt that their mission was completed. The first regiment to arrive at Fort Leavenworth was the Twenty-second, from Camp Meade, Middletown, Penn sylvania. They were mustered out November 3, 1898. The Twenty-first Regiment was mustered out December 10, 1898, The Twenty-third returned from Cuba and was mustered out April 10, 1899. While these regiments had done no actual fighting in the field, they had waited pa tiently in camp, had drilled in preparation and were ready, should their country call, to sacrifice their lives. By the terms of the enlistment the members of the Twentieth were entitled to their discharge papers tvhen the treaty of peace was signed between the United States 4, On the Sth of November, 1898, the Twentieth Kansas soldiers on board the Indiana went ashore at Honolulu and cast their votes in the National election. At San Francisco on the same day, the men of the First Battalion went to the polls immediately after going on board the Newport, and the day following, in company with the Wyoming Light Battery, set sail across the wide Pacific. 5. On January 4, 1899, the deflnite treaty of peace between Spain and the IJnited States, signed in Paris, December 10, 1898, was trans mitted to the Senate by President McKinley, and on February 6 was formaUy ratified. 264 HISTOEY, OF KANSAS. and Spain, February 6, 1899. At that time, however, conditions were very serious in the Philippines on ac count of the insurgent uprising, and the Kansas boys, filled with patriotism and love of country, waived their rights, and notified the War Department that they would remain in the field. 384. Election of 1898.— At the election of 1898 William E. Stanley was the candidate of the Republican Party for Governor, John W. Leedy was the candidate of the United Democrat and Populist Parties. W. E. Stanley was elected. 385. Special Session of the Legislature. — The close of the year 1898, and the opening of 1899, found a special session of the Legislature assembled, which had been convened by Governor Leedy on December 21, 1898, to adopt legislation regulating railroad companies, and for other purposes. There was some discussion in regard to the validity of this special session, which was, however, established by the State Supreme Court in the following February. Eeview Questions. — What important school legislation was enacted by the Legislature of 1897? — What is the work of the State Text Book Commission? — How many members compose it? — Note the progress of the oil industry. — What were the principal causes of the Spanish-American War? — How did Kansas respond to the call for volunteers? — Where were Camp Leedy, Camp Alger and Camp Thomas? — What regiments were organized in Kansas, and where did they serve? — How did the Twentieth show its patriotism at the close of the term for which it had volunteered? INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT. CHAPTER XXX. GOVEENOE STANLEY'S ADMINISTEATION. 1899—1903, 386. The Legislature of 1899.— The principal public acts of this Legislature were those providing for a tax levy sufficient to complete the State House, which had been thirty-three years in construction, and to build a third State Insane Asylum. A large appropriation was made to purchase a binding-twine plant for the State Penitentiary. WAE IN THE PHILIPPINES. 387. The Twentieth in the Philippines.— After the treaty of peace with Spain, and after President McKinley had declared that the United States was sovereign in the Philippines, Filipino insurgents, led by Aguinaldo, endeavored to disrupt that sovereignty and secure control of the islands themselves. Hostilities began February 4, 1899, at Manila. The Twentieth Kansas, led by Colonel Funston, took an active part in the campaigns that followed, beginning in the defense of Manila and closing July 1.^ Governor William E. Stanley. 1. One night in camp the Twentieth Kansas lay weary and discouraged and homesick, when some one called out the old University war-cry, "Eock, Chalk, Jayhawk, K. U." It was taken up by others and sounded over the camp, a welcome home-word, like the taste of home food or the sight of home faces. 265 266 HISTOEY OF KANSAS, 388. Caloocan.— On the road to Caloocan, Lieutenant Alford, one of the Kansas University boys, and the brav est of the brave, lost his life while leading his company in a skirmish against FUipino sharp shooters. The order had been given to charge, and the Kansans advanced rapidly, falling to fire, rising and charging, until they came to a hand- to-hand conflict with the enemy. The fight centered about a battle flag, which the insurgents werp defending with their lives.^ At last the Filipinos were scattered, and the men were General fted. Fwuton. ordered back to the line. They came amid the cheers of the army, proudly bearing the captured colors,^ but with sad hearts on account of the loss of their gallant com mander. The Kansas regiment was the first to enter Caloocan. General ]\lae- Arthur wired this message to General Otis, "Caloocan taken. Kansans a mile ahead of the line. Will stop them if I can." 389. Calumpit. — The Filipino army had concentrated at Calumpit* and were behind trenches that have rarely been excelled. The Twentieth and the First Montana were ordered to attack Lieutenant Alford. 2. During the days of almost continual fighting, the regiment lost three commissioned officers — Captain David G. Elliot, Lieutenant Alfred C. Alford. and Second Lieutenant William McTaggart. 3. The captured colors are in the Kansas State Historical rooms. 4. Calumpit was the most strongly fortified place of the Insurgents. It was surrounded on three sides by livers, the Rio Grande, the Calumpit and the Bagbag, and was fortifled on the fourth side. INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 267 the force of insurgents there. Between the two armies flowed the broad, unfordable Rio Grande River, A partly dismantled railroad bridge crossed the river, guarded on the FUipino side by three pieces of artUlery and a rapid- firing Maxim. To endeavor to cross the bridge was im practicable. Colonel Funston 's plan was to effect a crossing farther down the river. This was made possible by Privates White and Trembly, who swam the river with a rope and tied it to a post on the Filipino fortifications. Bam boo rafts were carried to the water's edge and Colonel Funston, in face of the enemy's fire, made the first voyage across the river, the men pulling the raft over by means of the rope. Others followed, and attacking the FUi- pinos in the rear, they drove them out of their trenches.^ When the defense guarding the bridge had been cap tured," it too was used. Soon the entire force was over and the place captured.'' 390. The Report of Secretary-of-War Root.«— "The The mllis ot defense at Calumpit were made of wickerwork and fllled with the earth that had heen taken from the trenches. In many places they were covered with boiler and railroad iron and were so thick that artillery hardly effected them. At regular distances there were portholes from which the occupants could fire without being hit. Leading from tbe trenches back to other lines of intrenchments were zigzag ditches, which the Kansans called get-aways. These enormous fortifications had been made by unarmed Filipinos and hundreds of Chinese impressed into the service. The insurgents, afrajd to put their heads above the parapets, fired largely at random. 5. Resell Manahan, age seventeen, a high school boy from Topeka, fell in the battle of Calumpit, April 26, 1899. On the night before the battle he had taken out his Bible, carried with him from home, and read the 91st Psalm. A bronze tablet in tbe stairway wall of the Topeka Higb School building commemorates his loyalty and patriotism. 6. The Twentieth Kansas had a most remarkable record in the matter of desertions. Of the 1,300 who enlisted, only four deserted. 7. The loss by death from all causes during the term of service of the four Kansas regiments aggregates 117. 8. Major-General MacArthur recommended that the following Kansans be given medals of honor for special gallantry : Lieutenant Edward J. Hardy, Chief Trumpeter Charles P. Barshfleid, Corporal Walter S. Drysdale, Privates Huntsman and Willey. Lieutenant Colin H. Ball, Sergeant Ray mond S. Enslow, and Privates White and W, B. Trembly. 268 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. character of the regiment's services in the field is well indicated by the foUowing recommendations for brevet promotions made by Major-General Arthur MacArthur, commanding the second division of the Eighth Army Corps, and approved by Major-General Elwell S. Otis, commanding the Corps. I quote from the official docu ment : " 'Frederick Funston, Brigadier-General, U. S. Vols., to be Major- General, U. S. Vols., by brevet. (For) Gallant and meritorious serv ices throughout the campaign against Filipino insurgents from Feb ruary 4 to July 1, 1899; particularly for daring courage at the passage of the Eio Grande de la Pampanga, May 27, 1899, while Colonel 20th Kansas Vols. " 'Wilder S. Metcalf, Colonel, 20th Kansas Vols., to be Brigadier- General, by brevet. (For) Gallant and meritorious services through out the campaign against Filipino insurgents, from February 4 to July 1, 1899, during which period he was wounded on two separate occasions. ' "The officers and enlisted men of the regiment exhibited the same high quality of bravery and efficiency which characterized their command ers, "I beg to join with the people of Kansas in welcoming to their homes these citizen-soldiers, so worthy of the heroic origin and patriotic his tory of their state. "Elihu Root," 391. The Home-Coming of the Twentieth.— The regi ment embarked on the United States transport, Tartar, on the second day of September, 1899, and saUed out of Manila Bay on the foUowing afternoon. When, on the evening of October 10, the transport was sighted off General W. S. Metcalf. INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 269 Golden Gate, San Francisco, tugs bearing Governor Stan ley and other distinguished Kansans, and many news paper correspondents, hastened to greet the returning heroes." On the 3d of November, at Topeka, a reception was tendered to the members of the regiment by the citi zens of Kansas, who came in great crowds from all garts of the State to do honor to the brave "Twentieth boys," who had added another brilliant page to the annals of Kansas. 9. It was at the time when cheers from a thousand throats were conveying glad welcome that a pathetic incident occurred which cast a gloom over the happy occasion. William A. Snow, a newspaper corre spondent, and son of Chancellor Snow of Kansas University, was swept overboard from the deck of the newspaper boat and drowned. 270 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 392. A Letter from President McKinley.- EXECUTIVE MANSION. WASHINGTON, INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 271 393. Period of Prosperity.— The late summer of 1899 found the State in peace. The political contests, which had been sharp and severe for some years, and marked with mutations of fortune, had taught Kansas people that the State was safe in the hands of its honest citizens, without regard to their party designations. An era of good feeling prevailed. The losses sustained in the col lapse following the boom of 1887 had been largely made up. A singular feature of the, recovery in the "boom towns," which, in their speculative days, had scattered their houses over a great area, was their practical con solidation. Houses which had stood in empty desolation in the midst of boundless "additions," were removed nearer to the actual center of population, renovated and repaired, and became again places of business and the homes of men. The discharge of the heavy public and private indebt edness of Kansas was going on at a rate that surprised financial authorities, but the explanation was found in the great natural resources of the State. When asked how Kansas in seven years paid ofE more than $100,- 000,000 of debt, it was answered that, in those seven years, Kansas produced four billion dollars' worth of farm products and live stock. 394. Visit of Theodore Roosevelt. — Theodore Roose velt, candidate for Vice-President, visited the State in 1900, making addresses in several cities. A right royal reception was extended by the citizens of Kansas to the illustrious hero of San Juan. ,395. The Election of 1900.— In the State election of 373 HISTOBY OF KANSAS. 1900 Governor Stanley was re-elected. In the national election President McKinley was re-elected President of the United States. 396. The Legislature of 1901. — The Legislature of 1901 elected J. R. Burton United States Senator. The Biennial Election Law was passed providing that all county officers, excepting Commissioners, be elected every two years, the first election to be in 1902, An act was passed providing for the voluntary consolidation of school districts for the purpose of forming graded schools in the country. The Western Branch of the State Nor mal was' located at Hays, and $75,000 was appropriated for the purpose of a State display at the Louisiana Pur chase Exposition at St. Louis. A provision was made for the purchase of an executive residence at a cost of $30,000. 397. Traveling Libraries.— The Legislature of 1901 granted an appropriation of $2,000 a year for two years to aid in the work of the Traveling Libraries, and pro vided for the appointment of a Com mission of three persons, who, to gether with the State Librarian and president of the Kansas Federation of Clubs, have the management of the Traveling Library Department of the State Library. Under the provisions of the Act, the libraries, averaging fifty books in number, are loaned by Mrs. Harriet Gushing, thc State Library to the communities, neighborhoods, and organizations applying for them and, when read, are returned to be again sent out. A large INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT, 373 number of books have been given to the Library by women's clubs and by individuals. The Kansas Federation of Clubs ori ginated the plan for the distribution of good literature. 398. The Federation.— Kansas is indebted to the Federation of Wom en's Clubs for the Traveling Library. This society was the outgrowth of the Social Science Club organized at Leavenworth in May, 1881, upon the *"'^' ^^'^ ^- ^''^^¦ suggestion of Mrs. Harriet Cushing and Mrs. Mary T. Gray.^" The Federation, which now consists of about 400 clubs, has, from the first, been a power for good. It has been instrumental in bringing to pass many measures for the elevation of women and for the welfare and im provement of the state. ^^ 399. Election of 1902.— WiUis Joshua Bailey, Repub- 10. Coming to Kansas and to Wyandotte as a bride upon the day the Constitutional Convention met, Mrs. Mary T. Gray became at once inter ested in the existing conditions, and a potent factor in the life of this State of her choice. While she had chosen to exchange a life of ease for one of many privations incident to pioneer life, her innate retinement and culture created around her an atmosphere ennobling and uplifting. Herself finely educated, it was her earnest desire to promote the mental progress of women,,' and she was among the flrst to advocate the forma tion of a state club where women might meet to discuss all that goes to make womanhood deeper and sweeter. Many timid women blossomed into a life of helpfulness under the radiance of her kindly sympathy. Her life was the exemplification of a rich mental culture which ripened with the passing of the allotted three-score years and ten, even until the day of her home-going, October 10, 1904, in Kansas City, Kansas. 11. The original idea and scheme of the Traveling Libraries Commis sion was to provide books for the bookless. This has been done, and more. A great sweep of library spirit has been created in Kansas through the little traveling libraries. In many of the smaller public libraries a case or two of the State's books are kept to stimulate the interest of the patrons ; the schools and clubs use them ; the ranchman, miles from books of any description, sends for a library, and his neighbors read the books with him. Orders are received from groups of men and women living in localities remote from railroads and having no other facilities for reading. In 1004 there were 13,080 books and 300 cases in possession of the Commission. 274 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. lican, was elected Governor of the State. W. H, Crad- dock was the Democratic nominee. Eeview Questions. — What were the most important acts of the Legislature of 1899? — What was the cause of the War in the Philip pines ?^-Describe the two most important engagements of the Twen tieth. Kansas. — What report did the Secretary qf War give of the services of the Twentieth? — Tell of McKinley's letter.— What can be said of the political and industrial affairs of Govemor Stanley's Administration? — What important educational factor in the State's development do we owe to the State Federation of Women's Clubs? — What illustrious American visited Kansas during Stanley's Adminis tration? CHAPTER XXXI. GOVEENOE BAILEY'S ADMINISTEATION. 1903—1905. 400. The Legislature of 1903.— The Legislature of 1903 elected Chester I. Long United States Senator. Measures were passed providing for the Manual Training Branch of the State Normal at Pittsburg, a Truancy Law, requiring the attend ance at school of all children between the ages of eight and fifteen years, the placing of Kansas History in the pub lic school curricula, a bounty of one dollar a ton for sugar beets grown in the State, the protection of birds, and the prohibition of the use of slot ma chines as gambling devices. The heli- anthus, or sunflower, was designated Governor w. j. Baiiey, as the State flower. Appropriations were made for the Kansas exhibit at the St. Louis Exposition and for a new law building at the State University. 401. History of the Capitol Building.— The State Cap itol Building was completed in 1903. During thirty-three years the capitol of Kansas has been growing,^ The ' 1. The entire cost of the building was between three and four millions of dollars. It is one of the handsomest structures of its kind in tbe United States. The following details are " worth considering : The State House grounds are bound by Eighth, Tenth, Jackson and Van Buren streets. The wings represent Ninth and Van Buren, so that the dome is at the Intersection of the above-named streets. The cornerstone was 275 276 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. ground was given by the Topeka Town Association in 1862. In 1866 the Legislature provided for the erection of the east wing of the capitol building. On the 17th of October of that year the corner stone was laid. The wing was so far completed that it was occupied by the State officers in December, 1869. The legislative halls were first occupied for the session of 1870. The Legis lature of 1879 provided for the erection of the west wing. The House of Representatives occupied the unfinished new hall for the session of 1881, and the State offices in that wing became occupied during that year. The Legis lature of 1883 provided for commencing work on the foundation of the central portion of the building. The structure was so far completed as to admit of a tem porary finishing of rooms in the basement of the south wing, and of the occupancy of them in 1892. The Legislature of 1891 and 1893 made but very slight appropriations for the capitol building, and the work became practicaUy suspended until it was resumed under the appropriations of the Legislature of 1895. The capitol still remains an illustration of the history of the State, "still achieving, still pursuing." Succeeding the line of temporary structures — frame, stone, brick and concrete — which served to house the executive, judicial and leg- lald October 7, 1866. First occupied December 25, 1869. Base of dome, 80 feet square. There are 399 steps from the ground to the gallery floor of the dome, or 258 feet. The top of the dome is 281 feet 6 inches high and 6 feet 6 inches in diameter; the flagstaff, 40 feet, or a total -of 321 w, feet. The sizes of the wings are as follows: East, 75x110 feet: south, 96x122 feet; west, 76x125 feet; north, 96x122 feet. It is 70 feet from the ground to the eaves of the wings. The large columns in front of the portico are 4 feet In diameter at the base, 35 feet 6 Inches to the bottom of the capitol, where they are 3 feet 2 Inches in diameter. The capitol is 6 feet 6 inches high over all. In 1901 the executive mansion was purchased. This building occupies spacious grounds at the corner of Eighth and Buchanan streets, eight blocks from the capitol grounds. INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 377 islative departments of the government of Kansas for sixteen years, the growth of the present capitol has re flected the growth of the material State. Tear by year the halls have stretched away; inviting porticoes have reached forward ; columns have arisen, and lastly, the high dome has mounted upward. The interior has exhibited modern improvements and inventions, from gas to electricity. While the edifice has been rising, widening, extending, the prairie acres around it have been embraced in the transformation scene of which Kansas has been the stage. The Capitol Square, in 1880, furnished one of the first marked observances of Arbor Day in Kansas. On the proclamation of the Mayor of Topeka, the people, young and old, gathered between noon and sunset and planted around the Capitol a thousand trees. 402. National Meeting of the Y. M. C. A.— During the early part of Governor Bailey 's administration, a national meeting of the Railway Young Men's Christian Associa tion was held at Topeka, President Roosevelt was a dis tinguished guest and addressed the meeting. He was entertained at the Executive Residence by Governor Bailey. 403. The Flood Years.— The years 1903 and 1904 will go down in history as the flood years in Kansas. In the year 1903 the great Kansas River flood occurred. In May of that year there was an unprecedented rainfall in the valleys of the Blue, the Republican, the Saline, the Solomon and the Smoky HUl rivers. These streams all flow into the Kansas River. Nearly all the towns along these rivers were flooded, and thousands 01 acres of farm 378 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. lands were inundated. Many lives were lost in these valleys. But the greatest calamity fell upon Topeka, Lawrence, and Kansas City. At Topeka the river broke over its banks and swept down upon North Topeka, cov ering this entire portion of the city for almost a week. Nearly two-score of lives were swept out by the waters, and wreck and ruin indescribable were left in the wake of the fiood. Lawrence (in proportion to its size) experi enced the same condition that befell Topeka.^ At Kansas City the loss of life was less appaUing, while the property loss was much greater. Right generously the people of the State and of the nation responded to the cry of the suffering, and poured their lavish benefactions into the stricken communities, . The sturdy Kansas people rebuilt their homes and business houses, and replanted their crops, and the year 1903 outranked all previous years in agricultural wealth. In 1904 every large river of the State was out of its banks, and small creeks became rag ing rivers. The disaster outclassed the two preceding years, but the tragical feature of human suffering and loss of life was but a small part of the incident. Wichita, Hutchinson, Emporia, Coffeyville, Winfield, Ottawa, and all the cities and towns of the Kansas River valley alike endured calamity. "White man heap big fool to build big house near river," the Kaw Indians were wont to declare, but unfortunately nobody listened to the Indians ' 2. During tbe flood, Edward Grafston, chief mechanical engineer of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad, built a small slde-wheeler steamer, in which, with a volunteer crew of six men, he rescued a great many people. While making the last trip on the night of June 2, 1903. the boat was capsized and Mr. Grafston was drowned. In apnreciation of his heroic self-sacrifice in giving up his life to save others, a bronze tablet was placed in the State Historical rooms at Topeka by the Mechanical Engineers. INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 379 warning. The three successive flood years, however, have shown what the State may expect as a possibility; and what the ignorant Indian could not teach, experience has driven home. 404. Semi-Centennial Anniversary, — The Semi-Centen nial Anniversary of the organization of Kansas Territory under the Kansas-Nebraska Act, was celebrated at Topeka for three days, beginning May 30, 1904. On Monday the pioneers, the soldiers, of the Civil and of the Spanish Wars, and Governor Bailey with his staff, united in a great military parade in honor of William H. Taft, Sec retary of War, who represented President Roosevelt as the orator of the day. Tuesday, Pioneer Day, was given to pipne.er experiences, and Wednesday, Woman's Day, was characterized by a very beautiful flower parade. 405. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition. — At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, held in St. Louis in 1904, Kansas stood the peer of her sister states. Fine exhibits were made in the educational, mining, agricultural, hor ticultural, dairy and live-stock departments, winning many prizes and medals. A beautiful State building was erected in a most desirable location; it was exquisitely furnished and became at once a home for all visiting Kansans and their friends. A comprehensive art exhibit, the work of Kansas artists, was a very attractive feature of the building and was universally admired by the thou sands who saw it.' On September 30 the sunflower became an emblem of 3, The commission in charge of the State's affairs were John C. Car penter, J, C. Morrow, C. L. Luling, R. T. Simon, and W. P, Waggoner, Mrs. Noble Prentis was hostess of the Kansas building. , 280 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. prominence, for this was Kansas Day, and Kansans by thousands were in attendance. The Governor and his staff were present. In the morning a great mUitary parade was followed by a program in which the Governor of the State, President Francis, of the Exposition, and Henry Allen and David Overmeyer, two of the most eloquent sons of Kansas, took part. The exercises were held in the , Plaza of St. Louis. The reception that evening in honor of Governor and Mrs. Bailey was one of the most beautiful functions given on the terrace of states. 406. Election of 1904.^The close of this administra tion was marked by a factional fight in the Republican party. The alignment of the contestants was either with the "Boss-busters" or with the "Machine." Edward W, Hoch was the standard bearer of the "Boss-busters" and was elected. The Democratic candidate was David M. Dale. Eeview Questions. — What were the most important acts of the Legislature of 1903? — Give the history of the capitol building, — Eelate the story of the flood years. — Tell of the heroism of Edward Grafstrom". — What anniversaries marked the year 1904! — Do you think both of these anniversaries should be celebrated? — Give reasons for your opinions. — What is meant by the term "Boss-busters," and who was their chief? ^ CHAPTER XXXII. 407. GOVEENOE HOCH'S ADMINISTEATION. 1905—1909. The Legislature of 1905.— The session of the Leg islature of 1905 was marked by the contest of the State against the Standard OU Company and the railroad cor porations. The remarkable oil discov eries in the State furnished a rich field for the Standard Oil Company, and it entered with all the power of its mil lions of capital and its years of experi ence. The firm stand of the Governor and of the Legislature for equal rights for all and special privileges to none served as an object lesson not only for other states, but also for the nation. Governor Edward W. Hoch. In order to prevent a monopoly of transportation facilities, pipe lines were made common carriers and maximum rates were fixed for the trans portation of crude oil by railroad. As a climax of legis lation, a bill was passed for the construction of a State oil refinery at Peru,^ in Chautauqua County, to be oper ated as a branch of the State Penitentiary. Important railroad legislation was enacted as follows: An act 1. This bill providing for a state oil refinery was afterward declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. ; 281 282 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. providing uniform freight rates, the prohibition of spe cial privileges, such as rebates, etc. ; a provision for the furnishing of cars without discrimination for shipping purposes, and the regulation of railroad employees' hours of labor. A significant enactment was the provision for a Board of Control of the charitable institutions of the State, thus releasing these great institutions from political control and making efficiency the rule of tenure of office. The children and youth of Kansas were also remem bered by this Legislature. An act was passed to establish juvenile courts and to provide for the care of dependent, neglected and delinquent children ; a child labor law was enacted prohibiting the employment of children under fourteen years of age in factories, packing houses and mines, and under sixteen years of age in certain other employments. Other acts of the Legislature were pro vision for a State printing plant and a State depository for State funds. An appropriation was madie to assist the Daughters of the American Revolution in marking the Santa Pe Trail. 408. The Battleship Kansas. — One of the finest battle ships of the American Navy is the "Kansas." On August 12, 1905, at Camden, New Jersey, Miss Anna Hoch, the youngest daughter of Governor Hoch, christened the "Kansas" with water from the John Brown Spring in Linn County. It is the custom to use wine in the christen ing ceremony when ships put to sea, but since the law and the sentiment of the State is for prohibition. Governor Hoch's daughter preferred to use water, so as she re peated the words, "I christen thee Kansas," and broke INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 383 the bottle, it was pure sparkling water and not wine that fell over the prow of the great ship. The battleship received two gifts from the State, one a $5,000 silver service. Voted by the Legislature, and the other a stand of colors given by the Daughters of the American Revolution, 409. Marking the Santa Fe TraU.- In 1906 the Daugh ters of the American Revolution marked the Santa Fe Trail, The trail which led the dauntless explorer, dream ing of conciuest, into the far unknown; the road which the pioneer — progenitor of a sturdy race — had followed in search of a prairie home, the broad mark of the com- ^'''' 1 ^K r TSJ^ M fHBIf ''^^' ^^l/^ 9 ^^^^^^^^%,]^Bm^B^sS^^^^l^^ t,?. i(^m M •m ^P^BBbP^tmr^SK H img 1. HPH 1 r ¦ \^ wk ^BUffifec^' '^M^H Bp*^^' 'mI W^ ¦ '^B WmlM^' v^^^H Bj^^^ ::,,„s^^,.. , . . , J^H A Marker on tbe Santa Fe Trail 284 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. merce of the unturned sod was being forgotten and oblit erated in the progress of the plow as civilization devel oped the resources of a great State. Lest the children of Kansas should forget the path their fathers had trod, the Daughters of the American Revolution, assisted by an appropriation of $1,000 from the Legislature, indi cated with granite boulders the path of the old trail.^ On the face of each boulder is deeply carved the follow ing inscription : SANTA FE TEAIL 1822-1872 MAEKED BY THE DAUGHTEES OF THE AMEEICAN EEVOLUTION AND THE STATE OF KANSAS, 1906. 410. The Pike Centennial.— From the 26th to the 29th of September, 1906, Kansas celebrated her first centen nial. It was held at the Pike Monument near Republic City, in honor of the 100th anniversary of the visit of Zebulon Montgomery Pike to the Pa^vnee village, and 2. The school children of the State contributed a penny apiece to the Santa Fe Trail fund, adding thereby the sum of $584.40. Under the auspices of the department of American History. State Uni versity, seven points of interest in the city of Lawrence were marked by marble slabs in the fall of 1898. The following is a list ; 1. In front of Fraser hall. University of Kansas, Mount Oread — "Site of Barracks and Trenches, 1863." 2. Louisiana street, between Quincy and Hancock — "Site of Governor Robinson's first house; burned by Sheriff Jones. Mav 21. 1856." 3. Ohio street, between Berkeley and Warren — "Site of Unitarian church. First free public school in Kansas." , 4. Winthrop street, between Indiana and Louisiana — "Here Griswold, Baker, Thorp and Trask were shot, August 21, 1863." 5. Corner of Massachusetts and Winthrop streets — "Site of Free-state Hotel ; burned by Sheriff Jones, May 21, 1856. Eldridge House ; bumed by Quantrell, August 21, 1863." 6. Massachusetts streets, between Winthrop and rinckne.v — "Site of first house in Lawrence, sixty feet east." 7. New Hampshire street, between Warren and Berkeley — "near here a score of unarmed recruits were shot, August 21, 1863." INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 285 of the first floating of the United States Flag in Kansas. National banners were unfurled; cannon were fired; bands played patriotic airs, and addresses were made by noted Kansans to the great crowd of people assembled from over the State. By order of the State Superintend ent of Public Instruction, the schools of Kansas devoted Friday afternoon, the 29th, to the story of "Pike and the Flag." Thus the school children of Kansas united in patriotic commemoration with the celebration at Republic City. 411. Election of 1906.— In the election of 1906, Gov ernor Hoch was the Republican candidate for re-election. William A. Harris was the Democratic candidate. Gov ernor Hoch was re-elected. 412. Resignation of Senator Burton. — Senator Burton resigned his seat in the Senate of the United States in November, 1906. Governor Hoch appointed Judge A. W. Benson to fill the unexpired term. 413. The Legislature of 1907.— The Legislature of 1907 elected Charles Curtis United States Senator to suc ceed Judge Benson. Among the most important acts of the Legislature are the following: a tax law to provide for the assessment and taxation of property at its actual value, a law reducing, railroad fare from three to two cents a mile in all parts of the State, an anti-pass law prohibiting passes on railroads, a law providing for free kindergartens, and a law for the display of the United States Flag on schoolhouses. Lincoln's Birthday was made a legal holiday. 286 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 414. Special Session of the Legislature. — Governor Hoch called a special session of the Legislature in 1908. A most important act was a state-wide primary election law, which provides that all candidates for elective offices shall be nominated by the vote of the people rather than by party caucus. 415. The Prohibitory Law. — Governor Hoch's admin istration is particularly noted for its enforcement of law in all departments. This is especially true of the Pro hibitory Law. Never in the history of the State had this law been so well enforced. Due credit must be given to Attorney-General Jackson, who has been instant in sea son and out of season, to the State Temperance Union, to the "Womens' Christian Temperance Union, and to the citizens of the State, who have made constant and efficient warfare against the violation of law and for its enforce ment. 416. The First State Primary.— On August 3, 1908, the first primary under the new law was held. "W. R. Stubbs received the Repuljlican nomination for Governor, and J. D. Botkin the Democratic nomination. J. L. Bristow received the Republican nomination to succeed Chester I. Long in the Senate, and Hugh Farrelly received the Democratic nomination for the same position. 417. Election of 1908.— W. R. Stubbs. the Republican nominee for Governor, was elected. "W. H. Taft was elected President of the United States in the National Election. INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 287 Eeview Questions. — What significant contest occurred in the Legislature of 1905? — Why was this Legislature the center of interest in Nation as well as State? — What was the value of its work? — How were the children and young people remembered? — Describe the launching of the battleship ' ' Kansas, ' ' — To whom do we owe the marking of the Santa Fe Trail? — How many years intervened between its marking and Bechnell 's first trip along it? — What was the first centennial celebration in Kansas? — Why do we honor General Pike? — What two laws do you consider the most important among those passed by the Legislature of 1907? — What was the act of the special session? — How was the Prohibitory Law strengthened? — Who was nominated for governor at the first State primary? - CHAPTER XXXIII, GOVEENOE STUBBS' ADMINISTEATION, 1909 418. The Legislature of 1909.— The legislature of 1909 elected Joseph L. Bristow United States senator. The following are among the important acts which were passed : a bank guarantee law establishing a system of insurance of bank deposits; a law prohibiting the sale of liquor in the state for any purpose ; a law giving power to establish commission form of government in cities upon a vote of the people ; a child-labor law recognizing the rights of children to childhood free from injurious labor; a law prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and cigarette papers; and a law providing for normal courses in high schools and accredited academies. An appropriation of $200,000 was made for the erection in Topeka of a me morial hall in honor of the old soldiers. The hall is to be used jointly by the G. A. R. and the State Historical Society. 419. Lincoln Day— February 12, 1909.— The one- hundredth anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln, was generally observed over the state, as a' day devoted to the memory of the great American. The words "with malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in 288 INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 289 the right aS God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work, we are in," echoed from many a prairie schoolhouse and hall of learning and devotion. The legislature celebrated the day at Lawrence as guests of the State University. 420. Death of . Ex-Governor Morrill. — Early in March of the year 1909, Kansas people gave tribute of affection and esteera through press and pulpit to Ex-Governor Morrill, who died on the fourteenth of the month at San Antonio, Texas, whither he had gone in the hope of re newing his health. Hiawatha, his beloved home town, witnessed its greatest gatherings- in appreciation of its favorite founder and one of the State's most loyal pio neers. The first of "these gatherings was in honor of his election as governor of the commonwealth and the last in memory of a noble life cast in heroic mold and greatly lived. In the Kansas hall of fame his name may well be inscribed. 421. The Baker Anniversary. — In June of the year 1909, Baker University celebrated her fiftieth anniversary. It was an occasion of great interest. Alumni and friends of the school came from far and near; representatives of nation and state, of universities and coUeges, of schools and learned societies extended their greetings. Pounded during the severe days of the "Struggle" the university has developed with the state, sharing her vicissitudes and participating in her successes.. Baker's noblest gifts are her sons and daughters who have gone out to serve in the world's work. 290 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Library of Baker University. L'ENVOI. The State at the entrance of a new era stands rich in the products of field and mine, but richer in her boys and girls, her strong young manhood and womanhood. Pro tected from the evils of alcohol, the cigarette, and child- labor; shielded from vice; offered every opportunity for development in schools and colleges, libraries and churches; breathing the free health-giving air of the prairies, and following the high ideals of the state and the nation, the youth of Kansas is her most significant wealth, her most glorious offering. Long may the great state live in favor with God and man. May she ever keep her faith in the true, the beautiful and the good, and when clouds and darkness come, as come they will, may INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 291 there ever be emblazoned in the clear blue above them the old shibboleth "Ad astra per aspera." Eeview Questions, — Name the three most important laws made by the Legislature of 1909. — Memorize Lincoln's Gettysburg address. — Note the times in your Kansas history when Lincoln came in touch with OUT State. — Tell the story of Governor Morrill's life. — What college celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in 1909? — Translate "Ad astra per aspera." CHAPTER XXXIV. INDUSTEIAL KANSAS. While the story of human events in Kansas portrays the life of a sturdy, intelligent and progressive people, its industrial history shows the response of the earth to their hardy toil. The wind-blown prairie grass has yielded to the plow and fields rich in agricultural products now bask their abundant wealth in the luxuriant sunshine while cattle graze on a thousand hills. The yearly value of farm products in the state is $75,000,000 in excess of the aggregate coining value of all the gold and sUver mined annually in the United States. The State is no longer a treeless prairie. The Kansas farmer found that every tree set deep in the soU added to the sum of power that conquers the waste places and makes the desert blossom, so he began to plant trees about his home until Kansas has some of the largest home-grown forests and orchards in the United States. Treasures hidden below the surface have been dis covered and mineral wealth undreamed of in the early days adds to the state's riches. Wheat. — The western part of the State is one great wheat field. Kansas stands first in wheat among the states of the nation and the provinces of the world. The total yield in 1908 was 76,808,922 bushels, valued at $63,- 885,146. The following diagram shows the aggregate pro- 292 INDUSTEIAL KANSAS. 293 duction of wheat by the leading wheat states from 1902- 1906 inclusive. WHEAT. Bushels. ^^^^^^^mimi^a^^^^mm^ 356,928,238 KANSAS.MINNESOTA. NO. DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. so. DAKOTA. 346,985,082 325,524,058 226,629,249 208,871,692 Barton county ranks highest of the counties in wheat production. Corn. — The eastern part of the State is shut in with "walls. of corn." While wheat has made Kansas famous, corn has made her rich. The largest crop of corn in Kan sas was that of 1889, which was 273,888,000 bushels. The most valuable in money returns was the crop of 1908. The yield for that year was 150,000,000 bushels, and was worth at market price $82,642,462. In 1905, an average year, the Kansas corn production was more than all South America and exceeded the crop of Egypt, Italy, France, Bulgaria, and Russia proper put together. Kan sas ranks fifth among the states of the Union in the pro duction of corn. According to the Government report the value of the corn crop of 1907 was greater than that of the combined corn crops of New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, California and nineteen additional states and territories. Jewell county ranks highest in corn pro duction. Alfalfa. — All who know alfalfa best esteem it one of the richest additions to the agriculture of America. Kansas 294 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. seems particularly well adapted to its successful growth and ranks first in its production. In 1908 there were 878,283 acres of alfalfa in the state. It not only yields an abundant crop which is cut from one to five times a year, but it bears upon its root a parasite which restores and enriches, rather than depletes the soU. Live-stock.^Since the days wh^n the first cowboy rode over the plains, cattle have been an ever enriching product. In 1908 over two and one-half million cattle grazed on the Kansas prairies. Nearly one miUion horses valued at $95,682,468 are on the live-stock list of the 'same year. On account of the extensive raising of live stock, large packing houses have been built in the state. Kansas City, Kansas, has the second most extensive meat industry in the world. The total value of cattle, hogs, sheep, horses and mules shipped from Kansas City from 1871-1906 was $2,212,751,000. Mineral Wealth. — The first mineral to be discovered in Kansas was coal. It is found in the eastern counties and yields annually $10,000,000. At the present rate of min ing it is estimated that the Kansas deposit would last 2,000 years. The discovery and development of the won derful oil and gas fields in the southeastern pai-t of the State has been most remarkable. The production since 1900 suggests that the Kansas field has but few rivals. Gas is piped to Kansas City, Wichita, Topeka and other large cities of the State to be used in thousands of homes for light and fuel and for power in many large factories. Kansas ranks third in the production of salt. The an nual output is 2,000,000 barrels and is sufficient to supply the world. Hutchinson is the center of the salt produc- INDUSTEIAL KANSAS. 295 tion by evaporation. Other localities furnish rock salt. Quarries of limestone and sandstone for building purposes and rock gypsum are extensively worked, Kansas gyp sum plaster was used in nearly all the buildings of the St, Louis Exposition in 1904, and the Columbian Exposi- sition in 1893. The lead and zinc of the State is in the southeastern portion, Kansas ranks as the second State in the produc tion of these ores. Manufactures. — Kansas' chief manufactures are in the conversion of farm products into marketable commodities, such as butter, flour and meat, $100,000,000 is repre sented in the meat packing business, Topeka has the largest creamery in the world. The flour and grist mill productions, which are famous the world over, amount to $5,000,000 annually. Sugar is manufactured from sugar beets in the western part of the State, A factory is located at Garden City. The advent of natural gas has brought in many new lines of manufacturing. Glass making has become an important industry in the gas flelds and window glassj bottles, table and other glassware are manufactured. Zinc smelting is quite significant. In 1906 the refined product of zinc ore was worth $16,000,000. Over half of the spelter, or refined zinc ore, used in the United States is smelted in Kansas. ^ As a cement making field Kansas is fast coming into prominence. Cement making materi als, limestone and shale are at hand in inexhaustible supply. Brick plants are numerous in the southeastern part of the State. Building, paving, fancy and sidewalk bricks are made, as well as roof tile, pottery, etc. Car- 296 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. shops employ thousands of people. Binding twine is manufactured extensively at the state penitentiary by the prisoners and sold by the state. Oil refineries are found in the oil regions; at least seventeen independent oU refineries were in active operation in 1908, representing several millions of wealth. Eeview Questions. — What has been the progress of the State in industrial affairs? — Compare Kansas with other States in the pro duction of wheat? — Tell the corn story. — What is the value of alfalfa? — What is the importance of the live-stock industry? — Trace the develbpment of Kansas' mineral wealth. — Name the most important manufactured products of the State. — Should manufaeturing be more extensively developed? CHAPTER XXXV. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. While the earth and the fulness thereof has engaged the thought of the State, it has not been wholly given over to money making and material improvement. The spirit of the grand old pioneer is with us still, and the generous education of its people is even dearer now than it was when the foundation of the University was laid be fore the grass had had time to cover the ground left bare by the Indian tepee. The Twentieth Century is demand ing men and women of preparation and ability and Kan sas provides generously for her future citizens. The State University with its splendid teaching force and fine equip ment, the State Normal School with its branches at Hayes and Pittsburg, and the Agricultural College, said to have the largest attendance of any school of its kind in the world, are all schools of which the State may well be proud. Over 6,000 students were enrolled in these schools in 1908. Beside the state schools there are thirty-four denominational and private schools, enrolling 10,000 students. Several of these rank among the strong col leges of the country. The Western University at Quin- daro and the Topeka Industrial Institute are schools for the education of the colored youth of the State. Con sidering grade and high schools the State has about 9,000 school buildings and over 12,000 teachers for its 500,000 children enrolled. 297 298 HIST(iRY OF KANSAS. With every year the standard of the educational work is raised and the teaching force becomes more efficient. The appointment of an educational commission by Gover nor Hoch is a significant event in our educational history. Libraries. — Closely associated with education is the' library movement of the Twentieth Century. There has been a general demand for libraries and even the remoter places, through the stimulus of the Traveling Library have begun making institutions of their own. Andrew Carnegie has given many very fine libraries to cities in Kansas. Among those favored are Emporia with the Anderson Memorial, Leavenworth, Ottawa, Lawrence, Hutchinson, Fort Scott, Kansas City, Manhattan, New ton, Salina and Arkansas City. The city and town schools of the state have reported 300 libraries. It is not known how many libraries are in the district schools. Beside these almost, if not all, of the universities and colleges and many cities have most excellent libraries. STATE INSTITUTIONS, Xame. Location. EstabUshed. Educational. University Lawrence 1864 Normal School : Main School Emporia 1S64 Manual Training Pittsburg 100."? Western Branch Hays 1901 Agricultural College : Main School Manhattan 1864 Experiment Station Hays 1901 Institution tor the Education of the Blind Kansas Clt.v. . . . .1864 Institution tor the Education of the Deaf and Dumb '. Olathe 1864 Western University (Colored Industrial) Quindaro 1901 Penal and Reformatory. Penitentiary Lansing 1863 Boys' Industrial Scbool Topeka 1879 Reformatory Hutchinson ..'.'.'. 1886 Girls' Industrial School Beloit 1889 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 299 Hospitals for the Insane. Osawatomie 1863 Topeka '.'..'.''.'.'.]'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.[['. 1875 Parsons 1903 other Institutions. Por Feeble-Minded Youth Winfield 1881 Soldier's Orphan Home Atchison 1885 Soldier's Home Dodge City 1889 Mother Bickerdyke Home Ellsworth 1901 UNITED STATES INSTITUTIONS IN KANSAS. Ifame. Location. Haskell Institute Lawrence National Cemetery Leavenworth United States Prisons, Civil and Military Leavenworth Western Branch United States Soldier's Home Leavenworth DENOMINATIONAL COLLEGES. Name. Location. Denomination. Baker University Baldwin Methodist Bethany College Lindsborg Swedish Lutheran Bethany College Topeka Episcopal Bethel College Newton Mennonite Campbell College Holton United Brethren College of Emporia Emporia Presbyterian Cooper Memorial College Sterling United Presbyterian Fairmount College Wichita Congregational Friends University Wichita Friends German-Baptist College McPherson Dunkard Highland University Highland Presbyterian Kansas City University Kansas City Methodist Protestant Kansas Wesleyan Salina Methodist McPherson College McPherson ....'... German-Baptist Midland College Atchison Lutheran Ottawa University Ottawa Baptist Southwestern College Winfield Methodist St. Benedict's College Atchison Catholic St. John's College Winfield Lutheran St. Mary's College St. Mary's Catholic Washburn University Topeka Congregational Walden College McPherson Swedish Mission Eeview Questions, — Name and locate the State educational institutions of Kansas. — What part do the denominational schools play in educational work? — How many children are enrolled in the public schools? — Why do you consider the appointment of the educa tional commission significant? — What is the value of the traveling library? — How many Carnegie libraries are located in the State? — Name and locate State institutions other than educational. — What federal institutions are in Kansas? — Name and locate some of the denominational colleges. CHAPTER XXXVI. KANSAS LITEEATUEE. The first printing press brought to what is now Kansas was for the use of an Indian mission. The first books printed were Indian books. But few copies of these books now exist; the readers long ago departed. Kansas and the Press. — The beginnings of the modern daily American newspaper press were almost contempo raneous with the beginnings of civilized and enlightened Kansas. The use of the telegraph, in those days called the "magnetic telegraph," for newspaper work, was, in 1854, .becoming general. Power presses were first con sidered necessary, and another newspaper adjunct, first developed in Kansas Territory, was the "correspondent." Several of the greatest papers of the country maintained "special correspondents" in Kansas. Many of these young men possessed much ability, and made a national reputation, as William A. Phillips, the correspondent of the "New York Tribune." Many of these were not merely writers, but doers of the word, and took part in the battles of the Territory, The First Newspapers.— Kansas had newspapers as soon as it had a population. The first newspaper was the Leavenworth "Herald," Its first office was the shade 300 KANSAS LITEEATUEE. 301 of a large elm tree. Lawrence had newspapers very soon after. John and Joseph Speer and George W. Brown became "toilers of the pen and press" at Lawrence, in October, 1854. The newspapers were all political, either for freedom or slavery. In the case of the Free State papers, their names often indicated their principles, as the "Herald of Freedom," or "Freedom's Champion." A great deal of talent found its way into Kansas news paper offices of that early time. Napoleon said that every French soldier carried a marshal's baton in his knap sack; in Kansas, future governors, senators, chieftains, and ambassadors carried printers' rules in their pockets. Early Observers.-^The ferment in Kansas brought to the scene interested observers, writers of present or fu ture eminence; these wrote books about Kansas. Some of these were guide books, some histories, some narra tives of personal experience. One of the first writers on territorial Kansas was Edward Everett Hale, since those days famous in the literary history of the country. Mr. Hale's book was published in 1854, and was entitled "Kanzas and Nebraska: the History, Geographical and Physical Characteristics, and Political Position of Those Territories; an Account of the Emigrant Aid Companies, and Directions to Emigrants." Mr. Hale's publication was not intended as "elegant literature," but to direct Northern emigration to Kansas. Much that was written in the early days and since has been with the same pur pose. Some Early Books. — The missionaries who lived and labored ia Kansas while it was still Indian country, wrote 303 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. their books of their charges and their efforts. To these belong the narratives of Isaac McCoy and Henry Harvey, who wrote a "History of the Shawnee Indians, from the Year 1681 to 1854." The "correspondent," of whom mention has been made, collected his letters into volumes. Such was G. Douglas Brewerton 's "War in Kansas," Mr. Brewerton being a correspondent of the "New York Herald," and supposed to be impartial. Other books were not presumed to be neutral in sentiment, as "The Con quest of Kansas," by William A. Phillips. Neither could the imputation of lack of feeling be charged upon "Kan sas, its Interior and Exterior Life," by Mrs. Sara T. L. Robinson, wife of Governor Charles Robinson. This book ran through six or more editions, and was favorably noticed by the London reviews. Speaking of British opin ion, a very readable book about Kansas is "The English man in Kansas, or Squatter Life and Border Warfare," by Thomas H. Gladstone, a Kansas correspondent of the London ' ' Times, ' ' and a kinsman of William Ewart Glad stone, England's great statesman. These and many more books were written in and about Kansas in the days of the "troubles," and largely inspired by the "troubles." They are, generally speaking, rare books now. In some cases the "visible supply" of them is reduced to one or two copies, but they were widely read when new, and the events of which they spoke were fresh in the public mind. The Kansas Magazine.— After the wars were over, and the piping times of peace had come, and the sword had been shaped into a pruning hook, the literary genius of Kansas was mainly devoted to exploiting the resources of KANSAS LITEEATUEE, 303 the state. Seldom in any country have the efforts of the land agent been more powerfully aided by the pen of the ready writer. Yet it was in these days that appeared the ' ' Kansas Magazine, ' ' the most brilliant experiment in our literary history. The "Kansas Magazine" secured a corps of contributors (without money and without price), the larger number of whom were Kansas men and women ; and much that was written referred to Kansas. The con tributors who secured the largest number of readers were John James Ingalls and "Deane Monahan." Both held their ascendency through the same charm — their famil iarity with the locality, with outward and visible nature. Mr. Ingalls revealed, as it had not been before, the secret of the spell of natural Kansas over the hearts of her children. "Deane Monahan" (Captain James W. Steele) had been, before his magazine days, an officer in the regu lar army of the United States, had been stationed at posts, and made many weary marches in the far West. He made familiar to Kansas readers the desert earth and the vast sky, the canon and the mesa, of New Mexico. It is prob ably true, until he wrote of it, that few had ever seen a picture of the "Jornada del Muerto," the "Journey of Death." While the ' ' Kansas Magazine ' ' had but a comparatively brief existence, it made a lasting literary sensation. Bound volumes of it are now deemed valuable, and odd numbers are eagerly gathered up. Two Valuable Books. — After the magazine period, ap peared two books of incalculable value to Kansas : Wilder 's "Annals of Kansas," and Andreas' "History of 304 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Kansas ' ' — the latter known to Kansas people by a much more commonplace name. Neither of these books was written with any attempt at literary excellence ; they are merely collections of facts and figures. The "Annals" represent the knowledge and industry of one Kansas man; the "History" was the work of a great number of persons. They form in Kansas the basis of history. So complete are they in their field that Kansas history can not be written without them. Local Histories. — It will be found that, in the brief time allowed, Kansas has celebrated herself. In addi tion to the "Annals" and the "History" already men tioned, there have been written many local histories. In 1876, the Centennial year, special interest was manifested in the preservation of the chronicles of Kansas counties, and many volumes were written. They were of much present interest, and will serve as helps and guides to future annalists. Most valuable, too, are the biennial volumes issued by the State Historical Society. They contain what may be called history at first hand, the stories of actors and eye witnesses. In thesle are supple mented the few war histories written by Kansas authors, as Burke's "Military History of Kansas," Hinton's ' ' Army of the Border, ' ' and Britton 's ' * Civil War on the Border." The story of life on the great plains, and the mountains beyond them has been told in the volumes of Colonel Henry Inman. KANSAS LITEEATUEE. 305 Poetry of Kansas.— Of poetry, Kansas may be said to have produced much. "No great epic poem has yet appeared ; no single song with the assurance of being sung forever, but much of graceful, and sometimes of inspiring verse, which has been preserved and cherished as the poet has been faithful in two things — to life as it is in Kansas, and to the human heart as it is everywhere. This has kept in mind Mrs. AUerton 's "Walls of Corn," and Eugene Ware's "Washerwoman's Song." Kansas verse has been gathered in modest volumes, as in Miss Horner's "Songs of Kansas," and the sheaf of verses by members of the State Uni versity called "Sunflowers." Nearly all has been in the first instance given to the newspapers, and often has re ceived no more permanent form. The tsnder and graceful poems of the brilliant Josie Hunt, published in Kansas, have never ceased their news-^ paper journey in nearly, or quite Eugene ware, forty years. The poems of Richard Realf — earliest of Kansas poets, whose life was a tragedy — ^were given, with scarcely a thought, to the press. Recently, Richard Realf 's friend in the old Kansas days. Colonel Richard J. Hinton, has gathered up the poems from far and wide, and given them to readers in preservable form. Kansas poetry, so far as it has been affected by Kansas, has reflected the infinite quiet of the great wide land ; of the immense blue arch of heaven. When the storm, and stress of the first days is remembered, there seems to be little in our verse of the stir of confiict, and the ring of 306 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. steel, or the gaiety that valor knows. An exception to this rule is preserved in Wilder 's "Annals," written by an unknown hand. It will be understood that K. T. are the initials of Kansas Territory. The verses originally appeared in the long deceased periodical, "Vanity Fair," in September, 1861. K. T. DID. From her borders, far away, Kansas blows a trumpet call. Answered by the loud "hurrah" Of her troopers, one and all. "Knife and pistol, sword and spur!" Cries K, T.— "Let my troopers all concur. To' the old flag, no demur — Follow me! " Hence the song of jubilee. Platyphillis from the trne, High among the branches hid. Sings all night so merrily — "K, T. did. She did— she did!" Thirty-score Jayhawkers bold, Kansas men of strong renown, Eally round the banner old. Casting each his gauntlet down. "Good for Kansas," one and all Cry to her; Eiding to her trumpet call. Blithe as to a festival, All concur! Hence the revel and the glee. As the chanter from the tree. High among the branches hid. Sings all night so merrily — "K, T, did. She did— she did!" state University Buildings, 308 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. Kansas Prose. — Kansas has contributed in many ways to what may be called the literature of the country. Many Kansans, going abroad, have written books of travel; many books have been written on social questions, mostly embodying "advanced views," but what may be termed the literary bent of the State has been in the direction of sketch writing, newspaper and magazine writing, which, in time, may grow and gather into books. Of course the myriad-minded Shakespeare has been remembered. Kan sas has produced Wilder 's "Life of Shakespeare" and Randolph's "Trial of Sir John Falstaff." Both treating the great dramatist originally and profitably. No Kansas author has as yet written a great or standard work on any subject, for the reason that no Kansas writer has yet found a lifetime to devote to such work. A large number of Kansas writers, usually young men and women, are contributors to the leading magazines, reviews and literary journals of the country. The story-teller is the coming man in Kansas ; the people will gather about him. Of later years, among th,ose who have attracted attention may be mentioned Edgar W. Howe's "The Story of a Country Town"; the newspaper sketches of Harger, since Noble Prentis laid down his pen several Kansas writers have come into prominence. Among tbem is Margaret Hill McCarter, with her charming short stories, "The Story of a Cottonwood 'Tree," "Cuddy's Baby," and "In Old Quivera." William Allen White has written "The Court of Boyvllle" and "Stratagems and Spoils," and is attracting national as well as state attention by his strong magazine articles. Professor W. H. Carruth has given, among other poems of exceptional merit, an "exquisite literary gem" In "Each in His Own Tongue," and Charles M. Sheldon's book, "In His Steps," has been translated into German, French, Welsh, Swedish, Norwegian, Italian, Spanish, Armenian, Bulgarian, Rus sian, Japanese, Chinese, Hindu, Danish, and a dialect of western Africa. Some interesting books of travel are : W. Y. Morgan's "Journeys of a Jayhawker." F. Dumont Smith's "Green Waters and Blue." E. W. Howe's "Dally Notes of a Trip Around the World." KANSAS LITEEATUEE. 309 Morgan, Albert Bigelow Paine, and William Allen White. The widest circulation ever attained by the works of a Kansas author, has been by the stories of Rev. Charles M. Sheldon, of Topeka. "In His Steps" and the succeeding volumes have been sold in many thousands, and trans lated into various modern languages. These books are of a deeply religious character, and are visions of the "good time coming." Many of the Kansas men and women are equally facile in prose and verse, and it is remarked that John James Ingalls, whose prose illuminated the old "Kansas Magazine" and has been an attraction to Kan sas readers always, has written the most perfect single verse in Kansas literature : OPPOETUNITY. Master of human destinies am I; Fame, love and fortune on my footsteps wait. Cities and field I walk. I penetrate Deserts and seas remote, and, passing by Hovel and mart and palace, soon or late, I knock unbidden once at every gate. If sleeping, wake; if feasting, rise, before I turn away. It is the hour of fate, And they who follow me reach every state Mortals desire, and conquer every foe Save death; but those who hesitate Condemned to failure, penury and woe. Seek me in vain, and uselessly implore, I answer not and I return no more. BIOGRAPHY. James H. Lane. — In his lifetime, the year and place of the birth of James H. Lane was a matter of controversy. In a list of the members of tbe Topeka Constitutional Convention he is enrolled as a native ot Kentucky, thirty-three years of age, and a lawyer by profession. He was born at Lawrenceburg, Indiana, on the 22d of June, 1814. He was the son of Amos Lane, first Speaker of the Indiana House of Representatives, and a judge and member of Congress from that State. His mother was of an old and honorable New England family. At thirty years of age he enlisted as a private in the Third Indiana Volunteers, to serve in the Mexican War. He was promoted to the colonelcy of the regiment, dis played conspicuous gallantry at Buena Vista, and later commanded the Fifth Indiana Volunteers. After the war he was elected Lieutenant- Governor of Indiana, presidential elector-at-large, and a member of the Congress which passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, for which he voted. In 1855, the year after the passage of that Act, he came to Kansas and to Lawrence. His latest biographer, and devoted and intimate friend, Hon. John Speer, speaks thus of the event : "One bright morning in April, 1855, as Lane was passing with his team over the hill where the State University now stands, he halted and walked into the little hamlet now called Lawrence, named but without a charter, carrying a jug to fill with water to pursue his journey westward, but meeting a man named Elwood Chapman, who ottered to sell him a •claim,' he purchased and ended his journey." He entered the town whicb was to be his home and the fleld of an eventful and distinguished career, a Democrat from Southern Indiana, who had voted in Congress for the Kansas-Nebraska act. On the 14th of August, 1855, he participated in what is spoken of by the annalist as "the flrst convention in Lawrence of Free State men of all parties," and from that time forward he was what he later avowed himself, "a crusader of freedom." Tireless, inde fatigable, alert, full of audacity, endless in plans and resources, he was everywhere — in war, in peace, in combat, in diplomacy, in battle and treaty. He was early an advocate of the "Topeka Government," the first organized eflfort for the admission of Kansas as a Free State. He was a member of the Free State Executive Committee, of which Charles Robin son was chairman. He reported the platform of the Big Springs Con vention ; he was president of the Topeka Constitutional Convention. When Kansas appealed to the North he became a uational character ; he was called "Jim Lane, of Kansas." In April, be addressed the Legisla- 310 BIOGEAPHY. 311 ture of Pennsylvania at Harrisburg ; in May, he spoke to a great meeting in Chicago, where $15,000 was raised for Kansas. When Kansas became a State of the Union, he was elected, after a memorable struggle, one of the flrst United States Senators ; and then came the great Civil War, in which he exhibited that strange blending of qualities, capacities and dispositions which belonged to him alone. He raised whole brigades, and commanded one of them in the fleld, even without a commission. In 1865 he was re-elected United States Senator almost without opposition. A year later, as a Senator, he advocated the policy of President John son, and broke with Kansas. He made a bold flght for bis long supremacy. It seemed at times tbat he would win it back, but he knew at last that there was nothing to hope. Those who knew him best said that the thought drove him to madness and to death. He was a remarkable man. In the strange power of his speech there has been no other like him in Kansas. He made many enemies, but attached friends to himself as with hooks of steel, who remember him only as the "Crusader of Freedom." » Charles Robinson was born in Hardwick, Massachusetts, July 21, 1818. He came of that New England generation with whom life is a serious and strenuous business, an exploration into all tbe bays and inlets of thought and conviction. His lineage is traced through John Robinson of Plymouth Rock to the English royal liile. Charles Robinson revealed his masterful spirit as a boy, making his own way through Hadley and Amherst academies, and for a year and a half in Amherst College. Afterward he studied medicine and began professional life as a physician. But he was destined to travels and adventures. He went overjand to California, crossing the site of Lawrence, and took sides there in a con- tesf for squatter's rights, which involved for him and his friends some actual fighting, followed by imprisonment. After the combat was over he was elected a member of the Legislature from tbe Sacramento district, and is honored as being one of the founders of the free state of California. In 1851 he returned to Massachusetts and resumed the practice of medicine. In 1854 he became interested in Kansas. Dr. Robinson entered into the work of the New England Emigrant Aid Society and led the second party of emigrants — the first, it is said, who came to stay — to the Lawrence town-site. Thenceforward he was a part of everything that went on in Kansas Territory. He was a great believer in the power of reason, in the virtue of the New England practice of "talking it over" ; nevertheless, he "dwelt in the midst of alarms." During the "Struggle," as we have learned, his home was burned, his property destroyed, and he himself arrested and held for months a pris oner on the charge of treason, yet he never once turned his back to the foe nor hesitated in his performance of duty. His part in the Topeka 312 HISTOEY OF KANSAS, movement was a revelation of his strength in leadership, his power in control, bis bravery, and his keen, sure judgment of aflfairs. Under the Wyandotte Constitution he became the first State Governor of Free Kansas. In 1851, Dr. Robinson married Miss Sara T. L. Law rence, who accompanied him to Kansas, shared, all the perils of the time and hour, and became a very clear and interesting historian of the events of the period. After so many perils past. Governor Robinson found himself at the head of the State in the midst of a war for the Nation's life. He may be said to have armed, equipped and sent the State to battle. In his message to the Legislature, he showed his right loyal patriotism by saying, "Kansas, though last and least of the States, will ever be ready to answer the call of ber country." After his service as Governor, the name of Charles Robinson continued as prominent as before in the State. He was sent to the Legislature when there was work to do. Ohe of the trusts he executed with great kindness and fidelity was tbe superintendency of the Haskell institute, the Indian school at Lawrence. He was the steadfast friend of the Kansas State University : he gave the original site ; his gifts amounted, it was estimated, to $150,000 ; and he made the /University his final heir after his wife, who survives him. The Legislature appropriated $1,000 to secure his marble bust for the University. In his later years Governor Robinson resided on a fine farm three , miles north of Lawrence, dwelling in the shade of noble trees which he planted with bis own hands. Here he dispensed a grateful hospitality. He was buried, at Oak Hill Cemetery, on a slope which faces the town which he saw rise in the prairie graSs, and pass through the vicissitudes of siege, and burning,' and carnage, to well-ordered peace and a prosperous destiny at last. GovEENOB Carney. — Governor Carney was born in Delaware County, Ohio, August 20, 1827. He eame to Leavenworth in 1858 and became immediately engaged In extensive mercantile business. He was elected Governor in 1862, in tbe midst of the Civil War, and was one of the Kansas "War Governors." At a critical period in the financial history of the State he pledged his private fortune to preserve the public credit. Samuel C. Pomeroy. — Samuel C. Pomeroy died at WhitlnsvlUe, Massa chusetts, August 27, 1891. He c^me to Lawrence with Dr. Robinson and the "second" company in 1854 ; was active iu promoting Free State immigration to the Territory, and in the counsels of the Free State party. His flrst residence in Kansas was at Lawrence, but when the town-site company of Atchison was reorganized on the basis ot political toleration, he fixed bis habitation there, was active in the aflfairs ot the young city, and in 1859 was its Mayor. In 1860, made memorable by the great BIOGEAPHY. 313 drought, when the Legislature of New York appropriated $50,000 for Kansas, and every Free State contributed generously In money and goods, Mr. Pomeroy was the principal distributing agent of the aid. In 1861 he was elected, by the flrst Legislature of tbe State, United States Senator. In 1867 he was re-elected Senator on the flrst and only joint ballot. He was prominent and powerful in Kansas affairs. In 1873 his political star set in darkness, and he was defeated for re-election to the Senate. He was a native of Southampton, Massachusetts, was born January 3, 1816, and was seventy-flve years old at the time of his death. Pheston B, Plumb. — Preston B. Plumb was born in Ohio. In youth he learned the printer's trade, read law in that State, and was. publishing a newspaper at Xenia when, in 1856, be was attracted to Kansas. He made a preliminary visit to the Territpry, then returned to Ohio, and came back to Kansas with a party of twenty-eight young men; of which, though but. eighteen years old, he was chosen Captain. He sought work at his first trade, and rose to be foreman of the "Herald of Freedom" office at Lawrence, but in a short time determined to go farther west in the Territory, and establish a town. After some trials the town started was Emporia, ever afterwards to be his home. Early in his town- building labors he was called away by the war, joined the Eleventh Kansas regiment, and rose to be its Lieutenant-Colonel., After the war was over he went back to the Neosho valley and began His labors, as lawyer, man of affairs, promoter, occasional legislator, and builder of the new country. He was widely known in Kansas, though not as an office holder, when in 1877 he was elected to the United States Senate, to which he was re-elected in 1883 and 1889. ' He was blessed by Nature with a strong and vigorous frame, and, conscious of his strength, he knew no rest. In Washington and at home, he was constantly at work. At last the end came from overwork. He died in Washington, December 20, 1891, in the fifty-fourth year of his age, and in full maturity of his powers. His death was regarded as a great loss to Kansas. His death was received with every outward demon stration of respect. The Capitol at Topeka was draped in mourning, while the remains ofthe dead Senator lay in state in the Senate chamber, and the burial at Emporia was attended by many thousands. In November, .1896, the bronze bust of Senator Preston B,' Plumb was installed in the Governor's room in the Capitol at Topeka, the gift ot his widow. James M. Harvey. — Ex-Governor Harvey died on the 15th of April, 1894, near Junction City, Kansas. He was born in Monroe County, Virginia, but removed with his father's family to Adams County, Illinois, and thence to Kansas. He had been but two years in Kansas when the Civil War came, and he entered the service with Company G, Tenth Kansas Volunteer Infantry, a regiment which furnished eventually a re- 314 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. markable number of prominent men to the civil and official service of the State and Nation. Captain Harvey displayed in the ranks of the Tenth the steady, patient valor which was native to him, and almost imme diately on his return to his home. In 1865, he was elected to the Kansas House of Representatives, and again in 1866. In 1867 and 1868 he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1868 was elected Governor of Kansas, and re-elected in 1870. In 1874 he was chosen to flll tbe vacancy in the United States Senate occasioned by the resignation of Alexander Caldwell. He remained in the Senate until March 4, 1877. With this brilliant experience of official life he might have been encouraged to press on, but. Instead, be retired absolutely to private life. He had early in life added to the calling of farmer that of land surveyor, and his later years were devoted to the hard and toilsome occupation of a government surveyor in New Mexico and tbe West. Admonished by failing health Dt tbe necessity of living, if he would live, in a milder climate, he sought tide-water Virginia, and remained in the neighborhood of Norfolk for some years ; but moved by that irresistible impulse which often comes to men at last, to seek their home, he returned to Kansas, and near the familiar acres he had redeemed from the wilderness, he closed his honorable and useful life. Thomas A. Osbobn. — Ex-Governor Thomas A. Osborn died at Mead ville, Pennsylvania, on tbe 4th of February, 1898. He was born at Meadville, October 26, 1836. He learned the printer's trade, and read law in Pennsylvania, and came to Kansas Territory in 1857. On his arrival he worked first at his trade, in Lawrence, and received the thanks of the editor and proprietor of the "Herald of Freedom" for his efficiency as foreman ; afterwards he practiced his profession at Elwood, Doniphan County. The bent of his genius lay, however, in the direction ot politics, and he was elected from Doniphan County to the State Senate, and chosen president pro tem. of that body. In 1862 he was elected Lieutenant- Governor. In 1864 he was appointed United States Marshal. In 1872 he was elected Governor, and re-elected in 1874. In 1877 he was ap pointed United States Minister to Chili, and in 18S1 to Brazil. After his return from abroad. Governor Osborn flxed his residence in Topeka, and represented Shawnee County in the State Senate. He was on a visit to his native place at the time of his death. Governor Osborn was a man of winning manners and distinguished appearance, one of the most popular of the public men ot Kansas. His funeral at Topeka was attended by the fast diminishing company of Kansas Governors and a great concourse of people. Franklin G. Adams was born in Jefferson County, New Tork, May 13, 1824, and died In Topeka, December 2. 1899. For a quarter ot a century he was secretary of the State Historical Society. He early espoused the cause of the anti-slavery party, was a strong believer in the prohibition BIOGEAPHY. 315 of the sale and nse of intoxicants, and he was an avowed supporter of the woman's right to the ballot. Among the works that remain, it may be recorded that he was the prime mover in establishing county normal institutes, and he early favored industrial training and the teaching of sciences in the public schools. He was the father of kindergarten schools in Topeka. He organized the State Agricultural Society, now the State Board of Agriculture, in 1862, and was for two years its first secretary. Judge Adams was the first man in any State to make a complete collection of local newspaper flies and periodicals for historic preservation. In memory of him the State Editorial Association has placed a bronze tablet on the walls of the society's rooms in the State House. But his real monument is in the rare' and valuable coUection he gathered into the State Capitol, and in the history his strong, beautiful, blameless life helped to shape. Noble L. Prentis was born in a frontier cabin near Mt. Sterling, Brown County, Illinois, April 8, 1839, and, while visiting his daughter, died July 6, 1900, at La Harpe, Illinois, about flfty miles from his birth place. His parents were pioneers from Vermont and both died of cholera at Quincy, Illinois, dnring the epidemic of 1849. The son, then ten years of age, returned to relatives in Vermont, where he lived for about eight years, going from Vermont to Connecticut to learn the printer's trade. Leaving Connecticut, he returned to Illinois, where he worked in a printing office at Carthage. Later he taught school, and at the close of one term of school enlisted in the Sixteenth Illinois Infantry at the breaking out of the war. In this company he served until he was mus tered out four years later. After the war he edited a paper in Alexan dria, Missouri, and another in Carthage, Illinois. In 1869 he came to Topeka as editor of the "Topeka Record." He was induced to make this change by Captain Henry Kiug, then editor of the "Topeka Record," after wards editor of the "Topeka Capitol, "and now editor of the "Globe Demo crat" in St. Louis. His subsequent newspaper connections were with the "Topeka Commonwealth" with T. Dwight Thacher, the "Lawrence Journal" with Floyd P. Baker, the "Junction City Union" with George W. Martin, again with the "Topeka Commonwealth," the "Atchison Champion" with Governor John A, Martin, the "Newton Republican," and the "Kansas City Star." At the time of his death he had beeh with the "Star" ten years. Of his voluminous literary products, only enough to make flve books have ever been put into book form. These books are, "A Kansan Abroad," "Southern Letters," "Southwestern Letters," "Kansas Miscellany," and the "History of Kansas." The first four were composed of letters and articles he had written for various newspapers, the flrst being a fascinating series of letters from Europe written in 1877. Many other books could well be compiled of his lectures, sermons, addresses, editorials and descriptive arti cles. Mr, Prentis was a good listener, an omnivorous reader and great observer. He forgot nothing that he ever heard or read or saw. His mem- 316 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. ory was marvelous, but this did not prevent the work of his pen from being at all times strikingly original. His talent for narrative was wonderful. His sense of humor was unfailing, and he was in every way a remarkable conversationalist. As an orator, although he did not attempt public speaking to a considerable extent until middle life, he was singularly powerful. No Kansan was ever more widely loved and respected, and no one could have, been better fltted to write the State's history. C. S. Oleed. John James Ingalls was born in Middleton, Massachusetts, Decem ber 29, 1833, and died at Las Vegas, New Mexico, on August 16, 1900. He 'graduated trom Williams College in 1855. In 1858 he came to Kansas and settled at Sumner, a frontier town. Two years later he moved to Atchison, which place was his home for forty years. He was associated with all the early political struggles of the State. For eighteen years, from 1873 to 1891, he represented Kansas in the United States Senate, serving that body in its most responsible requirements. In the absence of a Vice-President he was made President of the Senate, where be dis tinguished himself as one of the most capable presiding officers the body has ever known. The last ten years of his life were spent in comparative retirement. But during the period of home-building in Kansas, the period of Indian raid and grasshopper invasion, the time of marvelous growth and collapsing boom, John James Ingalls stood always a graceful flgure at Washington, defending his State before the nation. Oratory was his weapon, and he was a force to be reckoned with in ever.v contest in Congress, a power to be feared in every word-battle. Ex-Governor L. D. Lewelling died suddenly at Arkansas City on Sep tember 3, 1900. He was a man of flne personal qualities and of upright ness of character. He was a native of iowa. His death was mourned by a wide circle of friends and business and political associates. He was elected Governor in 1892 and served two years. Samuel A. Kingman. — Of the men who laid the foundation stones and erected the superstructure of Kansas, none deserves more from posterity than Samuel A. Kingman, who lived to see the practical and beneflcial results of those early efforts. At the time of the Wyandotte convention. Judge Kingman was at tbe very fullness of life, having been born June 26, 1818, at Worthington, Massachusetts. At the age of eighteen he started westward, stopping in Kentucky, where he studied law, served as a mem ber of the Legislature, and as prosecuting attorney, and flnally reached Kansas in the year 1857, locating at Hiawatha. He called that place his home until 1872, when he moved his family to the capital city, where most of his life In the State was spent. Judge Kin.amau was of the very BIOGEAPHY. 311 beginning of Kansas, serving as associate Justice of the Supreme Court from 1861 to 1865, and as chief Justice from 1867 to 1876, when ill health caused him to resign. He died September 9, 1904. Rev. Carl A. Swensson, Ph. D., president of Bethany College, Linds borg, McPherson County, died at Los Angeles, California, February 16, 1904. He was buried at Lindsborg, Tuesday, February 23. Doctor Swens- son's efforts brought Bethany College to a high rank among the institu tions of its kind in the United States. King Oscar ot Sweden was so impressed by Doctor Swensson's work for Swedes in America that he conferred upon him the Order of the North Star. This carries with it Swedish knighthood. Governor George T. Anthony came to Kansas after the close of the Civil War, in which he served as a captain of artillery. It was in Kansas that he entered upon a public career. He is said to have made his flrst public speech after he was forty years old. In Kansas he was almost continuously entrusted with official responsibilities. He was United States collector and president of the State Board of Agriculture, in which capacity he contributed to the success of the State at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, and in connection with George A. Crawford and Alfred Gray, compiled the third annual report of that board, said by competent authority at the time to be the flnest agricul tural report ever publisbed. He was elected Governor of Kansas in 1876, serving in 1877-79. He was afterwards Railroad Commissioner, and at the time of his death was State Insurance Commissioner. His funeral occurred in the State Senate Chamber at Topeka. He lived seventy-two years. Governor John A. Martin served in the Civil War as Colonel of the Eighth Kansas Volunteer Infantry, and commanded the First Brigade, Third Division, Fourth Army Corps, and the Third Brigade, First Divi sion, Twentieth Army Corps. He was elected Governor in 1884, and again in 1886. He was buried with military and civic honors of the most imposing character in Mount Vernon Cemetery, Atchison. Among the many positions of honor and usefulness occupied by Governor Martin, was for years that of member and Vice-President of the Board of Managers of the National Soldiers' Home. He was deeply interested in the Nation's provision for the care of its veteran soldiers, and his counsel and effort were given to the establishment of the Western Branch, which was located near Leavenworth, and has grown to be one of the finest military asylums in the country. Francis Huntington Snow. — Francis Huntington Snow, son ot Benja min and Mary Baldwin BouteUe Snow, a descendant of Richard Warren 318 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. and Thomas Rogers, of the Mayflower Company, was born June 29, 1840, In Fitchburg, Massachusetts. He attended the Fitchburg High School and graduated from Williams College in 1862. He entered Andover Theological Seminary early in 1864 and graduated in 1866, receiving at the same time has master's degree from Williams. He served two seasons with the Christian Commission at the front with the Union army, being present at Lee's surrender. In 1866, on the recommendation of Governor Charles Robinson, he was appointed professor of mathematics and natural science in the Just opened University of Kansas, to the service of which his entire life thereafter was given. During his flrst year of service he preached almost every Sunday in nearby pulpits. He was married June 8, 1868, to Jane Appleton Aiken. In 1870 he became professor of natural history ; in 1889, president of the faculties ; in 1890, chancellor of the University ; and on his retirement in 1901, professor of organic evolution, systematic entomology and meteorology. Professor Snow organized in the middle seventies the collecting expedi tions which have resulted in the extensive natural history museums of the University, and, at the same time, the flrst scientific publication of the University, "The Observer of Nature." His papers are to be found In the Reports and Bulletins of the University aud in the Proceedings of the Kansas Academy of Science, of which he was a founder and president. For some years he was an editor of the scientific journal, "Psyche." Throughout his connection with the University, Professor Snow made and published systematic meteorological reports. In 1881 his alma mater conferi:ed upon him the degree of doctor of philosophy, and in 1890 he received from Princeton University the degree of doctor of laws. In 1885 the Legislature named in his honor the new Snow Hall of Natural History. In 1890 the University received from a bequest of Dr. Snow's uncle, William B. Spooner, the funds with which the Spooner Library and the Chancellor's residence were erected. Among the most conspicuous of Dr. Snow's services, aside from his work as instructor and executive, was the discovery of a fungus fatal to the chinch-bug and of methods for its propagation and distribution. He was a member of the college fraternity Delta lUpsilon, and of the honorary societies of Sigma Xi and Phi Beta Kappa. He died at Delafield, Wisconsin, September 21, 1908. William Herbert Carruth. Edmund H. Morrill. — Edmund H. Morrill, of Hiawatha, Brown County, thirteenth Governor of Kansas, was born at Westbrook, Cumberland County, Maine, February 12, 1834. He came of an ancestry that for several generations had been prominent in New England. His education was secured in the common schools, in the Westbrook Academy, and in his father's shop, where he learned the trade of tanning. Young Morrill at the age of twenty-three went to Brown County, arriv ing in what was then almost a wilderness, in March, 1857. His first busi ness venture in Kansas was in the building of a sawmill ; but scarcely BIOGEAPHY. 319 had this been raised to a profltable basis when the mill was destroyed by fire, leaving the young proprietor much in debt. In 1860 came the terrible drought, which afflicted all Kansas and which reduced the sturdy settlers of Brown County to dire straits indeed. Nothing could be more pathetic than the stories Governor Morrill told of the sufferings of the people during those dark days. A little green corn during the summer and a little ground corn during the winter formed the chief food for everybody. Naturally a benevolent and kind-hearted man, it is likely that the distress which young Morrill witnessed during this season was largely instrumental in making him what he was — a generous, free-giving benefactor of the poor. When the war broke out in 1861 he answered his country's call by enlisting as a private in Company C of the famous Seventh Kansas Cavalry. During his public life, he served the State in various offices and the Nation as Congressman. Commencing with bis return from the war. Governor Morrill was in the real estate and banking business at his home in Hiawatha, It is given to but few to have such relations with a whole community as those which existed between Governor Morrill and his neighbors. For forty years he was the confldential adviser of hundreds of people who went to him with their problems and their troubles. Men have gone to him with money and placed it in his hands for investment and gone away and stayed away for years without even asking for a receipt to indicate his stewardship. Gaining what is one of the largest fortunes in the State, mostly through land speculations growing out of his unbounded confldence in the future of his region, he was never known to oppress a poor man, betray a trust, , or take an unfair advantage. In Hiawatha he was the leader in all that tended to improve the town. He built the flne academy which graces the hillside, and he fostered it until now it is one of the best endowed institutions in the West. He gave the city a flne library, and his name stood flrst on every church and other subscription which passed among the people. Himself a deep reader and a lover of intellectual attributes in whatever form, he spent with prodi gality in the cause of education, and no joy was greater to him than the pleasure of helping youth to learning. Q'be family home in the outskirts of Hiawatha, amidst a fine park and surrounding fields, has been the abiding place of unpretentious hospitality. It was often made the gathering place of the townspeople in their social functions. As he passed about the grounds with a grandchild on either shoulder, pointing out here and there huge trees, which as slips he planted with his own hands, or calling affectionately to some animal among the many in which the place abounds, or telling always without malice a rollicking story of politics or men, one couid go deep into the attributes of the greatest work of God — an honest, friendly, open-hearted, Christian gentleman. — Adapted from the "Topeka Capital." APPENDIX. THE STATE OF KANSAS. ORIGIN OP NAME, LOCATION OP COUNTY SEAT AND DATE OP ORGANIZATION OP EACH COUNTY.* Allen.— Organized in 1855. County seat, lola. Named in honor of Wil liam Allen, of Ohio, who was for many years a member of the United States Senate from that Common wealth, and also its Governor. He favored the doctrine of popular sov ereignty on the opening of the Terri tory of Kansas to settlement. 1 Emerald y Y Greelevj/ i^^^Amiot ,--. ' ' - Sc P'o ,o-^/OJ . •" ' ¦ ' GlST ¦ Mineral 7 ^-^Tpt. >»Ce ntraj C ^anjifRNETT • Slont.Ida^ -^ 4/)^Ss.Ha5k II ¦ J^^^'^"'^'^ . / Bi^^h CitvX i— '¦^Westphalia r ) Welila ' \ '¦'V [-"¦¦¦¦.¦.¦:'" ., ' / Selma\, ^ '¦'¦''¦¦''-''¦'¦¦.¦".¦¦' V f y r ^^ , '. Norlhcoit ' ¦ t/ Lon e Elm ^ "^ ¦¦'."^-^-^^ Tcolotiy Allen. Anderson.— Organized in 1855. County seat, Garnett. Received its name from Jos. C. Anderson, of Missouri, who was a member of the first Kansas Territorial Legisla ture, and Speaker j[)ro tem. of the House of Representatives. Atehison.— Organized in 1855. County seat, Atehison. Named for Anderson. David R. Atchison, a Senator from Missouri, and President of the United States Senate at the date of the passage of the Act for the organ ization of the Territory of Kansas. He was a Pro-Slavery Democrat, and zealous partisan leader in the discus- Atchison. sions and movements affecting the interests of slaverv and its attempted establishment in the new State to be created. ¦"By permission, from Admlre's Political Hand Book of Kansas. Crane & Co., Topeka. 321 322 APPENDIX. Barber.— Organized in 1873. County seat. Medicine Lodge. In honor of Thomas W. Barber, a Free Sta,te settler of Douglas county, who was killed in consequence of the political troubles, near Lawrence, December 6, 1855. (The county was originally named in the statute as "Barbour," but was corrected by special act of the Legis lature in 1883.) Barber. Barton. — Organized in 1872. County seat. Great Bend. In honor of Miss Clara Barton, of Massachu setts , who won great distinction during , the war for the Union by her remark- _^Eve_/^ Ulaplclon r — ^'' ¦^a g„ - , Ken'iaij C(y, fxX^Tl r.Hu. .1^ K:rfV^ ? rlolmnn cL/ ^\ A ¦'•¦-¦ Berlin ,o^ • • ,Bevon * d^* MajelU ^ ,..\^<-^ p ^-f .G inilan \^| t^^^ Lftkcaidc ^ ^ IWl- y-^J^^ w J ' ¦¦ ¦• ,-. •Rockfof^ ¦¦/ mi'attvilly' / Godrr,-v,, ^1 Sta. 1 , Qalatia • :: .KoOens -._ | •Verbeck i •Millard ^,-,^ . - " ! ^ j Hetze *ji ^- Hr^'^:? aPKATRT.7.A10_^ .Ellinwoo^l 1 . DiindP'-, .-Wk ¦-''¦ '-." :. ably effective philanthropic career in the sanitary department of thearmj-. Bourbon. — Organized in 1855, County seat, Fort Scott. Received its name from Bourbon county, Ky., the latter having been one of tne Bourbon. ' nine counties organized in 1785 by the Virginia Legislature, before Ken tucky became an independent State. It was so called as a compliment to the Bourbon dynasty of France, a prince of that family (then on the throne) having rendered the American colonies important aid in mon and money in their great struggle for independence. Colonel Samuel A. Williams , a native of Brown. DESCEIPTION OF COUNTIES. 323 Bourbon county, Ky., was a member of the House from Fort Scott in 1855, and it was at his request that the county was so named. He was mustered in as Cap tain of Company I, Second Kansas Cav alry, November 22, 1861, and resigned March 28, 1862. He died at his old home. Fort Scott, in August, 1873. Brown. — Organized in 1855. County seat, Hiawatha. After O. H. Browne, of Mississippi, who had been Senator and member of the House of Represen tatives from that State, was United States Senator at the date of the Act organizing Kansas Territory, was re-elected for six years in 1859, but withdrew with Jeffer son Davis on the secession of the South ern States, The name is properly spelled with an e in the original statute, but on the county seal the e was left off— accidentally, probably. All later statutes present the name without the final e. Butler.— Organized in 1855. County seat, Eldorado. For Andrew P. Butler, who was United States Senator from' South Carolina, from 1846 to 1857. Chase.— Org:anized in 1859. County seat, Cottonwood Falls. Created out of ™*^°' portions of Wise and Butler counties, and named in honor of Salmon P. Chase, successively Govei'nor of Ohio, United States Senator, Secretary of the Treasury, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In the Senate he was earnest in his opposition to the extension of slavery into Kansas. Chautauqua.— Organized in 1875. County seat, Sedan. out of a portion of what was first God frey county, named after "Bill" God frey, a noted trader among the Osages ; then Howard county, in honor of Major-General O. 0. Howard, for his efforts in behalf of the Union. Chautauqua county, N. Y., was the former home of Hon. Edward Jaquins, a member of the Kansas Legislature in 1875 from Ho,ward county, who Created CliiataaqDt, 324, APPENDIX. introduced the Bill which divided Howard into Chautauqua and Elk; hence, from his native place this county derives its name. The name originally given (in 1855) to Howard county was Godfrey, and the name was changed to Seward in 1861. In 1867 the Legislature, ignoring former names, created the county of Howard, Cherokee. which embraced all the territory of Seward and a five-mile strip additional on the west. Cherokee. — Organized in 1866. County seat, Columbus. First named McGee in 1855, for E. McGee, of Mis souri, who was a member of the Ter ritorial Legislature. In 1866 the name Cheyenne. Clay. guLshed Kentucky u„..,„^.,,..iu,i., ^...^^..j Clay, who was chosen United States Senator in 1806. , He afterwards served in both houses, and was in public life most of the time during a period of forty-six years. He was minister to England and France, and candidate for Cherokee was adopted, from the fact that a large portion of the "Cherokee neutral lands," reservation of that tribe of Indians, was included in the geographical area of the county. Cheyenne.— Boundaries defined in 1873. Organized April 1, 1886. County seat, St. Francis. Named after the Indian tribe of that name. Clay. — Or ganized in 1866. County seat, Clay Center. Named in honor of the distin- statesman, Henry Clarli. DESCEIPTION OF COUNTIES. 325 President in opposition to Polk. He died in Washington in 1852. Clark. — Organized May 5, 1885. County seat, Ashland. Originally and correctly Clarke, with a final e, inmemory of Charles F. Clarke, Cap tain and Adjutant-General, United States Volunteers, who died at Mem phis, December 10, 1862. Cloud. — Organized as Shirley, in 1860. County seat, Concordia. The county was ^¦^ji5-^*lebo -_ .;¦/,- .¦¦¦",.¦¦ v.^t/j^ Haila Summit ^^^^^^y-^''- Ottumwa" / — '-'^VW^ Sharpe#^ l*atmo3 ^\tj^ Pottawatomie s; ._ "- .. / CnstolV V > Alkef illi-V - . ¦. . ¦ AtlantV^^'C'/^;^' ¦,'.¦ y .' 1 ¦ • , ¦. i *. Wilmot "^"^ -''h.'- '. -J^f,-'- " !5\JJdall f ¦ A *¦ V *p\ < ^">A, f '/yC.^"?iWm :-A^'\. =4.Jl\! //-.. Tlgflalc'.'. ' 5 ¦, vi: KeU3Eg=5a2 S^,.— *T^^«Eaton/v; ,- '. ^ V / \\ /^ aVkoej ) ¦'¦¦:• y^s. . \ > ' y^ \.Hoo3«r ^' "/ /I J / JV ¦'^\. ^^ tr ^^\ yV ^S^pji J>j^5"'"''"'"°"'''''" ""' - CaleyY^ i^f^JjCldaon,.- .; Comanche. fall of 1873, under a general law then in force, and was represented in the Leg islature under that organization m 1874; but that organization was held fraudulent and void. Cowley.— Organized in 1870. County seat, Winfield. Named in honor of Matthew Cowley, First Lieutenant of Company I, Ninth Kansas Cavalry, who died in the service October 7, 1864, at Little Rock, Ark. The county Cowley. 32G APPENDIX. was originally named Hunter, aftei R. M. T. Hunter, of Virginia. Crawford. — Organized in 1867. County seat, Girard. This county was, by an Act of the Legislature of 1867, created out of the northem half of Cherokee, Tjfhii-h prior to that date reached to Bourbon. It was named in honor of SamuelJ. Crawford, who Crawford. was elected Governor in 1864, and served nearly four years. The Legis lature named the county in obedience to a resolution passed in convention, held to petition for its organization. Governor Crawford resigned in Octo ber, 1868, to become Colonel of the Nineteenth Kan sas Cavalry, specially raised for the Indian war of 1868-69. ^ J' J B OBERLIN k .I- V. h i. • • Luii •R ip^ \ '^ 7^ / •Dr*^ d u Bor p. Alllsosa^ De atQr enactment m honor of Com- Decatur, a dis- iean naval offi- Dickinson. cer. He fell in a _ duel with Com modore Barron, United States Navy, in 1808. Dickinson. — Organized in 1857. County seat, Abilene. In lionor of Daniels. Dickinson, who was a Sena tor from the State pf New York. In 1847 he introduced, in the United States Senate, resolutions respecting He served as ( 'aptain in the Second Kansas Infantry , and was Colonel of the Second Regiment Colored Volunteer Infantry, during the war for the Uiiiou. Deeatur.— Organized in 1879. County seat, Oberlin. Boundaries defined by legislative 1873. Named in modore Stephen tinguished Amer- Doniplian. DESCEIPTION OF COUNTIES. 327 Alfred*" " Holling, • - Wordeu Hillsiin Globe . • Baldwin • Appanoose - Media territorial government, embodying the doctrine of popular sovereignty, afterwards incorporated in the -^ " Bill for the organization of Kansas Territory. He died in 1866. Doniphan. — Organized in 1855. County seat, Troy. In honor of Col. A. W. Doniphan, of Missouri. He conimanded a regiment of cavalry during the Mexican War, marching across the plains, and taking a very prominent part in the conquest Mexico. He zealous parti- to of New was a extend Douglas, san in the effort made slavery into Kansas. Douglas. — Organized in 1855. County seat, Lawrence-. In honor of Stephen A.' Douglas, United States Senator from Illinois, and candidate for the presidency in 1860. As a Senator, Douglas, in 1854, took a leading part in securing the adoption of the 'pop- Edwards. Eli. built the first brick block county. Elk. — Organized in 1875. County seat, Howard. Created out of the northem portion of what had been Howard county. Named for the Elk river, which traverses its area from northwest to southeast. (See Chau tauqua.) Ellis. — Organized in 1867. Hays is the county seat. Naujed in memory ular sovereignty" principle in the Act organizing Kansas Territory, which gave the particular form of the issue involved in the Kansas struggle, Edwards. — Organized in 1874. County Seat, Kinsley. Named in honor of W, C. Edwards of Hutch inson, who in the -w, y^ "K^ \K2^ \A nil. \. ^ Ft Haiisi^ l/HLITAIty KES ~ k ^Cathini ( W ilk Ml vjoii^ 1 \ V-— ¦0^ "^^"s;^'''/ Pfi \r-^ Su EUis. 328 APPENDIX. of George Ellis, First Lieutenant of Company I, Twelfth Kansas In fantry, killed in battle April 30, 1864, at Jenkins' Ferry, Ark. Ellsworth. — Organized in 1867. County seat, Ellsworth. Named after Fort Ellsworth, a military post built on the bank of the Smoky Hill, in 1864. This fort was so called by General Curtis, in honor of the ofiicer Ford. 1 — \^iO^' — — , -bf-iichi •--. ".'11 : ^' P;.ri « Ka ,ol. IJ ^ .„^< - 1- >^ ^ ^>"" Pn laokv MILITi 'ry Rt- S-ifi \r^^^ N V • P! L 9JI,- 11 'V an'_e 1 ^ (,,"4., l^.m\ T— ''^ _ftjLo raine ,lMi>^ Priiioeton _- ^ilkville'--' ^^ Richnioud \ -M Finnej. FraiLklin. kee Indian of that name, the inventor of the alphabet of his language, aud a most remarkable man. Changed in 1883 to Finney, in honor of D. W. Finney, then Lieutenant-Governor of the State. Geary. — Organized in 1855 as Davis county, which name was given for Jt'ft'erson Davis — United States Senator and Seeretiirv of war— who became President of the Southern" Confederacy. DESCEIPTION OF COUNTIES. ,329 The Legislature changed the name to Geary, in 1889, in honor of John W. Gearyj who was Territorial Governor of Kansas from 1856 until March, 1857. County seat, Junction City. Organized Septem- 2, 1886. Gove is county seat. In honor of CaptainGrenville L. Gove, Eleventh Ka n s a s Cavalry, who died in 1864. Geary. Crraham: ,¦.>:- Ci^ ¦¦;• ¦ ¦¦¦.¦ r-ii/^' ¦-' \ Warrendale* • •siiockcy ¦. : s.... Appomattox, JSULYSSES. ¦ ¦•¦•¦.¦. II '¦\!P^ ?r \ ^ Conductor* -vS^Golden.;:*, V , , Lawson T^ J^ • ion ville r^ \. ¦^ _.__>^ Graham. — Organized in 1880. County seat. Hill City. In honor of Captain John L. Graham, of the Eighth Regiment, Kansas Infantry — killed in action at Chickamaug'a, Tenn.y September 19, 1863, before Jie was mustered. Grant. — Organized June 9, 1888. County seat, Ulysses. Named in honor of General tllysses S. Grant. Gray. — Organized July 20, 1887. County seat, Cimarron. Named in honor of Alfred Gray, late Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Greeley.— Or ganized July 9, 1887. County seat. Tribune. Named in honor of the founder of the New York Tribune. Greenwood.— Organized in 1862. County seat. Eureka. This county re ceived its name firast, 330 APPENDIX. Greeley. Harper. — Or- fanized in 1873. County seat, Anthony. he organization of this county was one of the most glaring frauds ever perpetrated in the State. Attorney-General Williams, in his ofiicial report, says: "It is not pretended that Harper county ever had an inhabit ant." The form of its organization was as a compliment to Alfred B. Greenwood, who, about the time of the orgamzation of the Territory, was commissioner of Indian affairs. He negotiated treaties on the part of the United States with the Sac and Fox, and other tribes in southern Kansas. Hamilton. — Organized January 29, 1886. County seat, Syracuse. In honor of General Alexander Hamilton, the great American statesman ; he was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr, July 11, 1804. Greenwood. HamUton. so many hours he would be dead; the bet was taken, and Marion Harper won. ' Harvey.— Organized in 1872. County seat, Newton. Named for James M. Harvey, Captain of Company G, Tenth Regiment of Kansas Infantry, and Governor of the State from 1869 to 1873 . In January , 1874 , hewaselected legal on paper, and that is all. In 1878 the organization became legal. The county was named in memory of Marion Harper, first Sergeant of CompanyE, Second Regi ment Kansas Cavalry. He was mortally wounded at Waldron, Ark., December 29, 1863, and died the following day. His comrades say he took his death cooUy. When brought i n wounded, he proposed a wager that in V_. Duqiioi"iffr\ ^\ ^^ - 'C\ RnnnymoiicN^ P \ Hat,,(A Crvilal S|.t.nc«_>T^ A,--<^nauviV '* ^'''Czr'"*^-...^ ' 7 a 'ii---^>:-i-- 1 nT^s^''" Biiu>,>r "^^^''^ / Jc l"^' 7 Knt'iwri^^^. L'lJtij^elil ANTHOMY^ \Blackhurn L S / ^-VrV\«*f I E "oS R^MIa / Blittl Gy. ^T" — \" f ^ - "'anieron Harptr. DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 331 United States Senator to fill an unex pired term ending in 1877. Haskell.— Organized July 1, 1887. County seat, Santa Pe. Named in honor of Dudley C. Haskell, of Law rence, who died, while serving the ;'•.¦¦'¦'' Ivanho? ¦-!,.; Colosa* 'SAHTA FE® ¦•; Lockport F„i»„r . - ¦ Ta„' x' "¦¦"¦'¦''¦.'"':¦:¦¦ '¦¦¦""¦' Harvey. State as Congressman, December 16, 1883. Hodgeman. — Organized in 1879. County seat, Jetmore. Named in honor of Amos Hodgman, Captain of Company H, Seventh Kansas Cavalry. He died October 16, 1863, near Ox ford, Miss., of wounds received in an Hodgeman. Haskell.' action at Wyatt, Miss., October 10, 1863. The name should be spelled Hodgman without the c — it was so spelled in the original statute of 1868, which created the county, but by accident — probably — in the statute whieh defined its boundaries in 1873, the e was inserted. Of course it is legally Hodgepicin, and must remain orthographically incorrect until changed by legislative enactment. Jackson. — Organized in 1857. County seat, Holton. Originally Calhoun, in honor of John C. Cal houn, of South Carolina , changed in 1859 to Jack son, after Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States. Jefferson.— Organized in 1855. County seat, Oska- loDsp,. In honor of Thomas Jefferson, Jaokson. Jeferson 332 APPENDIX. third President of the United States- author of the Declaration of Inde pendence. Jewell. — Organized in 1870. County seat, Mankato. Named in memory of Lieutenant-Colonel Lewis R. Jewell, Sixth Kansas Calvary, who died No vember 30, 1862, of wounds received in the battle of Cane Hill, Ark., November 28, 1862. Jewell. Johnson.— Organized in 1855. County seat, Olathe. Named for Rev. Thomas Johnson, who in 1829 estab lished a mission among the Shawnee Indians, about eight miles south west of Kansas City. Mr. John son took the Pro- Slavery side of politics, and was ^'K~~~- — -— -' Miss/ien, I Y South Park/ • 'Shawns* y R«dl Merriam/ Olover, Zar^h /Glenn* ILeneia/'^ Hector* i 1 Phila (¦ ! Praine Cen. > \" h^,. - *, Gardner^ ^ " %-^ r. Ochellree "^ /¦¦-: Stillwell/ v-^XEdgcrto , SpnnpHill Ji 1 Jolinson. commanded United States troops in President of the first Territorial Council. He was shot and killed, in January, 1865. Kearny. — Or ganized March 27, 1888. County seat, Lakin. Named after Gen eral Kearny, who X %. Stftpk".*;.:;-"- %'\u ¦ A • r "s^. ¦^Crescent - ^Nlakcl -^ ¦ Bi'lvidoixZ'' Kingman. the West during the Indian troubles. Kingman. — Organized in 1874. County seat, Kingman, wliich was named in honor of Samuel A. King man, who was then Chief Justice of Kansas. Qowik DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 333 Kiowa.— Organized March 23, 1886. County seat, Greensburg. Named after the Kiowa Indians, Labette. — Legally organized in 1867. County seat, Oswego. Originally part of Dorn county, after Colonel Earl V an Dorn, of the regular army (he was also a Confederate officer) , but changed from Dorn to Neosho in 1861, after name of the principal river in southern Kansas. Labette county has a peculiar history, not generally known, or at least not found in the books. Prior to the sum- Ljjijttj mer of 1866 all that part (and being the south half) of Neosho county, now com prising Labette, was sparsely populated. In the spring of 1866 there was a great rush of immigration to that locality, and the new settlers proceeded to organize a government of their own. They gave the name Labette (then written La Bette), and called a con vention, nominated a full set of county offlcers, and a representative to the State Legislature, and elected them at the Novem ber election, and started a county govern ment — for all of which no authority of law whatever exLsted. The "Representative" so elected was Charles H. Bent, who re ported at Topeka with a petitioUj "signed by John G. Rice and 224 other citizens of jj^,, Labette county," asking that Mr. Bent be admitted to a seat in the House. He was admitted, and afterwards introduced a Bill to "organize and define the 'boundaries of Labette county," which passed, and was approved the 7th of February, 1867. Lane.— Organized June 3, 1886. Boundaries defined in 1873. County seat, Dighton. In honor of Senator James H. Lane, of Kansas. Leavenworth. — Organized in 1855. County seat, Leavenworth. From Fort Leavenworth, the mpst important military post in the West. It was established in 1827, and was named after Colonel Henry H. Leavenworth, of the United States Army. leavenwortL , "'^il. h^^iCy^^yj^- - MO ^Toogana ^ ' liiSSc^^ ¦^::^"^-: • Sutlon ¦ '¦,¦¦:¦¦.¦',';.¦.; 334 APPENDIX. Lincoln. — Organized in 1870. County seat, Lincoln. Named in honor of Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President of the United States, and author of the emancipation proclama tion, who was assassinated AprU 14, 1865. Linn. — Organized in 1855. County seat. Mound City, Nameil for Lewis Lincoln. F, Linn, a distinguished United States Senator from Missouri, who died in .1843, in office. He was a colleague of Hon. Thos. H. Benton. Logan.— Organized September 17, 1887. County seat, Russell Springs. \ '--^ Monument J _ -1 J Page Ujli»:— -P.C oaklev v/ Winona^'^^^^^^ ^ }<;]jHc Atlistor '¦¦ c\ J-^^ '''iv7\_£RUSSELL SPE'S ^^ By an Act of the Legislature in 1887, the nam^ of the then unorganized county of St. John was changed to Logan, in honor of the late General John A. Logan. Lyon.— ( >rganized in 1860. County seat, Emporia. Named by the first Leg islature, Breckinridge, in honor of John C. Breckinridge , United States Senator from Kentucky, and who af terward became \'ice- President of the United States in 18.")(). Name changed in 1862 to Lyon, in honor of General Na thaniel Lvou, who was killed while in command of the Union Army at l-Kulmbmi.k -^_ T.impa^ :S^ ^^J el«p«( 1 -• rrciiTillJ'^'''"''^ S^\^ •,i...,ri ¦¦¦.^' h IftiiW. DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 335 the battle of Wilson's creek, Mis souri, August 10, 1861. Marion. — Organized in 1860. County seat, Marion. Named for Marion county, Ohio, which was so- called in memory of General Francis Marion, of revolutionary fame. Marshall.— Organized in 1855. County seat, Marysville. After Gen- Sharps Cr./ ¦¦¦¦¦; " ¦¦¦¦ *[ ^ — r^ WH^alland */ Monitor \^x~~\ / ?,¦ Grovel a 0.^ '/¦ Inmaiiy \ t?£aA > ¦=¦.¦¦¦¦.¦¦. RoxburV* . Del more '^T ^P"^' ¦¦¦ ¦¦¦¦' i_^^^^ Winnesheik 4"^ c>% o/- .Silarta NS Mouurimidgi -4 y\ y 1 ^(J Summerfiel'd ^ *"* |feS"- ^;-tfe- h-^Si. yy *"Vuitara*Sta\OarneySS. .f.^^"'^ , w' - Afton ^; *>' *?¦.*"-¦.¦,;- ¦ : ..' •Reeds^ille ¦• , Sctiroyef ^'^'---,, -v"^^ "«J«^^02 J^"; Frankf^rt/^. ^""^ ^N^'^^ ^,^^'Barrett ¦¦'¦";. -¦¦'¦' Thomas A\ yS'bigijlow 9 ' • . iV-' * Wyomiog •Sn-edcOr.[/ La Oranee ¦ ' , l| Marsliall. eral Frank J. Marshall, who estal> lished a ferry on the Big Blue at the crossing of the old Independence- California road in 1849. He was a prominent member of the first Leg islature, and had his own name ap plied to the county. Marysville was declared the permanent county seat by the Legislature in 1860. McPherson. — Organized, 1870. County seat, McPherson. In honor of Major- General James B. McPherson, United -r-l ¦¦¦¦ - •Antiocti y^ucvrus^ Wea ^~eT77--i- ' /^'iip^ftafr: Wade . Hillsdalcf ¦A / A riW^sburK .. , ¦'¦--"Vt, / y* i"-"''^ ¦"Olds Wliittaker *, / / •: PAOL* ^ Stanton /7^ o Norm/in J v. V ~'"v^ _/ ^f^'h L ^.vi' --.r^^ /BanJ jr .Blocli . . fWHA PSVKlietrin [A New Lan astur \ Bflagle/ Fonlana r J^ Rockvil f* ¦'¦" r-^-^-^^f-^-T^ Meade. States Volunteers, who was killed in battle at Atlanta, Ga., July 22, 1864. Meade. — Organized November 3, 1885. County seat, Meade. Named in honor of Major-General George G.. Meade, United States Army, who died in 1872. Miami. — Organized in 1855 under the name of Lykins. County seat, Miami. 336 APPENDIX. Paola. In honor of Dr. David Lykins, who was a missionary ainong the Miamis. He was also a member of the first Territorial Council. Name changed in 1861 to Miami, after the tribe of Indians. Mitchell.- Organized in 1870. County seat, Beloit. In honor of William D. Mitchell, who entered the Hitchell. Union army as a private in Company K, Second Kansas Cavalry; was promoted to Captain in the Second Kentucky Cav alry, and killed March 10, 1865, at Mon roe's Cross Roads, N. C. Montgomery. — Organized in 1869. County seat. Independence. Named for Gen. Richard Montgomery, born in Ire land, December 2, 1736; was an officer of [Costellol Svcamore; /:^^ \ Vi i INDEPENDENCE Rotland - " /» f ^rCiberlTf f-i B^l Wavsid]^ ooVS / Blfersorf- I J l^l,,-''''''^ f (Havana DeariilA T\rox^ '^»lMl:i,;J ^-» — ^ CoffeyViJl efl '1^ Montgomery. distinction in the British Army: re signed and settled in New York State in 1773; was appointed one of the eight Generals to command the Revo lutionary army of America, in 1775; was killed in the attack on Quebec, December 31, 1775, shouting, "Death or liberty ! ' ' Morris. Morris. — Organized as Wise in 1855. County seat. Council Grove. Originally named for Henry A. Wise, who was Governor of Virginia during the John Brown seizure of Harper's Ferry. The execution of that "grand old man," at Charlestown, December 2, 1859, was one of the last acts of Wise's administration. Name was changed to Morris in February, 1859, in honor of Thomas Morris, a United Horton, DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 337 Clear Creek Kemaha. States Senator from Ohio in 1832, who distinguished himself as an opponent of slavery. He died in 1844. •Morton.- Organized November 18, 1886. County seat, Richfield. Was named in honor of Honorable Oliver P. Morton, of Indiana. Nemaha.— Organized in 1855. County seat, Seneca. Named from a river in Ne braska — the Nemaha, one of whose branches drains the northern half of the county. N e o sh o . — Organized in 1864. County seat, Erie. The county was originally named Dorn (see Labette) , and changed in 1861 to Neosho, after the Neosho river, which traverses the county from northwest to southeast. The name was given to the river by the Osages. Ness. — First Organized in 1873. County seat, Ness City. Disorganized in 1874; reorganized in 1880. Named in honor of Noah V. Ness, Corporal of Company G, Seventh Kansas Cav alry, who diedAug.22, 1864, at Abbeyville, Miss., of wounds re ceived in action August 19, 1864. Norton.— Organized in 1872. County seat, Norton. In memory of Orloif Norton, Captain of Company L, Fif teenth Kansas Cavalry, killed by gue rillas at Cane Hill, Ark., October 29, 1865. In 1873 the county was repre sented by one N. H. Billings, who, in consequence of his peculiarities, be came a sort of butt of the Legislature, Norton. 338 APPENDIX. A member of the Senate at the tirne had the name of Norton changed to Billings, in two lines hidden in a paragraph of a Bill fix;ing the boundaries of certam coun ties. The next Legislature restored the name of Nor ton. Osage.— Organizedas Weller county in 1855 ; name changed to Osage in 1859. Origi nally named for John B. Weller, of Ohio, member of Congress, and Gov ernor of that State ; also Governor of California and Senator, Minister to Mexico, etc. The name Osage comes from the Osage river, the headwaters of which stream drain almost the entire county. Lyndon is the county seat. Osborne.— Organized in 1871. County seat, Osborne. Named in honor of Vincent B. Osborne, Private of Company A, Second Kan sas Cavalry, who lost his right leg January 17, 1865, on the steamer .iwna Jacobs, at Joy's Ford, on the Arkan sas river. Ottawa.— Created in 1860, and or ganized in 1866. County seat, Min neapolis. Named for the tribe of Ottawas. Pawnee. — Organized in 1872. County seat, Larned. Named for the t~» o,^ .Slovve.anl , rSL_:r <6\\rn. |,ho. .I'lpeCr.¦l^.,,am„t ¦ ¦ ¦¦ Ro,>ierv,lle*\^Hera„Be * ''!>f '"\ 1/ <* '^';"0'-\< ^^miiNN^r^oLis J^X^ 7\lJndM'_i VVtVi y- Tcscott y^,.. Ottawa. once powerful tribe of Pawnee In dians, the area of this county having been included in their original hunt ing grounds. Phillips .—Organized in 1872. County seat, PhilJipsburg. Named in memory of William Phillips, a Free-State martyr, murdered September 1, 1856, in Leavenworth. Ftwita. DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 339 Phillips. Lieutenant of Company D, First Kan sas Infantry, killed in action August 10, 1861, at Wilson's creek. Mo. R awli n S . — Organized in 1881. County seat, Atwood. Named in memory of Pottawatomie.— Organized in 1856. County seat, Westinoreland. Named for the Pottawatomie Indians, whose reservation at the opening of Kansas Territory for settlement, and for years afterward, embraced a large portion of the geographical area of the county. Pratt.— First organized in 1873. County seat, luka, but not recognized in consequence of frauds. Pratt is now the county seat. Organized constitu tionally in 1879. Named in memory of Caleb Pratt, Second ¦.•Nora ¦¦;•«" roil Cn Preston , < Caven ¦" -V luka ^ ^^-^^'"" X Natrona 'Pc/f ¦^^^W. A^^ ~Ji^ J^ -— ^ ^ €\^ IV ,vo~^ Ic^ Co^^^ ^¦-^ '^''W _— 'T'^- '¦''¦ ¦ 4 . ' \ " '^ ¦ ^ ~~-^ Pottawatomie. Gen. John A, Rawlins, who was a staff officer of General Grant, and went into his cabinet, when elected President, as Secretary of War. Pratt. Reno.— Organized in 1872. County seat, Hutchinson. In memory of Jesse L. Reno, Captain United States army, and Major-General of volun teers, who was killed in battle, Sept. 14, 1862, at South Mountain, Md. Seio. 340 APPENDIX. Repnblic. Riley. in memory of Samuel A volunteers: killed April 30, 1864, at Jenkins' Perry, Ark. -Organized in 1855. County seat, Manhattan. Received its name from the adjacent military post, which was established in 1853, and called Fort Riley, in honor ^pf Genoral Riley, of the United R e p u b 1 i e. — Organized in 1868. County seat, Belleville. Received its name from the Republican river, which extends through the county. The river was so called because many years ago the valley of that stream was the seat of the "Pawnee Republic," a designation given to a principal division of the Riwnee In dians, or Panis, as they were origi nally known. Rice. — County seat, Lyons. Named Rice, Brigadier-General United States Rice. States army Rooks.— Organized" in 1872. County seat, Stockton. In memory of John C. Rooks, private of Company I, Eleventh Kansas Infantry, who died December 11, 1862, at Fayetteville, Ark., of wounds received in the battle of Ptairie Grove, December 7, 1862. Rush.— Organized Kooks, m 1874. Countyseat, La- Crosse.In memory of Alexan der Rush, Captain of CompanyH, Second Saunders Liebenthal/ Pleasant Pale ,^.a'"V .^ • • "• " .>\0^ .Hamntoii''^ Chaffee -Liandale EqsIl DESCEIPTION OF COUNTIES. 341 Colored Infantry, killed April 3, 1864, at Jenkins Ferry, Ark. Russell. — Organized in 1872. County seat, Russell. In memory of Alva P. Russell, Captain Company K, Second Kansas Cavalry, who died December 12, 1862, in field hospital near Prairie Grove, Ark. , of wounds received in battle December 7, 1862, at Prairie Grove. Saline.— Organized in 1859. County seat, Salina. Named for the Saline river, whose waters drain a large area of the county. Scott. -Or ganized Jan uary 29, 1886. Scott is the County seat. Boundaries ^T- defined in ^''""- 1873. In honor of Major-General Winfield Scott, United States army, hero of the Mexican war. Sedgwieli. —Organized in 1870. County seat, Wichita. In memory of John Sedg wick, United States army, Major-Gen eral of volun teers, killed in battle. May 9, 1864, at Spott sylvania, Va. Seward.— Organized January 17, 1886. County seat, Liberal. Boundaries deflned in 1873. In honor of Wm. H. Seward, Governor and United iPence -•' ';.'\ ,*. ¦-i MO*. » ¦|PI ;Soo YRaiiin;.'. ;.'.•"¦,¦;¦. s^ -.T PS^ ^ .Kl"- *, '¦¦ ¦•Frierid'-- .;¦¦.: '-•" '.¦'¦¦¦'¦¦',¦¦:'--'¦¦-¦¦. Sed^ck. Sfiward- 342 APPENDIX. States Senator of New York, and Secre tary of State under Abraham Lincoln. Shawnee. — Organized in 1855. County seat, Topeka. Was carved out of what was, before the treaty of 1854, Shaw nee Indian lands — hence the name. General H. J. Strickler, of Tecumseh, who was a member of the council in 1855, and also of the Joint Com mittee on Counties, claimed Shawnee Shawnee. for the name of his county, a prefer ence stoutly contended for by the Reverend Thomas Johnson for the county in which the Legislature was Bitting, but the committee yielded to General Strickler, and, without solici tation, complimented Mr. Johnson by conferring his own name upon his county. Laniljotn V^!^':''^aBlanol:/ Pte^JTe^ Sheridan. Sheridan.— Organized in 1880. County seat, Hoxie. Named in honor of Lieutenant-General Philip H. Sheridan, United States army. Sherman. — Organized September 20,1886. County seat, GootUand. In honor of General W. T. Sherman, United States army. Smith. — Organized in 1872. County seat. Smith Center. In memoi-y of J . NelsonSmitli,Major of Second Colo rado Volunteers, Itilled October 23, 1864, at battle of the Little Blue, Mo. Stafford.— Organized in 1879. County seat, St. Jolm. In memory Wuiner, .foilsona st ille Sher«eod SoiiUi. DESCEIPTION OF COUNTIES. 343 of Lewis Stafford, Captain of Company E, First Kansas Infantry, who was accidentally killed at Young's Point, La., January 31, 1863. Stanton. — Organized June 17, 1887. County seat, Johnson. This connty was named after Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of war under President Lincoln. .•Fisheiv : .. . Eletcii^ Edwin .'^ >^ .Border ; i0^^ '¦i^ ¦¦¦"¦". ©JOHNSON' .. II ]^^^0Mf t Gognat;» MODOD ; • 0 I iverpool* ¦;- 0- ;> . Roanoke • ^^M. Stevens.— Organized August 3, 1886. County seat, Hugoton. Was Stanton, named after the late distinguished statesman, Thaddeus Stevens. Sumner.- Organized in 1871 . County seat, Wellington. In honor of , . .Bitter Creek.-. ^uthiH.a.ven..*' '.t^, illinncweii", ¦'•.-.•.' J Clarence ¦ .'¦¦¦." ©HUGOTOW ¦.¦Lafayette Charles Sumner, the distinguished Massachusetts Senator. In 1854. he Snmner. was a leader in the opposition to ex tension of slavery into Kansas, as proposed in the Bill tb organize the Territory. Thomas. — Organized October 8, 1885. County seat, Colby. In honor Thomas. 344 APPENDIX. Trego. Richardson, of Illinois, for whom the county was first named, was the leader in the House of Representatives on the Demo cratic side in the debate on the Kansas- Nebraska Bill. In February, 1859, the name was changed to Wabaunsee, that being the name of a chief of the Pottawatomi e Indians. of Major-General George H. Thomas, United States army, who died in 1870. Trego. — Organized in 1879. County seat, Wakeeney . In memory of Ed^r P. Trego, Captain of Company H, Eighth Kansas Infantry, killed Sep tember 19, 1863, at Chickamauga, Tenn. Wabaunsee.— Organized as Rich ardson, in 1859. County seat. Alma. The county was created in 1855. Colonel "Dick'" Washington.— Organized in 1860. County seat. Washington. Named in honor or George W^ashington, the first Presi dent of the United States. Washington. Wichita.- OrganizedDecember 24, 1886. County seat, Leoti. Boundaries defined in 1873. -Wichita was the name of a confederacy of Caddoan Indians. Wallace.- Organized in 1888. County seat, Sharon Springs. Named after Gen eral William H. S. Wallace of Mexican War fame. Died from wounds received at Shiloh, April 10, 1862. Wilson.- Organized in 1865. County Kepple • Wilk \,.^" mood ;.".¦ N- s| Sl. Theros?" r^ j^^ ¦^*^ ¦:J' c.-' V e.e ^-^ ^-i^ )?^~i-L. V* >^ ''^r^r:?: Proof • "'Tr^ -Vs ~^ • Conquest' .Lyl \a''.." WiohiU. DESCEIPTION OF COUNTIES. 345 seat, Fredonia. This county originally extended to the south line of the State, and was named in honor of Colonel Hiero T. Wilson, who lived in Ft. Scott from September, 1843. He was the first white person to settle there. Woodson. — Organized in 1855. County seat, Yates Center. Named in honor of Daniel Woodson, who was Secretary of the Territory, and for some tinie acting Governor, after the resigna tion of Governor Shannon, in 1856. Wyandotte. — Organized in 1855. County seat, Kansas City (formerly Wyandotte) . Named after the Indian tribe of that name. Woodson. ORGANIC ACT. ORGANIZATION OF KANSAS TERRITORY. On 30th May-, 1854, Congress Passed an Act Entitled "An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas." The Organic Act took effect on its approval, 30th !May, and on 30th June, 1854, President Pierce appointed officers for Kansas, as follows: Andrew H. Reeder, of Pennsylvania, as Governor; Daniel Woodson, of Virginia, as Secretary; Andrew J. Lsaacs, of Louisiana, as United States District Attorney; Madison Brown, of Maryland, as Chief Justice; and Saunders W. Johnston, of Ohio, and Rush Elmore, of Alabama, as Associate Justices. Judge Brown refused the appointment, and Samuel D. Lecompte, of Maryland, was appointed Chief Justice on 3d October, 1854. The flrst eighteen sections of the Kansas-Nebraska Aet relate solely to the Territory of Nebraska. The material portions of the sections of said Act relating to Kansas Territory, are as follows : 11. (Sec. 19.) All that part of the Territory of the United States, included within the following limits, e.xcept such portions thereof as are hereinafter expressly exempted from the operations of this Act, to-wit, beginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of 346 OEGANIC ACT. 347 north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the eastern boundary of New Mex;ico; thence north on said boundary to latitude thirty-eight; thtoce following said boundary westward to the east boundary of the Territory of Utah, on the summit of the Rocky Mountains; thence northward on said summit to the fortieth parallel of latitude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the State of Missouri; thence south with the western boundary of said State to the place of beginning, be, and the same is, hereby created into a temporary government, by the name of the Tei-ritory of Kansas; and when admitted as a State or States, the said Territory, or any portion of the same, shall be received into the Union with or without slavery, as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission; provided, that nothing in this Act contained shall be construed to inhibit the G()^'ernment of the United States from dividing said Territory into two or more Territories, in such manner, and at such times, as Congress shall deem convenient and proper, or from attaching any portion of said Territory to any other State or Teri'itory of the United States; provided, further, that nothing in this Act contained shall be construed to impair the rights ol person or property now pertaining to the Indians in said Ter ritory, so long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by treaty between the United States and such Indians, or to include any Territory which, by treaty with an Indian tribe is not, with out the consent of said tribe, to be included within the Territorial limits or jurisdiction of any State or Territory; but all .such Territory shall be excepted out of the boundaries, and constitute no part of the Territory of Kansas, until said tribe shall signify their assent to the President of the United States, to be included within the said Territory of Kansas, or to aff'ect the authority of the Government of the United States to make any regulation respecting such Indians, their lands, property, or other rights, by treaty, law, or otherwise, which it would have been competent to the Government to make if this Act had never passed. i 2. [Sec. 20 provides for the appointment of a Territorial Governor, and defines his powers and duties.] ? 3. [Sec. 21 provides for the appointment of a Secretary of said Territory, and defines his powers and duties.] ? 4. (Sec. 22.) The legislative power and authority of said Territory shall be vested in the Governor and a legislative assembly. The legislative assembly shall consist of a council and house of reprt^sentatives. The council shall consist of thirteen members, ha\ing the qualifications of voters, as hereinafter Ereseribed, wliose term of service shall continue two years. The ouse of representatives shall, at its flrst session, consist of 348 APPENDIX. twenty-six members, possessing the same qualiflcations as pre scribed for members pf the council, and whose term of service shall continue one year. The number of representatives may be increased by the legislative assembly, from time to time, in pro portion to the increase of qualifled voters ; provided, that the whole number shall never exceed thirty-nine. * * * [This section then provides that the Govemor shall cause a cen sus to be taken before the flrst election, and that he shall make an apportionment declaring the number of members of each house to which each county or district shall be entitled, and "the flrst election shall be held at such time and places," and the flrst "legislative assembly shall meet at such place and on such day as the Governor shall appoint; but hereafter the time, place and manner of holding and conducting all elections, and tne appor tioning the representation in the several counties or districts to the council and house of representatives, shall be prescribed by law, as well as the day of the commencement of the regular ses sions of the legislative assembly."] I 5. [Sec. 23 prescribes the qualifications of persons entitled to vote at the first election, which persons are made eligible to office at such first election.] § 6. (Sec. 24.) The legislative power of the Territory shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation consistent with the Constitution of the United States and the provisions of this act; but no law shall be passed interfering with the primary disposal of the soil; no tax shall be imposed upon the property of the United States; nor shall the lands or other property of non-resi dents be taxed higher than the lands or other property of residents. Every bill which shall have passed the councU and house of rep resentatives of the said Temtory shall, before it become a law, be presented to the Governor of the Territory; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections to the house in whieh it originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, to be entered on the journal of each house respectfvely. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within three days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the assembly, by adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. OEGANIC ACT. 349 I 7. [Sec. 25 provides for the appointment of township, district and county officers.] § 8. [Sec. 26 declares that no member or the legislative assem bly shall hold or be appointed to any office which shall have been created, or the salary or emoluments of which shall have been increased, while he was a member, during the term for which he was elected, etc.] § 9, (Sec. 27.) The judicial power of said Territory shall be vested in a supreme court, district courts, probate courts, and in justices of the peace. The supreme court shall consist of a chief justice and two asso ciate .justices, any two of whom shall constitute a quorum, and who shall hold a term at the seat of government of said Territory annually; and they shall hold their offices during^ the period of four years, and until their successors shall be appointed and quali fied. The supreme court, or the justices thereof, shall appoint its own clerk, and every clerk shall hold his office at the pleasure of the court for which he shall have been appointed. The said Territory shall be divided into three judicial districts, and a district court shall be held in each of said districts by one of the justices of the supreme court at such times and places as may be prescribed by law; and the said judges shall, after their appointments, respectively, reside in the districts which shall be assigned them ; and each of the said district courts shall have and exercise the same jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Con stitution and laws of the United States as is vested in the circuit and district courts of the United States. Each district court, or the judge thereof, shall appoint its clerk, who shall also be the register in chancery, and shall keep his office at the place where the court may be held. The jurisdiction of the several courts herein provided for, both appellate and original, and that of the probate courts and of justices of the peace, shall be as limited by law, provided, that justices of the peace shall not have jurisdiction of any matter in controversy when the title or boundaries of land may be in dis pute, or where the debt or sum claimed shall exceed one hundred dollars; and the said supreme and district courts, respecti\fely, shall possess chancery as well as common-law jurisdiction. Writs of error, bills of exception and appeal shall be allowed in all cases from the final decisions of said district courts to the supreme court, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law; but in no case removed to the supreme court shall trial by jury be allowed in said court. Writs of error and appeals from the final' decisions of said supreme court shall be allowed, and may be taken to the supreme 350 APPENDIX. court of the United States, in the same manner and under the same regulations as from the circuit courts of the United States, where the value of the' property or the amount in controversy, to be ascertained by the oath or affirmation of either party or other competent witness, shall exceed one thousand dollars. * * * § 10. [Sec. 28 extends the provisions of the "fugiti\'e slave acts" of 1793 and 1850 to Kansas Territory.] § 11. [Sec. 29 provides for the appointment of a United States District Attorney and a United States Marshal for said Territory.] ? 12. [Sec. 30 providesthatthe Governor, Secretary, Chief -Justice and Associate Justices, Attorney and Marshal, shall be nominated and, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, appointed by the President of the United States, and for their qualifying; fixes the salaries of the Governor, Judges, Attorney, Marshal, and Secretary;, and prescribes the compensation of members of the legislature.] § 13. (Sec. 31.) The seat of government of said Territoi-y is hereby located temporarily at Fort Leavenworth, and such por tions of the public buildings as may not be actually used and needed for military purposes may be occupied and used under the direction of the Governor and legislative asst-nibly for such public purposes as may be required under the provisions of this aet. ? 14. [Sec, 32 provides that a delegate to the house of repre sentatives of the United States may be elected by the voters qualifled to elect members of the legislative assembly; declares tne first Territorial election shall be held at such time and places and be conducted in such manner as the Governor shall appoint and direct; but all subsequent elections shall be held at such times, places and manner as shall be prescribed by law. And then follows as part of ? 32 the famous declaration of "squatter s()\er- eignty," (then called "the great principle of non-intervention,'") as follows: "The Constitution and all laws of the United States whieh are not locally inapplicable shall have the same force and effect within the said Territory of Kansas as elsewhere within the Uraited States, except the eighth section of the act preparatory to the admission of Missouri Into the Union, approved March 8, 1820, whlchi being inconsistent with the principle of non-intervention by Congress with sla%'ery in the States and Territories. as recognized by the legislation of 1850, commonly called the comproraise measures. Is hereby declared Inoperative and void— It being the true intent and meaning of this act, not to leeislato slavery into any Territory or State, nor to exclude It therefrom, but to leave the people thereof per fectly free to form and regulate their domestic Institutions in their own way, subject only to the Oonstltutionof the United States; provided, that nothing therein contained shall be construed to revive or put in force any law or regulation which may have existed prior to the act of 6th of Marcli, 1820, either protecting, estabUshing, prohibiting or abolishing slavery," OEGANIC ACT. 351 ? 15. [Sec. 33 declares that money shall be appropriated, as has been customary, for the erection of suitable buildings at the seat of government, and for the purchase of a library, to be kept at the seat of government for the use of the Governor, legislative assembly, judges of the supreme court, etc.] i 16. _ [Sec. 34 reserves sections sixteen and thirty-six in each township for the purpose of being applied to schools in said Ter ritory, etc.] I 17. [Sec. 35 relates to judicial districts, the assignment of judges, fixing terms of and places of holding courts, etc.] § IS. [Sec. 36 rectuires all officers appointed by the President. by and with the advice and consent of the senate for the Territory of Kansas, to give security for moneys that maybe entrusted with them for disbursement.] I 19. (Sec. 37.) All treaties, laws and other engagements made by the Government of the United States with the Indian tribes inhabiting the Territories embraced within this aet shall be faithfully and rigidly observed, notwithstanding anything con tained in this act; and that the existing agencies and superintend- encies of said Indians be continued with the same powers and duties which are now prescribed by law, except that the President ' of the United States may, at his discretion, change the location of the office of superintendent. Approved May 30, 1854. AN ACT FOR THE ADMISSION OP KANSAS INTO THE UNION. Whereas, The people of the Territory of Kansas, by their repre sentatives in convention assembled, at Wyandotte, in said Territory, on the twenty-ninth day of July, one thousand ei]^ht hundred and fifty-nine, did form for themselves a Constitution and State Government, Republican in form, whieh was ratifled and adopted by the people at an election held for that purpose on Tuesday, the fourth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and flfty-nine, and the said convention has, in their name and behalf, asked the Congress of the United States to admit the said Territory into the Union as a State, on an equal footing with the other States; therefore, Be it enacted by the Senate and House .of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the State of Kansas shall be, and is hereby declared to be, one of the United States of America, and admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever. And the~«aia State shall consist of all the territory included within the follow ing boundaries, to wit: Beginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of Missouri, where tne thirty-seventh par allel of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the twenty-fifth meridian of longitude west from Wash ington; thence north on said meridian to tlie fortieth parallel of latitude J thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of 352 ADMISSION INTO THE UNION. 353 the State of Missouri; thence south with the western boundary of said State to the place of beginning; provided that nothing contained in the said Constitution respecting the boundary of said State shall be construed to impair the rights of person or property now pertaining to the Indians in said territory, so long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by treaty between the United States and such Indians, or to include any territory which, by treaty with such Indian tribe, is not, without the consent of such tribe, to be included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of any State or Territory; but all such territory shall be excepted out of the boundaries, and constitute no part of the State of Kansas, until said tribe shall signify their assent to the President of the United States, to be included, within said State, or to affect the authority of the Government of the United States to make any regTilation respeot'.ng such Indians, their lands, property, or other rights, by treaty, law or otherwise, which it would have been com petent to make if this Act had never passed. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted. That until the next general apportionment of representatives, the State of Kansas stall be entitled to one representative in the House of Representatives of the United States. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted. That nothing in this Act shall be construed as an assent by Congress to all or any of the propo sitions or claims contained in the ordinance of said Constitution of the people of Kansas, or in the resolutions thereto attached; but the following propositions are hereby offered to the said people of Kansas, for their free acceptance or rejection, which, if accepted, shall be obligatory on the United States, and upon the said State of Kansas, to wit: First — That sections numbered sixteen and thirty-six, in every township of public lands in said State, and where either of said sections or any part thereof has been sold or otherwise been dis posed of, other lands, equivalent thereto, and as contiguous as may be, shall be granted to said State for the use of schools. Second — That seventy-two Sections of land shall be set apart and reserved for the use and support of a State University, to be selected by the Governor of said State, subject to the approval qf the Commissioner of the General Land Office, and to be appropri ated and applied in such manner as the Legislature of said State may prescribe for the purpose aforesaid, but for no other purpose. Third — That ten entire sections of land to be selected by the Governor of said State, in legal subdivisions, shall be granted to the said State for the purpose of completing the public buildings, or for the erection of others at the seat of government, under th« direction of the legislature thereof. 354 APPENDIX. Fourth— That all salt springs within said State, not exceediflg twelve in number, with six sections of land adjoining or as contig uous as may be to each, shall be granted to said State for its use, the same to be selected by the Govemor thereof within one year after the admission of said State, and when so selected to be used or disposed of on such terms, conditions and regulations as the legislature shall direct; provided that no salt spring or land, the right whereof is now vested in any individual or individuals, or which may be hereafter conflrmed or adjudged to any individual or individuals, shall, by this article, be granted to said State. Fifth — That flve per centuni of the net proceeds of sales of all pubhc lands lying within said State, whicn shall be sold by con gress after the admission of said State into the Union, after deducting all the expenses incident to the same, shall be paid to said State for the purpose of making public roads and internal improvements, or for other purposes, as the legislature shall direct; provided, that the foregoing propositions hereinbefore offered are on the condition that the people of Kansas shall provide by an ordinance, irrevotiable without the consent of the United States, that said State shall never interfere with the primary disposal or the soil within the same by the United States, or with any regula tions congress may find necessary for securing the title in said soil to bona fide purchasers thereof. Sixth — And that the said State shall never tax the lands or the property of the United States in said State. In case any of the lands herein granted to the State of Kansas have heretofore been confirmed to the Territory of Kansas for the purposes specified in this act, the amount so confirmed shall be deducted from the quantity specified in this act. Sec. 4. And he it further enacted, That from and after the admission of the State of Kansas, as hereinbefore provided, all the laws of the United States, which are not locally inapplicable, shall have the same force and effect within that State as in other States of the Union; and the said State is hereby constituted a judicial district of the United States, within which a district court, with the like powers and jurisdiction as the district court of the United States for the district of Minnesota, shall be established; the Judge, Attorney and Marshal of the United States, for the said district of Kansas, shall reside within the same, and shall be enti tled to the same compensation as the Judge, Attorney and Marshal of the district of Minnesota; and in all cases of appeal or writ of error heretofore prosecuted, and now pending in the supreme court. of the United States upon any record from the supreme court of Kansas Territory, the mandate of execution t>r order of further proceeding shall be directed by the supreme court of the United ADMISSION INTO THE UNION. 355 States to the district court of the United States for the district of Kansas, or to the supreme court of the State of Kansas, as the nature of such appeal or writ of error may require ; and each of those courts shall oe the successor of the supreme court of Kansas Territory as to all such cases, with full power to hear and deter mine the same, and to award mesne or final process therein. Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That the Judge of the dis trict court for the district of Kansas shall hold two regular terms of said court annually at the seat of government of the said State, to commence on the second Mondays of April and October in each year. Approved 29th January, 1861. Assent op State to Propositions of Congress. Chapter 6, Laws of 1882. Joint Resolution of the Lbqislathre of the State op Kansas. Accepting the Terms Imposed by Congress Upon the Admis sion of the State of Kansas Into the Union. Be it resolved by the legislature of the State of Kansas, That the propositions contained in the aot of congress, entitled "AnAct for the admission of Kansas into the Union," are hereby accepted, ratified, and confirmed, and shall remain irrevocable, without the consent of the IJnited States. And it is hereby ordained, that this State shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil within the same bythe United States, or with any regulations congress may find necessary for securing the title to said soU, to bona fide purchasers thereof ; and no tax shall be imposed on lands belonging to the United States. Approved January 20, 1862. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF KANSAS. Adopted at Wyandotte, July 29, 1859. Ratified by the People, October 4, 1859. Went into Operation, January 29, 1861. With all Amendments Adopted Prior to January 1. 1899. Preamble . —Boundaries . We, the People op Kansas, grateful to Almighty God for our civil and religious privileges, in order to insure the full enjoyment of our rights as American citizens, do ordain and establish this Constitution op the^ State op Kansas, with the following boundaries, to wit: Beginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude crosses the same; thence running west on said parallel to the twenty-flfth meridian of longitude west from Washington; thence north on said meridian to the fortieth parallel of north lati tude ; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the State of Missouri; thence south, with the western boundary of said State, to the place of beginning. bill op rights. I Section 1. All men are possessed of equal and inalienable natural rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Sec, 2, All political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and are insti tuted for their equal protection and beneflt. No special privileges 356 CONSTITUTION. < 357 or immunities shall ever be granted by the legislature, which may not be altered, revoked, or repealed by the same body; and this power shall be exercised by no other tribunal or agency. Sec. 3. The people have the right to assemble in a peaceable manner, to consult for their common good, to instruct their repre sentatives, and to petition the Government, or any department thereof, for the redress of grievances. Sec. 4. _ The people have the right to bear arms for their defense and security; but standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous to liberty, and shall not be tolerated, and the military shall be im strict subordination to the civil power. Sec. 5. The right of trial by jury shall be inviolate. Sec. 6. There shall be no slavery in this State j and no involun tary servitude, except for the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. Sec. 7. The right to worship God, according to the dictates of conscience, shall never be infringed; nor shall any person be compelled to attend or support any form of worship; nor shall any control of, or interference with the rights of conscience be permitted, nor any preference be given by law to any religious establishment or mode of worship. No religious test or property qualification shall be retjuired for any oifice of public trust, nor for any vote at any election; nor shall any person be incompetent to testify on account of religious belief. , Sec. 8. The right to the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless the public safety requires it in case of invasion or rebellion. Sec. 9. All persons shall be bailable, by sufflcient sureties, except for capital offenses, where proof is evident or the pre sumption great. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted. Sec. 10. In all prosecutions, the accused shall be allowed to appear and defend m person, orby counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to meet the witness face to face, and to have compulsory process to compel the a,ttendance of witnesses in his behalf, and a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the county or district ip wnich the offense is alleged to have been committed. No person shall be a witness against himself, or be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense. Sec. 11. The liberty of the press shall be inviolate; and all persons may freely speak, write, or publish their sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of such right; and in all civil or criminal actions for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it shall appear that the alleged libelous 358' APPENDIX. matter was published for justifiable ends, the accused party shall be acquitted. Sec. 12. No person shall be transported from the State for any offense committed within the same ; and no conviction in the State shall work a corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate. Sec. 13. Treason shall consist only in levying war Against the State, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort.\ No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses to the overt act, or confession in open court. Sec. 14. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the occupant; nor in time of war, except as prescribed by law. Sec. 15. The right of the people to be secure in their persons and property against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall be inviwate; and no warrant shall issue but on probable cause, sup ported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched, and the (persons or property to be seized. Sec. 16. No person shall be imprisoned for debt except in cases of fraud. Sec. 17. No distinction shall ever be made between citizens bf the State of Kansas and the citizens of other States and Territo ries of the United States in reference to the purchase, enjoyment or descent of property. The rights of aliens in reference to tke purchase, enjoyment or descent of property may be regulated by law. Sec. 18. All persons, for injuries suffered in person, reputation or property, shall have remedy by due course of law, and justice administered without delay. Sec. 19. No hereditary emoluments, honors or privileges, shall ever be granted or conferred by the State. Sec. 20. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others retained by the people; and all powers not herein delegated remain with the people. ARTICLE 1. executive department. Section 1. The executive department shall consist of a Gover nor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, Attorney-General and Superintendent of Public Instruction; who shall be chosen by the electors of the State at the time and place CONSTITUTION. 359 of voting for members of the legislature, and shall Jiold their offices for the term of two years from the second Monday of January next after their election, and until their successors are elected and qualified. . Sec. 2. Until otherwise provided by law, an abstract of the returns of every election for the ofiicers named in the foregoing section shall be sealed up and transmitted by the clerks of the boards of canvassers of the several counties to the Secretary of State, who, with the Lieutenant-Governor and Attorney-General shall constitute a board of State canvassers, whose duty it shall be to meet at the State capital on the second Tuesday of Decem ber succeeding each election for State officers, and canvass the vote for such officers and proclaim the result; but in case any two or more have an equal and the highest number of votes, the legis lature shall, by joint ballot, choose one of said persons so having an equal and the highest number of votes for said office. OP THE governor. Sec. 3. The supreme executive power of the State shall be vested in a Governor, who shall see that the laws are faithfully executed. Sec. 4. He may require information in writing from the officers of the executive department npon any subject relating to their respective duties. Sec. 5. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the legis lature by proclamation, and shall at the commencement of every session communicate in writing such information as he may pos sess in reference to the condition of the State, and recommend such measures as he may deem expedient. Sec. 6. In case of disagreement between the two houses in respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn the legisla ture to such time as he may think proper, not beyond its regular meeting. Sec. 7. The pardoning power shall be vested in the Governor under regulations and restrictions prescribed by law. Sec. 8. There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him officially, and which shall be the great seal of Kansas. Sec. 9. All commissions shall be issued in the name of the State of Kansas, signed by the Govemor, countersigned by the Secretary of State, and sealed with the great seal. 360 APPENDIX, Sec. 10. No member of congress, or officer of the State, or of the United States, shall hold the office of Governor, except as herein provided. op the lieutenant-governor. Sec. 11. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, removal or other disability of the Governor, the power and duties of the office for the residue of the term, or until the disability shall be removed, shall devolve upon the president of the senate. Sec. 12. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be president of the senate, and shall vote only when the senate is equally divided. The senate shall choose a president ^o tempore, to preside in case of his absence or impeachment, or when he shall hold the office of Governor. Sec. 13. If the Lieutenant-Governor, while holding the office of Governor, shall be impeached or displaced, or shall resign, or die, or otherwise become incapable of performing the duties of the office, the president of the senate shall act as Governor until the vacancy is filled or the disability removed; and if the president of the senate, for any of the above causes, shall be rendered inca pable of performing the duties pertaining to the office of Governor, the same shall devolve upon the speaker of the house of repre- sentativgs. other state officers. Sec. 14. Should either the Secretary of State, Auditor, Treas urer, Attorney-General or Superintendent of Public Instruction, become incapable of performing the duties of his office, for any of the causes specified in the thirteenth section of this article, the Governor shall fill the vacancy until the disability is removed, or a successor is elected and qualified. Every such vacancy shall be filled by election at the first general election that occurs more than thirty days after it shall have happened; and the person chosen shall hold the office for the unexpired term. salaries and official reports. Sec. 15. The offlcers mentioned in this article shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, to be established by law, which shall neither bo increased nor diminished during Jihe period for which they shall have been elected. CONSTITUTION. 361 Sec. 16. The officers of the executive department, and of all public State institutions, shall, at least ten days preceding each regular session of the legislature, severally report to the Governor, who shall transmit such reports to the legislature. ARTICLE 2. legislative. Section 1. The legislative power of this State shall be vested in a house of representatives and senate. Sec. 2. The number of representatives and senators shall be regulated by law, but shall never exceed one hundred and twenty- flve representatives and forty senators. From and after the adoption of this amendment [November, 1873], the house of representatives shall admit one member for each county in which at least two hundred and flfty legal votes were cast at the next preceding general election; and each organized county in which less than two hundred legal votes were cast at the next preceding general election shall be attached to and constitute a part of the representative district of the county lying next adjacent to it on the east. Sec. 3. The members of the legislature shall receive as com pensation for their services the sum of three dollars for each day's actual service at any regular or special session, and fifteen cents for each mile traveled by the usual route in going to and returning from the place of meeting; but such compensation shall not inthe aggregate exceed the sum of two hundred and forty dollars for each member, as per diem allowance for the first session held under this Constitution, nor more than one hundred and fifty dol lars for each session thereafter, nor more than ninety dollars for any special session. Sec. 4. No person shall be a member of the legislature who is not at the time of his election a qualified voter of, and a resident in, the county or district for which he is elected. Sec. 5. No member of congress or officer of the United States shall be eligible to a seat in the legislature. If any person after his election to the legislature, be elected to congress or elected or appointed to any office under the United States, his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat. Sec. 6. No person convicted of embezzlement or misuse of the public funds shall have a seat in the legislature. 362 APPENDIX. Sec. 7. All State officers, before entering upon their respective duties, shall take and subscribe an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of this State, and faithfully to discharge the duties of their respective offices. Sec. 8. A majority of each house shall con.stitute a quorum. Each house shall establish its own rules, and shall be judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members. Sec. 9. All vacancies occurring in either house shall be fllled for the unexpired term by election. Sec. 10. Each house shall keep and publish a journal of its proceedings. The yeas and nays shall be taken and entered imme diately on the journal, upon the flnal passage of every bill or joint resolution. Neither house, without the consent of the other, shall adjourn for more than two days, Sundays excepted. Sec. 11. Any member of either house .shall have the right to protest against any act or resolution; and such protest shall with out delay or alteration be entered on the joumal. Sec. 12. Bills may originate in either house, but may be amended or rejected by the other. Sec. 13. A majority of all the members elected to each house, voting in the affirmative, shall be necessary to pass any bill or joint resolution. Sec. 14. Every bill and joint resolution passed by the house of representatives and senate, shall within two days thereafter be signed by the presiding officers, and presented to the Governor; if he approve, ne shall sign it; but if not, he shall retum it to the house of representatives, which shall enter the objections at large upon its journal and proceed to reconsider the same. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of the members elected shall agree to pass the bill or resolution, it shall be sent with the objections to the senate, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the members elected, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays, and entered upon the journals of each house. If any bill shall not be returned within three days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to the Governor, it shalPbecome i, law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature Oy its adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not become a law. If any bill presented to the Governor contains several items of appropriation of money, he mav object to one or more of such items, while approving the other portion of the bill; in such case he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a statement of the item or items to which he objects, and the reasons therefor, and shall transmit such statement, or a copy GONSTITUTION. 363 thereof, to the House of Representatives, and any appropriations so objected to shall not take effect unless reconsidered and approved by two-thirds of the members elected to each house, and, if so reconsidered and approved, shall take effect and become a part of the bill, in which case the presiding offlcers of each house shall certify on such bill such fact of reconsideration and approval. Sec. 15. Every bill shall be read on three separate days in each house, unless in case of emergency. Two-thirds of the house where such bill is pending may, if deemed expedient, suspend the rules; but the reading of the bill by sections on its final passage, shall' in no case be dispensed with. Sec. 16. No bill shall contain more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title, and no law shall be revived or amended unless the new act contains the entire act revived, or the section or sections amended, and the section or sections so amended shall be repealed. Sec. 17. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation throughout the S|:ate; and in all cases where a general law can be made applicable, no special law can be enacted. Sec. 18. All power to grant divorces is vested in the district courts, subject to regulation by law. Sec. 19. The legislature shall prescribe the time when its acts shall be in force, and shall provide for the speedy publication of the same ; and no law of a general nature shall be in force until the same be published. It shall have the power to provide for the election or appointment of all officers, and the filling of all vacancies not otherwise provided for in the Constitution. Sec. 20. The enacting clause of all laws shall be, "Be it enacted bythe legislature of the State of Kansas;" and no law shall be enacted except by bill. Sec. 21. The legislature may confer upon tribunals transacting the county business of the several counties, such powers of local legislation and administration as it shall deem expedient. Sec. 22. For any speech or debate in either house the members shall not be questioned elsewhere. No member of the legislature shall be subject to arrest— except for felony or breach of the peace— in going to, or returning from, the place of meeting, or during the continuance of the session; neither shall he be subject to the service of any civil process during the session, nor for fifteen days previous to its commencement. Sec. 23. The legislature, in providing fdr the formation and regulation of schools, shall make no distinction between the rights of males and females. 364 APPENDIX. Sec. 24. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, except in pursuance of a specific appropriation made by law, and no appro priation shall be for a longer terin than two years. Sec! 25. All sessions of the legislature shall be held at the State capital, aud beginning with the session of eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, all regular sessions shall be held once in two years, commencing on the second Tuesday of January of each alternate year thereafter. Sec. 26. The legislature shall provide for taking an enumera tion of the inhabitants of the State at least once iu ten years. The first enumeration shall be taken in A. D. 1865. Sec. 27. The house of representatives shall have the sole power to impeach. All impeachments ^hall be tried by the senate; and when sitting for that purpose, the senators shall take an oath to do justice according to the law and the evidence. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the senators elected. Sec. 28. The Governors and all other officers under this consti tution shall be subject to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office; but judgment in all such cases shall not be extended further than to removal from office and disqualification to hold any offlcfe of profit, honor or trust under this Constitution ; but the party, whether" acquitted or convicted, shall be liable to indict ment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. Sec. 29. At the general election held in eighteen hundred and seventy-six, and thereafter, members of the house of representa tives shall be elected for two years, and members of the senate shall be elected for four years. ARTICLE 3. JUDICIAL. Section 1. The judicial power of this State shall be vested in a supreme court, district courts, probate courts, justices of the peace, and such other courts inferior to the supreme court as may be provided by law; and all courts of record shall have a seal, to be used in the authentication of all process. Sec. 2. The supreme court shall consist of seven justices, who shall be chosen by the electors of the State. They may sit sepa rately in two divisions, with full powor in each division to deter mine the cases assigned to be heard by such division. Three CONSTITUTION. 3^5 justices shall constitute a quorum in each division, and the con currence of three shall be necessary to a decision. Such cases onlyas may be ordered to be heard by the whole court shall be considered by all the justices, and the concurrence of for.r justices shall be necessary to a decision in cases so heard. The justice who is senior in continuous term of service shall be chief justice, and in case two or more have continuously served during the same period, the senior in years of these shall be chief justice, and the presiding justice of each division shall be selected from the jud^e assigned to that division in like manner. The term of office ot, the justices shall be six years, except as hereinafter provided. The justices in office at the time this amendment takes effect shall hold their offices for the terms for which they were severally elected, and until their successors are elected and qualifled. As Soon as practicable after the second Monday in January, 1901, the Governor shall appoint four justices to hold their office until the second Monday in January, 1903. At the general election in 1902 there shall be elected flve justices, one of whom shall hold his office for live years, one of whom shall hold his office for two years, one for four years and three for six years. At the general election in 1904, and every six years thereafter, two justices shall be elected. At the general election in 1906, and every six years thereafter, two justices shall be elected. At the general election in 1908, and every six years thereafter, three justices shall be elected. Sec. 3. The supreme court shall have original jurisdiction in proceedings in ciuo warranto, mandamus and habeas corpus; and such appellate jurisdiction as may be provided by law. It shall hold one term each year at the seat of government, and such other terms at such places as may be provided by law, and its jurisdiction shall be co-extensive with the State. Sec. 4. There shall be appointed by the justices of the supreme court, a reporter and clerk of said court, who shall hold their offlces two years, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 5. The State shall be divided into five judicial districts, in each of which there shall be elected, by the electors thereof, a district judge, who shall hold his offloe for the term of four years. District courts shall be held at such times and places as may be provided by law. Sec. 6. The district courts shall have such jurisdiction in their respective, districts as may be provided by law. Sec. 7. There shall be elected in each organized county a clerk of the district court, who shall hold his office two years, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law. 366 APPENDIX. Sec. 8. There shall be a probate court in each county, which shall be a court of record, and have such probate jurisdiction and care of estates of deceased persons, minors and persons of unsound minds, as may be prescribed by law. and shall have juris diction in cases of habeas corpus. This court shall consist of one judge, who shall be elected by the qualified voters of the county, and hold his office two years. He shall be his own clerk, and shall hold court at such times, and receive for compensation such fees as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 9. Two justices of the peace shall be elected in each township, whose term of office shall be two years, and whose powers and duties shall be prescribed by law. The number of justices of the peace may be increased in any township by law. Sec. 10. All appeals from probate courts and justices of the peace shall be to the district court. Sec. 11. All the judicial offlcers provided for by this article shall be elected at the first election under this Constitution, and shall reside in their respective townships, counties or districts during their respective terms of offlce. In case of vacancy in any judicial offlce, it shall be filled by appointment of the Governor until the next regular election tnat shall occur more than thirty days after such vacancy shall have happened. Sec. 12. All judicial offlcers shall hold their offlces untU their successors shall have qualified. Sec. 13. The justices of the supreme court and judges of the district courts shall, at stated times, receive for their services such compensation as may be provided by law, which shall not be increased during their respective terms of offlce; provided such compensation shall not be less than fifteen hundred dollars to each justice or judge each year, and such justices or judges shall receive no fees or perquisites, nor hold any other' offlce of profit or trust under the authority of the State or the United States dur ing the term of offlce for wldch said iustices and judges shall be elected, nor practice law in any of the courts in the State during their continuance in offlce. Sec. 14. Provision may be made by law for the increases of the number of judicial districts whenever two-thirds of the members of each house shall concur. Such districts shall be formed of compact Territory, and bounded by county lines, and such increase shall not vacate the offlce of any judge. Sec. 15. Justices of the supreme court and judges of the dis trict courts may b6 removed from office by resolution of both houses, if two-thirds of the members of each hojuse concur; but no such removal shall be made except upon complaint, the sub- CONSTITUTION. 367 stance of which shall be entered upon the joumal, nor until the party charged shall have had notice and opportunity to be heard. Sec. 16. The several justices and judges of the courts of record in this State, shall have such jurisdiction at chambers as may be provided by law. Sec. 17. The style of all process shall be "Th6 State of Kansas," and all prosecutions shall be carried on in the name of the State. Sec. 18, Until otherwise provided by law, the first district shall consist of the counties of Wyandotte, Leavenworth, Jeffer son andJackson. The second district shall consist of the counties of Atchison, Doniphan, Brown, Nemaha, Marshall and Washing ton. The third district shall consist of the counties of Pottawa tomie, RUey, Clay, Dickinson, Davis, Wabaunsee and Shawnee. The fourth district shall consist of the counties of Douglas, John son, Li/kins, Franklin, Anderson, Linn, Bourbon and Alien. The fifth district shall consist of the counties of Osage, Coffey, Wood son, Greenwood, Madison, Breckinridge, Morris, Chase, Butler and Hunter, Sec. 19. New or unorganized counties shall by law be attached for judicial purposes to the most convenient judicial districts. Sec. 20. Provision shall be made by law for the selection, by the bar, of a pro tem. judge of the district court, when the judge is absent or otherwise unable or disqualified to sit in any case. ARTICLE 4. ELECTIONS. Section 1. All elections by the people shall be by ballot, and all elections by the legislature shall be viva voce. Sec. 2. General elections and township elections shall be held biennally, on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in Novem ber in the years bearing even numbers. All county and township ¦ officers shall hold their offices for' a term of two years and until their successors -are qualified ; provided, one county commissioner shall be elected from each of three districts, numbered 1, 2 and 3, by the voters of the district, and the legislature shall fix the time of election and the term of office bf such commissioners ; such election to be at a general election, and no term of office to exceed six years. All offlcers whose successors would, under the law as it existed at the time of their election, be elected in an odd num bered year, shall hold office for an additional year and until their successors are quahfied. No person shall hold the office of sheriff or county treasurer for more than two consecutive terms. 368 CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE 5. SUFFRAGE. Section 1. Every [white] male person of twenty-one years and upwards, belonging to either of the following classes — ^who shall have resided in Kansas six months next preceding any elec tion, and in the township or ward in which ne offers to vote at least thirty days next preceding such election — shall be deemed a qualified elector: 1st. Citizens of the United States. 2d. Persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their intention to become citizens conformably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization. Sec. 2. No person under guardianship, non compos mentis, or insane; no person convicted of felony, unless restored to civil rights; no person who has been dishonorably discharged from the service of the United States, unless reinstated; no person guilty of defrauding the Government of the United States, or any of the States thereof; no person guilty of giving or receiving a bribe, or offering to give or receive a bribe ; and no person who has ever voluntarily borne arms against the Government of the United States, or in any manner voluntarily aided or abetted in the attempted overthrow of said Government, except all persons who have been honorably discharged from the military service of the United States since the first day of April A. D.^ 1861, provided that they have served one year or more therein, shall be quahfied to vote or hold office in this State, until such disability shall be removed by a law passed by a vote of two-thirds of all the mem bers of both branches of the legislature. Sec. 3. For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence oy reason of his presence or absence while employed in the service of the United States, nor while engaged in the navigation of the waters of this State, or of the United States, or of the high seas, nor while a student of any seminary of learning, nor whUe kept at any almshouse or other asylum at public expense, nor while confined in any public prison; and the legislature may make provision for taking the votes of electors who may be absent from their townships or wards, in the volunteer military service of, the United States, or the militia service of this State; but nothing herein contained shall be deemed to allow any soldier, seaman or m.arine in the regular army or navy of the United States the right to vote. Sec. 4. The legislature shall pass such laws as may be neces sary for ascertaining, by proper proofs, the citizens who shall be entitled to the right of suffrage hereby established. APPENDIX. 369 Sec. 5. Every person who shall give or accept a challenge to nght a duel, or who shall knowingly carry to another person such challenge, or who shall go out of the State to fight a duel, shall be ineligible to any office of trust or profit. Sec. 6. Every person who shall have given or offered a bribe to procure his election, shall be disqualified from holding offlce during the term for which he may have been elected. Sec. 7. Electors, during their attendance at elections, and in going to and returning therefrom, shall be privileged from arrest m all cases except treason, felony or breach of the peace. ARTICLE 6. EDUCATION. Section 1. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction shall have the general supervision of the common school funds and educational interests of the State, and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. A superintendent of public instruc tion shall be elected in each county, whose term of offlce shall be two years, and whose duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 2. The legislature shall encourage the promotion of intel lectual, mora,l, scientific and agricultural improvement, by estab lishing a uniform system of common schools, and schools of a higher grade, embracing normal, preparatory, collegiate and uni versity departments. Sec. 3. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may be granted by the United States to the State for the support of schools, and the flve hundred thousand acres of land granted to the new States under an act of congress distributing the proceeds of public lands among the several States of the Union, approved September 4th, A. D., 1841, and all estates of persons dying without heir or will, and such per cent as may be granted by congress on the sale of lands in this State, shall be the common property of the State, and shall be a perpetual school fund, which shall not be diminished, but the interest of which, together with all the rents of the lands, and such other means as the legislature may provide, by tax or otherwise, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools. Sec. 4. The income of the State school funds shall be disbursed annually, by order of the State Superintendent, to the several county treasurers, and thence to the treasurers of the several 370 CONSTITUTION, school districts, in equitable proportion to the number of children and youth resident therein, between the ages of five and twenty- one years; provided, that no school district, in which a common school has not been maintained at least three months in each year, shall be entitled to receive any portion of such funds. Sec. 5. The school lands shall not be sold, unless such sale shall be authorized by a vote of the people at a general election: but, subject to re-valuation every five years, they may be leased for any number of years, not exceeding twenty-five, at a rate established by law. Sec. 6. All money which shall be paid by persons as an equiv alent' for exemption from military duty; the clear proceeds of estrays, ownersnip of which shall vest in the taker-up; and the proceeds of fines tor any breach of the penal laws, shall be exclu sively applied in the several counties in which the money is paid or fines collected, to the support of common schools. Sec. 7. Provision shall be made by law for the establishment, at some eligible and central point, of a State university for the promotion of literature, and the arts and sciences, including a normal and an agricultural department. All funds arising from the sale or rents of lands granted by the United States to the State for the support of a State university, and all other grants, dona tions or bequests, either by the State or by individuals, for such purpose, shall remain a perpetual fund, to be called the "univer sity fund," the interest of which shall be appropriated to the sup port of the State university. Sec. 8. No religious sect or sects shall ever control any part of the common school or university funds of the State. Sec. 9. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Sec retary of State and Attorney-General, shall constitute a board of commissioners, for the management and investment of the school funds. Any two of said commissioners shall be a quorum. ARTICLE 7. public institutions. Section 1. Institutions for the beneflt of the insane, blind, and deaf and dumb, and such other benevolent institutions as the publie good may require, shall be fostered and supported by the State, subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law. Trustees of such benevolent iustitutions as may be hereafter created, shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice APPENDIX. 371 and consent of the senate ; and upon all nominations made by the Govemor the question shall be taken in yeas and nays, and entered upon the journal. Sec. 2. A penitentiary shall be established, the directors of which shall be appointed or elected, as prescribed by law. Sec. 3. The Governor shall fill ahy vacancy that may occur in the offices aforesaid until the next session of the legislature, and until a successor to his appointee shall be conflrmed and qualified. Sec. 4. The respective counties of the State shall provide, as may be prescribed by law, for those inhabitants who^ by reason of age, infirmity, or other misfortune, may have claims upon the sympathy and aid of society. ARTICLE 8. militia. Section 1. The militia shall be composed of all able-bodied male citizens between the ages of twenty-one and forty-flve years, except such as are exempted by the laws of the United States or of this State; but all citizens of any religious denomination whatever who, from scruples of conscience may be averse to bearing arms, •shall be exempted therefrom upon such conditions as may oe pre scribed by law. Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide for organizing, equipping and disciplining the militia in such manner as it shall deem expe dient not incompatible with the laws of the United States. Sec. 3. Officers of the militia shall be elected or appointed, and commissioned in such manner as may be provided by law. Sec. 4. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief, and shall have power to call out the militia to execute the laws, to suppress insurrection, and to repel invasion. ' ARTICLE 9. COUNTY AND TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION. Section 1. The legislature shall provide for organizing new counties, locating county seats, and changing county lines; but no county seat shall be changed without the consent of a majority of the electors of the county; nor any county organized, nor the lines of any county changea so' as to include an area of less than four hundred and thirty-two square miles. 372 CONSTITUTION. Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide for such county and town ship officers as may be necessary. Sec. 3. All county officers shall hoid their offices for the term of two years, and until their successors shall be qualifled, except county commissioners, who shall hold their offices for the term of three years; provided, that at the general election in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, the commissioner elected from district number one in each county shall hold his offlce for the term of One year; the commissioner elected from district num ber two in each county shall hold his office for the term of two years, and the commissioner elected from district number three in each county shall hold his office for the term of three years; but no person shall hold the office of sheriff or county treasurer for more than two consecutive terms. Sec. 4. Township officers, except justices of the peace, shall hold their offices one year from the Monday next succeeding their election, and until their successors are qualifled. Sec. 5. All county and township officers may be removed from offlce, in such manner and for such cause as shall be prescribed by law. ARTICLE 10. APPORTIONMENT. Section 1. In the future apportionments of the State, each organized county shall have at least one representative; and each county shall be divided into as many districts as it has representa tives. Sec.^ 2. It shall be the duty of the first legislature to make an apportionment, based upon the census ordered by the last legis lative assembly of the Territory; and a new apportionment shall be made in the year 1866, and every five years thereafter, based upon the census of the preceding year. Sec, 3. Until there shall be a new apportionment, the State shall be divided into election districts; and the representatives and senators shall be apportioned among the several districts as fol lows, viz: 1st district, Doniphan, 4 representatives, 2 senators; 2d district, Atchison and Brown, 6 representatives, 2 senators; 3d district, Nemaha, Marshall and Washington, 2 representa tives, 1 senator; 4th district, Clay, Riley and Pottawatomie, 4 representatives, 1 senatorj APPENDIX. 373 5th district, Dickinson, Davis and Wabaunsee, 3 representa tives, 1 senator; 6th district, Shawnee, Jackson and Jefferson, 8 representatives. 2 senators; 7th district, Leavenworth, 9 representatives, 3 senators; 8th district, Douglas, Johnson and Wyandotte, 13 representa tives, 4 senators; 9th district, Lykins, Linn and Bourbon, 9 representatives, 3 senators; 10th district, Allen, Anderson and Franklin, 6 representatives, 2 senators; llth district, Woodson and Madison, 2 representatives, 1 senator; 12th district, Coffey, Osage and Breckinridge, 6 representa tives, 2 senators; 13th district, Morris, Chase and Butler, 2 representatives, 1 senator; 14th district, Arapahoe, Godfrey, Greenwood, Hunter, Wilson, Dorn and McGee, 1 representative. [Names of counties have been changed as follows: Davis to Geary; ij/fcms to Miami; Madisonwas abolished in 1861; Breckinridge changed to Lyon; Arapahoe was cut oflf and extinguished as a Kansas county on the admission of the State; Godfrey changed to Seward, then to Howard, and Howard was abolished and its territory erected Into Chautauqua and Elk; Hunter wa,s changed to Cowley: Do™ to Neosho, and McGee to Cher okee.] ARTICLE 11. finance AND TAXATION. Section 1. The legislature shall provide for a uniform and equal rate of assessment and taxation ; but all property used exclu sively for State, county, municipal, literary, educational, scientific, religious, benevolent and charitable purposes, and personal prop erty to the amount of at least two hundred dollars for each family, shall be exempted from taxation. Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide for taxing the notes and bihs discounted or purchased, moneys loaned, and other property, effects, or dues of every description (without deduction), of all banks now existing, or hereafter to be created, and of all bankers; so that all property employed in banking shall always bear a bur den of taxation equal to that imposed upon the property of indi viduals. 374 CONSTITUTION. Sec. 3. The legislature shall provide, at each regular session, for raising sufficient revenue to defray the current expenses of the State for two years. Sec. 4. No tax shall be levied except in pursuance of a law which shall distinctly state the object of the same, to which object only such tax shall be applied. Sec. 5. For the purpose of defraying extraordinary expenses and making public improvements, the State may contract public debts; but such debts shall never, in the aggregate, exceed one million dollars, except as hereinafter provided. "Every such debt shall be authorized by law for some purpose specified therein, and the vote of a majority of all the members elected to each house, to be taken by the yeas and nays, shall be necessary to the passage of such law; and every such law shall provide for levying an annual tax sufficient to pay the annual interest of such debt, and the principal thereof, when it shall become due; and shall spe cifically appropriate the proceeds of such taxes to the payment of such principal and interest; and such appropriation shall not be repealed nor the taxes postponed or diminished, untU the interest and principal of such debt shall have been wholly paid. Sec. 6. No debt shall be contracted by the State except as herein provided, unless the proposed law for creating such debt shall flrst b.e submitted to a direct vote of the electors of the State at some general election; and if such proposed law shall be ratifled by a majority of all the votes cast at such general election, then it shall be the duty of the legislature, next after such election, to enact such law and create such debt, subject to all the provisions and restrictions provided in the preceding sections of this article. Sec. 7. The State may borrow money to repel invasion, sup press insurrection, or defend the State in time of war; but the money thus raised shall be applied exclusively to the object for which the loan was authorized, or to the repayment of the debt thereby created. Sec. 8. The State shall never be a party iu carrying on any works of internal improvement. ARTICLE 12. CORPORATIONS. Section 1. The legislature shall pass no special aet conferring corporate powers. Corporations may be created under generm laws; but all such laws may be amended or repealed. APPENDIX. 375 Sec. 2. Dues from corporations shall be secured by individual liability of the stockholders to an additional amount equal to the stock owned by each stockholder, and such other means as shall be provided by law; but such individual liabiUties shall not apply to railroad corporations, nor corporations for religious or chari table purposes. Sec. 3. The title to all property of religious corporations shall vest in trustees, whose election snail be by the members of such corporations. Sec. 4. No right-of-way shall be appropriated to the use of any corporation) until full compensation therefor be first made in rnoney, or secured by a deposit in money, to the owner, irrespec tive of any beneflt from any improvement proposed by such corporation. .Sec. 5. Provision shall be made by general law for the organ ization of cities, towns, and villages; and their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts and loaning their credit, shall be so restricted as to prevent the abuse of such power. Sec. 6. The term corporations, as used in this article, shall include all the associations and joint stock companies having powers and privileges not possessed by individuals or partner ships ; and all corporations may sue and oe sued in their corporate ARTICLE 13. BANKS AND CURRENCY. Section 1. No bank shall be established otherwise than under a general banking law. Sec. 2. All banking laws shall require as collateral security for the redemption of the circulating notes of any bank organized under their provision, a deposit with the Auditor of State of the interest-paying bonds of the several States, or of the United States, at the cash rates of the New York Stock Exchange, to an amount equal to the amount of circulating notes which such bank shall be authorized to issue, and a cash deposit in its vaults of ten per cent of such amount of circulating notes; and the Auditor shall register and countersign no more circulating bills of any bank than the cash value of such bonds when deposited. Sec. 3. Whenever the bonds pledged as collateral security for the circulation of any bank shall depreciate in value, the Auditor of State shall require additional security, or curtail the circulation 376 CONSTITUTION. of such bank, to such extent as will continue the security unim paired. Sec. 4. All circulating notes shall be redeemable in the money of the United States. Holders of such notes shall be entitled, in case of the insolvency of such banks, to preference of payment over all other creditors. Sec. 5. The State shall not be a stockholder in any banking institution. Sec. 6. All banks shall be required to keep offices and officers for the issue and redemption of their circulation, at a convenient place within the State, to be named on the circulating notes issued by such bank. Sec. 7. No banking institution shall issue circulating notes of a less denomination than one dollar. Sec. 8. No banking law shall be in force until the same shall have been submitted to a vote of the electors of the State at some general election, and approved by a majority of all the votes cast at such election. Sec. 9. Any banking law may be amended or repealed. ARTICLE 14. AMENDMENTS. Section 1. Propositions for the amendment qf this Constitu tion may be made by either branch of the legislature; and if two-thirds of all the members elected to each house shall concur therein, such proposed amendments, together with the yeas and nays, shall be entered on the journal; and the Secretary of State shall cause the same to be published in at least one newspaper in each county of the State where a newspaper is publisned, for three months preceding the next election for representatives, at which time the same shall be submitted to the electors for their approval or rejection; and if a majority of the electors voting on said amendments, at said election, shall adopt the amendments, the same shall become a part of the Constitution. \Mien moi-e than one amendment shall be submitted at the same time, thev shall be so submitted as to enable the electors to vote on each amendment separately; and not more than three propositions to amend shall be submitted at the same election. Sec. 2. Whenever two-thirds of the members elected to each branch of the legislature shall think it necessary to call a conven- APPENDIX. 377 tion to revise, amend or change this Constitution, they shall recommend to the electors to vote at the next election of members to the legislature, for or against a convention; and if a majority of all the electors voting at such election shall have voted for a convention, the legislature shall, at the next session, provide for calling the same. ARTICLE 15. miscellaneous. Section 1. All officers whose election or appointment is not otherwise provided for, shall be, chosen or appointed as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 2. The tenure of any office not herein provided for may be declared by law; when not so declared such offlce shall be held during the pleasure of the authority making the appointment, but the legislature sha.Jl not create any offloe the tenure of which shall be longer than four years. Sec, 3. Lotteries and the sale of lottery tickets are forever prohibited. Sec. 4. All public printing shall be done by the State Printer, who shall be elected by the people at the election held for State offlcers in November, 1906, and every two years thereafter, at the election held for state offlcers, and shall hold his office for two years and until his successor shall be elected and qualified. Sec. 5. An accurate and detailed statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public moneys, and the several amounts paid, to whom, and on wnat account, shall be published, as prescribed by law. Sec. 6.' The legislature shall provide for the protection of the rights of women in acquiring and possessing property, real, per sonal and mixed, separate and apart from the husband; and shall also provide for their equal rights in the possession of their children. Sec. 7. The legislature may reduce the salaries of offlcers who shall neglect the performance of any legal duty. Sec. 8. The temporary seat of Government is hereby located at the city of Topeka, county of Shawnee. The first legislature under this Constitution shall provide by law for submitting the question of the permanent location of the capital to a popular 378 CONSTITUTION. vote, and a majority of all the votes cast at some general election shall be necessary for such location. Sec. 9. A homestead, to the extent of one hundred and sixty acres of farming land, or of one acre within the limits of an incor porated town or city, occupied as a residence bv the family of the owner, together with all improvements on the same, .shall be exempted from forced sale under any process of law, and shall not be alienated without the joint consent of husband and wife, when that relation exists ; but no property shall be exempt from sale for taxes, or for the payment of obligations contracted for the purchase of said premises, or for the erection of improvements thereon; provided, the provisions of this section shall not apply to any process of law obtained by virtue of a lien given by the consent of both husband and wife. Sec. 10. The manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors shaU be forever prohibited in this State, except for medical, scientific and mechanical purposes. SCHEDULE. Section 1. That no inconvenience may arise from tbe change from a Territorial Government to a permanent State Government, it is declared by this Constitution, that all suits, rights, actions, prosecutions, recognizances, contracts, judgments and claims, both as respects individuals and bodies corporate, shall continue as if no change had taken place. Sec. 2. All fines, penalties and forfeitures, owing to the Terri tory of Kansas, or any county, shall inure to the use of the State or county. All bonds executed to the Territory, or any offlcer thereof in his official capacity, shall pass over to the Govemor, or other officers of the State or county, and their successors in office. for the use of the State or county, or by him or them to be respectively assigned over to the use of those concerned, as the case may be. Sec. 3. The Governor, Secretary and judges, and all other officers, both civil and military, under the Territorial Government, shall continue in the exercise of the duties of their respective departments until the said offlcers are superseded under the authority of this Constitution. Sec. 4. All laws and parts of laws in force in the Territory at the time of the acceptance of this Constitution by Congress, not inconsistent with this Constitution, shall continue and remain in full force until they expire, or shall be repealed. APPENDIX. 379 Sec. 5. The Governor shall use his private seal until a State seal is provided. Sec. 6. The Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of State, Treasurer of State, Attorney-General and Superintendent of Public Instruction shall keep their respective offices at the seat of Govemment. Sec. 7. All records, documents, books, papers, moneys and vouchers belonging and pertaining tq the several Territorial courts and offices, and to the several district and county offices, at the date of the admission of this State into the Union, shall be dis posed of in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 8. All suits, pleas, plaints and other proceedings pending in any court of record, or justices' court, maybe prosecuted to final judgment and execution; and all appeals, writ of error, certiorari injunctions, or other proceedings whatever, may progress and be carried on as if this Constitution had not been adopted, and the legislature shall direct the mode in which such suits, pleas, plaints, prosecutions and other proceedings, and all papers, records, books and documents connected therewith, may be removed to the courts established by this Constitution. Sec. 9. For the purpose of taking the vote of the electors of this Territory for the ratification or rejection of this Constitution, an election shall be held in the several voting precincts in this Territory, on the flrst Tuesday in October, A. D., 1859. Sec. 10. Each elector shall express his assent or dissent by voting a written or printed ballot labeled "For the Constitution," or "Against the Constitution." Sec. 11. If a majority of all the votes cast at such election shall be in favor of the Constitution, then there shall be an elec tion held in the several voting precincts on the first Tuesday in December, A. d., 1859, for the election of members of the first .legislature, of all State, district and county officers provided for in this Constitution, and for a representative in congress. Sec. 12. All persons having the qualification of electors, accord ing to the provisions of this Constitution, at the date of each qf said elections, and who shall have been duly registered according to the provisions of the registry law of this Territory, and none others, shall be entitled to vote at each of said elections. Sec. 13. The persons who may be judges of the several voting precincts of this Territory at the date of the respective elections in this schedule provided for, shall be the judges of the respective elections herein provided for. Sec. 14. The said judges of election, before entering upon the duties of their office, shall take and subscribe an oath faithfully to 380 CONSTITUTION. discharge their duties as such. They shall appoint twq clerks of election, who shall be sworn by one of said judges faithfully to discharge their duties as such. In the event of a vacancy in the board of judges the same shall be filled by the electors present. Sec. 15. At each of the elections provided for in this schedule the polls shall be open between the hours of nine and ten o'clock, A. M., and close at sunset. Sec. 16. The tribunals transacting county business of the sev eral counties, shall cause to be furnished to the boards of judges in their respective counties two' poll books for each election here inbefore provided for, upon which the clerks shall inscribe the name of every person who may vote at the said elections. Sec. 17. After closing the polls at each of the elections provided for in this schedule, the judges shall proceed to count the votes cast, and designate the persons or objects for which they were cast, and shall make two correct tally lists of the same. Sec. 18. Each of the boards of judges shall safely keep one poll book and tally list, and the ballots cast at each election; and shall, witliin ten days after such election, cause the other poll book aud tally list to be transmitted, by the hands of a sworn officer, to the clerk of the board transacting county business in their respect ive counties, or to which the county may be attached for municipal purposes. i Sec. 19. The tribunals transacting couAy business shall assemble at the county seats of their respective counties on the second Tuesday after each of the elections provided for in this schedule, and shall canvass the votes cast at the elections held in the several precincts in their respective counties, and of the coun ties attached for municipal purposes. They shall hold in safe keeping the poll books and tally lists of said elections, and shall, within ten days thereafter, transmit, by the hands of a sworn officer, to the President of this convention, ;it the city of Topeka, a certified transcript of the same, showing the number of votes cast for each person or object voted for at each of the several precincts in their respective counties, and in the counties attached for municipal purposes, separately. Sec. 20. The Governor of the Territory, and the President and Secretary of the convention shall constitute a board of State can vassers, any two of whom shall be a quorum;'and who shall, on the fourth Monday after each of the elections provided for in this schedule, assemble at said city of Topeka, and proceed to open and canvass the votes cast at tlu> several precincts in the different counties of the Territory, and declare the result; and shall imme diately issue certificates of election to all persons (if any) thus elected. APPENDIX. 381 Sec. 21. Said board of State canvassers shall issue their pro clamation not less than twenty days next preceding each of the electiqns provided for in this schedule. Said proclamation shall contain an announcement of the several elections, the qualifica tions of electors, the manner of conducting said elections and of making the returns thereof, as in this Constitution provided, and shall publish said proclamation in one newspaper in each of the counties of the Territory in which a newspaper may" be then published. Sec. 22. The board of State canvassers shall provide for the transmission of authenticated copies of the Constitution to the President of the United States, the president of the senate and speaker of the house of representatives. Sec. 23. Upon official information having been by him received of the admission of Kansas into the Union as a State, it shall be the duty of the Governor-elect under the Constitution, to proclaim the same, and to convene the legislature and do all things else necessary to the complete and active organization of the State Government. Sec. 24. The first legislature shall have no power to make any changes in county lines. Sec. 25. At the election to be held for the ratification or rejec tion of this Constitution, feach elector shall be permitted to vote on the homestead provision contained in the article on "Miscellan eous," by depositing a ballot inscribed "For the Homestead," or "Against the Homestead;" and if a majority of all the votes cast at said election shall be against said provision, then it shall be stricken from the Constitution. RESOLUTIONS. Resolved, That the congress of the United States is_ hereby requested, upon the application of Kansas for admission into the Union, to pass an act granting to the State forty-five hundred thousand acres of land to aid in the construction of railroads' and other internal improvements. Besolved, That congress be further requested to pass an act appropriating fifty thousand acres of land for the improvement of the Kansas river from its mouth to Fort Riley. Besolved, That congress be further requested to pass an act granting all swamp lands within the State for the benefit of common schools. Besolved, That congress be further requested to pass an act appropriating five hundred thousand dollars, or in heu thereof 382 CONSTITUTION. five hundred thousand acres of land, forthe payment of the claims awarded to citizens of Kansas bythe claim commissioners appointed by the Governor and legislature of Kansas under an act of the Territorial legislature passed 7th of Febmary, 1859. Besolved, That the legislature shall make provision for the sale or disposal of the lands granted to the State in aid of internal improvements and for other purposes, subject to the same rights of pre-emption to the settlers thereon as are now allowed by law to settlers on the public lands. Besolved, That it is the desire of the people of Kansas to be admitted into the Union with this Constitution. Besolved, That congress be further requested to assume the debt of this Territory. Done in convention at Wyandotte, this 29th day of .July, a. d., 1859. James M. Winchell, President and Member from Osage County. James M. Arthtte, Linn Co. James Blood, Douglas Co. N. C. Blood, Douglas Co. James G. Blunt, Anderson Co. J. O. Burnett, Bourbon Co. John Taylor Burris, Johnson Go. Allen Crocker, Coffey Co. W. P. Button, Lykins Co. BOBT. Graham, Atchison Co. John P. Greer, Shawnee Oo. Wm. R. Griffith, Bourbon Co. James Hanway, Franklin Co. Saml. E. Hoffman, Woodson Co. 8. D, Houston, Riley Co. Wm. Hutchinson, Douglas Co. John James Ingalls, Atchison Co. Samuel A. Kingman, Brown Co. Josiah Lamb, Linn Co. George H. Lillie, Madison Co. CALEB May, Atchison Co. Wm. McCullough, Morris Co. J. A. Middleton, Marshall Oo. Luther R. Palmer, Pottawatomie Co. Robt. J. Porter, Doniphan Co. H. D. Preston, Shawnee Co. John Ritchie, Shawnee Co. Edmund G. Ross, Wabaunsee Co. James A. Signor. Allen Co. Benjamin F. Simpson, Lykins Co. Edwin Stokes, Douglas Co. Solon O. Thacher, Douglas Co. P. H. Townsend, Douglas Co. R. L. Williams, Douglas Co. Attest: JOHN A. MARTIN, Secretary, The following named delegates did not sign the Constitution: J. T. Barton, Johnson Co. Fred. Brown, Leavenworth Co J. W. Forman, Doniphan Co. Robt. Cole Foster, Leavenworth Oo. Sam. Hipple, Leavenworth Co. E. M. Hubbard, Doniphan Oo. O. B. McClelland, Jefferson Oo. Wm. C. McDowell, Leavenworth Co. A. D. McCuNE, Leavenworth Co. E. Moore, Jackson Oo. P. S. Parks, Leavenworth Co. Wm. Perry, Leavenworth Co. John P. Slough, Leavenworth Co. J. Stiarwalt, Doniphan Oo. S. A. Stinson, Leavenworth Oo. B. Wrigley, Doniphan Co, John Wright, Leavenworth Co. T. S. Wright, Nemaha Co. KANSAS GOVERNMENT. CoiiPLETE List of Territorial and State Officers from the Organi zation OF the Territory of Kansas to December, 1909. KANSAS TERRITORIAL OFFICERS— 1854-1861. governors AKD acting governors. Andrew H. Reeder, July 7, 1854, to April 17, 1855. Daniel Woodson, acting, Aoril 17, 18.55, to .Tune 2.3, 1855. Andrew H. Reeder, June 2P,. 1855, to August 10, 1855. Daniel Woodson, acting, August 16. 1S55, to September 7, 1855. Wilson Shannon, September 7, 1855, to June 24, 1856. Daniel Woodson, acting, June 24, 1856, to July 7, 1856. Wilson Shannon, July 7, 1856. to August 18. 1856. Daniel Woodson, acting, August 18, 1850, to September 9, 1850. John W. Geary, September 9, 1856, to March 12, 1857. Daniel Woodson, acting, March 12, 1857, to April 16, 1857. Frederick P. Stanton, acting, April 16, 1857, to May 27, 1857. Robert J. Walker, May 27, 1857, to November 16, 1857. Frederick P. Stanton, acting, November 16, 1857, to December 21, 1857. James W. Denver, acting, December 21, 18.57, to May 12, 18.18. James W. Denver, May 12, 1858, to July 3, 1858. Hugh S. Walsh, acting, July 3. 1858, to July .30, 1858. .Tames W. Denver, .Tuly .30, 1858, to October 10, 1858. Hugh S. Walsh, acting, October 10, 1858, "to December 18, 1858. Samuel Medar.v, December is. 1858, to August 1, 1859. Hugh S. Walsh, acting, August 1, 1859, to September 15, 1859. Samuel Medary, September 15, 1859, to April 15, 1860. Hugh S. Walsh, acting, April 15, 1860, to .Tune 16, 1860. Samuel Medary. June 10, 1800, to September 11, 1800. George M. Beebe, acting, September 11, 1800, to November 25, 1860. Samuel Medary, November 25, 1800, to December 17, 1860. secretaries. Daniel Woodson. Term, June 29, 1854, to April 16, 1857. Commissioned June 29, 1854. Frederick P. Stanton. Term, April 16 to December 21, 1857. Commis sioned March 31, 1857. James W. Denver. Term, December 21, 1857, to May 12, 1858. Commis sioned December 11, 1857. Hugh Sleight Walsh. Term, Mav 12, 1858, to June 28, 1860. George M. Beebe. Term, July 1, 1860. to February 9, 1801. Appointed May 1, 1880. 383 384 APPENDIX. auditous. John Donaldson. Term, August 30, 1855, to February 20, 1857. Hiram Jackson Strickler. Term, February 20, 1857, to February, 1861. treasurers. Thomas J. B. Cramer. Term, August 30, 1855, to February, 1859. Eobert E. Mitchell. Term, February 11, 185y, to February, 1861. attorneys general. Andrew Jackson Isaeks. Term, June, 1S54, to 1857. William Weer. 1858. Alson C. Davis. Term, June 5, 1858, to February, 1861. superintendents of schools. James H. Noteware. Term, Marcli 1 to December 1, 1858. Appointed February 12, 1858. Samuel Wiley Greer. Term, December 1, 1858, to January 2, 1861. , Elected October 4, 1858. John C. Douglass. Term, January 2 to February, 1S.6I. Elected Novem ber 6, 1860. territorial chief justice. Samuel Dexter Lecompte. Term, October .3. 1854, to March 9, 1859. John Pettit. Term, March 9, 185i), to Februar.y, 1801. associate justices. Saunders W. .Tolinston. Term, June 29, 1854. to September 13, 1855. J. M. BurreU. Term September 13, 18.~i5. Served but a few weeks, and returned home, dying in 1856. Thomas Cunningham. Term, November 19, 1.S56, to June 3, 1857. Joseph Williams. Term, June 3, 1857, to January, 1861. Rush Elmore. Term, June 29, 1S54. to September 13, 1855. Sterling O. Cato. Term, September 1.3. 1855, to July, ISoS. Eush Elmore. Term, July, 1858, to January, 1801. ST.VTE OFFICEBS OF KANSAS— 1861-1909. governors. Charles Eobinson, Lawrence. Elected December 0, 1859. Took oath of office February 9, 1801. Thomas Carney, Leavenworth. Elected November 4, 1802. Samuel J. Crawford, Garnett. Elected November S. 1804. Twice elected. Eesigned November 4, 1808, to take command lilth Eeg. Nehemiah Green, Manhattan. Acting (Joveruor. Elected Ijieutenant-Cov- ' ernor November 6, 1800. James M. Harvey, Fort Eiley. Elected November 3, 1S6S. Served two terms. Thomas A. Osborn, Leavenworth. Elected November 5, 1872. Served two terms. George T. Anthon.v. Leavenworth. Elected November 7. ISTO. John P. St. John, Olathe. Elected November 5, 1878. Served two terms. George W. Glick, Atchison. Elected November 7, 1882. John A. Martin, Atchison. Elected Xovi'mber 4. 1K.S4. Served two terms. Lyman II. Humphrey, Independence. lOleeted November 0, 188S, Served two terms. STATE OFPICEES OP KANSAS— 1861-1909. 38,5 Lorenzo D. Lewelling, Wichita. Elected November 8, 1892. Edmund N. Morrill, Hiawatha. Elected November 6, 1894. John W. Leedy, Le Eoy. Elected November 3, 1896. William E. Stanley, Wichita. Elected November 8, 1898. Served two terms. Willis Joshua Bailey, Ba'ileyville. Elected November 4, 1902. Edward W. Hoch, Marion. Elected November 8, 1904. Re-elected, 1906. W. R. Stubbs, Lawrence. Elected November 3, 1908. lieutenant-governors. Joseph P. Root, Wyandotte. Elected December 6, 1859. Took oath of offlce February 9, 1861. Thomas A. Osborn, Elwood. Elected November 4, 1862. James MoGrew, Wyandotte. Elected November 8, 1864. Nehemiah Green, Manhattan. Elected November 6, 1866. Charles V. Eskridge, Emporia. Elected T!^ovember 3, 1868. Peter P. Elder, Ottawa. Elected November 8, 1870. Elias S. Stover, Council Grove, Elected November 5, 1872. Melville J. Salter, Thayer. Elected November 3, 1874. Twice elected. Resigned July 19, 1877. Lyman U. Humphrey, Independence, Elected November 6, 1877. Elected, vice Salter, resigned. Re-elected November 5, 1878. D. W. Finney, Neosho Falls. Elected November 2, 1880. Served two terms. Alex. P. Riddle, Girard. Elected November 4, 1884. Served two terms. Andrew J. Felt, Seneca. Elected November 6, 1888. Setved two terms. Percy Daniels, Girard. Elected November 8, 1892. James A. Troutman, Topeka, Elected November 6, 1894. A. M. Harvey, Topeka. Elected November 3, 1896. H. E. Elchter, Council Grove. Elected November 8, 1898. Served two terms. David J. Hanna, Hill City. Elected November 4, 1902. Re-elected 1904. W. J. Fitzgerald, Dodge City. Elected 1906. Re-elected 1908. secretaries of state. John Winter Eobinson, Manhattan. Elected December 6, 1859. Took oath of offlce 1861. Removed July 28, 1862. Sanders Rufus Shepherd, Topeka. Appointed, vice Robinson, August, 1862, Wm. Wirt Henry Lawrence, Peoria City. Elected November 4, 1862. Einaldo Allen Barker, Atchison. Elected November 8,1 1864. Served two terms. Thomas Moonlight, Leavenworth. Elected November 3, 1868. Wm. Hillary Smallwood, Wathena. Elected November 8, 1870. Served two terms. Thos. H. Cavanaugh, Salina. Elected November 3, 1874. Served two terms. James Smith, Marysville. Elected November 5, 1878. Served three terms. Edwin Bird Allen, Wichita. Elected November 4, 1884. Served two terms. William Higgins, Topeka. Elected November 6, 1888. Served two terms. Eussel Scott Osborn^ Stockton. Elected November 8, 1892. Wm. Congdon Edwards, Larned. Elected November 6, 1894. William Eben Bush, Mankato. Elected November 3, 1896. George Alfred Clark, Junction City. Elected November 8, 1898.' Ee-elected 1900. Joel Eandall Burrow, Smith Centre. Elected November 4, 1902. Ee- elected 1904. C B. Denton, Attica. Elected 1906. Re-elected 1908. 38G APPENDIX. AUDITOES. George Shaler Hillyer, Grasshopper Palls, Elected December 6, 1859. Took oath oi office February, 1861. Eemoved July 28, 1862. David Long Lakin,. Grasshopper Falls. Appointed, vice Hillyer, August, 1862. Asa Hairgrove, Mound City. Elected November 4, 1862. John E. Swallow, Emporia. Elected November 8, 1864. Served two terms. Alois Thoman, Lawrence. Elected November 3, 1868. Served two terms. Daniel Webster Wilder, Fort Scott. Elected November 5, 1872. Twice elected ; resigned September 20, 1876. Parkinson Isaiah Bonebrake, Topeka. Appointed October 2, 1876. Parkinson I. Bonebrake, Topeka, Elected November 7, 1876. Twice re elected. Edward P. McCabe, Millbrook. Elected November 7, 1882. Served two terms. Timothy McCarthy, Larned. Elected November 2, 1886. Served two terms. Charles Merrill Hovey, Colby. Elected November 4, 1890. Van B. Prather, Columbus. Elected November 8, 1892. George Ezekiel Cole, Girard. Elected November 6, 18d4. William H. Morris, Pittsburg. Elected November 3, 1896. George Ezekiel Cole, Pittsburg. Elected November 8, 1898. Seth Grant Wells, Erie. Elected November 4, 1902. Ee-elected in 1904. J. M. Nation, Erie. Elected 1906. Ee-elected 1908. treasurers. William Tholen, Leavenworth. Elected December 6, 1859. Entered army and did not qualify. Hartwin E. Dutton, Hiawatha. Appointed 'by Governor March 26, 1861. Hartwin E. Dutton, Hiawatha. Elected November 5, 1861. Elected for remainder of term. William Spriggs, Garnett. Elected November 4, 1862. Served two terms. Martin Anderson, Circleville. Elected November 6, 1866. George Graham, Seneca. Elected November 3, 1868. Josiah Emery Hayes, Olathe. Elected November 8, 1870. Twice elected Eesigned April 30, 1874. John Francis, lola. Appointed, vice Hayes, May 1, 1874. Samuel Lappin, Seneca. Elected November 3, 1874. Eesigned December 20, 1875. John Francis, lola. Appointed, vice Lappin, December 21, 1875 John Francis, lola. Elected November 7, 1876. Elected and served three regular terms. Samuel T. Howe, Marion. Elected November 7, 1882. Served two terms. James Wm. Hamilton, Wellington. Elected November 2, 1886. Elected for two terms. Eesigned March 1, 1890. William Sims, Topeka. Appointed, vice Hamilton, March 1, 1890, and served until December 39, 1890. Solomon G. Stpver, Belleville. Elected November 4, 1890. Elected, vice Hamilton, and for next regular term. Wm. Henry Biddle, Augusta. Elected November 8, 1892. Otis L. Atherton, Russell. Elected November 6. 1894. David II. Heflebower, Bucyrus. Elected November 3, 1896. Frank E. Grimes, Leotl. Elected November 8. 1898. Thomas T. KeUy, Paola. Elected November 4, 1902. Re-elected 1904 Mark Tully, Independence. Elected 1906. Re-elected 1908. STATE OFPICEES OF KANSAS— 1861-1909. 387 attorneys-general. Benjamin Franklin Sirapson, Paola. Elected December 6, 1859. Eesigned July, 1861. Charles Chadwick, Lawrence. Appointed, vice Simpson, July 30, 1861. Samuel A. Stinson, Leavenworth. Elected November 5, 1861. Warren Wm. Guthrie, Carson. Elected November 4, 1862. Jerome D. Brumbaugh, Marysville. Elected November 8, 1864. George Henry Hoyt, Leavenworth. Elected November 6, 1866. Addison Danford, Fort Scott. Elected November 3, 1868. Archibald L, Williams, Topeka. Elected November 8, 1870. Served two terms. Asa M. F. Eandolph, Burlington. Elected November 3, 1874. Willard Davis, Oswego. Elected November 7, 1876. Sei-ved two terms. William A. Johnston, Minneapolis. Elected November 2, 1880. Elected for two terms. Eesigned December 1, 1884, to become Associate Justice. George P. Smith, Humboldt. Appointed, vico Johnston ; resigned December 1, 1884. Simeon Briggs Bradford, Carbondale. Elected November 4, 1884. Served two terms. Lyman Beecher Kellogg, Emporia. Elected November 0, 1888. John Nutt Ives, Sterling. Elected November 4, 1890. John Thomas Little, Olathe. Elected November 8. 1892. Fernando B. Dawes, Clay Centre. Elected November 6, 1894. Louis C. Boyle, Fort Scott. Elected November 3, 1890. Aretas A. Godard, ^Topeka. Elected November 8, 1898. Charles Crittenden Goleman, Clay Centre. Elected November 4, 1902. Re-elected 1904. F. S. Jackson, Eureka. Elected 1906. Re-elected 1908. superintendents PUBLIC instruction. William Eiley Griffith, Marmaton. Elected December 0, 1859. Took' oath of offlce February, 1861. Died February 12, 1862. Simeon Montgomery Thorp, Lawrence. Appointed to fill vacancy, Marchi 28, 1862. Isaac T. Goodnow, Manhattan. Elected November 4, 1802. Served two terms. Peter McVicar, Topeka. Elected November 6, 1866. Served two terms. Hugh DeFrance McCarty, Leavenworth. Elected November 8, 1870. Served two terms. John Fraser, Lawrence. Elected November 3, 1874. Allen Borsley Lemmon, Winfield. Elected November 7, 1876. Served two terms." Henry Clay Speer, Junction City. Elected November 2, 1880. Served two terms. Joseph Hadden Lawhead, Fort Scott. Elected November 4, 1884. Served two terms. George Wesley Winans, Junction City. Elected November 6, 1888. Served two terms. Henry Newton Gaines, Salina. Elected November 8. 1892. Edmund Stanley, Lawrence. Elected November 6, 1894. William Stryker, Great Bend. Elected November 3, 1896. Frank Nelson, Lindsborg. Elected November 8, 1898. Served two terms. Insley L. DayhofE, Hutchinson. Elected November 4, 1902. Ee-elected, 1904. E. T. Fairchild, Ellsworth. Elected 1906. Ee-elected 1908. 388 APPENDIX. CHIEF JUSTICES. Thomas Ewing, Jr., Leavenworth. Elected December 6, 1859. Resigned November 28, 1862. Nelson Cobb, Lawrence. Appointed, vice Ewing, November 28, 1862. Eobert Crozier, Leavenworth. Elected November 3, 1863. Samuel Austin Kingman, Atchison. Elected November 6, 1866. Samuel Austin Kingman, Atchison. Elected November 5, 1872. Resigned December 30, 1876. Albert Howell Horton, Atchison. Appointed, vice Kingman, December 31, 1876. Albert Howell Horton, Atchison. Elected November 6, 1877. Albert Howell Horton, Atchison. Elected November 5, 1878. Albert Howell Horton, Atchison. Elected November 4, 1884. Albert Howell Horton, Atchison. Elected November 4, 1890. Eesigned April 30, 1895. David Martin, Atchison. Appointed, vice Horton, April 30, 1895. David Martin, Atchison. Elected November 4, 1895. Frank Doster, Marion. Elected November 3, 1896. William Agnew Johnston, Minneapolis. Elected November 4, 1902. ASSOCIATE JUSTICES. Samuel A. Kingman, Hiawatha. Elected December 6, 1859. Jacob Safford, Topeka. Elected November 8, 1864. David Josiah Brewer, Leavenworth. Elected November 8, 1870. David Josiah Brewer, Leavenworth. Elected November 7, 1876. David Josiah Brewer, Leavenworth. Elected November 7. 1882. Ee signed April 8, 1884. Theodore A. Ilurd, Leavenworth. Appointed, vice Brewer, April 12, 1884. William A. Johnston, Minneapolis. Elected November 4. 1884. Elected, vice Brewer. Eesigned office of Attorney-General of Kansas. December 1, 1884, to become Associate Justice. William A. Johnston, Minneapolis. Elected November 6, 1888. William A. Johnston, Minneapolis. Elected November 6, 1894. Lawrence Dudley Bailey, Emporia. Elected December 6, 1859. Lawrence Dudley Bailey, Emporia. Elected November 4, 1862. Daniel Mulford Valentine, Ottawa. Elected November 3, 1868. Daniel Mulford Valentine, Ottawa. Elected November 3, 1874. D.iniel Mulford Valentine, Topeka. Elected November 2, 1880. Daniel Mulford Valentine, Topeka. Elected November 2, 1886. Stephen H. Allen, Pleasanton. Elected November 8, 1892. William Redwood Smith, Kansas City. Elected November 8, 1904. Edwin W. Cunningham, Emporia. .Appointed January 15, 1901. Elected November 7, 1902. Ee-elected November 8. 1904. Adrian L. Greene, Newton. Appointed January 15, 1901. Elected Novem ber 4, 1902. Died July 27. 1907. Abram H. Ellis, Beloit. Appointed .Tanuarv 15. 1901. Died September 25, 1902. Rosseau A. Burch, Salina. 'Appointed September 29. 1902. to vacancy caused by the death of Justice EUis. Elected November 4, 1902. •Tohn C. Pollock, Winfield. Apoointed January 15, 1901. Elected Novem ber 4, 1902. Eesigned December 2, 1903. William D. Atkinson, Parsons. -Appointed, vice Pollock. January 1. 1904. ITenry F. Mason, Garden City. Elected November 4, 1902. Clark A. Smith, Cawker City. Elected November 8, 1904. Silas Porter. Kansas City. Elected November 1906. Charles B. Graves. Emporia. Elected November 1900. A. W. Benson. Ottawa. Appointed to flll vacancv caused by death of .-\ L Greene. Elected November 6, 1908. STATE OFPICEES OP KANSAS— 1861-1909. 389 UNITED STATES SENATORS. LANE SUCCESSION. James H. Lane, Lawrence. Elected April 4, 1861. James H. Lane, Lawrence. Elected 'January 12, 1865. Died July 11, 1866. Edmund G. Ross, Lawrence. Appointed, vice Lane, July 20, 1866. Edmund G. Ross, Lawrence, Elected January 23, 1867. Elected to fill vacancy, vice Lane. Alexander Caldwell, Leavenworth. Elected January 25, 1871. Resigned March 24, 1873. Robert Crozier, Leavenworth. .Appointed, vice Caldwell, November 22, 1873. James M. Harvey, Vinton. Elected February 2, 1874. Elected, vice Caldwell. Preston B. Plumb, Emporia. Elected January 31, 1877. Preston B. Plumb, Emporia. Elected January 24, 1883. Preston B. Plumb, Emporia. Elected January 23, 1889. Died at Wash ington. December 20, 1891. Bishop W. Perkins, Oswego. Appointed, vice Plumb, January 1, 1892. John Martin, Topeka. Elected January 25, 1893. Elected, vice Plumb. Lucien Baker, Leavenworth. Elected January 23, 1895. Joseph Ralph Burton, Abilene. Elected January — , 1901. A. W. Benson. Appointed November 1906. Charles Curtis. Elected January 1907. POMEROY SUCCESSION. Samuel C, Pomeroy, Atchison. Elected April' 4, 1861. Samuel C. Pomeroy, Atchison. Elected January 23, 1867. John James Ingalls, Atchison. Elected January 29, 1873. John James Ingalls, Atchison. Elected January 31, 1879. John James Ingalls, Atchison. Elected January 28, 1885. William Alfred Peffer, Topeka. Elected January 28, 1891. William A. Harris, Linwood. Elected January 27, 1897. Chester I. Long, Medicine Lodge. Elected January -^, 1903. J. L. Bristow, Salina. Elected January 1909. congressmen. Martin P. Conway, Lawrence. 1861-'63. Abel Carter Wilder, Leavenworth. 186;3-'65. Sidney Clarke, Lawrence. 1865-'71. David P. Lowe, Fort Scott. 1871-'75. Stephen Alonzo Cobb, Wyandotte. 1873-'75. William Addison PhiUips, Salina. 1878-'79. William E. Brown, Hutchinson. 1875-'77. John R. Goodin, Humboldt. 187.5-'77. Dudley C. Haskell, Lawrence. 1877-'83. Thomas Ryan, Topeka. 1877-'89. .Tohn Alexander Anderson, Manhattan. 1879-'91. Edwin N. MorrUl, Hiawatha. 1883-'91. Samuel Ritter Peters, Newton. 1883-'91. Lewis Hanback, Osborne. 1883-'87. Bishop W. Perkins, Oswego. 1883-'91. Edward Hogue Funston. lola. 1883-'93. Erastus J. Turner, Hoxie. 18S7-'91. Harrison Kelley, Burlington. 1K,S0-'91. i 390 APPENDIX. Case Broderick, Holton. 1891-'99. B. H. Clover, Cambridge. 1891-'93. John Davis, Junction City. 1891-'05. Jerry Simpson, Medicine Lodge. 1891-'95, 1897-'99. John Grant Otis, Topeka. 1891-'93. WUliam Baker, Lincoln. 1891-'97. William Alexander Harris, Linwood. 1893-'95. Horace L. Moore, Lawrence. 1893-'95. Charles Curtis, Topeka. 1893-1905. Thomas J. Hudson, I?redonia. 1893-'95. Richard W. Blue, Pleasanton. 1895-'97. Orrin L. Miller, Kansas City. 1895-'97. Snyder S. Kirkpatrick, Fredonia. 1895-'97. William A. Calderhead, Marysville. 1895-'97, 1899-1905. Chester I. Long, Medicine Lodge. 1895-'97.. 1899-1905. Jeremiah Dunham Botkin, Winfield. 1897-'99. Mason Summers Peters, Kansas City. 1897-'99. N. B. McCormick, Phillipsburg. 1897-'99. Edwin Reed Ridgely, Pittsburg. 1897-1901. • William D. Vincent, Clay Centre. 1897-'9U. WUlis Joshua Bailey, BaUeyvUle. 1899-1901. Justin DeWitt Bowersock, Lawrence. 1899-1905. James Monroe Miller, Council Grove. 1899-. William Augustus Reeder, Logan. 1899-. Charles Frederick Scott, lola. 1001-. Alfred Metcalf Jackson, Winfield. 1901-'03. Phillip Pitt Campbell. I'ittsburg. 1903-. Victor Murdock, Wichita. 1903-. D. E. Anthony, Jr., Leavenworth. 1907-. E. H. Madison, Garden City. 1907-. STATE PRINTERS. S. S. Prouty, Burlingame. Elected 1869. S. S. Prouty, Burlingame. Elected 1871. George W. Martin, Junction City. Elected 1873. George W. Martin, Junction City. Elected 1875. George W. Martin, Junction City. Elected 1877. George W. Martin, Junction City. Elected 1879. T. Dwight Thatcher, Lawrence. Elected 1881. T. Dwight Thatcher, Lawrence. Elected 1883. T. Dwight Thatcher, Lawrence. Elected 1885. Clifford C. Baker, Topeka. Elected 1887. Clifford C. Baker, Topeka. Elected 1889. E. H. Snow, Ottawa. Elected 1891. E. H. Snow, Ottawa. Elected 1893. J. K. Hudson, Topeka. Elected 1895. J. S. Parks, Beloit. Elected 1897. W. Y. Morgan, Hutchinson. Elected 1899. W. Y. Morgan, IlHtchinson. Elected 1901. George A. Clark, Topeka. Elected 1903. T. A. McNeal, Topeka. Elected 1906. T. A. McNeal, Topeka. Elected 1908. INDEX Abbot, Capt., 100. Abilene, 184. Act of 1850, 57. Adams, Franklin G., 166, 314. Adams, John Quincy, 67. Ad Astra per Aspera, 142. Ady, Joseph W., 242. Agriculture, 247, 256. Agricultural College. See State Ag ricultural College. Aid, 195. Aguinaldo, 265. Alameda, 42. Alien Land Law, 236. Alexis, Grand Duke, 185. Alfalfa, 237, 238, 293. Alford, Lieut., 266. AUen, Henry J., 280. Allen, Associate Justice, 244. Allegany Mountains, 24. AUerton, Ellen P., 214, 305. Altitude, Average, 11. Amendment to Constitution, 196, 203, 236. American Exploration, 31, 41. Anderson, John A., 198, 238. Andreas' History of Kansas, 7, 303. Annals of Kansas, 7, 303. Anti-Cigarette Law, 288. Anti-Pass Law, 285. AntifSIavery Societies, 67, 74L Anthony, City of, 227. Anthony's Administration, 198, 201. Anthony, G. T., 196, 200, 253, 317. Anthony, D. E., 145. Appendix, 310. Appellate Courts, 250. Appleton, Wis., 217. Arbor Day, 277. Arapahoes, 175. Argonia, 219. Arickaree, 178. Arkansas City, 229. Arkansas Biver,,2I, 33, 36, 50, 55. 391 Arny, W. F. M., 131. Associate Justices, 387. Asylum, Imbecile Youth, 215. Atchison, City of, 32, 75, 125, 204, 215, 216-17. Atchison Champion, 230. Atchison, David R., 72, 80, 96, 106. A., T. & S. P. R. E., 151, 169, 101, 278. Atlanta, 165. Attorneys-General, 386. Aubrey, Fort, 46. Auditors of State, 385. B Bagbag, 266. Bailey's Administration, 275-280. Bailey, W. J., 273. Baptiste Le Grande, 44. Baptist, 61. Barber, Thomaa W., 93. Barbe, Marbois, 29. Baker University, 114, 289, 290. Baker, Bishop, 114. Baldwin, 114. Ball, Colin H., 267. Bank Guarantee Law, 288. Barshfield, C. P., 267. Barton County, 293. Battery, First Kansas, 147. Battleship Indiana, 263. Battleship Kansas, 282. Battleship Newport, 263. Beck, Col. J. M., 262. Bechnell, Capt., 44. Beebe, George W., 121, 127. Beecher, Fred, 180. Beecher, Henry Ward, 180, 201, Beecher Bible Co., 102. Beecher, Island of, 178. Belle Fountata, 32. . Beloit, 225. Benson, A. W., .387, Bent's Fort, 64. .. 392 INDEX. BcrnaUUo, 10. Bethany College. 20. Bethel College, 216. ' Bibliography, 7. Bickerdyke, 105, 160. Biennial Election Law, 272. Biennial Sessions of Legislature, 196. Big Springs, 89. Big Blue, Battle of, 160. BUl of Rights, 122. Biography, 310. Birds of Kansas, 239. 'Birds. Protection of, 275. Bismarck Grove, 199, 205. Black Jack, 98, 134. Black, Jeremiah S., 114. Black Kettle, 178. Blackmar, 7. Bloomington, 92. Blue Lodges, 74, 81. Blue River, 41, 253. Blumont College, 151. Blunt, 124, 149, 159, 100, 165. Blunt's Staff, Massacre of, 156. Board ot Control, 282. Board of Health, 215. Bogus Statutes, 122. Bogus Legislature, 137. Bondi, August, Quoted, 100. Boom, Kansas, 219. Border, Across the, 72. Boss-Busters, 280. Botkin, J. D., 286. Boudinot, 59. Boundary of Kansas, 11, 51, 71, 123. Bourgmont, 25-26. Branscomb, 76, 218. Branson, Jacob, 90. Brewer, David J.. 230. Breweiton, 7, 302. Bristow, J. L.. 286. 288. Brown. John, 97. 9.S, 100, 119, 133- 130, 250. Brown's Brigade, 102. Brown, Frederick, 100, 134. Brown, G. W., 70, 106, 301 Brown, Jason, 133. Brown, J. C, 73. Brown, Mary A., 130. Bryant, W. C, 206. Bryan, W. J., 254. Buffalo, 174, 185, 222. Buffalo Bill, 184. Buchanan, Pres. James, 127, 168. Buford of Alabama, 95. Butterfield Overland Stage Co., 130 Burton, J. R., 272, 285, Butler County, 211. Byron's Fprd, 162, Cabeca de Vaca. 10-18. Cabell, 163. Cabin Creek, 1.52, l,j8. Catholic, 59, 62, 194. Caldwell, City of, 229. Caldwell, Alexander, 186, 106. California Road, 48. California, 104, 116, 211. Caloocan, 266. Calumpet, 266-7. Calhoun, Pres., 111. Campbell, J. F., 117. Camp Leedy, 260. Camp Alger, 261. Candlebox. Returns, 113. Canfield, Dr., 216. Capitals, Territorial, 136. Capitol Building, 275-6-7. Carney's Administration, 149-151. ' Carney, Thomas, 159, 222, 312. Carnegie, Andrew, 298. Carruth, W. H., 7, 318 Carson, Kit. 41. Cattle Trade, 184. Cato, Judge. 94, 105, 111. Cavalrj', Fifth. Sixth and Seventh, 147. Census, 80, 143, 184. 232. v Centennial, 195. Chancellor, K. W.. 231. Chanute, 252, 257. Charleston, 136. Chattanooga, 168. Chautauqua, County, 281. Cherryvale, 248, 257. Cheyennes, 46, 175, 199, 200. Chief Justices of State, 387. Chief White Hair, 33. Chickamauga. 165. 168. 261 Child Labor Law. 2S'^ 2SS ChUd. Jlaria. 236. Chippewas. .¦>8. Chouteau's Trading Posts 41 Christianity. 22. Cibola, Cities of, 19. 21 Cimarron Crossins 44 City of Mexico. 169. Civil War. 143-168. Clark, George Sogers, 31. Clark, G. W., 116. Clay County. 186. Cleveland. Pres.. 212 '^40 Cloud, Gen.. 166. Clover, B. H., 234. Clubs, Kansas Federation of, 272-3 CoffeyvUle, 11. 257, 278 '¦-"'¦5- Coffey, Col., 152. Cojeman, F. M., 90. Colleges, Denominational, 299 INDEX. 393 Colorado, 44, 160, 195, 211. Colored Troops, 149, 162, 262. Colors of State, 168. Colpetzer, William, 117. Columbian Exposition, 245-6. Comanches, 33, 54, 56, 177. Commission, Government, in Cities, 288. Commissioners, State Eailroad, 233. Compostela, 18, 19. Compromise of 1850, 67. Congress, 52, 68, 95, 127, 211. Congressmen, 388. Congressional Delegate, First, 80. Congressional Investigation Com mittee, 95. ConneUey, W. F., 7. Constitutions, Territorial, 138. Constitution, State, Making of, 121-132. Constitution of the State, with Amendments, Appendix. Conway, Martin F., 126. Conway Springs, 226, 228. Cooke, Col. PhUlips St. George, 101, 102, 105, 106. Cooper Memorial College, 216. Cordley, Dr., 154, 155. Corinth, 149, 164. Coronado, 14, 17, 18-23, 44. Corn, 227, 257, 293. Coxey Army, 248. Couch. Capt., 211. Council Grove, 22, 41, 44, 45, T2. County, Description and Maps, 320. County Organization, 221. County-Seat Difficulties, 221. Cowboy, 184. Craddock, W. H., 274. Crandall, Prudence, 196. Crawford's Administration, 172-182. Crawford, Samuel J., 170. Creeks, 210. Crozier, Eobert, 196. Cnba, 258. 8ullacan, 19. urtis. Gen., 157, 161, 163, 175. Curtis, Charles E., 285. Cushing, Mrs. Harriet, 273. Custer, 178, 247. Daniels, Percy, 241. Daughters of American Eevolution, 99, 253, 282. 283, 284, 285. DhvIs,- Jefferson, 80, 99, 127, 139. Delahay, Mark W., 145. Deitzler, Gen., 145, 146, 159, 166. Delassus, Don Carlos, 29. Delawares, 58. Democratic Party, 70.' Denver, James W., 112, 113, 116, 119, 120. Denver, City of, 116. De Soto, 21. Dewey, Admiral, 258. ' Dickinson County, 21, 186. Dillon, Judge, 208. Disaster of 1874, 194. Dodge City, 21, 184, 251. Donaldson, Marshal, 96, 99. Doniphan, 48, 77, 125. Douglas, 92, 242. Douglas House, 243-4. Douglas, Stephen A., 68, 80, 119. 228. Douglas County Grand Jury, 96. Dow, Charles M., 90. Doyle, James P., 98. Drake, Sir Francis, 19. Drought of 1860, 130. Dull Knife, 179. Dunsmore, J. M., 242. Dunsmore House, 242-4. Dunbar, Prof., 71. Dutch Henry's Crossing, 98. Dyche, Prof., 246. Drywood, 147. Drysdale, W. S. E Early Books, 301-2. Earp, John E., 216. Easton, Gen., 91. Economic Growth, 202-223. Educational Exhibit, 246. Educational Institutions, 114, 151, . 216, 297-299. Educational Report, 248. Egypt, 238. Eight-Hour Labor Law, 236. Eighteenth Kansas, 175. Eighth Infantry, 149. Ellsworth, 225. Elder, P. P., 223. Ellis County, 186, 193, 222. Election of 1862, 149. Election of 1864, 178. Election of 1868, 181. Election -of 1872, 186. Election of 1876, 196. Election of 1878, 201. Election of 1880, 204. Election of 1882, 209. Election of 1884, 212. Elect-ion of 18'86, 218. Election of 1888, 223. Election of 1890, 234. Election of 1892, 239. Election of 1894, 249. 394 INDEX. Election of 1896, 254. Ejection of 1898, 264. Election of 1900, 272. Election of 1902, 273. Election of 1904, 280. Election of 1006, 285. Election of 1908, 286. Eldridge House, 06, 153, 284. Elliot, Capt. D. G.. 266. Eleventh Cavalry, 165. Emigrant Aid Society, New Eng land, 73-74, 81, 107, 217, 301. Emigrant Aid Society, New York and Connecticut, 74. Emigration Society, Union Washing ton, 74. Emporia Normal. See State Nor mal. Emporia, 200, 216, 259, 278. Emporia College, 216. Enslow, E. S., 267. English Colony, 186. English Bill, 119. European Immigration, 191. Escansaques, 22. Ewing, Gen., 158, 159, 165. Exploration, Period cf, 14-50. Exodus, The,- 204. Exoduster, 204-205. Fagan, Gen., 158. Famished Woman's Fork, 200. Farrelly, Hugh, 286. Farmers' Alliance, 232-234. Father Charles La Croix, 59. Father John Shoenmaker, 59. Father Padilla, 22. P'syetteviile Eoad, 48. Filipifio Insurgents, 265, 267. Fifteenth Amendment, 183. E'inney County, 221. First Kansas Infantry, 164. First Kansas Battery, 165. First Kansas Militi.i, 218. First Kansas Colored, 152. First Montana, 266. Fiske, John, 7. Fitch, Col. T. G., 261. Flags, 20, 35, 39, 105, 144, 244, 266, 285. Flenniken, R. P., 80. Flood of '44, 130. Flood Years, 1903-1904, 277. Florida, 16. Fourth of July Creek, 32. Four American Pioneers, 41. Franklin, Mq.. 44. Franklin, Fort, ,91, 99, 100. FranWort, 253, Francis, Gov., 228, 280. Fraser, John, 189. France, 24, 28, 136. French Explorations, 24. Fremont, Gen., 40, 148. Free-State Party, 89, 90, 92, 93, 98, 101, 110, 117, 122. Free-State Leaders, Arrest of, 94. Free Silver, 254. Freedman's Association, 204. Free State College, 107. Free State Prisoners, 95. Free State Hotel, 00, 153. Frontier Guard, 144. Forces, Consolidation of, 149. Forsythe, Col., 178. Fossil Discovery, 221. Fort Adams, 36. Fort Aubrey, 46. Fort Blair, 156. Fort Blunt, 152. Fort Dodge, 44, 181, 200. Fort Ellsworth. 181. Fort Gibson, 152, 157. Fort Hayes, 178, 181. Fort Kearney, 157. Fort Larned, 176, 181. E'ort Leavenworth, S2. 130, 148, 149, 165, 218. Fort Orleans, 25, 26. Fort Eiley Military Road, 48. Fort Riley, 64, 83, 95, 247. Fort Scott, 48, 64, 116, 119, 147, lis. 163, 211, 226. Fort Sheridan, 178. Fort Smith, 156. Fort Wallace, 178, 181. Fugitive Slave Law, 69. Funston, Fred, 258, 261, 263, 265, 2U7, 268. Gale Block, 141. Gano, Gen., 158. G. A. E. Post. 211. 225, 288. Garfield, 204, 221. Garrison. (>7. 73. 245. Gas at lola. 251. Gas City, 252. Gage, G. G., 253. Gallego, Juan. 20. Geary's Administration, 104-108, 110. Germantown, 191. (Jerman Baptist. 216. Gihon, John H., 7. Girls' Industrial School, 225. Gladstone, T. H., 7, 96, 302 Glick, G. W., 209. Click's Administration, 210-214. INDEX, 395 Gold Standard, 254. Goodland. 251.. Goodin, 201. Goss, Col. U. S., 238. Governors of Kansas, 384. Grafton, Edward, 278. Grant, U. S., 113, 181, 187, 209, 230. Graham County, 205. Grange, 186. Grand Village, 59. Grasshopper Invasion, 194-195. Gray, Mrs. Mary F., 273. Greer, Samuel W., 145. Greer, Mrs. Clotilda Hilton, 199. Great Bend, 21, 45, 227. Great Britain, 185. Greenback-Labor Party, 106, 201, 209 212. Great'SaltLake Trail, 48. Gregg, 7. Greely County, 22. Griffith, W. E., 124. Gunn, L. C, 243. Guthrie, 229. H Hairgrove, William and Asa, 117. Hale, Edward Everett, 7, 205, 301. Hall, Amos, 117. Hall, Austin. 117. Hamilton, Charles, 117. HamUton County, 221. Harris, William A., 256, 285. Harbor Convention, 228. Harrison, Benjamin, 223. Harmony Mission, 59. Harper's Ferry, 133, 134. Harvey, James M., 181, 196, 249, 313. Harvey's Administration, 183-189. Harvey, Capt., 105. Harvey County, 193. Haskell Institute, 211. Havana, 258. Hayes, Rutherford B., 196, -209. Hayes, Town of, 272, 297. Herald of Freedom, 76, 77, 96, 106, 301. Hiawatha, 289. Hickory Point, 90. 105. Highest Point in Kansas, 11. Highland University, 115. History of Kansas, 7, 212. Historical Society, 7, 19, 20, 38, 61, 77, 131. 135, 136, 219, 266, 278, 288, 304. Hoch, Edward W., 280. . Hoch's Administration, 281-287. Hoch, Miss Anna, 282. Holland, J. G., Quoted, 67. HoUiday, Gen., 159. HoUister's Battery, 165. Homestead Law, 168, 205. Homesteader, 263. Hopkins' Battery, 165. Hopkins, Maj. Henry, 158. llopoeithleyohola, 148. Horton, Chief Justice, 244. Horner, 305. Howe, E. W., 308. Hoyt, Col., 160. Hudson, Gen. J. K., 260-261. Hugoton, 221. Humphrey, 223. Humphrey's Administration, 224-' 240. Hunt, .Tosie, 305. Huntsman, Private, 267. Hutchinson, 215, 227, 278, 204. lalan, 144. Immigration, 106. Immigration, Years of Great, 183- 201. Inman, Col. Henry, 7, 46, 48, 304. Independence Hall, 129. Industrial Affairs, 129, 168, 225, 227, 292. Industi'ial Development, Period of, £05-290. Industrial Union, 234. Indians, 10, 20, 54. Indian Country, 51-65. Indian Eaids, 175, 183, 228. Indian Service in Civil War, 148. Indian Territory, 200. Introductory, 11. International Encyclopedia, 198. Independence Creek, 32. 59. Independence, 44, l60, 257. Infantry, First, Seventh and Eighth, 149. Infantry, Third and Fourth, 147. Infantry, Third, Fourth and Tenth, 149. Ingalls, .Tohn J., 124, 142, 188, 189, 202, 215, 235, 247, 303, 309, 316. Invasion of March 30, 81-82. Invasion of 2,700, 106. lola, 251, 257. Iowa, 51. 106. lowas, 25, 58. 62. Irrigation, 235, 250. Irving, 7. Irwin, 62. Isopete, 20. 396 INDEX. Jackson, Attorney-General, 286. Jefferson, 28, 31, 67. Jefferson City, 159. Jarmarillo, 20. Jayhawker, The, 116, 117. Jennison, Col., 147. Jennison, Dr. Charles E., 117. Jesuits, 59. Jewell County, 293. Johnson, Elizabeth, 40. Johnson, Col., 102, 147. Johnson, Rev., 137. Johnson, Associate Justice, 244. Jones, J. T., "Tawa," 01. Jones, Sheriff, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 106, 111, 284. Judson, 148. Junction City, 20(!. Juvenile Court, 282. K Kansas, The Name, 55. Kansas, Organized as Territory, 69. Kansas Free State, 90. Kansas, Admission of, 124, 127. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 06, 67-70, 71, 72, 79, 80, 82, 88, 125, 205, 206, 279. Kansas Building, 245. Kansas Brigade, 148. Kansas Conflict, 7, 92. Kansas Day, 206, 256, 280. Kansas Emigrant, Song of, 77. Kansas History, 275. Kansas Historical Society. Sea His torical Collection. Kansas Herald, 91. Kansas, Its Interior and Exterior Life, 7, 102. Kansas Literature. 300. Kansas Magazine, .302. Kansas Patriotism, 143. 25,><. Kansas Spring, 7. Kaunas Troops In Indian Territory, 152. Kansas pnlveraity. See State Uni versity. Kansas Volunteers, 144. 147. 164. Kansas City, 11, 32, 44, 51, D.".. 27S. Kansas City Journal, 228. Kansas Paciflc, 169, 185. 193. Kansas River, 11, 21, 25, 32, 48. Kansas Indians, 278. Kanorado, 11. Kanzas, 25, 54, 57, 58, 71. Kaskaskias, 58. Kaw Reservation, 209, Kickapoos, 58. Kingman, 227. Kingman, Samuel R., 316. Kiowas, 175, 177. Kindergarten, Free, 285. Kuights of Labor, 234. K. T. Did, 306. Labor Commission, 215. Labor Party, 186. Labor Bureau, 213. Labor Day, 236. La Harpe, 282. Lake Sibley, 175. Lane, James H., 89, 91. 92, 93, 100. 101, 142, 143, 148. 154, 160, 181, 250, 310. Lane's Army, 102. Lane's Brigade, 147. Lane County, 247. Lane Succession, 388. Lansing, 151. Larned, 38, 46. Larned's History, 7. Lawrence, 41, 74, 75, 76. 79, 91, 92, 96, 100, 106. 107. llJ, 116, 122, 133, 138, 139, 143, 152, l',t8, 199, 201, 205, 211, 253, 278, 262, 301. Lawrence, Siege of, 99. LawreHce, Invasion of 2,700, 103. Lawrence, Sack of, 126. Lawrence, Amos A., 73, 107, 151, 217. Lawrence Republican, 134. Lawrence University. See State University, 21. Leedy, John W., 254. Leedy's Administration, 256-264. Lee, Albert L., 165. Leavenworth, Fort. (i4. 79. I.eavenworth Constitution. 113. Leavenworth Herald. 7/>. Leavenworth, Col. Henry. 64. Leavenworth, 4.S. 75, 89. 92. 104, 103. 125, 144. 146. 149. 172. 198, 211. Leavenworth, .Mob at, 101. Leavenworth. Lawrence and Galves ton Railroad, 208. Lecompte, Samuel D., 80, 94. Lecompton, 91. 94. 95. 96. 101. 105. 112. 122. 120. 127, 134. Lecompton Const. Convention, 110. 111. Lecompton Constitution, 112, 119, 138. Legislature, Topeka. 93. Legislatures, Territorial, 138. L,eglslaturc 1861, 141-142. INDEX. 397 Leigslature 1803, 151. Legislature 1864, 151-152. Legislature 1865, 172. Legislature 1869, 183. Legislature 1873, 189. Legislature 1874, 196. Legislature 1877, 198. Legislature 1879, 202. Legislature 1881, 203. Legislature 1883, 210. Legislature 1885, 215. Legislature 1889, 224. Legislature 1891, 235-36. Legislature 1893, 241. Legislature 1895, 250. Legislature 1897, 256. Legislature 1899, 265. Legislature 1901, 272. Legislature 1903, 275. Legislature 1905, 281. Legislature 1907, 285. Legislature 1909, 288. Legislature, Special Sessions, 264, 286. Legislative War, 241-245. Legislature. Topeka. See Topeka Legislature. Le Marais du Cygnes-Whittier, 117. Le Marais des Cygnes Massacre, 116. Lewelling, Lorenzo D., 240, 316. Lewelling's Administration, 241- 249. Lewis, Capt. Merriwether, 31. Lewis, Wm. H., 200. Lewis & Clark Expedition, 31-32. Liberator, The, 134. Libraries. 272, 298. Lieutenant Governors of Kansas, 384. Limitation of Settlement Theory, 51. Lincoln, Abraham, 114. 125, 126, 129, 145, 165, 168, 170. Lincoln's Call for Volunteers, 143. Lincoln Day, 285, 288. Lindsborg, 21. Lindsay, Col. H. C, 261. Lines, C. B., 102. Linn Countj. 33, 64, 117, 163. Little Col., 261. Little Blue, Battle of, 160. Little Osage, 148, 163. Literature, Kansas, 7, 12, 300. Livestock, 28. Livingston, 28. Local Histories, 304. Locomotive, First, 185. Long, Chester I., 275, 286. Long, Stephen H.,. 40. Louis XIV, 24. Louisiana Territory, 24. Louisiana Purchase, 27, 28. Louisiana, 51, 66, 67, 204. Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 272, 279-280. Lovejoy, 67. Lowell Quoted, 67, 206. Lowest Point in Kansas, 11. Lutheran, 216. Lyons, Gen. Nathaniel, 146, 227. M Macabee Farm, 161. MacArthur, Gen., 206. Machine, 280. Maine, Destruction of, 258-0. Malgares, Lieut., 35, 38. Manahan, Resell, 267. Manhattan, 76, 189, 200. ManUa, 258, 263, 265. Mantanzas, 259. Manual Training, 275. Manufactures, 295. Man Without a Country, 206. Martin, John A., 122, 124, 196, 212, 227, 230, 242, 2.50, 317. Martin's Administration, 215-223. Martin, Geo. W., 166. Marais des Cygnes Massacre, 117, 134. Marble in Memory, 284. Marion County, 193. Marshall County, 48. Marmaduke, General. 158. Martyr, Father Padilla, 22. Massachusetts, 73, 134. Matagorda Bay, 16. McCoy, Isaac, 55, 61, 302. McCoy, Joseph, 184. McCarter, Margaret Hill, 7. McDowell's Creek, 21. McDowell. Wm. C. 124. McGhee County, 110. McPherson, 216, 227. McPherson County, 48. McTaggart, Capt. Wm., 206. McKinley, Wm., 254, 263, 270, 272. M. de Bienville, 24. Metcalf, Gen. W. S., 268. Medary, Governor, 121, 120, 127. Medicine Lodge, 226. Meeker, Jothan, 61. Mendoza, 18. Mennonites, 191, 193, 216. Methodist, 60, 114, 216. Mexico, 18, 43, 48, 220. Miamis, 58. Midland CoUege, 208. MUler, Sol, 77. Mineral WealtU, 259, 294. 398 INDEX. Mine Creek, 163. Minneola, 113, 114. Mississippi Eiver, 11, 21, 24, 28, 50, 204. Missouri, 33, 51, 58, 66, 72, 80, 81, 110. Missouri Compromise, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71. Missouri, Kansas Troops in, 146. Missouri Indians, 25. Missouri River, 25, 31, 33, 50, 51. Missions, 59. Missionaries, 22. Missouri Paciflc R. R., 217. Mitchel, Robt. B., 146-7. Mitchel, D. P., 201. Muilican, Col., 148. Mo., Kans. & Tex. R. R., 169. Monuments, 39, 253. Monahan, Deane, 303. Monroe, .lames, 29. Montgomery, Col., 117, 149. Montgomery Csunty, 11. Moonlight, Col., 62, 160, 163, 218. Morgan Raid, 163. Morris County, 204. Mortgage Law, 224, 234. Moore, Col., 175. MorrUl, Edmund H., 168, 254, 289, 318. Morrill's Administration, 250-255. Morris County, 204. Morse, G. C, 155. Moore, Col., 175. Moscoso, 2l. Mounds, The, 163. Mound Builders, 43. Mt. Oread, 107, 129. Mountains, Mexican, 37. Mountains, Wind River, 41. Municipal Suffrage Bill, 219. Mutual Beneflt Association, 234. Muncies, 58. MuriJhy, Francis, 198. N Name, Kansas, 71. Napoleon, 28. Narvaez, Expedition of, 18. Narrative of Struggle, 101. Natural Kansas, 11, 12. Natchitoches, 38. National Cemetery, 218. National Educational Association, 216. Nebraska, 106, 123. Nemaha County, 48. Neodesha, 248,- -251, 257; Neosho, 44, 59. . Neosho Blver, 33. Nevada, 211. New Basle, 252. New England, 76; New England Emigrant Aid Soci ety, 73-74. New Mexico, 17, 19, 22. New Orleans, 28, 218. Newspapers, 61, 75, 89, 186, 205, 300. Newton, 184, 216, 252. Newtonia, 163. New York Tribune, 74. Niobrara, 222. Nicodemus, Town of, 205. Niehaus, Charles Henry, 188. Nichols, Mrs. C. I., 125. Northrup, Mrs. Margaret, 219. Normal High School Law, 288. Normal State — See State Normal. Non-Intercourse Rule, 43. Nova Albion, 19. Nute, Eev. Ephriam, 107. O Oak Hill, 155. Oak Council, 44. Ohio, 58, 88, 122. Oil Discoveries, 237, 281. Oklahoma, 210, 228-230. Olathe, 159. Old Sacremento, 129. Old Castle, Baker, 114. Onate, 22, 23. Opportunity, 309. Original Package Case, 231. Ornithological Collection, 239. Organic Act, 66. Oregon TraU, 48. Oregon Country, 41. Osawatomie, 76, 98, 100, 133, 134, 135, 151. Osborn's Administration, 189-196. Osborn, Thomas A., 186, 314. Osage Ceded Lands, 208. Osage Indians, 23. 33, 44, 54, 57, 59, 60, 176, 208. Osage Mission, 59-60. Osceolo, 148. Ottawas, 58, 60-61. Ottawa, 225, 278. Otoe Indians, 25. Overmeyer, David, 240, 280. Oxford. 110. Paciflc Ocean, 32, 50. Padoucas, 25, 26, 54. Paine, Albert Bigelow, -^OS. Palmyra, 98. • INDEX. 399 Paola, 149, 257. ParaUels, John Brown's, 134, 135. Parker, 7. Paris Exposition, 228. Parrot, Marcus, 111, 145. Parsons, 204, 208, 209, 217, 218. Papt, Capt. H. Clay, 98, 134. Patrick, Eoss, 117. Patrons of Husbandry, 234. Paulson, John, 196. Pawnees, 21, 35, 46, 54, 137. Pawnee Eepublic, 33, 35. Pawnee Eock, 45. Pawnee, Town of, 82, 83. Payne, Capt., 210, 211. Peck, Geo. E., 230. Peffer, Wm. A.. 235. Penitentiary, State, 151, 203. Peoples' Party, 232, 234, 235, 240, 254. Peorias, 58. Perkins, Bishop W., 239. Period of Exploration, 14. Peru, 18, 281. Philipps, Wendall, 67, 245. Phillips, W. A., 7, 18, 101, 148, 149, 152, 302. Phillips, H. L., 212. Philanthropy, Kansas, 211. Philippine War, 265-270. Physiology and Hygiene, 215. Piankeshaws, 58. Pickering, I. O., 240, 249. Pierce, 72, 79, 80, 90, 95, 99, 100, 101, 105. I'lke's Expedition, 32-38. Pike Monument, 40. Pike, Zebulen, 33. Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 43, 51. Pike Centennial, 284-5. Pilot Knob, 158. Pioneer, 207. Pioneer Day, 279. Pipe Lines Common Carriers, 281. Pittsburg, 297. Pixley, 59. Platte Purchase, 51, 66. Plains, Great, 40. Pleasonton, Gen. Alfred, 159, 162. Plumb, Preston B., 210, 224, 226, 228, 239, 313. Poetry of ICansas, 305. Political Changes, 223-265. Pomeroy, Samuel C, 76, 130, 131, 142, 181, 312. Pomeroy Succession, 388. Pony Express, 129. Pope, 200. Population, 72. Populist House, 241-244. Populist Party — See Peoples' Party. Pottawatomles', 33, 58, 98, 133, 134. Powell, Clayton, 166. Prairie Grove, 149: Preface, 5. Prentis, Caroline, 3, 7. Prentis, Noble L., 50, 208, 315. Preston, Col., 95. Presbyterians, 59, 216. Price, Gen. Sterling, 147, 148, 175. Price Eaid, 156-163. Primary Election Law, 286. Prohibition Amendment, 2Q3. Prohibition, 218, 231, 232, 252, 286, 288. Prohibition Movement, 202. Prohibition Party, 223, 235, 240, 249. Pro-Slavery Associations, 74. Prosperity, 271. Pueblo, 19. , Puncah Eiver, 52. Psalm, 91st, 267. Quayle, W. A., 51. Quantrill's Raid, 152, 156, 253. Quantrill, 284. Quivira, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 44. E Race, Henrietta B., 3. Railways in Kansas, 185. Eailroad Strike, 217. Railroad Commissioners, 252. Railroad Grants, Result of, 170. Railroads, 264. Rains, Gen., 147. Rankin, J. R. Readers, 13. Realf, Richard, 305. Eecords of the State, 166. Redpath, James, 102. Eed Eiver, 35, 52. Eeeders' Administration, 79-87. Eeeder, Andrew H., 89, 94, 95, 137. Reed, B. L., 117. Eegiments, Additional Raised, 147. Reid, Gen. J. W., 100, 106. Reign of Terror, 97. Religion of Indians, &6. Removal Policy, 57. ReUef Committee, 194, 195, Reno County, 193. Republican Party, 69, 122, 196, 201, 212, 223, 240, 264, 280. Republic County, 40, 175. Republic City, 35, 285. Republican House, 241. Rescue of Kansas from Slavery, 7. 400 INDEX. Eeview of the Situation, 66. Richardson, Gen., 91, 223, 235. Eich, Ben C, 243. Richie Block, 141. Eichey, W. E., 20. Eifle Christians, 102. Eiley, Fort, 21. Eiley, Gen. Bennett, 64. Eiley County, 151, 186. Eio Grande, 18, 19, 20. Rio Grande in Philippines, 266-7. Rio Pecos, 20. Rio Sonora, 19, Robinson, Charles, 7, 75, 76, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97,, 101, 107, 126, 139, 141, 144, 209, 234, 240, 284, 302, 311. Robinson, Mrs. Sara T. D. L., 7, 76, 94, 95, 102, 302. Robinson, Michael, 117. Rocky Mountains, 11, 24, 221. Roman Nose, 179. Eome, 220. Rooks County, 222. Root, Lieut. Gov., 141. Rosecrans, Gen., 158, 159. Ross, Edmund, 124, 181. Roosevelt, Theodore, 271, 277, 279. Eoot, Secretary of War, 267, 8. Rusk, Jeremiah M., 226. Russia, 185, 191, 193, 238. Eyan, Congressman, 209. Sacs and Poxes, 51, 58. Salina Wesleyan, 216. Salina, 35, 216. Sait Industry, 226. Salter, Mrs. Medora, 219. San Francisco, 261. Santa Pe, 16, 42, 43, 44. Santa Pe Trail, 41, 42-48, 282, 283, 285. .Santa' Pe Land Sale Completed, 231 San Miguel, 42. Santiago, 262. Sappa, 200. San Luis, 263. Saunders' Fort, 99, 100. Saxon, 15. Say, Thomas, 40. School District Consolidation, 272. School House, Sod, 173. Schoolmaster, Plrst, 155. Schmidt, C.B., 191. Scientlflc Research, 40. Scotch Colony, 186. Seal of State, 142. Secoud Kansas Cavalry, 165. Second Kansas, 161, 163. Second Kansas MlUtla, 253. Secretaries of State, 384. Secretary of Agriculture, 226. Sedan, 248. Sedgwick County Farmers, 211. Seed Grain Distributed, 236. Seward, WUliam H., 127. Seventh Cavalry, 164. Sergeant-at-Arms, 243. Shannon's Administration, 88-103. Shannon, W. T., 104, 137. Shannon, W., 7, 104, 137. Sharp's Rifles, 82. Shawnees, 56, 58, 60. Shawnee Mission, 82, 84, 90, 137. Shawnee County, 72, 161, 253. Shawnee Manual Labor School, 82. Shawnee Legislature, 98, 99. Shelby, Gen., 158. Sheldon, Charles M., 308. Sherman County, 11, 231. Sherman, William, 98, 175, 176, 178, 209. Sherman, John, 29. Sheridan, 95, 177. Sheriff Jones. See Jones, Sheriff. Shoshoni, 56. Sibley, Maj., 44. Single Tax Clubs, 234. SlOUX, 176. Slavery, Growth of, 66-67. Sledge Hammer, 243. Slough Creek, 105. Slough, John P., 124. Smith, A. W., 240. Smith, Buckingham, 17. Smith, Gen., 162. Smith, Mrs. M. B., 199. Smith, Persifer I., 99. Smoky Hill, 21, 221. 247. Snow, Chancellor, 221. 231, 236-7. 269, 317. Snyder, Asa, 117. Social Science Club. 273. Soldiers' Census, 218. Soldiers' Home-Coming. 172. 263. Soldiers' National Home. 211, 225. Soldiers' Orphan Home, 213. Solomon Valley, 175. Sons of the Revolution, 237. South Carolina. 93, 149. Southwestern College, 216. Spain. 28. 42, 238. 265. Spaniards. 16, 24, 238. Spanish -American War, 258-264. Spanish-American War, Treaty of Peace, 263. Spanish Exploration. 16-23. Spanish Settlements. 17. Spanish Troops, 31. INDEX. 401 Speer, Mr., 154. Spooner, William B., 245. Spring, 7, 97. Spring, The John Brown, 282. Standard OU Co., 281. Stanley, Henry M., 7. Stanley's Administration, 265-274. Stanley, William K., 264. Stanton, Frederick, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113. Stand, Watie, Gen., 152. Stars and Stripes Unfurled, 35. State Aid, 252. State Construction, 141-182. State Flower, 207. Statehood, Period of, 141-291. State House, 183, 202, 223, 236, 239, 265. State Institutions, 215, 298-9. State Primary, First, 286. State Printing Plant, 282. State Printers, 389. State Row, 183.. State Senators, 233. State Temperance Union, 286. State University, 129, 151, 189, 203, 217, 222, 236, 237, 245, 246, 258, 260, 266, 275, 284, 297, 305. State Normal, 151, 189, 200, 203, 252, 260, 270, 297, 307. State Agricultural College, 101, 189, 192, 203, 297. St. John's College, 216. State Depository, 282. -State Imbecile Asylum, 151, 189, 265. State Library, 272. State Reform School, 202. State Reformatory, 215. , State OU Refinery, 281. State Penitentiary, 281. Statuary Hall, 250. Stephens County, 221. Sterling, 216, ^225, 227. Sternberg, C. H., 247. Stilwell, William, 117. Stilwell, Jack, 179, 180. St. John's Administration, 202-208. St. John, John P., 199. St; Louis, 29,. 31, 32, 38, 158,-280. St. Anne, 25. St. Peters and St. Paul's Day, 21. St. Mary's, 62. Stoddard, 25. Struggle in Kansas, 79-87. Strip, The, 229. Strickler, Gen., 91. Stringfellow, 72, 81. Stubbs, W. R.. 286. Stubbs' Administration, 288-291. Sturdevant, Mrs. Sarah, 38. Squattier Associations, 74. Squatter Sovereignty, 68. Subterranean Eiver, 251. Sugar Bounty, 226. Sugar Beet Bounty, 226. Sugar Manufactories, 225. Sully, Gen., 177. Sumner, Charles, 68. Sumner, Col., 92, 98, 99. Sunfiower, 45, 207, 275, 305. Supreme Court, 230, 232, 244. Superintendents of Public Instruc tion, 386. Swedish Colony, 186. Swensson, Carl A., 317. Sword, Old Spanish, 20. Sykes, Maj.-Gen., 157, 159. Taft, Lorado, 236. Taft, William H., 279, 286. Tallerand, 29. Tartary, 19. Taxation, 234. Tax Law of 1907, 285. Teachers' Institutes, 198. Teachers' E.xamlnatlons, 215. Te Deum, 26. Temperance, 202. Temperance Movement, 198. Temperance Society, State, 198. Temperance Union, 199. Temperance Camp Meeting, 199. Tennessee, 204. Tennessee Town, 205. Tenth Kansas, 158, 165, 261. Territorial Judiciary, 04. Territorial Government, 185. Territorial Governor, First, 79. Territorial Period, 66. Territorial Legislatures, 81, 90, 94, 110, 112, 121, 126. Territorial Militia, 105. Territorial Officers, 382. Texas, 10, 07, 184, 204, 218, 228. Texas Cavalry, 148. Text Book Law, 256. Text Book Commission, 256. Thatcher, Salon O., 124, HO. Thanksgiving Day, 100. Thayer, Eli, 73, 81, 201, 248. Tlgnex, 19. Tisne, M. du, 24. Titus, Fort, 99, 100. Titus, Col., 180. Topeka, 41, 75, 123, 143, 198. 201, 205, 228, 252, 254, 200, 201. Topeka, Capital, 319. Topeka Movement. 88. 89, 93, 90, li:i, 138, 277, 278. 402 INDEX. Topeka Constitution, 89, 98, 139, 254. Topeka Legislature, 98, 99, 107, 113, 126, 139. Topeka High School, 267. Toronto, 39. Towns Founded, First, 75. Traders, Indian, 52. Trading Posts, 41, 64^ 117, 163. Trail, The First, 42. Trail, Santa Fe, 42, 48. Trail, Oregon, 48. Trails, Famous, 42. Treasurers of State, 385. Treaty, Secret, 28, 29. Treaty, Louisiana, 29. Treaty of 1867, 176. Trembly, Private, 267. Tribune, 221. Troy, 125. Truancy Law, 275. Trudeau, James, 179, 180. Tusk, 20. Turkey Creek, 48. Twentieth Kansas, 261, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268. Twenty-first Kansas, 261, 262, 263. Twenty-second Kansas, 261, 262, 263. Twenty-third Ivansas, 262, 263. Two-Cent Fare Law, 285. Udden, J. A., 20. United States Circuit Court, 208. United States Supreme Court, 208. lUnited States Senators, 299. United States Bureau of Ethnolo gy. 7, 22. United States Institutions, 299. Union Labor, 223. Union Pacific Eailroad, 170, 185. Tinion Pacific Railroad Grant, 109. United Presbyterians, 216. Uniform Freight Rates, 282. Uniontown, 72. University, State, Instituted, 106. Updegraff, W. W., 141. Veal, Col., 161. Viceroy of Mexico, 18. Vicksburg, 164. Vigilencia, 202. Virginia, 134, 135, 211. Virginians, 31. VUlazur, 24. Village des Causez, 59. Violence, Reign of, 88-120. W Wabaunsee, 76, 102. Wabaunsee County, 21. Wabash Valley, 58. Wagstaff, W. R., 150. Wakarusa War, 80, 90, 93, 96, 133. Walker, Capt. Sam, 144. Walcb, Hugh S.. 116, 120. Walker, Sam, 100. Walker, Gov. R. J., 108, 109, 111, 114. Walker, T. IL, 187. Walls of Corn, 213, 305. War in Kansas, 145. War with Great Britain, 38. War, French and Indian, 28. Ware, Eugene F., 7, 15, 135, 303. Ware, David, 223. Way, Amanda, 199. Washington, 103, 210, 262. Washington, City of, 188. Washington, County of, 48. Weas, 58. Weather, 252. Wells, Fargo Express, 130. Welsh Colony, 186. Wellington, 226. Wellington, City of, 211. Westport, 44, 82, SS. 101, 162. Western Branch State Normal, 272. Western Engineer, 40. Wheat, 257, 292. Whig Party, 69. White, Private, 207. White, Marten. 100. White, WiUiam Allen, 7, 308. White Rock Creek, 175. Whitfield, John W.. So. 89. 98, 106. Whittier, J. G., 67, 77, 93, 118, 206. Weer. Col., 149. Wichita, 184. 206. 211, 220. Wilder, D. W., 7, 207. 245. WUder, A. C, 145. 149. Wild Bill, 184. Wilder's Annals, 216. Wilkinson, Sheriif, 243. Wilkinson, Allen, 98. Wilkinson, Lieut., 36. ¦Willard, Frances, 199. Willey, Private. 267. Williams, James M.. 132. Williams, Mav. 13S. Willitts. J. v.'. 233. Wilson County, 2-18. WMson Bill, 232. Wilson's Creek. Battle of, 146, 147. Winchell, Jaraes M., 122. INDEX. 403 winfield, 203, 215, 278. ' Winslow's Brigade, 162. Wisconsin Battery, 162. Woman's Day, 279. Woman's Suffrage, 212, 249. Woman's Christian Temperance So ciety, 199. Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 199, 225, 286. Woodson, Daniel, 79, 84, 99, 100. Woodsdale, 221, Wyandotte, 204, 217. Wyandottes, 58. Wyandotte Constitutional Conven tion, 122-125, 138, 206, 230. Wyandotte Constitution, 122-125, 127. Y Yale University, 222. Year 1894, 248. Y. M. C. a:, National, 277. '\AYarwick >'^;irl(a.i--(| ;:::::^ COUNTY AND RAILROAD MAP OF KANSAS M \ iV>_l.„.-. K ... >. p.rmillioD -, I til tray U ; "i u.^^Vv-, \VliiiE^i^n]^,.i.i1r. 1 J^Ji/ciA «... „l.u 3 9002 08886 9525 YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1944 (: l:^ I it I i1 r