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BIOGRAPHIE MODERNE.

ISiograpllit i^o^erne.

LIVES

OF
REMARKABLE CHAflACTERS,
WHO
HAVE DISTINGUISHED THEMSELVES
FROM
THE COMMENCEMENT
OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION,
TO
THE PRESENT TIME.
FROM THE FRENCH.
IN THREE VOLUMES.'

VOL. I.

LONDON r

PRINTED FOB LONGMAN, HTJEST, REES, ORME, AND
BBOWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1811.

J. M'Creert, Printer,
Slack-Horse-Conrt, FleetStreet,
London.

TRANSLATOR'S FREFACET.

The value of Biography depends chiefly on the
authenticity of the materials from which it is drawn.
For this reason. Memoirs of Distinguished Persons of
Modern Times will always claim a higher estimation
than those of former ages; they interest us more
strongly, and, being laid before the PubUc with an
implicit appeal toliving witnesses, they are more easily
brought td'ibhe test of truth. Narratives of this na
ture are, in fact, the least exceptionable records of
recent occurrences ; for, without assumir)g the au
thoritative and decided tone of history, they present
a voluminous and varied mass of evidence, which,
subjected to the severe scrutiny of public opinion,
passes to posterity as matter for an impartial verdict.
There are certain seasons in wliich this species of
writing is, of all others, the most useful. Those poli
tical revolutions, which from tirae to time subvert
asisting establishments and change the course of hu
man affairs, are the peculiar province of Biography.
At such epochs the passions .of men are raised to a
ferment ; every variety and degree of talent is called
into activity ; all the virtues which exalt our nature,
and all the vices which vilify and deform it, are car
ried to their extreme. The order of society is broken;
all gradations of rank are confounded; and a succession
of convulsions takes place, which unsettles the politi
cal systera to its very basis. At length the agitation
VOL. I. a

ii PREFACE.
gradually subsides, and a new course of things cora
mences. It is then, th^fthe scattered attention of
mankind becomes concentered, and strongly fixed :
and while we speculate steadily and anxiously on the
consequences which these mighty changes are be
ginning to produce, a laudable and philosophical
cariosity leads us on to inquire into the hidden
causes of so vast an innovation, and into thc
various fortunes of the men who have signalized
themselves in effecting it. There prevails an
incessant anxiety to investigate in detaU the vicis
situdes by which persons of the highest rank have
perished in the conflict, or have sunk into obscurity
and mingled with the multitude; while other indivi
duals have risen from the very dregs ofthe people, to
eminence and power. The pen of the historian is
inadequate, in the first instance, to satisfy this intense
curiosity. We seek to trace the private, as well as
the public lives of the men who have been mo^
active and notorious in the struggle ; we wish to pe
ruse at large the series of good deeds, or of crimes, to
which their ambition or their patriotism has stirau
lated them. Here the labours of the Biographer a^
of essential use : he exhibits to us a gallery of por
traits, or rather an arranged collection of historical
pieces, in which every figure, represented in action,
is recognized as a portrait. From these ample ma
terials the historian may combine a grand and im
pressive picture ; but still their value will not thence
be lessened, for the merit of his work can never be
justly appreciated but by comparison with the
sketches from which he composed.

PREFACE. iu
There is no great e\ien,t of ancie^nt or raodern re-
: cord, which seems so much to require Ulustration
frora Biography, as the French revolution. Most
truly has it been said, that " we know of no period
within the whole record of history which deserves to
be SO: deeply weighed and so particularly examined,
as the i«nteBval between the years 1790 and 1800.
These few years give us the abridged experience of as
many centuries ; and never did the faculties and pas
sions of civilized man work with so much force, and
so little disguise. Those who have lost, and those
who have acquired power; the vicissitudes which the
nations and governments of Europe have undergone;
and the precautions employed to avert the evils of
change, are equally subjects of rainute research and
profound speculation. During the shock of this
great convulsion in France, and the conflict of opi
nions among ourselves, there was no place for calm
observation, and the mind was rather bewildered than
guided- by the Ught which these astonishing events
seemed to throw on the character of our nature.
Now that the storm is hushed abroad, and the appre-
' hensions of danger have subsided at home, our conclu
sions are likely to be more just, and our reflections
infinitely more beneficial."*
These just reflections fully demonstrate that there
could not occur a more opportune period than the
present, for compiling materials to serve as the basis
for a history of the eventful and important period al
luded to. A sirailar train of thinking doubtless sug
gested the extraordinary work, of which the following
* Edin, Rev. No, 37, Art. 15.

iv PREFACE.
volumes are a translation, although other motives,
of a more interested nature, raay have induced the au
thors to continue their undertaking. The follow
ing account of the work, and of the fate it met
with in France, will serve to confirm this remark,
and at the same time tend to explain the reasons
which led to the present translation. It is extracted
from a critique in The Edinburgh Review, (Vol.
XIV.) which is now generally understood to have
proceeded from the able pen of Mr. Walsh, the
author of the American " Letter on the Genius and
Disposition of ttie French Government :" —
" Under the title of Modern Biography, it pur
poses to be a history of all those who, by their rank,
their talents, their virtues, and their crimes, have
contributed to illustrate or to disgrace the end of the
last and the commencement of the present cen
tury  The following are the circumstances,
which, as we are informed, attended the publication
of the work in Paris. In the year 1800, a dictionary
similar in form to the present, but characterized by
far greater asperity and boldness, was published in
the French capital, and immediately suppressed by
the police. The authors seem to have had it in view
to expose the inconsistency of those who had inlisted
themselves in the consular government, after sig
nalizing themselves by their zeal for a democratical
equality. The book, although written in a repub
lican spirit, was particularly levelled at the members
of the convention, and contained much pointed de
claraation against the leaders and emissaries of the
parties which alternately usurped so sanguinary a

PREFACE. v
dorainion over their wretched country. In 1806 the
undertaking was revived in a shape w^hich it was
supposed would prove less obnoxious to the public
authorities. The vitriolic acid, to use an expression
of the author, was wholly extracted ; and particular
care taken to exclude from the biography of the
imperial family, and of the chief favourites of the
monarch, whatever might be offensive. The better
to secure themselves from suspicion, they professed
not to pass judgment, but raerely to furnish raate
rials for decision, and to erabrace, at the sarae tirae,
the names of all their foreign contemporaries of po
litical note. These sacrifices, however, were not
sufficient to propitiate the favour or lull the vigilance
of the police. The authors were punished, and the
circulation of their book imraediately prohibited.
The copy now before us was secreted and given to
the individual from whom it has passed into our
hands — with some additional sketches of character,
upon the accuracy of which we have reason to think
we can depend."
Such is the singular history of this remarkable
publication. The commendations bestowed on it in
the critical journal here cited, and the important
raatter it was known to contain, formed of them
selves a sufficient inducement to present a translation
of it to the British public ; and the circumstance of
its suppression by authority of the French govern
ment was an additional stimulus to the undertaking,
A copy was after considerable difficulty obtained,
but the loan of it, though granted in the kindest man
ner, was, for important reasons, liraited to a period

VI PREFACE.
barely sufficient to allow of its being translated, and
the work was pursued with that ardour whieh the
eiaaergency of the case, and above all, the awakened
curiosity of the public, densanded.
That it was found inconvenient to accompUsh a
translation of the entire work within the time pre
scribed, is a circumstance not at all to be regretted,
since the valuable and authentic part is the native
biography. That which relates to foreigners, as the
reviewer has well observed, is miserably scanty and
erroneous ; it appears, indeed, to have been executed
without interest and exertion, and forms a remark
able contrast to the industry and ijigenuity which
have been exercised in collecting and detailing the
opinions ofthe chief actors in the French Revolution.
A selection was therefore made, on a very obvious
principle; those memoirs alone being chosen which
relate to the great events in question, and which
claim attention and credit from the authentic sources
in which they originate. These sources are, pria-
cipally, the journals of the legislative bodies, the files
of the Moniteur, and the several memoirs published at
different times by persons in every way competent to
the task of recording the events of the Revolution.
A narrative of facts is thus furnished, the authen
ticity of which cannot be doubted, " whatever differ
ence of opinion may prevail as to the motives and
views of individuals and parties."
After the favourable judgment passed on this work
by the raost widely circulated of our critical jour
nals, little needs be offered on the part of the
translator in farther recoraraendation of it. From an

PREFACE. vu
attentive and careful perusal, which was imposed on
him by the nature ofthe task,' and which is certainly
the main requisite towards forming a correct opinion,
he is enabled to bear full'testimony to the justice of
the able critique above quoted; yet, in referring the
reader to that article, he -may be allowed to say afew
words in support of what has been advanced under
the sanction of a literary authority so deservedly
high. The Biographie Moderne exhibits two great
features Of irapartiality and correctness ; it abounds
with facts, and is sparingly furnished with com-
n^ents. The style of tbe original is not -elegant : but
it is clear and concise), entirely divested of studied
ornament, and free Yrom those tricks of eloquence
which always mar the effect of a plain tale. The
narratives are copiously interspersed with anec
dotes at once extraordinary and characteristic ;
and the portraits occasionally introduced of the
principal actors in the Revolution, are sketched
with a rapid but skilful hand. If there be any
instances of deviation from the strict line of impar
tiality which the authors seem constantly to have had
in view, they are to be found in those articles which
relate to the present reigning faraily in France, and
to their particular favourites.
Respecting the raanner in which the translation is
executed, the reader is left to forra his own candid
judgment. Any apology on the score of that haste
which the particularurgency of the undertaking requir
ed, would be ill-timed and nugatory ; since the plain
inartificial style of the original w(as such as to present
few difficulties. To guard, however, against the

vm PREFACE.
inaccuracies which might have occurred in the pro
gress of a rapid translation, the manuscript underwent
a thorough revisal and collation with the original
before it was sent to the press.
On the whole, it is hoped, that the present trans
lation wiU be found to possess the requisites of fidelity
and correctness, and may therefore serve to gratify the
natural curiosity of the British public with respect
to a work, recording the annals of the most memora
ble revolution in the world, and yet condemned to
oblivion by the very governraent which owes its ex
istence and power to that Revolution. Many are
the reflections which arise in the raind, while we
conjecture the motives that led to the suppression
of the Biographie Moderne; an attentive perusal
of it will, doubtless, tend to expose those motives ;
and its authentic and irapartial character will ren
der it one of the raost poignant satires that were
ever leveUed at the governraent of Bonaparte.

i.\

THE DIFFERENT LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES,
The Assembly of the Notables, held on the 32d Feb. 1787, at
Versailles.
The States General, opened on the Sth May, 1789, at Versailles.
The Constituent Assembly, constituted on the 9th of Noveraber,
1789, at Paris, in the Hall of the Manage.
The Legislative Assembly, constituted on the 1st Oct. 1791, in
the same Hall.
The Convention, constituted on the Slst Sept.. 1792, in the same
Hall.
The Legislative Body, installed the 6th Brumaire, year 4, (28th
Oct. 1795.) THE DIFFERENT CONSTITUTIONS.
CoNSTiTuinoN OF 1791, decreed by the Constituent Assembly onthe
3d Sept. 1791, and accepted by Louis XVI. on the 13th of the
same month.
¦  '  OF 1793, decreed by the Convention the 24th of June,
1793," and accepted the lOth August, 1793.
Revolutionary GovER.NMENT, decreed on the 14th Frimaire, year 2,
(4th Dec, 1793. J
Constitution of 1795, decreed the SOth Therm, year 3, (17th Aug.
1795.)
 of 1800 (year 8J, accepted the Sth Pluv. year 8 (7th
Feb. 1800.)
EXPLANATORY TABLE
Of expressions introduced, into the French language during the Re
volution, and of those whose true acceptation has been distorted.
Anarchist. This qualification was given, after the 9th Thermidor,
year 2, to that party of demagogues, which, remaining attached to
the principles of the revolutionary government, formed several en
terprises against the majority of the convention, and afterwards
against the constitutional authority. The same party has also been
called Robespierre's tail.
Aristocrat. The populace gave this name, from the vei-y com
mencement of the revolution, to all those who appeared adverse
to it.
Babouvist, or Anarchist, a partisan of Babceuf.
Belly (the) the Plain, or the Marsh. These denominations
were given, during the legislative and conventional assemblies,
to the deputies who fluctuated between the two parties, and sat
between the right side and the left side, in the least elevated part
ofthe hall.
Brissotins, Girondins, or Federalists, partisans of Brissot, who
was regarded as chief of the party wliich was overthrown by that
of Marat and Robespierre, or of the Mountain, on the 3lst May
1793. The Brissotins were also called tlie faction of the States
men.
Chouans. See this word under tlie letter C ; this qualification was
also given after the 9th ThprmiHnr »repr "?, to the enemies of the

Terrorists or Jacobins, who accused thera of Royalism, and of
course, of maintaining an understanding with the Chouans of the
"West.
CticHi, Clichian. The members ofthe convention, who were, m
opposition to the Jacobins, forraed, after the 9th Thermidor, year
2, a political coalition in the garden of Clichi, and afterwards at
the house of the deputy Delabaie. This party was overthrowTi on
the 18th Fructidor, year 5, by the directory.
Companies of Jesus and of the Sun. Associations of young persons
who were accused after the 9th Thermidor, year 2, of persecuting,
and even of assassinating the Terrorists at Lyon, at Marseille, and
principally in the south of France, through a spirit of revenge or
re-action.
Counter-Revolution.vry. Enemy of the revolution, Aristocrator
Royalist.
Cordeliers. A demagogical faction which had forraed, in the
church of the Cordeliers, in 1793, a society to rival the Jacobins,
and which was overthrown by Robespierre. See Hebert, Chau
mette, Desmoulins, and Danton.
Dantonists. Partisans of Danton, who were overthrown with their
chief, and the party denominated the Cordeliers, by that of
Robespierre.
Federalists, Girondins, Brissotins, or Moderates. The par
tisans of Robespierre gave tliis name to those, who, wishing to de
liver the convention from the yoke ofthe commune of Paris, vainly
endeavoured, at the epoch of the Slst May, 1793, to separate some
departments from the capital and to fijrm a federative republic.
5ee Brissot, Vergniaud, and Guadet.
Feuillans. A political coalition of the moderate party, opposed to
that of the Jacobins, which took place at the termination ofthe con
stituent assembly, and during the legislative session, in the site of
the old convent ofthe Feuillans,
Fructidorized. Proscribed by the law of deportation of the 19th
Fructidor, year 5, against the Clichian party.
Girondins, Federalists, or Brissotins. A party which was over
thrown by the Mountain, at the epoch of the 31st May, 1793, and
the principal chiefs of which were Deputies from La Gironde.
Hebertists, Partisans of Hebert, whom Robespierre caused to be
condemned to death. See that name.
Jacobin, a member of the first popular and revolutionary society
which was formed on the comraencement of the revolution, in the
ancient convent of the Jacobins, where the most violent men of the
demagogical party continued to meet until after the Sth Thermidor,
year 2. They resumed tlieir sittings, for a momentary period, in
1799, after tlie SOth Prairial, in the hall called the Manage.
Manege. 5ee the above. Tlie constituent, legislative, and conven
tional assemblies, have also lield their sittings in the same hall.
Marsh, (the), the Plain, or, the Belly: the party least
elevated in the session-hall of ihe legislative and conventional
assemblies; where used to sit the least violent members, who
fluctuated between the two parties, and who were often called lhe
toads of the marsh.

Xl
MaraTists. Partisans tff JMlara/. <$ee that name.
Moderates, Federalists, Girondins, or Brissotins, who vainly
attempted to piake their raoderation prevail over the exaggeration
of the Mountain, and were overthrown on the Slst of May,
1793.
Mountain, Mountaineers. This name was given to the most
violent members of the revolutionary party in the legislative and
conventional assemblies, because it was tlieir custom to sit on the
highest rows of benches in the hall, which were denominated the
Mountain.
Orleanists, Partisans of the Duke of Orleans. 5ee that name.
Reaction, Reactor,' or Reactionary. The party which was the
victim ofthe reign ofterror, and opposed to the Jacobins, avenged
itself" on them by excesses and even assassinations, after thc 9th
Thermidor, year 2 ; this was called reaction.
Revolutionists. Partisans of the Jievolution, frora lhe period of
1789. f The partisans of monarchy, and of moderate prin-
j ciples in the constituent, legislative, and conventional
Right Side. J assembly, were accustomed to sit on the right side of
Left Sibe. i the presideut ; and the partisans of the revolution and
j of the raost exaggerated principles constantly sat on
I the left side.
Sans Culottes. A denomination given by derision, from thevery
comraencement of the revolution, to the ringleaders of the people,
who afterwards gloried in it.
Septembrisers. Authors of the massacres executed in the prisons o£
Paris on the 2d and 3d of September, 1792. See next page.
Sworn Priest, one who has taken tbe oath of submission to the va
rious laws of the revolution, concerning the clergy and religion.
Unsworn or Refractory Priest, one who has refused the above oath.
Theophilanthropists. Sectaries of a sort of Deism, whose chief was
the director Lareveillere ; he established their worship in 1797,
1798, and 1799, in the churches consecrated to Catholicism.
Terrorists, Maratists, or Robespierrists. Partisans -of fhe
reign of terror.
Thermidorians. Partisans of the Revolution of the 9th Thermidor,
year 2, (1794,) which overthrew Robespierre and the Mountain
Party.
Vendeans. Inhabitants of the department of La Vendee and of
other departments adjoining, where broke out the royalist and
religious insurrection of 1793, 1794, and 1795.
Vendemiarists, Partisans of the sections of Paris, who, in Vende
miaire, year 4, having attacked the convention and tlie terrorists,
were defeated. Most of their chiefs, accused of royalism, were
condemned to death through contumacy.
REMARKABLE DAYS IN THE REVOLUTIONS OF
FRANCE.
14th July, 1789. — First insurrection of the populace of Paris against
the Court; taking of the Bastille.

Sth and 6th OcTOBEE, 1789.— Attack oh the castle of Versailles by
the populace of Paris, who killed some body-guards in the apart
ments of the King and Queen, and brought the Royal Family to
Psris*
20th June, 1792. A similar attack on the castle of the Tuileries, in
habited by Louis XVI. on whose head they placed the red cap.
10th August, 1792. A fresh auack on the castle of the Tuileries ;
massacre of Louis XVI.'s guard ; deposal and imprisonment of that
prince.
2d and 3d September, 1793.— Throat-cuttings by the populace in
the prisons of Paris, of persons detained there, belonging to the
anti-revolutionary party. ^
31st May, 1793.— Triumph ofthe Mountain, or Robespierre s party,
aided by the commune of Paris, against the Gironde or moderate
party of the Convention.
9th Thermidor, year 2 (27th July, 1794.)— Fall and death of Robes
pierre and of the members ofthe commune.
12th Germinal, year 3 (1st April, 1795). — Attempt ofthe populace
of the suburbs, aimed by the Jacobins against the majority of the
Convention,
1st, 3d, and 4th Prairial (22d and 23d May, 1795.)-^The same
attempt, and the assassination of the Deputy, Ferraud.
13th Vendemiaire, year 4 (18th October, 1795.) — Attack on the
Convention and the Terrorists by the Parisians.
18th Fructidor, year 5 (4th September, 1797.)— Dissolution of the
Legislative Body by the troops of the Directory ; fall of the Clichian
party. '
30th Prairial, year 7 (18th June, 1799.) — Fall of the Directors
Merlin, Lareveillere, and Rewbell, overthrown bythe Demagogical
or Anarchical party ofthe Councils.
18th Brumaire, year 8 (9th November, 1799.) — Triuraph of Gene
ral Bonaparte over the Councils ; Consular constitution.
3d Nivose, year 9 (24th December, 1800.) — Attempt against the
life of the First Consul Bonaparte, executed by raeans of a cask full
of preparations, called the Infernal Machine.
LAWS AND ACTS OFTEN MENTIONED.
Protest of the 12th and 15th S: pt. 1791, signed by a part of the
members of the right side, against the innovations of the Consti
tuent Assembly.
 ¦ — ofthe 3d June, 1793, against the revolution of the Slst of
May, same year.
Law of the 3d Brumaire, year 4. — It excluded the ci-devant nobles
and the relations of emigrants from the public functions.
Law of the 4th Brumaire, year 4. — It granted an amnesty for all
the crimes of the revolution.
Decree ofthe 2d and 3d Fructidor, year 3, fbr the re-ekction of thc
two-thirds of the Convention.

MODERN BIOGRAPHY.

Adelaide (Madame) de France, eldest daugh
ter of Louis XV. aunt of Louis XVI. The market
women Iiaving learnt in the beginning of the year
1791, that she had desired permission to quit the
kingdom, came to Bellevue, where she resided, and
entreated her not to abandon the king. She returned
an evasive answer, and at ten o'clock in the evening
of the 19th of February, departed with her sister,
Madame Victoria. Tliey were arrested by order of
the municipality of Moret, who compelled them to
avvait the decision of the national assembly, though
they were furnished with an attestation in which the
king declared them to be his aunts, and with a de
cree ofthe municipality of Paris, importing that they
(Uke all other French) had a right to travel through
the kingdora. A detachment from the regiment of
Chasseurs de Hainault by main force obtained their
release, but again at Arnay-le-Duc,they were arrested,
and the positive orders of the king and the national
assembly were necessary to procure them leave to
continue their journey. They then retired to Rome,
where they fixed their residence; but in 1799 the
invasion of the Frencli compelled them to quit that
city and withdraw to Trieste.
ADET (PiERR Auguste) a physician of the
faculty of Paris, and forty-one years of age. After
having been, in 1793, adjunct of the minister of
VOL. L B

2 ADET.
the raarine, he went in the course ofthe year (1794)
as French resident at Geneva, where he gained the
esteera of all the citizens ; then to Genoa, and after
wards to the United States of Araerica, in quality of
rainister plenipotentiary. In January, 1796, he pre
sented to the congress, frora the French nation, a tri-
coloured banner, a decree for sending which Merlin
de Douai had obtained on the Sth of Frimaire, year
3 (28th of November, 1795.) This banner was re
ceived as the pledge of a faithful friendship, and de
posited in the archives. Adet was recalled to France
on the 12th of Ventose, year 4 (4th ofMarch, 1796,)
but the directory being unable to find a person pro
per to succeed him, he requested that his place raight
be continued to him, which was granted. On the 28th
of October in the same year, (5th of brumaire, year
5) he transmitted to the secretary of the United
States an official note, in which he related to him the
directory's decree of the 29th of June preceding (llth
of Messidor, year 4) importing that the flag of the re
public would treat the neutral flag as the latter should
suffer itself to be treated by the English. At the end
of this declaration was a long Ust of the injuries said
to have been committed by the American govern
raent. The United States proved that the treaty of
1778 was in formal opposition to the notification of
the directory. On the 16th of November following,
(24th of Brumaire) the envoy published a notice, by
which he gave warning that, as he was suspended
frora his functions of rainister plenipotentiary, the
deraands to be raade upon the republic must thence
forward be addressed to the consul-general, or to the
particular consuls. Returning to France in conse
quence of his recal, the new directory, formed at the
, end of the year 7, appointed hira, in the raonth of
Fructidor (August 1799) coraraissioner to St. Dorain
go with Freron and Fauchet, but he refused this
place a few days after his noraination. The revolu
tion of the 18th of Brumaire opened the legislative
career to hira, by raaking hira a raeraber of the tri-

ADMIRAL. 5
bunate. In Ventose, year 8 (end of May, 1800,) he
presented there a report on naval captures and on
cruizing, in which he established that the right of
directing it by rules, ought to belong to government
alone. A few days after, he was appointed raera
ber of the committee of inspectors, and afterwards
proposed to suspend the (execution of engagements
contracted for the requisition of property in the co
lonies, which should have been afterwards laid waste
by the events ofthe revolution. On^fhe 22d of No
vember (Friraaire, year 9) he was elected secretary to
the tribunate. In March, 1803, he quitted that body
to go to the prefecture of Nievre. Adet is an excel
lent cheraist ? the method of chemical nomenclature,
proposed by Lavoisier, was written by him ; he
translated the Treatise on the Theory of the-Cure of
Ulcers. There are also several essays on chemistry
by him.
ADMIRAL (Henri) formerly a servant in the house
ofthe rainister Bertin, afterwards a commissioner of
the lottery at Brussels. On the night of the 22d of
May, 1794 (3 Prairial, year 2) he attacked Collot
d'Herbois, and twice fired a pistol at him, with
a violent explosion. Geoffroi, the locksmith, pur
sued him with the guard, and bursting open the
door of the chamber to which he had retired, seized
his person. Admiral, when interrogated, declared
" that his intention was to destroy Collot d'Herbois
and Robespierre, that for three days he had been
seeking an opportunity to kill the latter ; and that he
was afilicted at his failure, because he should have
saved the republic, delivered France, and becorae
hiraself an object of admiration and regret to the
universe." Barrere and Couthon represented this
attempt to the convention, as the result of a vast
conspiracy directed against the deputies of the peo
ple : and Elie Lacoste, at the meeting on the 10th of
June following, enlarged on this assertion, in a me
niorial expressly fabricated in the name of the com
mittee of general safety. He represented Adrairal
B 2

4. ADMIRAL.
and a girl named Renaud, as the agents of the foreign
faction, who were scheming the overthrow of the re
public, under thedirection ofthe Baron de Batz. A
decree was in consequence passed, ordering the revo
lutionary tribunal to try them without delay, together
with 52 other individuals, among whom were the two
Sombreuils, Sartine, Madame St. Amarauthe,. and se
veral agents of the police, all declared to belong to
this faction, either as accomplices or as instruments.
" How many brave citizens suffering by my means,"
was his exclamation on seeing them ! " This was
the only sorrow that could have reached me, but it
is an acute one." Then turning to Fouquier Tinville :
" Does the devil inspire you," said he, " to accuse
all these people of being my accomplices. I have
never either seen or known them." He protested
that he had alone conceived his project, and after his
trial he sang out in a loud voice —
Plut6t la mort que I'esclavage !
C'est la devise des Fran§ais.
Death rather than slavery, is the motto of the
French. A raan condemned to the gallies for theft
was put into his dungeon with injunctions to sift him.
Nothing could be drawn from hitn except that he
had wished to serve his country. He was con
demned to die on the 17th of June, 1794, and whUe
raarching to the place of execution, he said to the
girl named Renaud, who like him was to suffer for
having atterapted to kill Robespierre: " You wanted
to see a tyrant, did you not ? You needed only to
have gone to the convention, you might have seen
every sort." The fiftyrfour sufferers were executed
in twenty-eight minutes, the scaffold was erected at
the Carrier du Trone, in the suburb of St. Antoine,
and the last who ascended it was Adrairal, who had
been covered with a red shirt, and who to the end
maintained a firm unvarying deportment. He was a
short, but rauscular man ; his behaviour was austere

AFFRY. 5
to excess, and he did not appear to have received a
careful education. He was born at Auzolet, depart
ment of Puy-de-D6me, and at the time of his death
was 50 years of age.
AFFRY (Le Comte d') colonel of the French
king's regiment of Swiss guards, knight of his orders,
lieutenant-general of his arms, invested with the great
cross of the order of St. Louis, entered very young '
into the service, and at the time of the revolution was
placed at the head of one ofthe two regiments charged
with the guard of the king. More fortunate than the
colonel of the French guards, he retained his raen
uncorrupted in the midst of temptation, and on the
5th and 6th of October, 1789, rendered important
services to Louis XVI. ; but, weakened by age, and
with abilities very unequal to a situation so delicate,
at a period so trying, M. d'Affry, ill advised, and
moreover almost abandoned by the cantons, which
were then divided with regard to the method of act
ing towards France, soon ceased to oppose the views
ofthe party adverse to the court. At the time ofthe
king's departure for Varennes he took from Du
mourier thfe honour of first offering to serve the na
tional assembly against the monarch. After that
time, neglected by the court, though invested with
the iraportant command of the interior, and little
regarded by the enemies of that court, he took but a
very small part in the great events which overturned
the monarchy; he was nevertheless arrested onthe
10th of August, and conveyed to the prisons of the
Abbaye, where hewas at the time ofthe raassacres in
Septeraber. He was spared in those terrible execu
tions, and, forgotten or despised by Robespierre, died
in his bed in 1 793, broken-hearted for the loss ofhis son,
who was killed in the Tuileries on the 10th of Au
gust, 17921. The Corated'Affry was unjustly accused
of having appeared as a prosecutor and witness
against the queen on her trial. He was a honorary
raeraber of several acaderaies, and' is of the same fa
mily as M. d'Affry, wbo, in 1803, was named grand

6 AIGUILLON.
Landamann of the Helvetic republic; previously to
the revolution he was a major-general in the service
AIGUILLON (Armand Vignerot Duplessis-
RlCHELlEU, Duke of,) peer of France, colonel of the
royal Polish regiment of cavalry, commander of the
light-horse of the king's guards. In 1789 he was
deputed by the noblesse of Agen to the states-general,
and at the sitting of the 25th June, he was one of the
minority of the noblesse, who joined the tiers-etat.
In the celebrated sitting during the night of the 4th
August, he was the second who called on the nobles
to give up their privileges. The royalists accused
hira of having been one of the persons, who, in the
disguise of women, stirred up the insurrection which
took place in the night betvveen the 5th and 6th Oc
tober, 1789. The inquiries instituted by the Chate
let on this occasion, have afforded no legal proof of
this charge, which in the depositions of the various
witnesses, is almost always spoken of as hear-say.
For his part, he repelled the charges brought against
him, in letters inserted in the journals. On the 4th
of August he and the Duke of Liancourt had given
to the agents of the revolutionary party, a suraptuous
entertainraent. He was a member of the committees
of verification and liquidation, and of the central
coraraittee for inspecting the hall. He presented to
the tribune some works on finance, and amongst
others a report made in the sitting of the 3d of August,
on the state of receipts and expenditure, frora which
it appeared, that the latter exceeded the former to the
amount of 30 raiUions, 800,000 livres. A short tirae
afterwards he wished to invest the legislative body
with the power of appointing to offices, and raoved
that no one should be deprived without a previous
trial. On the 4th of January, 1790, he was chosen se
cretary to the assembly. On the 15th of April he
delivered his opinion in favour of the issuing of assig
nats. On the 15th of the foUowing month. May,
when Spain was arming against England, in which

' AIGUILLON. 7
armament the court appeared determined to take an-
active part, he declared loudly against war, which
he terraed a snare laid by ministers for the constitu
tion, and ably exposed the dangers to which a free
state is exposed by a warUke and victorious king ; he
therefore raoved, that the assembly should begin by
deciding, whether the right of making war and peace
should belong to the legislative body or to the king,
and in the discussion which followed he was on that
side which demanded that this right should belong
to the nation. In the evening-sitting of the 7th De
ceraber, after the reading of a letter frora the rauni
cipality of Moret, announcing that they had in vain
endeavoured to oppose the departure of mesdaraes,
the king's aunts, and that they had been obliged to
yield to force, the Duke d' Aiguillon raoved, that the
war-rainister should be suraraoned to inquire whe
ther he had received orders to furnish raesdaraes with
an escort : " In this case," continued the duke, •? I
denounce hira as guilty of a heinous crirae ; and as
having violated the constitution." A few days after,
in consequence of this transaction, he raoved for a
law relative to the residence of the royal faraily. At
the tirae of the flight of Louis XVI. it was he who
delivered to the asserably the Duke d'Auraont's let
ter, declaratory of his devotion to them. On the
13th of August he again brought forward the raotion
formerly made for a decree, which should jender the
king and the presuraptive heir of the crown incapa
ble of commanding the national armies. In the be
ginning of the year 1792, he succeeded Gen. Custinies
in the comraand ofthe army employed in the defiles
of Porentrui. He remained with this array till after
the 10th of August. At that tirae a letter, which he
had written to Barnave, in- which the asserably was
charged with usurpation, having been intercepted, led
to a decree of accusation against hira: he left France,
and was accused by Ach. Viard of being a raeraber
of a club of eraigrants in London, who were intrigu-

8 ALBERT DE RIOMS.
ing against France, a charge which he denied by a
letter inserted in the Moniteur at the commencement
of 1793. After rendering himself conspicuous by
the sentiments which he delivered against the king,
it is not vvithout astonishraent that we see him bring
a charge of usurpation against the asserably which
overturned the throne. To explain this inconsistency,
it is said, that private resentment against the queen
had thrown d' Aiguillon into the democratic party, in
which inferiority of talents did not allow him to act
a principal character. It is added, that his patriotism,
whatever might have been its origin and motive, to
taUy expired when it became necessary to apply the
principles of the constitution to the colonies.
ALBERT DE RIOMS (Le Comte d') general
officer of the French marine ; he coramanded in the
port of Toulon in 1789. Two carpenters having dis
obeyed the orders which he had given to all the
workmen of the arsenel, not to wear the tri-co-
loured cockade ; and not to inlist in the national
guard, he had them arrested. This act of rigour ex
cited a considerable insurrection ; the troops of the
Une refused to defend M. d'Albert; he was arrested
by the insurgents, and imprisoned with M. M. de
Castellet and de Villages. M. de Rioms published a
letter justifying his conduct, and deraanded to be ad
raitted to the bar of the national assembly, which de
creed, a few days after, that there was no cause for
accusation, and had him released with circumstances
honourable to him. He was called by decree to the
federation ofthe 14th of July, 1790, to take the civic
oath there, in the name of the squadron of vvhich he
had received ^the command, but the publication of
the penal code having occasioned a mutiny among
the crews, Albert de Rioras, discontented at the little
success of his efforts to restore order, gave in his re
signation the sarae raonth, although a decree had
approved his conduct. He afterwards went to Co
blentz, to the brothers of Louis XVI. and served in

albitte. 9
the carapaign of 1792, under those princes, in the
corps forraed of naval officers : he afterwards retired
into Dalmatia.
ALBITTE, the elder, (Ant.-Louis) a lawyer of
Dieppe. He was very young at the comraencement
of the revolution ; he had studied for the bar, but
had not yet any fixed profession. On account of
his deraocratical opinions he was named, in Septem
ber, 1791, deputy ofthe department of Seine Inferi
eure in the legislative assembly, and busied himself
much in this session with details of military organi
zation. In January, 1792, he unsuccessfully op
posed, as dangerous to liberty, a scheme for augment
ing the gendarmerie. He afterwards accused the
rainisters, Bertrand and Narbonne, warmly recom
mended sequestering the property of the emigrants,
and defended the minister Roland, when attacked
respecting the escape of the prisoners of Avignon.
On the evening of the second of May, a deputation
came to the bar to accuse the generals of treason, on
account of the defeat sustained in the first battle near
Tournay; some ministerial deputies had cried out,
"Drive away these rascals!" Albitte desired the
president's leave to speak, and a great tumult ensued,
in which he was called to order. At the meeting on
the evening ofthe 9th of May, he obtained the re
appointment ofthe lieutenants of artillery; vainly
demanded, on the following days, that the soldiery
might have more influence in the forraation of coun
cils of war, and that the generals might not have the
power of making regulations. On the llth of July,
he moved for the demolition of all the fortifications
of the towns in the interior. On the llth of August
he, in concert with Sers, procured a decree for over
turning the statues of the kings, and suppilying their
places with statues of Liberty. In September follow
ing he was sent with Lecointre into the departraent
Qf;Seine Inferieure, in quality of commissioner. He
there disarmed all suspected persons, and banished
all priests wbo refused to take the oaths. His em-

10 ALBITTE.
ployers kept him in the new legislative career, which
opened with the convocation of the national conven
tion, on the 22d of September, 1792. At the meet
ing on the 27th, he gave in an account of his mission,
called for several reforras, among others the reduction
of ecclesiastical incoraes and the sale of the estates of
eraigrants. In consequence of the divisions which
began to break out between the Girondins and the
Montagnards, a decree had been called for, purport
ing that the priraary asserablies should retain the right
of recalUng the deputies who had betrayed the cause of
the people ; Albitte contributed to the repeal of this
decree. The ex-rainister, Narbonne, whom he had
frequently accused, designated hira, in his turn, as
one of the deputies to whora he had caused suras of
money to be distributed, in order to attach them to
the party of the court. Albitte, at the raeeting of the
21st of Deceraber, opposed the grant to Louis XVI.
of perraission to choose his own councU, and, about
a raonth afterwards, he voted for inflicting; on him
the punishraent of death. In the debates which pre
ceded this judgraent, the Girondins protested against
the expulsion of the Bourbons, and especially ofthe
Duke of Orleans; Albitte, in reprisal, demanded that
the ostracism raight be extended to Roland : this was
giving him a sort of importance, of which, however,
this rainister was in the end the victira. A few days
after, Albitte defended the battalions Le Mauconseil
and Le Republicain, which had raassacred some de
serters frora the enemy, on the presumption of their
being eraigrants. On the 23d of March, he obtained
a decree that all eraigrants, whether armed or un
armed, who were found in countries invaded by the
French, should be treated in the same raanner, and
he solicited a scrutiny of the conduct of the generals.
He was commissary, with Dubois-Crance, to the
array which besieged Lyons, under the orders of
Kellerraann, and, on the 25th of August, he went,
with the sarae title, to the array of Cartaux, to sub
due the insurgents of the south. Marseilles, Toulon,

ALBITTE. 11
Savoy, the county of Nice, were by turns the theatre
of his revolutionary operations. He presided with
Collot d'Herbois over the methodized deraolition of
the city of Lyons, and, to use the expression of the
limes, rendered terror the order of the day there. On
the 12th of January, 1794 (23d of Nivose, in the year
2) he caused the kings of England, Spain, Prussia,
Sardinia, the emperor of Austria, the pope, and Mr.
Pitt, to be guillotined in effigy, and the city of Tou
lon to be burned under the figure of a woman. On
his return from this mission, he caused General Bru-
net to be sent to the revolutionary tribunal. A short
time after, he was again sent into the departments of
Mont Blanc and Ain, where he harassed the people
to the extent of his power, and it was not long be
fore coraplaints against his raission were sent up by
the inhabitants of these departraents. He was ac
cused of having associated with himself, in the ex
ercise of his power, his servant, who was afterwards
condemned to fetters for twenty years; of having
committed to his subaltern agents the execution of
his revenge, whilst he gave hiraself up to luxury and
voluptuousness. He sent to the Jacobins of Paris a list
of the priests of the departraents of Ain and Mont-
Blanc, who had laid aside the clerical character, and
deraanded to be recognised a member of the society,
though absent : this exception was made in his
favour. He also solicited from the corporation of
Paris the adoption of .his resolutions. On his return
he proposed taking efficacious measures for the safety
of letters, since those of the Jacobins were no longer
delivered in the arraies. In the beginning of the
year 3, he made a complaint to" the convention, and
to the Jacobins, of the system of denunciation which
was forming against the deputies. He supported the
decree proposed by Chenier, relative to decades, and
solicited, but without success, the speedy execution
of it : Bailleul procured the adjournment of it to the
19th of Floreal foUowing (the Sth of May, 1795).
The administrators of the district of Bourg sent up a

m ALFIERI.
long denunciation against hira and his coUeagues in
raission, which was referred to the examination of
the coraraittees. At the time of the insurrection of
the first of Prairial (the 20th of May, 1795) Delahaye
and Vernier accused him of being one of the authors
of this rising, and Tallien obtained a decree for his
arrest. He was afterwards accused, together with
Bourbotte, Soubrany, and others; but he contrived
to save himself by'flight from the execution of the
decree, and was declared conturaacious by the raili
tary commission which condemned his coUeagues.
He appeared again, at the tirae of the amnesty
granted on the Uth of Brumaire, in the year 4, to
persons condemned for political offences. The di
rectory then appointed him raayor of Dieppe, and
afterwards sent for him to Paris to support the direc
torial cause : after the 18th of Bruraaire, he was no
minated sub-inspector ofthe reviews.
ALFIERI (Count Vittorio) is considered, with
reason, the best draraatic writer, not^ only of Italy,
but of modern Europe. He at first distinguished
himself by his republicanism, and by an ardent zeal
for the French revolution; but seeing the excesses
which were the consequences of it, his fondness soon
changed into hatred. His ardent passion for the
princess of Schoraberg, the wife of the last prince of
the house of Stuart, had some reserablance to that of
Petrarch for the beautiful Laura. Like the poet of
Vaucluse, he sung the idol ofhis heart, but in strains
more manly, more elevated, and less Platonic. He
was banished from Rome on account of his raging
passion, and thence arose his hatred to Rome and to
priests, a hatred which he vented in some satirical
poems. He at last received the reward of his con
stancy and love, by obtaining her whora he had ne
ver ceased to adore, and who, when set at liberty by
the death of her husband, bestowed her hand on Al-
fieri. It has been asserted, that in spite of his aver
sion frora the French, Alfieri reraained fi.rra in the
same way of thinking ; but it must be observed, that

ALFIERI. IS
this opinion is contrary to that which Alfieri wished
to convey of hiraself. In August, 1792, he left
France, where he had reraained .from the beginning
of the revolution, publicly disavowed the principles
which he had professed, and resolved to lose the pro
perty that he had acquired in France, rather than
appear to maintain them any longer. His furniture,
his papers, and his books, were accordingly seques
tered, and sold at Paris in 1793. He moreover, in
1794, declared in the gazette of Tuscany, that he
acknowledged as his works only America Free, Vir
tue Misunderstood, the Panegyric on Trajan, and his
tragedies. The cause of this advertisement was, that
having left at Paris many papers which must have
been confiscated or sold, it might happen that works
which were not his, or which had been considerably
altered, would be brought out there under his name,
through some bookselling speculation. He thereby
expressly excluded frora the number of his works the
poem of Etruri a Avenged, the Book of Tyranny, the
Prince, and the Letters. It is however certain that
he hiraself had thera printed at Kell, and that
there is still a sraall nuraber of copies extant: thus,
the sentence of reprobation which he pronounces
against thera, can be taken only for the expression of
regret at having written thera. The Book of Tyran
ny was translated in France, and printed by Molini,
the bookseller, but without success. He himself got
his whole collection of plays printed by Didot. In
1802, Petitot published a translation of them in four
volumes, and added to it some judicious reflections on
the forras given to the ItaUan tragedy by Alfieri.
Notwithstanding its weak parts, this collection is a
mine which some new authors have frequently work
ed. His loftiness, his anxious search for fordible
thoughts, sometimes render him obscure; in general
his beauties, as well as his faults, announce that he
obeys the inspiration of nature, and neglects the po
lish of perfection which great masters owe to the
assistance of labour and art. In September, 1802,
his blliJt waa n]anfA in flio linll Qf ^J^g aCadcmV Of

14 AMAR.
history and the fine arts at Turin. The acaderaiciaii
Grasf5i accompanied the ceremony of this inaugura
tion with the reading of an ode. AlfieVi died at Pisa,
in October 1803, at 60 years of age. It is said that
the Countess d' Albani, with whom he lived for a long
time in great intimacy, is left in possession of several
of his unedited works.
AMAR, a barrister in the court of Grenoble. In Sep
tember, 17! 2, he was appointed deputy of the depart
ment of Isere to the National Convention, where he im
mediately declared himself by denouncing the machi-
nationsof thearistocracy of Bas-Rhin, and by opposing
Lanjuinais, who was disputing in the convention the
right of judging Louis XVI. Araar asserted, that as
the question was only to pronounce on the public fact
of tyranny, the convention alone was competent to
it : at the period of the judgment, he voted for death.
His connection with the raost violent chiefs of the
Montagnards gave him a certain influence in the con
vention. In 1793, he was deputed with Merlino on
a mission into the departraent of Ain, whence accu
sations of every kind were afterwards sent up against
him. On the 19th of May, petitioners from this
department came to coraplain of atrocious acts of
oppression, which they iraputed to these two com
missioners : amongst many unjust arrests, they parti
cularized that of a woman who had been iraprisoned
for having maintained a correspondence with her
emigrant son, while they protested that she had never
had any children. On, the 29th, other petitioners
frora the sarae departraent carae to remonstrate
against the imprisonment of 500 citizens. Notwith
standing these accusations, Amar was nominated, on
the Sth of August, secretary to the convention : a
short tirae after, he deraanded that the aristocrats and
the suspected persons might be imprisoned till there
was a peace, inveighed earnestly against the conduct
of Kellerraann in Mont-Blanc, and endeavoured to
prevail on the convention to conderan hira to lose his
head. Having been admitted, on the 14th of Sep
tember following, into the coraraittee of pubUc safety.

AMAR, 15
he becarae one of its habitual reporters, and the usual
adviser of raeasures of arrest. On the 3d of October,
in the sarae year, he raade the faraous report
on the faction of Brissot. In consequence of this
declaration, in which he detailed the raethods taken
by this faction to maintain royalty, as he said, and
to destroy the republic, forty-six raerabers were
raarked for accusation, on suspicion of a conspiracy :
seventy-three were put under arrest. Araar had been
one of the first and raost veheraent opponents of the
party of the Gironde. He successively deraanded the
accusation of Buzot, and the iraprisonraent of depu
ties who had not raade their escape, obtained the
arrest of Mainvielle and Duprat the younger, and
demanded that of Lecointre Puyraveau, Bourdon de
rOise, who afterwards persecuted with so rauch ani
mosity the remnant ofthe Montagne, then reproached
him keenly with not having insisted sufficiently in his
work, on the intrigues of the Girondins to get the
elections into their hands. Amar received the obser
vation with pleasure, and proraised to make it the
subject of an additional correction in his report. At
the meeting of the 9th of Brumaire, in the year 2,
(the SOth of October, 1793), he obtained a decree for
the suppression of the political societies and clubs of
women, and for the publicity of the meetings of po
pular societies. After having announced the arrest
of Chabot, Bazire, Fabre d'Eglantine, &c. he de
clared that the report of the coraraittee could not yet
appear, arid opposed provisionally the grant to their
friends among the deputies of permission to visit them
in the Luxembourg. This intelligence was quickly
followed by the news ofthe arrest of the two Rabauds,
executed by Araar hiraself; he promised at the sarae
tirae to take measures for repressing the writers of the
daily papers. Araar, injuring so raany individuals,
could not want eneraies : and indeed Hebert accused
him to the Cordeliers of aristocracy, reproached hira
with being sprung frora the cast of nobles, and with
holding back the report against the conspirators. In

16 AMAR.
speaking thus, Hebert was paving his own way to
the scaffold. It was on the 19th of Nivose following
(the 18th of January, 1794), that Amar presented this
report, which had been for sorae time delayed, against
the deputies named above. It tended to establish
that Delaunay d'Angers, Chabot, Bazire, and Julian
de Toulouse, had sought to enrich themselves at the
expense of the republic ; that the decree which was
to regulate and secure the interests of the nation, in
the accounts to be given in by the India Company,
had been falsified, and that this falsification was prin
cipally the work of Fabre d'Eglantine, who had
nevertheless opposed, as too favourable to this same
company, the schemes for decrees presented in this
affair by Delaunay d'Angers. This report was fol
lowed by the citation of the accused persons to the
revolutionary tribunal, which pronounced their con
demnation. On the 15th of Germinal (the 4th of
April, 1795) he was appointed president of the con
vention, and in this quaUty proclaimed the titles of
J. J. Rousseau to the honours of the Pantheon. On
the Sth of Thermidor (the 25th of July) seeing that
Robespierre wished to effect the destruction of the
merabers ofthe committees, he joined himself to the
other deputies whora the tyrant menaced, and called
upon him to make his accusations in distinct terras.
Notwithstanding this, Lecointre de VersaiUes, at the
raeeting of the 1 1th of Fructidor (the 28th of August),
denounced Araar as an accoraplice of Robespierre;
but he, without being alarmed, solicited and obtained
a decree which declared that he had conducted him
self in a manner conforraable to the national desire.
He afterwards defended the raembers of the ancient
committee of public safety, who having been con
demned to banishraent on the day of the 12th of
Germinal, in the year 5 (the 1st of April, 1795), in
volved their defenders in their ruin. Araar was ar
rested and conducted to the Castle of Hara. Hav
ing recovered his liberty by an aranesty, he led a very
obscure life, from which the directory drew hira forth

anckarstrom. 17
to place hira araongst the accoraplices in the con
spiracy of Drouet and Baboeuf. ^raar at first escaped
all search, and was at last arrested in the house next
to that whither he had forraerly gone hiraself to seize,
' in the raost odious raanner, his coUeague Rabaud de
St. Etienne. He was then transferred to Vendorae,
before the high court of the nation which acquitted
hira, though the national accuser had thought his
conduct guilty at least of imprudence; but he was
sent before the tribunal of the Seine to undergo the
sentence of the law of the 22d of Floreal, which ba
nished from Paris several ex-conventionalists. Amar
supported at Vendorae the character and the princi
ples which he had displayed in the convention, and
he went so far as to make a defence of his political
conduct as a member of the revolutionary govern
ment. At the time of the revolution of the 18th of
Fructidor, Merlin de Thionville, who had often sup
ported his motions in the convention, deraanded, by
way of corapensation, that he, as well as some other
Jacobins, raight be added to the nuraber of those who
were banished on that day. Amar is naturally gloomy
and melancholy. The abbe Elie, canon of the ca
thedral of Grenoble, forraerly accused hira of having
endeavoured, with a pistol in his hand, to corapel him
to give absolution to one of his cousins whom he
(Araar) had seduced.
ANCKARSTROM (John Jacob), Swede. He
was of a noble, though not a very iUustrious family,
and served in the guards of the King of Sweden, with
the rank of captain ; but in consequence of miscon
duct he was dismissed the service, and banished to
Goethland. He endeavoured to raise an insurrection
araong the peasantry, but was unsuccessful. This
regicide, who was by nature glooray, restless, and
revengeftil, could not forget the treatment which he
had received ; and, though the king had granted him
his pardon, and even allowed him to return, his re
sentment continued so strong, that, on receiving
inforraation of a conspiracy, which was plotting by
VOL. I. C

18 ANDREOSSY.
some nobles, who were dissatisfied with the revo
lution brought abouLby that prince, he offered them
his services to poniard him. In the night between
the 16th and 17th of March, 1792, Gustavus hav
ing gone to a masked ball at the opera, in de
fiance of the warnings which had been given him of
tlie dangers to which he exposed himself, was sur
rounded by a great number of masks, and wounded
by a pistol-shot, which struck him between the right
hip and the spine of the back. The assassin had the
precaution to drop a second pistol and a kind of
poniard, with which he was. armed, and it was im
possible to distinguish hira in the crowd. \These
weapons were taken up and examined; the pistol
was loaded with one round and one square ball, a
quantity of small shot, and several nails. The knife
had a crooked point, and was owned by a cutler in
Stockholm, who declared that he had sold it a few
days before to captain Anckarstrom. In conse
quence of this information, the perpetrator was ar
rested on the ISth of March. He was several times
placed on the rack, and confessed his crime; but no
positive confessions could be extorted frora him,
which could throw any light on the conspiracy. He
was sentenced to stand for two hours in the piUory,
and to be whipped in the three public squares; the
instruments of his crime, and a bill, in which he was
proclaimed a regicide, suspended over his head;
lastly, to have his right hand and his head cut offi
This sentence was carried into execution on the
19th, 20th, 21st, and 22d of April, 1792. He bore
all these tortures with unshaken fortitude. A few ,
days after, in the hand which had been severed frora
the body, was found a note containing these words :
" Blessed be the hand which saved our country."
ANDREOSSY (Anthony Francis) general of
division of artiUery and fortification. He served with
distinction in Italy, during the carapaign of the year
4 (1796), when he was only coraraa;nder of a bat
talion of artiUery. On the 29th Messidor (18th of

ANDREOSSY. 19
July), at the siege of Mantua, he with five gun
boats made a feigned attack, in order to draw upon
hiraself the whole fire of the town, while the generals
Murat and Dalleraagne pressed on another quarter.
After he becarae general of brigade, he, on the 29th
Floreal, of the year 5 (19th of May, 1797), gave a
new proof of his intrepidity. Having been ordered
by Bonaparte to inform himself, whether the Lisonzo
were fordable, he threw himself into the river, and
passed and repassed it on foot. In Ventose, year 5
(March 98), the directory, who were making feign
ed preparations for a descent on England, appointed
him a commissioner to quicken them. Andreossy
accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt ; and frequent were
the praises bestowed on his talents in the reports of the
commander in chief. To him were intrusted several
scientific inquiries, to observe and describe various
important points, such as the road of Damietta, the
mouth of the Nile, the lake of Menzahle, the river
without water, the vales of Natron, &c. He was
amongst those who returned with Bonaparte to
France, where they arrived on the 9th of October,
1799 (17th Vendem. year 8), and who powerfully
supported him on the 18th of Brumaire, by acting as
chef of the etat major. Berthier afterwards placed
him at the head of a new division in the war-office,
to which he had been promoted, and which, under
the title of 4th division, comprehended thait part of
the administration which relates to artillery and for
tification. In addition to this office he was shortly
after appointed to the command of the artillery at
Strasburgh, and at last raised to the rank of general
of division. In August, 1800, towards the close' of
the year 8, he was appointed commander of Mentz.
Being now chief of the etat ma.jor of the Gallo-Bata-
vian army, he made a report of a bloody battle which
was fought on the 18th of the following December,
(27th Frimaire, year 9), between Lauff and N-urem-
berg, in which the enemy, though superior in num
bers, was repulsed. Oo the ,1,0th of August, 1801,
C2

20 ANTOINETTE DE LORRAINE.
(Therra. year 9), he was norainated director general
of the depot de la guerre. So many raarks of con
fidence, gained by the- abilities and talents of An- , ,
dreossy, have been crowned by the greatest of all,
in the choice which was raade of him by the con
sulate to fill the honourable and arduous duty of
Minister of France at the court of his Britannic
Majesty, after the peace coRcluded between the tvvo
states at Amiens. He was norainated to this em
bassy in June, 1802, (Prair, year 10), and conduct
ed himself with equal wisdora knd distinction tiU the
rupture of 1803, Andreossy is descended frora one
of the fraraers of the canal of Languedoc, He hira
self published in Sept. 1800, (Fructid, year 8), an
esteeraed work on this great raonuraent of the age of
Louis XIV. He has also written several raeraoirs
relative to Egypt, not less valuable for the novelty
than for the accuracy of the observations.
Appendix to the Memoirs of Andrkossy's Life.
In July, 1804, he was appointed grand officer of
the legion of honour, and went, in the foUowing
raonth, to preside over the elective college of the
departraent of Aube, which appointed hira candidate
to the preservative senate. At the tirae of the return
of hostilities, in Septeraber, 1805, he attended the
emperor into Germany, shared the glory and the
dangers of this carapaign, and reraained at Vienna
after the peace of Presburg, as minister plenipoten
tiary. He has a brother, a general of brigade, and
commandant of the legion of honour.
ANTOINETTE De Lorraine (Marie Antoi
nette Josephine Jeanne) archduchess of Aus
tria, daughter of the empress queen Maria Theresa,
and- sister of the emperors Joseph II. and Leopold
II. was born at Vienna in 1755, raarried on the
l6th of May, 1770, to Louis, dauphin of France;
and by his accession to the throne on the 10th of
May, 1774, becarae queen of France and Navarre,
and was crowned at Rheiras on the llth of June,
1775. When Marie Antoinette ascended the French

ANTOINETTE DE LORRAINE. 21
throne she begun by curtailing the cereraonial of the
court, and afterwards suffered herself to be led away
by her inclination to the elegance of private Ufe.
The interests of the house of Austria had in her a
strenuous supporter, and her conduct and raeasures
were prorapted by the Abbfe de Vermont, whom the
Duke de Choiseul had sent to Vienna before her
marriage, to give her a French education. This
man, who held the office of reader in the queen's
household, retained the greatest influence over her;
and it was through him that Cardinal de Brienne was
raised to the raitiistry. Marie Antoinette had drawn
around her a circle of chosen and intimate friends,
and had banished from her parties all ceremony and
restraint. Two celebrated favourites, Madame de
Lamballe and Madame de Polignac, contended for
her favour; the latter especially maintained a power
ful ascendancy over her raind. Long before the re
volution the innovating party had loaded her with
caluranies in paraphlets, and long had she been point
ed at as the mark for popular hatred. In 17S9 the
revolutionary partys accused her of having been the
instigator of those coercive measures taken agairist
the assembly, before the 14th of July, urged on by
the Prince de Lambesc and the Baron de Besenval,
who were just then looked on as her principal coun
sellors. Such was the violence of the prejudice
against her, that the furious mob, which hurried on
the 5th of Oct. to Versailles, sought above all things
to assassinate her ; and the wretches, forcing their
way into her apartraent where they expected to find
her in bed, plunged their weapons into the royal
couch : but thanks to the resistance of her guards,
the queen, avv^are of the danger which threatened
her, had had time to take refuge alraost naked in the
king's apartraent. After tranquiUity had been re
established, and the raurderers dispersed, she was
obUged to shew herself with her husband, and hold
ing the dauphin in her arms, she appeared at the
window, of the palace, where she was greeted with

22 ANTOINETTE DE LORRAINE.
enthusiastic applause. The Orlean's party were
suspected of a wish to put an end to her Ufe, and the
share they took in this day's events, seeras to set it
beyond a doubt. The Count d'Estaing, in a curious
letter which he addressed to her on this occasion,
predicted that the nobility and clergy would destroy
the crown, and advised her to attach herself sincerely
to La Fayette, who alone was capable of saving the
monai;ch and the raonarchy. When interrogated by
the president of the revolutionary tribunal, with
regard to the secret circumstances of this day, which
had witnessed almost at the same time her assassi
nation and her triumph, she replied : " I saw aU, I
heard all, and I have forgotten all." When, after
these terrible events, she was conducted to Paris
with the king, she received marks of the strongest
interest in her favour at the Tuileries, and seized that
opportunity to court popularity by immediately pro
mising to the indigent the restitution of their goods
pledged at the Mont de Piete : she received the na
tional assembly in a body, and presented the dauphin
to them ; a few days afterwards she sent relief to the
widow of a baker, named Fran9ois, who had been
killed in a tumult; the following year she several
times shewed herself to the people, and went to the
Enfans Trouves and the manufacture of the Gobelins.
On the 20th of June, 1791, she departed with the
king, but being arrested at Varennes, and brought
back to Paris, a decree assigned to her a special
guard, and ordered that she should be interro
gated respecting this flight. On the occasion of this
return frora Varennes, she found means to interest
in her cause the celebrated Barnave, one of the cora-
raissaries sent to bring back the fugitives in safety
to Paris. From the raonth of May, 1792, she was
pointed at in the journals, in the patriotic pamphlets,
and even in the legislative assembly, as the leader of
an Austrian committee, the existence of vvhich has
never been proved. On the 10th of August, 1792,
she took refuge with the king in the legislative as-

ANTOINETTE DE LORRAINE, 23
serably, but being iraprisoned in the Teraple, Chabot,
on the 13th, accused her of having ordered the Swiss
guards to fire on the people. At this period CoUart
du Trone delivered to the body 1500 louis, which, on
the loth of August, had been found in Marie An
toinette's secretary, together with a list written by
her own hand, containing the names of several emi
grants whom she recoraraended to Uer sister Maria
Christina, archduchess of Brabant. On the 15th the
assembly passed a decree, purporting that the king,
the queen, and the royal family, should serve as
hostages against the conspirators within and without
the kingdom. On the 6th of Dec. Bourbotte pro
posed to the national assembly, to prosecute Marie
Antoinette, but the proposal feU to the ground. On
the 4th of Jan. 1793, some of the inhabitants of the
town of Mi9on addressed to the convention a peti
tion for the trial of this princess; the town of Laval
sent one also in the same .spirit. After the execu
tion of Louis the XVIth Marie Antoinette made a
request for raourning for herself and children. On
the 27th of March and 10th of April following,
Robespierre proposed to have her brought before the
revolutionary tribunal ; on the 1 1th of July the com
mittee of public safety enjoined the mayor of Paris
to separate her frora her son ; and on the 1st of Au
gust the convention, in consequence of a report of
, Barrere, coraraanded that she should be brought be
fore the revolutionary tribunal, Fouquier Tinville
having protested against the act of accusation, Chas-
lier objected to its being raade an affair of the con
vention, on the ground that Marie Antoinette ought
to be treated only as a private individual. Barrei'e,
on the 5th of Sept, proposed her speedy execution
to those royalists who would have blood ; the body
corporate had her stripped of her ornaments and
rings, and the same day the Jacobins were called on
to give judgment. On the 3d of Oct. Billaud Va
rennes sent orders to the revolutionary tribunal to
take charge of that affair. On the 13th of Oct, 1.793,

24 ANTOINETTE DE LORRAINE.
Fouquier TinvUle desired her to prepare for her trial,
and on the Uth she appeared for the first time before
the revolutionary tribunal. Calmly she heard her
accusation and the facts alledged against her by
several witnesses, particularly Lecointre de VersaiUes
and Hebert, who accused her of having lavished in
cestuous caresses on her son. As she continued silent
the president called upon her, and she then answered,
that she had held her peace because nature forbade
a mother to reply to such a charge : " but since,"
said she, " I ara corapelled to it, I appeal to all the
mothers who hear rae, and ask them, whether it be
possible?" Garnerin deposed also, that she had or
dered raonopolies to starve the people. After the
depositions, Chauveau and Tronson Ducoudray, who
had been appointed her defenders, acquitted them
selves of this charge, which insuch circurastances was
a very dangerous one. Better perhaps would it have
been for the accused had she had no other advocates
than her innocence and her firra imposing demeanour ;
but her death was resolved on, and two days after
she was conderaned as " the instigatrix of the crimes
committed by the last tyrant of France; as having
herself maintained a correspondence with foreign pow^
ers, particularly with her brother the king of Bo
hemia and Hungary, with those emigrants who were
formerly French princes, and with perfidious gene
rals ; also as having furnished these' eneraies of the
republic with assistance in raoney, and conspired
with thera against the safety of the state. With an
unchanging countenance she heard her sentence pro
nounced, and left the hall without uttering a single
vi'ord, without addressing herself to the judges or to
the public, and was carried back to the Conciergirie,
and put into the cell appointed for the conderaned.
On the 2d of July preceding she had been removed
from the tower of the Teraple to the prisons 6f the
Conciergirie, and confined in a sort of dungeon,
where she at first found sorae relief in the huraanity
of her jailor. But not long did her persecutors per-

ANTOINETTE DE LORRAINE. 25
mit her to enjoy this consolation ; she Tvas thrown
into a dungeon where a gendarrae watched her night
and day, and where nothing but a screen sheltered
her frora the sight of the gendarrae when she took off
her clothes to pass the night on a decayed flock-bed.
At eleven o'clock in the morning she was taken to
execution in the same manner as the other victiras,
that is, on a cart with her hands bound, accorapa
nied by a constitutional priest in a lay-habit, and
escorted by nuraerous detachraents of gendarmerie.
After her condemnation she had taken aboijt five
hours' rest, and at the moment of final preparation
threw aside her mourning habit to put on an undress
of white quilting. As she passed along she seemed
to behold with indifference the people and the armed
force, who, to the number of more than forty thou
sand, doubly Uned the way. Her countenance ex
hibited no sign of dejection or despair, she appeared
to contemn the cries ofthe multitude, she spoke little
to her confessor, and refused to receive from hira the
last offices. When corae to the Place dela Revolution
her eyes turned towards tlie Tuileries, and then
strong raarks of agitation were seen on Uer face ; she
afterwards courageously ascended the scaffold, but
when the executioner tore off the cap which covered
her head, her colour faded, and all her blood rushing
to the heart, she becarae stupified, and probably un
conscious to the reraainder of her sufferings. The
legal raurderer seizing the head by the hair, shewed
it to the multitude, exclaiming, " Long live the
repubUc," and the cry was echoed by the furies who
surrounded the scaffold. Her death raade a strong
impression on the different courts of Europe, par
ticularly on that of Vienna, which piit on mourning.
About two raonths afterwards, .several individuals
were conderaned as convicted of having been accom
plices in a conspiracy to rescue this princess frora
death. ARENA (Barthelemi) declared early in favour of

26 ARENA.
the revolution : he was one of the deputies extraor
dinary from the island of Corsica to the States Gene
ral, and was norainated Syndic Attorney- General at
the time when the provinces were portioned out into
departments. The directors were soon at enmity with
the raunicipality of Bastia, the forraer having the
reputation of ardent patriots, and the municipality
being accused of supporting the enemies of the re
volution. In the beginning of June, 1791, there
was a tumult in the city, during which the house of
Arena was pillaged; the party of the municipality
triumphed, and compeUed Arena and the other di
rectors to take ship. The national assembly passed a
decree in favour of the department, and the authors
of the insurrection were prosecuted. In the elections
the sarae year for the session of the legislative as
serably, he was norainated deputy of the department.
On the 17th February, 1792, he obtained a decree
of accusation against the emigrant Faviani, acaptain
in the 12th regiment of chasseurs. On the 10th of
March following, he voted for- the decree of accusa
tion against the minister Delessart. On the 4th of
June he joined with Guadet in obtaining the order of
the day on the denunciation of Kibes against the Or
leans' faction. On the 2d of July he, with Thuriot,
deraanded that the staff of the national guards should
be disbanded, and voted for a declaration that the
country was in danger. On the 29th he declarfed
against the forraation of the new ministry, by which
the court had suddenly superseded Dumourier, Ro
land, and others, who were then looked on as flaraing
Jacobins. Arena on the 10th of August was secre
tary to the assembly, and in Septeraber was commis
sioned to secure tranquillity in the departraent of the
Seine Inferieure. Not being re-elected to the conven
tion, he returned to Corsica, where he continued to
take an active part in public affairs : supported by all
the patriot party, he declared and contended against
Paoli : in the raonth of June, 1793, he shewed much

arena. 27
activity and firmness in resisting the insurgents of
Calvi, and published a letter containing the particu
lars of the capitulation of that town. When Corsica
fell into the power of the English, he returned to
France, and frequented the society of the Jacobins,
where, on the 5th of November, 1794, he coraplained
of the silence and torpor of its raerabers, " at a time
when," said he, " the patriots are every where op
pressed." No sooner had the English evacuated
Corsica than Arena went back, and in January, 1798,
assisted General Casalta to crush the tumults which
had arisen at Arapugnano. Being appointed a
member of the council of five hundred for the session
in May the same year, he continued to shew himself
a zealous partizan of the revolutionary principles.
In 1799 he supported the scheme of levies by con
scription, and afterwards voted for the freedom of
the press. On the 19th of June, 1799, he accused the
director Merlin of having an army at Paris of from
15 to 20,000 men, of whom he intended to make use
for the purpose of decimating the national represen
tation ; he also warned the council ofa considerable
conflagration of all sorts of papers, which, by order
of this director, was taking place in all the offices of
the police. After the 19th of June he was one of
the most violent orators for the re-union of the Ma
nege.* He accused the commandant of Turin of
treachery to the republic in delivering up that town
to the Austro-Russians. Some time afterwards he
again called the public attention to the measures of
the directory, tending to prevent Jourdan's proposal,
of a declaration of the peril of the state, from passing
into a decree. On the 29th of September he delivered
a speech on the victory of Massena at Zurich, and
proposed that public marks of the national gratitude

* The society of the Jacobins, who since the death of Robespierre
had ceased to assemble, now had a few more meetingsin the Salle de
Manege, or riding schooL

28 ARMFELDT.
should be conferred on hira, and on the array of
Helvetia. During the whole of his legislative career
Arena reraained attached to the popular party, and
his oppositions tothe events ofthe 18th "Brumaire is
well known. At the beginning of the session of the
council of five hundred at St. Cloud, he demanded
that the list of representatives present at the appeal,
and swearing to maintain the constitution, should be
printed. He was accused of a design to stab General
Bonaparte in the midst of the assembly. In conse
quence he was numbered among those excluded frora
the legislative body, and afterwards araong those sen
tenced to banishraent, but this sentence was not put
in execution, Ar^na had escaped from the preceding
arrests, and on the 1 7th of Deceraber following, pub
lished a letter refuting the accusations preferred
against hira for his conduct on the 18th of Bru
raaire. ARMFELDT (Gustavus Maurice d') grand
governor ofthe city of Stockholm, lieutenant-general
of the arraies of Sweden, &c. He was araong the
nuraber of the confederates of the nobles whora the
king caused to be arrested in Finland, in the raonth of
March, 1789, when he effected the revolution which
circurascribed the power of the higher orders, M,
d'Armfeldt was nevertheless eraployed as coraraander
in the carapaign of 1790 against the Russians, and
gained various advantages. He was afterwards nara
ed plenipotentiary, and concluded a peace with Rus
sia in the plain of Wareela, between the vans of the
armies, on the 3d of August, 1790, On the 19th of
October, 1791, he signed a treaty of alliance between
the two courts, Iraraediately after the assassination
of Gustavus III, which took place on the 29th of
March, 1792, he was appointed governor of the
city of Stock holra. He resigned his place of gene
ral in July, because the duke-regent refused to
march troops against France, conformably to the
treaty raade with the Empress of Russia, On the

ARMFELDT. Q9
llth of the same raonth he was nominated Swedish
arabassador to the Italian courts. In December
1793, he was suspected of a conspiracy against the
duke-regent, and of a traitorous correspondence with
the countess of Riidemskoff. In February, 1 794, a
courier was sent to procure his arrest at Naples, but
the governor of this city furnished him with the
means of escape, and in answer to the complaints
raade by the court of Sweden, pretended that the ne
cessary forras had not been observed towards hira.
This affair, which was on the point of occasioning a
rupture between the two powers, was however settled
by the raediation of Spain, The Baron d'Arrafeldt
retired into Poland, and inserted his justification in
the public papers. On the first of March he was
cited before the tribunal of the court upon a charge
of high treason, Frora his different correspondences,
which were seized and read pubUcly in the asserably,
he was declared convicted of having wished to place
a foreign prince on the throne of Sweden, and to
sacrifice the liberty of his fellow-citizens, for the sake
of engrossing to himself a great part of the suprerae
authority. Several of his letters announced the pro
ject of introducing a hostile fleet into the ports of
Sweden, to favour his enterprise in the capital. On
the 10th of July he was conderaned to death ; he
was outlawed, and permission was given to any one
to fall upon him in case he should set his foot in the
Swedish territories ; his property was confiscated, and
his sentence stuck up in all the great towns in Swe
den. This affair, like all others of a sirailar nature,
has been presented under different points of view to
public opinion. On the one hand M. D'Arrafeldt
has been represented as the active agept of the
court of Russia, as a man not attached to the regent,
and whose ambition seemed to tend towards bringing
the cabinet of Stockholm under his sway, by the
marriage of the young grand-duchess Alexandra with
Gustavus Adolphus ; on the other hand it has been
said, that this nobleraan was guilty at raost only of a

30 ASPASIE.
court intrigue; and it has been declared that the
Duke of Suderraania had never forgiven hira a speech
which he allowed himself respecting the feeble raan
ner in which this prince punished the assassins of his
brother. When the young king Gustavus Adolphus
hiraself assuraed the reins of governraent, M, d'Arra
feldt entered again into favour, and his wife was even
chief governess of the king's children. At the end of
1802, he received frora this prince a new raark of con
fidence, and was sent in the character of Swedish
minister to the court of Vienna, where he had, in De
cember, his first audience of the emperor.
Appendix to the Memoirs of d'Armfeldt' s Life.
He reraained but a short tirae on the embassy to Vi
enna, whither the King of Sweden had sent hira atthe
end of 1802, this sovereign having refused toacknovv-
ledge the title of eraperor of Austria, which Francis
II. had just taken. He was employed underthe orders
of the King of Sweden at the end of 1805, in the
army which came into the field at that period, and
had just been appointed governor-general of Finland.
ASPASIE (Carlemigelli) was t'he daughter ofa
running footman, attached to the house of the prince
of Conde; she has been more known by the prasno-
men of Aspasia, than by her family name. An un
happy passion, a cruel malady, and still raore the
violence of the remedies, having bewildered her ima
gination, her parents had her taken to the hospital,
and treated as if insane. In 1794, (the year 2,)
animated with a blind fury against her who gave her
birth, she denounced her mother as a counter-revolu
tionist, and tried to have her guillotined. She never
spoke of her but with convulsive agitations, on account
ofthe bad treatment which shesaid she had received
frora her. Being herself arrested, and stripped of all
that she possessed, she had, in her despair, traversed
the streets during the night, crying, " Long live the
King!" persuaded, as she told her judges, that the
revolutionary tribunal would quickly take from her
a life which she detested : she was however acquitted.

aubert. 31
On the 1st of Prairial, in the year 3 (21st of ^iay,
1795) when the inhabitants of the suburbs flocked to
the convention to deraand bread and the constitution
of 1793, Aspasia, in the accents of fury, was stirring
up a troop of fiiries who surrounded her. Boissy
d'Anglas had been naraed to her as the cause of the
scarcity, and she had formed the design of stabbing
him, and had several tiraes gone to his house with
that intention. It was on that day that the deputy
Ferand perished ; Aspasia helped to beat hira down
by striking hira with her galloshes. She then rushed
on Caraboulas with a knife in her hand, and it was
with great difficulty that .this deputy saved himself
from her fury. Denounced and arrested for these
assassinations, Aspasia owned to all the facts which
were imputed to her, and pretended that she had only
obeyed the incitements of the emigrants, of the En
glish, ofthe royaUsts, &c. &c. Sheadded, that money
hadbeen distributed, and that the aira ofthe plot was
to seize the son of Louis XVI. who was in the Tera
ple, and to proclaira him king : she would not, how
ever, name any of her accoraplices. More than a
year passed without her receiving sentence; it was
not tiU the 19th of Prairial, in the year 4, (May,
1796), that her trial came on. She confirmed her
forraer confessions, and declared to the tribunal that,
were she free, the arm which had failed in the blows
it had aimed at Boissy d'Anglas and Caraboulas,
should strike them again. She resolutely opposed
any person's undertaking her defence, and the court
condemned her to death on the 24th of Prairial, in the
year 4. Aspasia heard her sentence pronounced with
the most perfect coolness, and did not in the smaUest
degree give way ingoing to execution, which she un
derwent at the age of 23.
AUBERT (Jean Louis) known by the name of
the abbe Aubert, and simply a tonsured clergyman,
was forraerly chaplain ofthe church of Paris, licenser
of new publications, editor of the French gazette, and
professor of the French language and literature in the

32 aubert DU bayet.
royal coUege till the year 1784, when he obtained a
pension on retiring. The abbe Aubert is placed in
the rank of the best inforraed raen of letters and first
critics of the close ofthe 18th century. Long the di
gester of the theatrical and literary articles of the Pe
tites Affiches of Paris, he made hiraself reraarkable
for his taste, his genius, his sagacity^ and his
erudition, although he has been reproached with
sorae partiality. AVhen, before the revolution, the
sculptor Moite placed his bust in marble in the
painting-haU, this inscription was affixed to it:
" Pass quickly on, for he bites.'' However these re
proaches have been levelled at all critics, and there
are few who have not more or less deserved them. The
fables of the abbe Aubert have been placed in the next
rank to those of La Fontaine, and it was the opinion
of Voltaire that they deserved this distinction. With
out departing from nature and simplicity, he has had
the art to raise the tone of apologue by blending in it
ndiveti and philosophy. The abb6 Aubert is the au
thor of the poem of Psyche, which displays an ele
gant and ready genius : there are also Moral Tales in
verse by him, and the Death of Abel, a draraa, in
three acts. In 1752, he began the provincial adver
tiseraents and papers, and those of Paris, which he
altered and corrected till 1770. After the raonth of
June, 1770, he made the Journal of Trevoux, conti
nued under the title of Journal of the Fine Arts and
ofthe Sciences, till 1774, when he was charged with
the entire editorship of the French gazette, which he
quitted in 1786, resumed in 1791, and finally left in
1792. There is also a continued and detailed refuta
tion by him of the principles of J. J. Rousseau, re
specting the French music. A new edition of his
Fables is expected; all the copies of the first have
long been disposed of.
AUBERT DU BAYET (J. B, Annib.) meraber
of the legislative asserably, general of division, war-
minister, and French arabassador to Constantinople.
In 1780 he was under-lieutenant in the regiraent of

aubert du bayet. 33
Bourbonnois, and in this station served in the Araeri
can war. At the beginning of the revolution he ap
peared for a very short time, hostile to the new prin
ciples, and in 1789 he even wrote a violent paraphlet
against the Jews, their rapacity, and the danger of
adraitting thera into the governraent. But the pa
triots soon brought him over to the revolutionary side,
by flattering his ambition and his philosophical ideas.
In September, 1791, being president of the elective
coUege of the department of Isere, he was named de
puty to the legislature. In the raeeting of the 22d of
October, he spoke on the question respecting eraigra
tion, and after having examined the state of the dif
ferent cabinets of Europe, with relation to France, he
concluded with a proposal of petitioning the king to
require from the different courts the dissolution of
the assemblies of eraigrants, and the cessation of hos
tile preparations. On the 5th of Noveraber he pro
cured a vote of thanks to the EngUsh nation, and to
Mr, Effingham, the governor of Jamaica, for the con
duct of the English at the time of the troubles in St.
Doraingo. On the 4th of February, he opposed the
creation of two places of adjutants-general, attached
to the governraent, when soUcited by rainisters.
These ministers he a short time after defended, and
withstood the proposal of examining into their con
duct, which had become the object of many accusa
tions. On the 19th of April he raade, a raotion for
soliciting the alliance of England and of Switzerland,
and demanded that the minister of the interior raight
be sent for, to learn frora him the state of the negocia
tions with the Helvetic body. On the foUowing day
he demanded with energy that war raight be declai-ed
with Austria. On the 26th he proposed the reduction
of the secret expenses of the adrainistration of foreign
affairs. On the 5th and 6th of June he defended La
Fayette, Duport Dutertre, and opposed the scherae
of a general confederation. On the 27th he presented
a detailed report on the situation of the arraies, arid
on the organization of the different corps ; he had
VOL. I. T^

34 AUBERT T>V BAYET.
shewn hiraself a partisan of the systera of legions.
He filled the chair in the raonth of July, and shewed
firmness on different occasions, by preserving the right
of speech to such orators as would otherwise have been
prevented from making theraselves heard. During
his presidency (on the 23d of July) a deputation of
confederates carae to the b'ar to demand the suspension
and trial ofthe king, the convocation of the primary
assembUes, and ofa national convention. He wished
to convince them that France would be saved without
thera; these petitioners observed to him that it was
no longer a time for making speeches : he invited
them to the honours of the session. On the 7th of
August he obtained a decree for increasing the means
of support for nuns who should leave their cloisters.
On the 9th of the same month he made a very dexte
rous eulogy of the confederates who were at Paris;
bift dreading the effects of instig?itions and of an incon
siderate zeal, he demanded that they might be im
mediately obliged to depart forthe camp at Soisstfns,
where, however, he offered to go and serve with
them. Onthe SOth he obtained a decree that mar
riage was only a civU contract dissoluble by divorce.
On the 4th of September, on occasion of the demand
of an oath of hatred to royalty, he procured a decla
ration that the French nation would never endure the
fetters of a stranger. By this view of his legislative
. opinions, it raay be seen that, notwithstanding the
impetuosity of his disposition, he knew how to con
troul himself, and to direct his political conduct
nearly in the line which circumstances raarked out
for hira. Being raade successively captain in the re
giraent of Bourbonnois, lieutenant-colonel ofthe re
giraent of Saintonge, and general of brigade in 1792,
he served in this rank at the defence of Mayence, in
1793. After the surrender of this place, a decree of
arrest was passed against hira ; but Merlin de Thion
ville and Thuriot procured his release by another de
cree of the 4th of August. On the 7th he appeared
at the bar, justified his companions in arras, and re-

AUBERT DU BAYET. 35
ceived the erabrace of the president. Being aftervvards
sent into Vendee with the garrison of Mayence, he
was completely beaten at Clisson towards the end of
Septeraber, 1793, lost 8,000 raen, his baggage, and all
his artillery. A short time after he met with some
successes, and in the following October had a
more raarked advantage at Mortagne ; it was in
making his dispositions for the battle that he received
the intelUgence of his removal from his coramand ;
nevertheless, he fought it, beat the rebels, and set out
for Paris after the victory. His conduct wa,s attacked
and defended in the convention. Montaut asserted
that he had given opinions favourable to royalty in
the legislative assembly, and he was arrested ; but
the 9th of Thermidor restored him to liberty. Bour
don de rOise, who had not yet quitted the Montagne,
complained of it, and renewed against him the accu
sation respecting the loss of Mayence. Merlin de
Thionville again became his defender, and the libera
tion was confirraed. Being soon after sent back into
the western departraents, Aubert du Bayet seconded
Hoche in the pacification of Vendee, and with the
Chouans. He eraployed, with equal success, arms
and negociations, and notwithstanding the violence of
his character, he conducted himself with humanity
and address in this unhappy country. On the 25th
of March, 1795, a few days after the signature of
peace with the Chouans, he had an interview at Laval
with Cormartin, who wished to take measures, in cop-
cert with him, for calming the public mind, which
was uneasy at the massacres that had just taken place.
Du Bayet behaved to him with incredible pride and
severity. " Peace," said Cormartin, to him, " ought
to soften your harshness." — "Peace! peace! — -we
consent to grant you an asylum in the territory of
the republic ; as to peace, that is not made with re
bels." He afterwards provoked him to a duel. " Let
us terminate the quarrel singly," .said he to him, &c.
Being elevated to the rank of general of division,
he commanded the army of the coasts of Cherbourg,

36 , AUBERT DU BAYET.
in April, 1795 (Gerrainal, year 3,) pursued without
interraission the bands of Chouans scattered here and
there, and re-established the coraraunications between
Mans, Fleche, and Angers. On the Sth of October
(the 15th of Venderaiaire, year 4) he wrote to the sarae
asserably to express his devotion, and to assure them
that if they had not gained over the Parisians the vic
tories of the 12th, 13th, and Uth Venderaiaire, he
should have flown to their assistance with his army.
Like all the other repubUcan leaders eraployed against
the Chouans, he incessantly made reports in which
he announced that the rfebels were completely annihi
lated. Being appointed to the war rainistry in No
veraber, 1795, (Bruraaire, year 4) he signalized his
entrance into it, by a letter which he wrote to the
genei'als, in orderto prevail on them to dismiss all the
men without capacity who filled offices. He quitted
this place on the Sth of February, 1796, (19th of
Plu'viose) for that of arabassador to the Ottoman Porte;
and having taken leave of the directory on the SOth
ofMarch, (9th Gerrainal) he embarked for Constan
tinople, where he arrived at the end of Septeraber,
(Venderaiaire, year 5). His suite, which was very
numerous, was mostly coraposed of officers destined
to reraain in the service of the Porte, amongst others,
of a horse regiment of artiUery, which the Grand
Seignior some tirae after disbanded. He desired to
make his entry like the Russian ambassadors, to be
saluted by the cannon of Topanz, and by all the ves
sels in the harbour ; but he was refiised, under pre
tence, tbat no French ambassador had ever entered
Constantinople in that raanner. He had more success
in his deraand of being re-instated in all the rights of
the French arabassadors, and particularly in that of
protecting the catholic churches established at Con
stantinople, and in the sea-ports ofthe Levant. The
only use he made of this privilege, was to convert the
greatest part of these churches into barracks, and to
lijdge soldiers there. The Grand Seignior-granted hira
his first audience on the 17th of January, 1797>

AUBRY. 37
(27th Nivose, year 5,) and treated hira with marks of
pafticular distinction. Aubert harangued ths prince,
and congratulated hira on having remained the friend
ofthe French people. A few days after he demanded
of the Reis Effendi the iraraediate reraoval of all the
French royalists who had retired into the states ofthe
Porte. He obtained tbe issuing an order for the che
valiers de SaintLouisto lay aside their cross and royal
uniforra. In Deceraber, 1797, (Friraaire, year 6,) hewas
attacked with a raalignant fever, at the tirae when his
wife was coraing to join him, and he died on the 17th
ofthe sarae raonth (26th Frimaire). Aubert du Bayet
was, at the end of his career, a zealous republican, en
thusiastic for the power of France, but equally ardent in
adrairation of his own talents:, he deUghted to talk of
himself and of his works, and he spoke of them with
an importance which some thought animated, while to
others it appeared ridiculous. One day, when con
gratulated on his appointment to the erabassy at
Constantinople, he answered, " I have commanded
the armies of the republic with glory, I have been
war-minister, and have set the soldiery on a quite
different footing; I raight have been director; Iam
norainated to the most interesting embassy in Europe ;
I have now only to die with arras in ray hands fight
ing for Uberty."
AUBRY (Francois) raeraber of the convention.
He was appointed to it in September, .1792, bythe
department of Gard. At the very beginning of the
session, he was sent on a mission to the Pyrenees,
whence he went to Nice, and acquainted the assem
bly with the disorder which prevailed in the depart
raent of equipraent. On his return to the convention,
he voted there, in 1793, for the death of Louis XVI.
recoraraending that it should be delayed tUl the con
stitution had been accepted by the people. On the
7th of February following, he opposed the araalgaraa-
tion of the troops, proposed by Dubois Cranc6, and
deraanded that the recruits for the array might be
taken by lot. On the Sd of August he demanded,, in

38 AUBRY.
the nameof thewar-coramittee, and obtained a decree,
vvhich put all bells in the disposal of the rainister of
this department, except one for each parish. Having
signed the protest of the 6th of June, 1793, against the
transactions of the Slst of May, he was one of the se
venty-three deputies put under arrest, and restored to
the legislative body by a decree ofthe 18th Frimaire,
year S. From this time he occupied himself much
with military affairs : on the 25th of February, 1 795,
(7th Ventose in the same year) he had a decree passed
relative to convoys and military transports ; then he
caused another project to be adopted, concerning the
organizing of fortifications. On the 18th ofthe same
month he procured an order that all the citizens of
Paris should be obUged to serve in person. On the
1 5th of Germinal (the 4th of April) he entered into
the committee of public safety, and, in this station,
took a very active part in the measures which occu
pied the members of the government till the days of
the 2d and 5th of Prairial, (the 20th and 23d of May),
Aubry caused the punishment of death to be decreed
against whosoever should play a march, directed the
armed force himself, caused the gendarmerie of the
tribunals to be disbanded, as infected with terrorism,
and honourable mention to be raade of the zeal for the
defence of the convention shewn by the troops, the
citizens, and gen. Menou and his staff officers, who
were specified in the commendation. Aubry after
wards obtained an increase of pay for the inferior offi
cers of all ranks, and for the sailors, as well as the
formation of a camp below Paris, and the direction of
the whole armed force by three representatives. On
the 10th of Thermidor (the 28th of July) he obtaihed
a decree in favour of the deserters from the first requi
sition. At the meeting of the 14th of Therraidor,
year 4, (1st of August) he had to justify his opera
tions for the re-organization of the army, which he
was accused of having filled with aristocrats and with
ex-nobles, put in the place of officers who had fought
for liberty, and a very large proportion of which he

AUBRY. aa
had deprived as terrorists. The next day he left the
committee of public safety. A short time after he
demanded that two-thirds of the raerabers of the con
vention, who were to be re-elected for the next legisla
tive body, raight be appointed by the elective assem
blies. He opposed the assembUng ofthe military re-
.sident at Paris to accept the constitution, saying, that
they might be deserters, Vendemiaire was approach
ing, the sections were struggling against the conven
tion, and Aubry, who favoured the sectionaries, en
deavoured to prevent any assembly of military at Pa
ris. After the events ofthe 13th of this month, (the
5th of October, 1795) Aubry was several'times ac
cused of the disorganization of the armies. He was
directly caUed to account for the ill success of the
passage of the Rhine, and his sentence of arrest was
pronounced at the meeting ofthe SOth of Vendemiaire,
year 4, (the 22d of October); but this affair produced
no consequence, and he entered info the council of
five hundred, where he caused various other resolu
tions to be adopted, principally on affairs of military
jurisprudence. At the meeting of the i4th of Messi
dor, (2d of July, 1796) he made a report on the in
conveniences which result from rendering the war-
commissioners dependant on the generals, relative to
financial affairs. On the 28th of August he pro
nounced a long discourse to combat the opinion of.the
merahers who rejected the general amnesty proposed
by Camus, as unjust, impolitic, and exceeding the
powers of the council. Orders were given for the
printing of this discpurse, in which, whilst he owned
that the revolution had been stained with a multitude
of crimes, frora which " human nature recoils, but
which a faction has tolerated, and often legalized,"
he deraanded the reportof the law of the Sd of Bru^
maire. He afterwards presented in the name of a
coramission, the raeans of restoring the vigour of the
ordinances in the armies, and the method of establish
ing councils of war. His project for a raUitary penal
code was adopted by the Council, and the greatest part

40 AUBRY'.
ofit is StiU in vigour. At the tirae of the division be
tween the directory and the councils, Aubry raade
himself reraarkable in the party called De Clichy. He
presented a scheme tending to increase the guard of
the councils, and to place it under their immediate or
ders. On the 2d of Thermidor, year 5, he denounced
the approach of troops to the environs of Paris, in
conterapt of the law touching the constitutional liraits,
and procured a deterraination for a raessage to the di
rectory on this subject. At the meeting of the 20th
of Therraidor (7th of August following,) he made a
report against the railitary deprivations pronounced
arbitrarily by the executive power. In the discussion
which took place on this subject, Talot reproached
hira with having, when raember of the coraraittee of
public safety, deprived the generals Bonaparte and
Massena. Aubry replied that he had only executed
the law which comraanded reductions, and his project
against arbitrary deprivations was converted into a re
solution, with the proviso of sorae modifications. On
the eleventh of Fructidor, year 5, he voted for the
ordiriance that the half-pay officers should not be at
liberty to receive their pay at Paris. Being involved
in the fall of his party on the 18th of Fructidor, year 5,
he was conderaned to banishraent, and put on board
at Rochefort. He contrived to escape from Guiana
on the 4th of June, 1798, (15th of Prairial, year 6,)
in a canoe, with Pichegru and several other exiles.
He arrived at Demerara, where he died of vexation
and illness at the age of 49- Aubry was born at Pa
ris ; before the revolution he was acaptain of artillery.
Being chosen into the coraraittee of public safety af
ter the 9th of Therraidor, he took the place of Carnot
there in the direction of military operations. He was
one of the raost distinguished and most active raera
bers ofthe anti-directorial party in the council of five
hundred. He has been reproached with excessive
partiality, great jealousy of those of his coUeagues
who rivalled hira in talents, and too great a love of
pleasure.

AUDREIN. 41
AUDREIN (L'Abbfe Yves Marie) formerly pro
fessor and head of the college of Qtuiraper, afterwards
sub-principal and prefect of study in the coUege of
Louis Le Grand, at Paris ; then co-adjutor and di
rector inthat ofthe Grassins, By his sermon e ac
quired a reputation for oratorical talents, which occa
sioned hira to be norainated grand vicar ao? honores to
several bishops, and last episcopal vicar to the con
stitutional bishops of Morbihan, He was never strict
in his raorals, and was raore than once heard to say
to the young men whora he was charged to instruct,
" Liberty, ray- friends ! Let us drive away hypo
crisy; !" It is not useless to say that Robespierre was
his pupil in the college of Louis Le Grand, and that
in these principles was nurtured the man, who was
afterwards to be his colleague, and to possess so
fatal an influence over the destiny of France, In
1791 Audrein published a plan of national educa
tion, the basis of whicb was a proposal, that the
forraation of the raind should be no longer entrusted
to corporate bodies, but tbat all the pupils should be
subjected to the same raode of national instruction.
In Septeraber the sarae year he was appointed the de
puty frora Morbihan to theleglslature. On the Sth of
October he raade a speech to set forth the inconveni
ences resulting frora the organization of the commit
tees, and gave in a project concerning them, which
was ill received : on the 15th he accused the Spanish
arabassador of raaintaining a correspondence with the
eneraies of the constitution; and on the 19th he
proposed that the assembly should receive the ad
dresses of all the popular societies. He afterwards
obtained a decree respecting the mode of turning out
those members of the public instruction who were at
tached to congregations not suppressed ; and on the
3d of November he spoke against the factious priests,
whom he proposed' to deprive of a part of their
consideration. Having been commissioned to exa
mine the papers found at the Tuileries, and at the
house of M. Laporte, in August, 1792, he gave in a
report, declaring that he had found several packets of

_4S augereau,
anti-civic pieces, which he enuraerated. He, Uke
Several other deputies who were sent to prison at the
tirae of the massacres of the 2d and 3d of Septeraber,
retired without having recourse to the law. The sarae
departraent of Morbihan having deputed him to the
convention, he voted there for the death of Louis XVI.
After this he disappeared frora public life, and merely
executed a mission of short duration. At the end of
the session of September, 1793, he obscurely left the
legislative body, and in July, 1795, published a work
in favour of the daughter of Louis, which is said to
have procured some alleviation ofthe young princess's
imprisonment. In May, 1798, several bishops and"
priests of the new constitution met at Notre Dame to
hold a council. The abbe Audrein took possession
of the pulpit, and in a sermon against philosophy, to
which he attributed the horrors of the revolution, he
deplored the death of Louis XVI. and was nominated
by his brethern bishop of Quimper. While in the
winter of ISOO the stage coach was conveying this
new ornament tothe mitre from Morlaix to Quimper,
it was stopped by a body of Chouans, commanded
by Lecat, who desired to speak with the abbe Au
drein, the only person they wanted, and made him
alight without suffering any other of the passengers
to accompany him : they then asked him whether he
were not the deputy Audrein, and whether he had not
voted for the death of Louis XVI. on his replying in
the affirmative, they promised him the same treatraent.
He endeavoured, though unarmed, to resist, and .
rushed on the leader, whom he bit and scratched, but
he soon fell beneath the sabre and the rausquet, before
the eyes of his travelling companions, who were per
mitted to continue their journey. The nephew, of
Audrein has been adraitted into the Prytaneum.
AUGEREAU, comraander-in-chief in the service
of the French republic, is the son of an artizan at
Paris, ahd having enlisted in the Neapolitan troops,
served as a private till 1787, when he settled at Naples
as a fencing master, and was sent thence with the
rest of his countryraen in 1792. He then entered the

augereau. 43
army of Italy as a volunteer, and soon rose by his
valour and understanding; in 1794, he was employed
as a general of brigade in the army of the Pyrenees,
and on the 1 Mth of May distinguished himself in the
action at Figuiferes, and on several other occasions.
In May 1795, he greatly contributed to the success
ofa battle fought against the Spaniards on the banks
of theFlavia. Being appointed general of division,
he served with the same activity and the same success
in Italy. After a forced march of two days, he seized
the passes of Millesimo on the 10th of April, 1796^
and having by this movement effected a junction with
generals Mesnard and Joubert, he drew the enemy
from all the circumjacent posts, and by the promp=
titude and daring of his measures surrounded a divi
sion commanded by the Austrian general Prerera.
On the 15th ofthe same month he took possession of
the redoubts of Montelesimo, at the fight of Dego,
and facilitated the junction of the army with general
Serrurier. The next day he quitted his position, and
attacked and took the intrenched carap of Ceva, de
fended by the Piedraontese ; on the 26th he seized
Alba; on the 7th of May he made hiraself master of
Casale, and rushed to the bridge of Lodi, at the head
of which the eneray had entrenched themselves,
and were defending its passage by a destructive fire.
Animated by this fortunate temerity, the troops forced
the bridge and the intrenchments. On the 16th of
June he passed the Po at Bogoforte, arrived at Bo
logna on the 19th, and there took prisoners 400 of the
Pope's soldiers, with the Cardinal-legate and all the
staff. In the course of July the inhabitants of Lugo
having risen against the French, Augereau went
thither to re-establish order, and after having dispersed
the rebels, gave up the town to pillage for three hours;
Having at the beginning of August resumed his post
in the centre of the array, he contributed much to
the deliverance of Massena, then for a short time in
a perilous situation. During a whole day he main
tained an obstinate fight against troops superior ia

44 AUGEREAU.
nuraber, and took possession ofthe villagfe of Castig
lione. A short time after he gained a raore signal
advantage over the eneray, who were protected by
the tower of Scaguello ; and on tbe 15th of August,
crossing the Adige, drove the troops who were be
fore hira back to Roveredo. He left Verona on the
4th of Septeraber to raarch on the right of the army,
for the sake of keeping in check a body posted at
Bassano. On the 6th he was at Borgo di Valdi Sugana,
and the following day his advanced guard, comraand
ed by general Lanusse, took the viUage of Primolano,
and he himself gained possession of fort Cavelo.
Leaving Padua on the 10th of- Sept, he went towards
Porto Legnago, while Massena, who had departed at
the same time frora Vicenza, was advancing towards
ViUa Nova, so that general Wurmser, with 5000 in
fantry and 1500 cavalry, whora he coraraanded, flnd
ing hiraself surrounded had great difficulty in throw
ing himself into Mantua, which he accoraplished by
proceeding along the banks of the Adige, On the
1 1th, Augereau invested Porto Legnago, and entered
by capitulation the next day, when he seized two and
twenty pieces of cannon. In concert with general
Sahuguet, he on the 15tb seized fort St, George near
Mantua, and occupied the head of the bridge Favorite.
On the 7th of Noveraber he was inforraed thatthe ene
my had passed the Brenta at Bassano, and that their
intention seeraed to be to take possession of the bridge
of Lisera: he hastened thither, pursued them four
leagues, and drove thera back to the gates of Bassano,
after having destroyed raany of their forces. At the
memorable action of Areola, Augereau seeing the
ranks disordered, and alraost on the point of giving
back, seized a standard, and waving it, rushed on the
enemy, thus by his exaraple and his intrepedity ani
mating the raen to a charge which decided the
victory. At the raeeting of the directory on the 27th
of January, 1797, this standard was adjudged to him,
and the special thanks of the government accorapa
nied the annunciation of this reward. Bonaparte

AUGEREAU. 45
in several of his dispatches raentioned hira with very
particular distinction, and chose hira to be bearer to
the directory of all the banners taken from the Aus
trians in the battles preceding the capture of Mantua.
They were deUvered on the 28th of February, 1797.
Augereau on all occasions displayed the greatest abi
lity as a general of division, but the prevalent
opinion was, that his want of inforraation and of ex
tensive views rendered hira unfit for a coraraander-in-
chief: nevertheless, on the 9th of August following, he
was appointed coraraander of the 17th railitary divi
sion at Paris, in the roora of general Hatry, an era
ployraent, which considering the intestine commotions
then on the point of breaking out, was equivalent to
a chief coraraand. It should indeed be said, that since
the aggrandizement of its own power was all the di
rectory expected frora the contest, already begun
between itself and the legislative body called the
faction of Clichi, it required an instrument rather than
a leader, for which reason Hoche, to whora the secret
of the iraportant raeasures had been confided at first,
but whose undaunted spirit terrified and thwarted the
views of the triuravirate, was sent speedily to the
Rhine, and succeeded by Augereau-. Mathieu Du
raas, though of the opposite party, pronounced in
the council of elders a brilUant and very judicious
panegyric on the companion of Bonaparte's glories.
Till the decisive day, Augereau behaved with mode
ration, he disapproved the insults levelled at the cos
tumes, and principally at the black coUars, and
declared his respect for the laws and the constituted
authorities. But these authorities were the directors ;
the Clichiens were not deceived, and as soon as the
appointed hour was corae, Augereau executed the
coraraands of the directory. The events succeeding
the ISth Fructidor are well known ; the decimated
legislative body banished the conquered, and congra
tulated Augereau as the saviour of his country : he
prehaps expected a ftiore solid recompence, and it has
been said, that the place of one ofthe two ex-directors

46 AUGEREAU.
was promised to him. He was at least ranked among
the candidates ; but other schemes had before filled
up the vacancies with Meriin de Douay and Francois
de Neufchateau, Augereau, deceived in his expec
tation, is said to have complained like a soldier, and
to have ventured to threaten the triumvirate, who
hastened to remove him. On the death of Hoche,
about the end of Septeraber, 1797, he was appointed
general-in-chief of the army of the Rhine and Moselle,
and of Sambre and Meuse. When at Cologn he di
rected the attention of the magistrates to the emi
grants and the priests, and was said to have displayed
a pomp which made a ridiculous contrast with his
defects in manners, proceeding frora a want of early
education. In the course of the winter he was in an
underhand manner accused of a wish, notwithstand
ing, the peace, to revolutionize Suabia, and the
Redacteur, an official journal, published an anony
mous letter, stating that a correspondence in the
nature of that taken frora the port-folio of d'Antrai
gues, the agent of Louis XVIII, was carrying on at
Strasburg against Reubell and Bonaparte, under the
auspices of Augereau, All this betokened that the
last directiorial recorapence would speedily be con
ferred on the conqueror of Fructidor, and indeed he
was soon recalled frora the banks of the Rhine, and
made coramander of the lOth raiUtary division at Per
pignan, under pretence of an expedition against Portu
gal, Being in 1799 appointed deputy from Haute Ga
ronne to the council of five hundred, he resigned his
erapty command to accept this new office, and was
elected secretary of his council at the meeting on the
20th June, a sort of consolation for the remembrances
of the 18th Fructidor, since at that precise time the
councils, by a weak effort of revolutionary victory,
drove Merlin from the directory. When on the 14th
of Septeraber following Jourdan proposed to declare
the country in danger, Augereau seconded hira, and
dwelt rauch on the urgency and iraportance of affairs.
The raotion was rejected, but the fear of some change

AUGEREAU. 47
in the state continuing, not without reason, to agitate
a part of the council; Augereau declared that the
general of the 18th Fructidor would lose his head (he
madeuse, ithas been said, of an expression stUI raore en
ergetic) before his colleagues should be injured. It was
soon after remarked, that he was absent from the din
ner given to Bonaparte by the council in the church
of St. Sulpice; but the rumour to which this circum
stance gave rise must have died away, when on the
ISth Frimaire, Augereau having been informed that
Bonaparte commanded at the TuUeries, went to him,
and embracing him, made an offer of his services, ut
tering some words which have been variously repeat
ed, but the sense of which was, that surely Bonaparte
would not do any thing for the republic without per
mitting Auge^eau to contribute to it. The next day
he did not appear at the meeting at St. Cloud, to take
an oath of fidelity to the constitution before the five
hundred, and when some of his colleagues called on
him to join them, he declared that he would not stain
his glory. When Bonaparte was consul, he sent
Augereau to command the army of Holland, and ar
riving at the Hague on the 26th of January, 1800, he
was received with honour by the Batavian directory,
and entrusted with the command ofthe forces of that
republic in the approaching campaign. The same
year he went to the Lower Rhine, at the head of the
Gallo-Batavian army, destined to second the opera
tions of Moreau, and advancing beyond Frankfort,
had several engagements with the Austrian general
Kalkreut, with various success, but which were
speedily terrainated by the victory at Hohenlinden.
He returned to Batavia, and was succeeded by ge
neral Victor in October, 1801, from which time till
1803, he remained unemployed, Uving quietly qn a
irery fine estate which he had purchased near Melun.
But on the breaking out of fresh hostUities with
England, Augereau was appointed to the comraand
ofthe army asserabled at Bayonne. '

48 AUTICHAMP.
Appendix fo the Life of Augereau.
He arrived at Bordeaux on the 24th of Deceraber,
ISOS, and assuraed the coraraand of the army destined
against Portugal ; but this expedition not having
taken place, he returned to Paris, was raised to the
dignity of marshal ofthe erapire, on the 19th of May,
1804; shortly after appointed chief of the 5th cohort
of the legion of honour ; and on the 1st of February,
1805, decorated with the red ribbon, as grand officer.
In the month of July in the sarae year, the king of
Spain created hira knight ofthe order of Charles III.
He afterwards went to take the coraraand of the army
of Brest, destined for an expedition against England,
and at the end of 1805, he coraraanded a body of the
great array of Gerraany, forraed of the troops that
had been long assembled at Brest under his orders.
He passed the Rhine at Huningue, defeated the Aus
trian body under the coraraand of Wolfskehl, on the
eastern bank of the lake of Constance; afterwards
drove hira frora all his positions, and took possession
of Lindau and Bregentz. He contributed to the
various successes which brought on the peace of
Presburg, soon after received orders to turn back
towards Franconia, went and established his head
quarters at Harmstadt, then at Frankfort, and in
March, in the sarae year, seized the territory of
Wetzlaer and the surrounding places, by order of the
French governraent,
AUTICHAMP (Le Marquis d') raajor-general
in the French service He was implicated by the
coraraittee of research of the raunicipality of Paris,
in the conspiracy of July, 1789, and in consequence
denounced at the Chiltelet on the 19th of Noveraber.
Towards the end of December this denunciation was
renewed by Garran deCoulon, In Dec, 1790, he was
again accused of having taken part in the conspiracy
of Lyon, tending to deliver up that town to the
French princes. At this period he went to the Prince
of Condfe, to whom he was attached ; but he after
wards passed into the array of th^ king's brothers.

AUTICHAMP, 49
and there comraanded the body of horse-gendarraerie
during the carapaign of 1792. In 1793 he cora
manded the eraigrant refugees in Maestricht, which
was besieged by the array of Duraourier. In March,
1794, he levied a regiment of French deserters for the
service of England, and this body having, in 1795,
been dispersed throughout the army of Cond6, he,
in 1797, entered, as lieutenant-general, into the Rus-
sian service.
AUTICHAMP (Charles, Chev. d') ' nephew of
the marquis, and one ofthe chiefs of the army of the
Vendee. On the Uth of March, 1793, he joined
Catineau, when the latter raade hiraself raaster of the
town of Beaupreau. Jealous of the appointment of
M. d'Elbee to the rank of generalissimo, he joined
the prince of Talmont, to pass the Loire, march to
Paris, and, incase of failure, to seize a sea-port in
order to enable himself to receive foreign assistance.
(This expedition was one of the causes of the fall of
the Vendee.) The royal army had just taken Sau-
raur, and was threatening Nantes, in 1793. The
Chev, d'Auticharap with M, M. Fleuriot de la Fleu-
ri^re and de Sc^paux, joined the army commanded
by Bauchamp, his brother-in-law, with whom he en
joyed all the consideration attached to his name in
the party ; this union did not prevent them from be
ing defeated at Doue, in the month of August fol
lowing, which their rivals attributed to the false dis
positions and false movements of their army. Being
taken prisoner at the retreat from Mans, he avoided
death only by inlisting under a feigned name in a
republican regiment of hussars ; he returned to the
Vendee, which claimed him again, after the retreat
of St. Florent ; and at the second renewal of arms,
which took place a few months after, he obtained the
place of second in command in the army of Stofflet.
In this station Monsieur granted him the cross of St.
Louis. He raade a <voyage to the island of Dieu,
while the count d'Artois was there, and was charged
with the instructions of this prince for Stofflet and
VOL. I. E

50 BABEUF.
Scepaux. After the death of the former, 'he was
named comraander in chief of the reraainder of his
array, which was soon disbanded. He opened a cor
respondence with the EngUsh ministers, and wrote to
the king of England, announcing to hira the abb6
Bernier as agent-general of the catholic and royal
armies. He encountered some difficulty in order to
place gentlemen in his array, from which his prede
cessor Stofflet had rejected them as rauch as vvas in
his power."' Circumstances not permitting him to
wage a war of arms during this carapaign, he confin
ed himself to a war of paper, and addressed a pro-
, claraation to the royalists ofthe Vendee, containing an
exhortation to the priests seduced by the republicans,
to rally in the cause of royalty. At the beginning
of 1796, he received 5000 pounds sterling frora the
English government. In a letter addressed to his
uncle, the Marquis d'Auticharap, which was inter
cepted and made public, the chief of the Vendue ex
pressed his regret at not having profited by the edu
cation which his parents had given hira. After the
taking and execution of Charette, the arraies of the
Vendee being disorganized, and unable to' bear the
shock of the powerful forces coraraanded by general
Hoche, d'Auticharap thought proper to enter into
terms with this general, and submitted to the laWs of
the republic. He lived peadeably and quietly on hi»
estates in Loire-Inferieure till 1799 (the year 7.) At
this period the central adrainistration having appUed
to hira the law of hostages, d'Auticharap found means
to save hiraself from it by flight, and again put hira
self at the head of the Vendeans, of the left bank ;
but he was able to rally only a very small number,
with whora he formed a kind of chouannerie. This
chief did not, at the period of which we g,re treating,
enjoy a sufficiently extensive credit with the royalist
party to unite its various parts, too much divided
araongst themselves in views and in interests.
BABEUF (Camillus or Gracchus) born in the
environs of St. Quintin, was the son of a collector of

BABEUF. 51
the salt-tax, of indifferent fortune. He quitted his
father's house at the age of sixteen, and, in 1777, en
tered into the service of a gentleman in the neigh
bourhood of Roye, The talents which he displayed
induced his master to allow him sorae kind of educa
tion : he profited by his cares, and acquired, together
with knowledge, the confidence of his benefactor,
who raade hira his raan of business, after having era
ployed hira in the renewal of his rent-roll. He in a
short tirae married the charaber-raaid of the house,
but having afterwards behaved ill, he was driven
frora it, and carae to settle in the little town of Roye,
where he declared himself a drawer of rent-rolls. His
first master and several other individuals, among
whom are reckoned the Prior de St. Aubin and the
Marquis de Soyecourt, dissatisfied with his manage
raent in the affairs which they had intrusted to hira,
brought against hira different law-suits, which he lost;
and his ill success, which he attributed to the injus
tice of raen, raade hira furiously erabrace revolution
ary principles. He wrote against excises and salt-
taxes, and in favour of the suppression of the feudal
regime, and ofthe partition of unappropriated lands.
These new doctrines drew persecutions upon him;
he was imprisoned three times, and owed his liberty
only to special circumstances. In the month of Sep
teraber, 1792, he was appointed elector ofthe depart
raent of Sorarae, and afterwards adrainistrator of the
district of Montdidier. Being accused, two months
after, of great malversation in an award of national
property, he was conderaned to twelve years' impri
sonment by the crirainal tribunal of Somrae. He
appealed frora it to that of Aisne, which acquitted
hira. Being set at liberty, he went to Paris, and
lived there in obscurity till the Slst of May, when he
'began to re-appear dh the stage. At first, secretary
to the coraraittee of maintenance; he was agaih ira
prisoned at the tirae of the dissolution of this cora
raittee, and then set at liberty. From that tirae he
E 2

52 BABEUF..
reraained perfectly unknown, did not take any part
in the quarrel of the Dantonists and the Hebertists ;
saw the chiefs of these parties, and Robespierre him
self, fall successively ; and it was not till after the
overthrow of'Robespierre, that he renounced the ad
ministrative career, made himself a journalist, under
the title of Tribune of the People, and adopted the
prasnomen of Gracchus. The chiefs of the new go-.
vernment made him their tool ; he was one of the
joint writers of the pamphlets which appeared at tbat
time, under different titles, against the Jacobins who
were not favourers of retribution. It was he who
first called them by the name of Terrorists, invoked
upon them the vengeance of the lavVs and of men ;
demanded the execution of all those who had dared
to attack the constitution of 1793, by accepting pub
lic functions, whether from the deputies in mission,
or frora tlxe govemment-coraraittees ; in short, de
clared himself so openly against the Jacobins, that
they considered him as their most dangerous enemy.
But the new party, of which Babeuf was ths advo
cate, was not slow in subdividing again ; and this
political cameleon, who presided over the elective
club, and directed it at his pleasure, who tried to re
establish the party called de la commune against the
convention, and who wished to prevent the Therrai
dorians from having so much power as the triuravi
rate had had, attacked each of them with fury, re
proached Tallien with his riches and his Cabarrus ;
Freron, with his cruelties at Marseilles, Toulon, &c.
and his new connections with la jeunesse doree; Bour
don de I'Oise, with his drunkenness and his intempe
rate debauches ; A. Dumont with his mistresses and
his raagnificent hunting parties ; Merlin de Thion
ville, with the waggons of Mayence and Calvary.
Indeed he was soon accused of speaking disrespect
fully of the convention ; and Merlin announced his
arrest in Bruraaire, year 3, (October, 1794.) Not
withstanding thege beginnings of discord, Babeuf
continued to write against the ancient terror, and'

BABEUF. 53
after the exjecution of Carrier, he published a para
phlet, intitled, " On the Systera of Depopulation, or
the Life and Criraes of Carrier, with researches into
the views of the deceravirate, in the invention of this
system," These writings, in which he openly attacked
the revolutionary governraent, painting the conduct
of its agents in colours odious to the conventionals of
the Montagne, warraly soliciting their punishraent,
and tracing in sorae sort the plan to be followed in
order to effect their total destruction, displeaised the
Jacobins extreraely. They vomited a thousand im
precations against hira, and nothing could equal their
hatred of a raan who, calling himself the apostle of
liberty, nevertheless tried to excite the public venge
ance against them, and to make them victims of the
revolutionary government, which they had all served
with more or less warmth. Babeuf had even great
difficulty in obtaining pardon afterwards for the Une
of conduct which he had pursued at this time ; and
it is perhaps to this that we must attribute the few
partisans whom he could afterwards gain, for the
most sensible of the Jacobins could never resolve to
grant their confidence fully to a man who had made
himself the blind instruraent of their ruin, and who
raight yet abandon them again for another systera,
and other raen ; and indeed AntoneUe, Robert Lin
det, Felix LepeUetier, and other chiefs who had influ
ence in the republican party, were successively seen
to detach themselves from this madman, from whom
they hoped little, and to let hira run to his ruin with
some obscure wretches whom he had seduced by the
iUusions of eloquence and power, and by the certainty
of the success of his gigantic and extravagant pro
jects. Babeuf then, in publishing the writings of
which we have spoken above, only served a party
which he was spon destined to attack with his usual
irapetuosity, and could not succeed in saving himself
frora the divisions which were continually increasing
araong the conquerors of Thermidor. He was ac
cused by TaUien on the 10th of Pluvi6se, year 3,

54 BABEUF.
(29th of January, 1795,) of outraging , the national
representation in his journal ; and, a few days after,
he was arrested on this account. He was sent to the
prisons of Arras, but the amnesty which terminated
the reign of the convention, broke his fetters. Re-
turning to the capital, he published his new Tribune
of the People, a journal, in which he displayed the
most extravagant democracy, and ^he declared in
tention of destroying the new constitutional edifice.
In the month of Floreal, year 4 (May, 1796,) the di
rectors caused Babeuf to be arrested, with the famous
Drouet, the ex-conventionals Vadier, Ricord, Laig^
Jielot, and several others; and they were accused
of having wished to annihUate the constitution ofthe
year 3 (1795,) in order to substitute for it that of
1793. Babeuf being conducted before the minister
ofthe police, confessed hiraself the author ofthe plan
of insurrection, extolled the charter of 1793, held
forth against the directorial tyranny, and when his
examination was over, addressed hiraself to a servant
to ask hira for a glass of water, saying to him,
" Slave, give rae drink." He shewed great firraness,
and refused to name his accoraplices, When re
moved to the Teraple, he wrote this singular letter to
the directory; '^ Do you consider it beneath you to
treat with rae as frora one power to another ? You
have seen of what vast confidence I ara the centre;
you have seen that my party is well able to balance
yours ; you have seen how immense are its ramifica
tions. I am more than convinced that this sight has
made you tremble. Whatever may be ray fate, ray
narae wiU be placed with those of Barnevelt and
Sidney: whether I ara conducted to death or to ba
nishraent, I ara certain of arriving at immortality !"
From this ridiculous letter, sensible people fixed their
opinion respecting Babeuf, to whom indeed the ter
rors or the designs of the directory had given a gi
gantic importance ; and he was in future considered
only as a man of a heated imagination. The high
court was convoked, and Babeuf was sent to it with

BAILLEUL. 55
his accotnpliC6s : the proceedings began in Vende
miaire, year 5 (7th October, 1796.) He at first era
ployed dilatory raethods, refused to acknowledge the
anthority of this tribunal, and afterwards denied that
he had thought of establishing a dictator, and excit
ing an insurrection. After very long debates, though
the jury had declared that no conspiracy had existed,
Babeuf was condemned to death on the 5th of Prai
rial, year 5, (25th of May, 1797,) on an incidental
question. M. Real, then counsel for the accused
persons, pleaded with energy against the application
of the law ; but his eloquence was vain. He then
approached the conderaned raen, Babeuf and d'Ar-
thl, and inforraed thera of the fate which awaited
thera : they both stabbed themselves at the sarae in
stant with daggers that had been concealed in their
clothes. Their bodies were dragged to the scaffold
and beheaded, Babeuf left two little children ; Felix
Lepelletier and general Turreau each adopted one
of thera.
BAILLEUL (Jacques Charles) deputy to the
national convention. He was born at Caux, and was
practising as an advocate at Havre, when the revolu
tion coraraenced ; he declared loudly in its favour,
and the electors of Seine- Inferieure appointed hira, in
1792, one of their deputies to the convention. On
the SOth of Oct. the same year, he called in vain for
a law to restrain the liberty of the press, at the time
of Louis XVI.'s trial, he voted for his imprisonment :
on the Sth of Feb. 1793, he proposed a suspension of
the prosecutions against those accused of the raas
sacres of Septeraber, but a search for the principal
authors of thera. When on the ISth of June men
tion was raade of passing a decree of accusation
against Buzot, Pfetion, and others, Bailleul was bold
enough to propose a sirailar raeasure against Henriot.
He was one of those who signed protests about the
Slst of May, and was proscribed. Having at
flrst eluded the sentence, he was arrested in October,
1793, and afterwards brought before the revolutionary

56 BAILLEUL.
tribunal as a conspirator : he coraplained of this to
the convention, pleading that a representative could
not be brought to trial without a decree of accusation.
Being restored to the convention in consequence ofa
decree of the Sth of December, 1794, he began by
speaking in favour his colleagues who had been out
lawed on account of the Slst of May ; he afterwards
opposed Chenier's plan of substituting national festi
vals in the place of religious cereraonies : he obtained
the Uberty of the painter David, who had been taken
into custody as an accomplice of Robespierre, in Ja
nuary, l'~95; and he declared against the sentence
acquitting the raembers of the revolutionary com
mittee at Nantz. On the 10th of February, heat-
tacked the Montagne in a speech on the events prior
to the 27th of July, 1794, and proposed charging the
committees to examine whether, previously to that
time, there had been any tyranny in the government.
He again ascended the rostrum on the 19th of May
foUowing, to obtain the cessation of the provisional
system : he recalled to order Lecointre de Versailles,
who was making an apology for the Slst of May,
and requiring that the charter of 1793 should take
effect. The 5th of April, 1795, he procured the ar
rest of the deputies, Choudieu, Duhera, Chales, and
others, as authors of the insurrection on the 12th of
that raonth, and as chiefs of the party of anarchists.
On the 5th of July he was chosen raeraber of the
coraraittee of general safety, and gave in various de
tails respecting the imprisoned terrorists, and on the
26th of the same month, he voted for the establish
raent of a committee extraordinary, to decide on
their fate ; a measure which was then generally re
garded as all in their favour; but two days after the
air called Le Reveil du Peuple, was by his order
played in the midst ofthe convention, in spite ofthe
cries of the Montagnards. Two raore days elapsed,
and he attacked thera again, deraanded the weeding
of the asserably, raarked those proconsuls who still
deserved to suffer ; solicited the repeal bf the decree

BAILLEUL, 57
he had himself obtained in favour of the terrorists,
and so inveighed against several of his colleagues,
that onfe of them asked whether he intended to cut
off the members of the convention one after another j
nevertheless he shortly after caused Cormatin and
several other chiefs of the Chouans, to be brought
before a miUtary tribunal. On the 20th of August,
1795, he opposed, but in vain, the project of re-elect
ing the merabers of the convention to corapose the
legislative council ; which might have raised an idea
that he coincided in opinion with the divisions of
Paris; but on the Sd of October, 1795, he thundered
violently against the leaders of those assemblies. The
18th decided the. question, and BaUleul was one of
the convention re-elected for the council of five hun
dred. There, on the 10th of April, 1796, he obtained
a pension of 2,000 francs, for the widows and chil
dren of Petion, Carra, Gorsas, Brissot, and Camillus
Desmoulins. Some days after the affair of Grenelle
he made a long speech respecting the conspirators
against the constitution, and complained ofthe slow
ness of justice, and the boldness of Drouet's accora
plices : he afterwards voted for the continuance of
the law enacted on the 25th of October, 1795, ex
cluding the relations of emigrants frora public offices.
On the 3d of June he spoke against Tarbe, who had
called all the decrees passed concerning the colonies,
infamous. Towards the conclusion of the same
raonth Duraolard having called for an inquiry into
the conduct of the directory with regard to the re
public of Venice, Bailleul replied with violence, and
some days after protested against the return of the
emigrants ofthe Lower'Rhine : a short time after he
defended popular meetings; complained of the af
fronts heaped on an indefinite class of citizens, under
the common title of terrorists, and marked the royal
ists' party as authors of the retributive assassinations.
A few days previous to the catastrophe of the 4th of
Septeraber, 1797, he published a sort of raanifesto,
entitled, A Declaration to his Fellow-merabers, in

58 BAILLEUL.
which he inveighed against the majority of the coun
sels, declared his colleagues guilty of treason, and
called down on them the vengeance of the nation.
Two days after the victory of the directorial party, h6
was ordered to lay before that part of the council of
500, which was sitting at the Odeon, the report con
cerning the foyal Conspiracy, and the plan of pro
scription against several deputies and journalists. At
his raotion a decree passed for the banishraent of fif
ty-two representatives, and forty-one proprietors, di
rectors, and editors of journals. On the 16th of Ja
nuary, 1 798, he ordered the erection of a monuraent
in memory of the 4th of September, within the enclo
sure of the legislative body, bearing this inscription :
•' Conspirators had, in the name of a king, raade their
way into this enclosure: on the 18th Fructidor, year 5,
they were ignominiously driven out : woe to those
traitors who would iraitate thera !" He was elected
president, and made a speech in coraraeraoration of
Louis XVI.'s execution ; soon after he published his
acconnt of the conspiracy of Fructidor, in which he
sought to prove the necessity the directory had been
under, of having recourse to this raeasure to save
the constitution. When a raeraber ofthe coraraittee
of finance, he obtained the adoption of several scheraes,
particularly that for taxing tobacco. At the tirae of
the elections in 1798, he declared war on the anar
chists, and was one of the principal proraoters of the
law, of the 12th of May, excluding whole deputations
frora the legislative body. When the crisis of the
18th of June, 1799, approached, he strove vainly to
turn aside the storm which was gathering against thd
directors Lareveillere, Merlin, and Treillard, and
was frequently interrupted by raurraurs. He then,
as on the 18th Fructidor, published a paraphlet against
his colleagues, entitled, " Reraarks on Finance and
on Parties, considered as the cause of the present
discredit and raisery of the people." He asserted,
in this work, that anarchy had its centre itt the legis
lative council, as royalism had had before the 18th

BAILLV. 59
Fructidor, and he ended by saying, " I fear the Russi
ans in the legislative body, more than those on the
frontiers." After the expulsion ofthe then directors,
Bailleul appeared no more in the council of 500; he
became a member ofthe tribunal after the 18th Bru
maire, and spoke at first only concerning taxes and a
return to the systera of indirect contributions. On
the ISth of April, 1800, he voted against a proposal
for authorizing individuals to make bridges and ca
nals, as tending to strip the legislative body of its
rights, for the sake of putting them into the hands of
the government. The year foUowing, this sort of op
position became raore marked; in February, 1801, he
attacked the reduction of the justices of peace; a
short time after, being the orator of the tribunal to
the legislative body, he opposed the projected law
respecting the public debt and the national domains.
On the removal ofthe tribunal in 1802, Bailleul was
one of the excluded tribunes. In February, 1803,
he appeared in court as accuser of the historian Fan-
tin des Odoards, for having, he said, calumniated
hira in his account of the events of Fructidor. The
parties were discharged, and on this occasion the ex-
tribune received unequivocal marks of public dislike.
He afterwards returned to his profession of an advo
cate, and afterwards obtained the direction of the
united rights of the department of La Somme, which
he still continued to manage in 1806. He has a bro
ther who is a printer at Paris, and proprietor of the
Journal of Commerce.
BAILLY (Jean SylVAIN) one ofthe forty ofthe
French Academy, &c. deputy of Paris to the states
general. The name of Bailly is attached to events so
important, it has completely exhausted the vicissi
tudes of favour and misfortune, it has so many titleis
to the reraerabrance of the friends of the sciences,
that history ought to transrait to posterity even the
smaUest details which can serve to illustrate the lifef
of this celebrated raan. Born at Paris on the 15th of
September, 1726, nature had endowed him with all

60 BAILLY.
the talents which fit men for the study of the science^,
and for the meditations of philosophy. The advan
tage which he had in connecting himself with the
celebrated Lacaille, determined his taste for astrono
my. After several essays which were well received
by the public, he published his History of Astronomy,
a work in which was manifested the hand of a great
writer, who unites superior talent and brilliant colour
ing to vast knowledge. After the pubUcation of va
rious works, he received, in 1785, the reward which
is most delightful to a man of letters, that of being
appointed a member of the three first acaderaical
bodies in France. Sorae tirae after, being eorarais
sioned to examine into the proceedings of the animal
raagnetisra of Mesmer, he destroyed, by his report,
all the iUusions of credulity. When the revolution
broke out in 1789, the electors of Paris chose him as
secretary, and then as deputy of the tiers-etat to the
states-general. He was president of this (assembly
in its first session. On the 6th of June, he compli
mented the king, at the head of the comraons, com
plained of the delays raade by the noblesse, in begin
ning the labours of the states- general, and asserted
the devotion of the tiers-etat to the raaintenance of
the rights of the throne. The coraraons, having
formed theraselves into a national asserably, on the
17th of June, Bailly was continued president; and it
was he who, on the 20th, when the king forbade the
commons to meet, collected the assembly, and con
ducted them to the tenis-court, where he presided
at the famous sitting, which was in a raanner the
opening of the revolution. When the master of the
cereraonies carae from the king, to order the raera
bers of the tiers-^tat to leave the room, Bailly an
swered him, that the assembled nation had no orders
to receive. He clairaed, in his rank of president,
the right of being the first to take an oath not to
separate till they had established the constitution on
a solid basis. On the l6th of July, be was ap-,
pointed raayor of Paris,, by the perraanent comrait-.

BAILLY, 61
tee, .after the assassination of M, de Flesselles, On
the 17th, he received the king at the town-hall, and
presented to hira the national cockade : in the speech
which he addressed to this prince, was reraarked the
following sentence :" Henry IV. had conquered his
people ; here it is the people who have re-conquered
its king," He was again proclairaed raayor on this
sarae day. In this character, on the 25th of August,
he took the foUowing oath to the king : " Sire, I
swear to God, between the hands of your majesty,
to cause your lawful authority to be respected, to
preserve the sacred rights of the corporation of Paris,
and to do justice to all men." He then offered to
the king a nosegay wrapt in a piece of gauze, on
which was written in letters of gold, " Homage to
Louis XVI. the best of kings." On the day of the
6th of October, he came to receive the king at the
barrier, and made him a long speech, to which Louis
•returned only fhese words: " Sir, it is always with
pleasure and confidence that I find myself in the
midst of the inhabitants of my good city of Paris."
On the 19th, when the assembly came and held its
first meeting at Paris, he complimented it, and, in
his speech, did nothing but eulogize the city of Paris,
Lafayette, and hiraself On the 5th of February,
1790, he went to congratulate the king on his be^ng
present the day before at the assembly, and on the
speech that he had made there ; he told him, amOng
other things, that " he united all the titles of the be
loved raonarchs, Louis the just, Louis the good,
Louis the wise, and soon Louis the great." When
after the flight of the king, the parties were cora
pletely divided, and when the violent revolutionists
wished to seize this opportunity for pronouncing the
forfeiture of Louis XVI. BaiUy obeying the sugges
tion of Lafayette, opposed the ferraents excited in
Paris in favour of the party of the forfeiture ; a
party which counted in its ranks the raost declared
Jacobins, and the partisans ofthe house of Orleans,
An imraense crowd having thronged to the Champ

62 BAILLY.
de Mars to frame an address to this effect, oh tli«!
17th of July, 1791, he caused martial law to be pro
claimed against this asserably, which was dispersed
by the armed force. The national asserably approved
this step ; but frora this tirae Bailly perceived that
his credit was sinking: on the 19th of Septeraber, he
sent to the raunicipal body his resignation, which he
attributed to the impaired state of his health. In con
sequence of the refusal of this body, and the suppli
cations which were made to him, he again resumed
his functions. He vacated the office of mayor in the
early part of November.. It was on the 18th that he
presented his successor P6tion to the general council
of the corporation ; he then went to pass some tirae
in England, and afterwards returned to Paris, Be
come odious to the people, whose idol he had been,
he hoped to be forgotten by burying himself in study
and retirement. Concealed in the environs of Melun,
he remained there in quiet till after the SOth of-
May, which revived, with the power of revenge, the
remefnbrance of the bloody scene of the Charap de
Mars. Bailly, discovered to the researches of the
agents of Robespierre, was arrested in October, 1793,
sent to Paris, thence to the Magdelonettes, then
transferred to the Conciergerie, and brought to trial
on the 10th of November, before the revolutionary
tribunal, by Fouquier TinvUle. This tribunal con
demned him to death for having plotted with Capet,
his wife, and others, for disturbing public tranquil
Uty, exciting civil-war, and causing the raassacre of
the Champ de Mars. On the day after the passing
of his sentence, he was delivered over to the execu
tioner, and put into the fatal cart, at the back, of
which was fastened the red banner, as if to reproach
him with having occasioned its display during his
mayorality. Whilst he was leading to execution, he
was loaded with the insults of the multitude ; he was
covered with raud ; furious raen struck hira with
so much barbarity that the executioners themselves
were incensed at it. It was resolved that he should

BAILLY. 63
die on the Champ de Mars, in the very place where
he had caused*the sedition? persons to be fired upon.
The banner was burnt, and shaken all on fire over
his body ! A moraent before he had fallen down in
a fainting fit ; when he returned to himself, he de
manded, with a sort of haughtiness, that an end might
be put to his raiseries : " Dost thou trerable, Bailly ?"
said one of his executioners to him, seeing iiis
limbs, weakened by age and moistened by a cold and
continual rain, quiver. " Friend," answered he
calraly, " it is with cold." At last, after having en
dured every species of ignominy and of ferocity, he
ran hiraself to the scaffold, which, after having been
several tiraes displaced in his presence, had been at
last fixed on a heap of dung : he died with great
courage. Towards the close of his life he had been
called as a witness in the queen's trial ; and, as if
desirous of repairing his faults towards the royal fa
raily, he had had the courage to declare that the fact?
related in the act of accusation drawn up against this
princess, were false and forged.
Bailly was tall ; his face was long and serious, and
its character soraetimes that of sensibility. It has
been said that he resembled the rainister Dundas (the
lateLordMelville.) He has given proofs of remark
able disinterestedness. There are several valuable
works on astronomy by him : in 1800 was published
the continuation ofhis Origin of Fables, and in 1804,
a journa,! of his conduct in the early part of the revo
lution, which he appears to have made for his own
use, and not to give it to the public. Those who
have published it, have consulted neither their own
interests nor that of his meraory. BaiUy was become,
in 1788, one of the principal chiefs ofthe phUosophi
cal party, and it is not surprising that he should have
given hiraself up, at the appearance of a new order
of things, to the seductions of ambition. The re
membrance of his punishment must make the ambi
tious of all ages tremble. In 1797, Pastoret caused
his widow to be set on a footing with those of the

64 BARAGUEY D' HILLIERS.
deputies who had died for their country, and obtained
for her the grant of a pension : she enjoyed it but a
short tirae, as she died in 1800. It was said at the
tirae that she had great influence over her husband,
and as she wanted understanding, and especiaUy
education, she contributed, in many instances, to
set him in an absurd light.
BARAGUEY D' HILLIERS (Louis) general
of division, colonel-general of the dragoons, grand
officer of the legion of honour. Born at Paris of a
noble family in 1764, he early entered into the ser
vice, and was an officer in the regiment of Alsau at
the time ofthe revolution, of whicli he openly declared
hiraself a partisan, and a war breaking out, he was
successively aid de camp to generals Crillon and La
Bourdonnaye Montesquieu afterwards gave him the
command of a legion formed at the foot of the Alps :
but Custines almost imraediately sent for hira, raade
hira his first aid de camp, and advanced him rapidly.
He was general of brigade, and chief of the gene
ral staff of the army of the Rhine, when he, with his,
general, was arrested, and brought to Paris, in No
vember, 1793. On the 10th of July, 1794, he ap
peared before the revolutionary tribunal, which ac
quitted him, but sent hira back to prison, where he
reraained till after the 22d of July, 1794. He was
then restored to his rank and employed in the army
of the interior, coraraanded by general Menou, till
with hira he was disgraced on the 5th of October,
1795. In 1796 he joined the array of Italy, and on
the 16th of Deceraber, the same year, in order to^
punish the inhabitants of Lodi for having refused to
form a national guard, he besieged their town, caused
the steeples to be waUed up, and pubUshed a threat
ening raanifesto. On the 28th of the sarae raonth,
at the head of 1500 raen, he seized the town of Ber
gamo, He afterwards coraraanded in Lombardy, In
March, 1797, he obtained the post of general of
division, and then made a part of the expedition to
Egypt. Being sent by the coraraander in chief from

BARBAROUX. 65
Malta, he was taken near Sicily on board the frigate
Sensible, on the 28th of June, 1791, and carried to
England. In the raonth of August following he re
turned thence with his two aids de carap ; but having
been censured for the slight defence raade by the
vessel in which he was, he ceased to be eraployed.
However, in 1799, he was sent to the army of the
Rhine as chief of the general staff. After the revo
lution ofthe ISth Brumaire, he was raade inspector
general ofthe infantry of the 14th, 15th,and l6thmiU-
tary divisions; then, in 1803, chosen a candidate for
the guardian conservative senate by the electoral col
lege of the departraent of Eure and Loire, and at last
nominated grand officer of the legion of honour, and
colonel general of the dragoons. In 1804 he comraanded
a reserve of cavalry in the army destined to attack
¦England, and in 1805 he went with the same body
to the great array in Germany, where he directed an
important attack near Ulra, and contributed to the
brilliant operations of that campaign.
BARBAROUX (Charles) deputy to the conven
tion. Born at MarseiUes; he embraced the cause of
the revolution with uncommon ardour, and came
to Paris in July, 1792, with a few hundred Marseillais
to bring about a revolution against the court; he had a
considerable share in the insurrection of the 10th of
August; and in the foUowing September was chosen
a raember of the national convention by the depart
ment of the Bouches du Rhone, Oh the 25th Sep
teraber he charged the coraraune of Paris with an
intention of disorganizing every thing by entering in
to an alliance with other coraraunes, denounced Robe-
ispierre, inveighed loudly against the project of dic
tatorship, of which Rebec qui had even then accused
him ; he threatened the Parisians with the Marseillais,
who, he declared, were at that time actually on the
road. This denunciation may be considered as the
first signal of the divisions between the Girondists and
the Mountaineers. On the 10th of October he ac
cused TaUien, Panis, Santerre, Deforgues, Robe-
VOL. I. F

66 BARBAROUX.
spierre, Marat, Petion, of having erabezzled a great
quantityof silver plate, and the sura of 1,100,000 livres
in gold. On the 16th he raoved that the convention
should forra itself into a judiciary coraraittee to try
Louis XVI. and his faraily, adding that they were
not the only crirainals, Hewas chosen secretary on
the 18th, and a few days after again denounced
Marat, and spoke in defence of the minister Roland.
On the SOth he once more made a violent speech
against Robespierre ; he proposed a decree to set
aside the rauncipality and council of the coraraune.
On the 5th of Noveraber he requested leave to renew
his denunciations against Robespierre and Marat;
but the assembly refusing to hear hira in the tribune,
he carae down to the bar and tendered his resignatioil,
that he might appear there only as a petitioner, but
was unable to obtain a hearing. He was araong those
merabers who with the greatest eagerness deraand
ed the trial of Louis XVI. and on the llth Noveraber,
in the narae of the coraraittee of twenty-one, he read
to the" convention the deed declaratory of the criraes
with which that unhappy prince was charged. On
the 16th of January, Barbaroux voted forthe death of
the king, notwithstanding which he afterwards used
all his endeavours to obtain a reference to the sanction
of the people, and a respite of the execution till after
the banishraent of d'Orleans and the other Bourbons.
These sentiraents and bis natural irapetuosity drew
upon hira the aniraosity of the Mountaineers, and he
was one of the first Girondists whose trial or expulsion
was demanded by the sections of Paris. He endea
voured in vain to appeal to the priraary asserablies,
his party could not succeed in getting thera called
together. He rose nevertheless to the first coraraittee
of public safety, which he soon after hiraself moved
to have annulled. On the 7th May he endeavoured in
vain to lirait the powers given to representatives on
niission, Moses Bayle and Boysset having been ex
pelled frora Marseilles, Barbaroux accused thera of
having abused their authority, and publicly preached

BARBAROUX. ©7
up murder and robbery. In defiance of Legfendre,
Bourdon, and Marat, he succeeded in procuring the
suspension of the resolution which those represen
tatives had obtained against MarseiUes. On the 4th
of May he complained loudly that railitary eraploy
raents were given to intrigue :' he declared, that the
Jacobins had in this manner gained rank for 9000
persons ; amongst others he cited the naraes of Dubois
Crance, a half-pay captain, Lacroix, an advocate,
and Rovere, who, he declared, had never served but
in the pope's guards, and who had all just been pro
raoted to the rank of raajors-general. He opposed the
forced loan of a railliard, and proposed raeasures to
raake those persons refund, who had enriched thera
selves at the expense of the states. On the 2d of
June, in the struggle which overthrew the Gironde
party, he defended himself vigorously, refused to give
in his resignation, declaring, that he had sworn to die
at his post, and with great tranquillity heard pronounc
ed against hira the decree of arrest, which was carried
into execution the sarae day. He found means td
raake his escape from the gendarrae who kept hira in
sight, which induced Thuriot and Laloi to impeach
hira on the 17th of the same raonth. He withdrew
into the departraent of Calvados, and endeavoured, in
concert with Buzot, Gorsas, Henry Lariviere, and
others, to raise an insurrection against the convention.
Being obliged to fly, he arrived at Quiraper, after
having been exposed to innuraerable dangers, saUed
to Bordeaux, and was guillotined in that city the 7th
Messid. year 2 (25th June, 1794).
Barbaroux was young, ardent, but not gifted with
great talents ; his speeches were warraed by frequent
gusts of passion. Madarae Roland speaks of hira in
these terras : " His ingenuous disposition, his ardent
patriotisra, inspired us with confidence. Discoursing
on the bad situation of affairs, and of our apprehen
sions of despotisni in the north (under Robespierre) we
forraed the conditional plan of a repubUc in the south.
That shaU be our last shift, said Babaroux, smiling;

68 BARBE-MARBOIS.
but the MarseiUais, who are here, wiU dispense us
from having recourse to it." This celebrated woraan
was extreraely fond of Barbaroux, who was, she said,
as beautiful as Antinous. Besides the hatred which
Robespierre bore him, Barbaroux was likewise ex
posed to that of the Orleans faction, for having de
nounced it with excessive violence on occasion ofthe
trial of Louis XVI. After the 9th Therm, year 2,
,(27th July, 1794), his raother obtained the stipend,
which was due to him as a deputy tiU the time ofhis
death ; and he was enroUed a'hiongst the raartyrs of
liberty. BARBE-MARBOIS, minister ofthe public, trea
sury, grand officer of the legion of honour, knight of
theorder of St.Hubert of Bavaria. Born at Metz, the
son ofthe director of the mint of that town, he became
a counsellor, and was afterwards appointed governor
of St. Doraingo. Being recalled from that colony, he
returned to Metz, where he resided during the first
years ofthe revolution, and was elected mayor ofthe
place. In December, 1791, he was sent by the king
to the diet of Ratisbon ; and the following year he
went to Vienna as assistant to the ambassador,^ the
Marquis de Noailles, to learn the positive intentions
of the eraperor relative to the princes established in
Alsace and Lorraine. Being unable, after a month's
stay in that capital, to obtain a categorical answer,
he returhed to France, wliere he reraained in obscu
rity till Septeraber, 1795. At this period he was ap
pointed deputy of the department of Moselle to the
council of ancients ; and almost iraraediately had to
justify himself for having participated in the revision
of the treaty of Pilnitz. He denied this accusation,
and demanded a trial on the subject ; but one of his
colleagues undertook his defence, and proved that
while he had been raayor of the town of Metz he had
incessantly given proofs of patriotism ; the council
passed to the order of the day. On the 24th of Ja
nuary, 1796, he made a speech on the organization of
the raarine ; on the 17th of August he spoke in favour

BARBE-MARBOIS. 69
of annuitants, and was choseh secretary in the fol
lowing raonth. He several tiraes atterapted in vain
to attack the law of the 3d of Bruraaire, which exclud
ed the relations of emigrants from public functions ;
and having been named for the administration of the
colonies, in a list raade by Lavilleheurnois, agent of
the French princes, he was considered among the
number of enemies to the directory. However he
praised the moderation of that authority, ou occasion
ofthe preliminaries of Leoben; but he soon after de
clared against the directors, in the contest which be
gan between them and the majority of the councUs.
In the session extraordinary of the 20th of July, he
voted thanks to the council of five hundred, for the
active inspection they maintained during the dangers
of the legislative body. On the 18th of Fructidor,
year 5 (4th of September, 1 797), he was conderaned
to banishment, and transported to Guiana. He was
not among the number of those who escaped with
Pichegru; but having become accustomed at St.
Domingo to the cUmate of America, he was enabled
to resist the disorders which carried offa great num
ber of his companions in misfortune. He was recalled
to France after the 18th of Brumaire, year 8 (9th
November, 1799,) and at first obtained perraission,
with Lafond-Ladebat, to go to the isle of Oleron; he
was afterwards appointed counsellor of state, and in
1801 succeeded M. Dufresne in the general direction
of the public treasury, a place to which, in Septem
ber following, the title of minister was attached. He
followed the first consul at the tirae of his journey to
Brussels, in Messidor, year 11 (July, 1803,) presided
over the elective college of Eure in the following
year, and was elected by it candidate to the conser
vative senate. On the 12th of Pluviose, year 13 (1st
of February, 1805,) he was appointed grand officer of
the legion of honour, and shortly after decorated with
the cross of the order of St. Hubert of Bavaria.
M. de Barbe Marbois is known by several esteemed
works among which are An Essay on the Means of

70 BARERE.
inspiring aTastefor Virtue; the ParisianFemale in the
Country; Juliana,-a tale translated frora the English;
and Socrates in a Deliriura : the State of the Finances
in St, Doraingo ; Reflections on this Colony ; and the
Journey of a Frenchman to the Salt-pits of Bavaria
and Saltzburg. Madarae Barb6 Marbois, his wife,
published in the year 7 (1798,) a paper containing
his justification on the 18th of Fructidor, which he
had sent to her frora the place of his banishraent.
BARERE (Bertrand) de Vieuzac, Born at
Tarbes, of a respectable faraily, he passed through
his studies witb credit, and was called to the bar of
Thoulouse, where he obtained notice for a diction,
elegant and flowing, though too rauch loaded with ¦
antithesis. The acaderay of Floral garaes adraitted
hira as one of its merabers, and he then published a
panegyric of Louis Xll, He afterwards returned to
Tarbes, and there became counsellor of the senes
chal's jurisdiction at Bigorre, whence in 1789 hewas
deputed to the states-general. Frora the tirae of
the opening of this assembly he edited a journal in-
titled the Break of Day, On the 1 9th of June he raade
a speech on the causes of the scarcity of corn : on
the 9th of August he declared against raising the loan
proposed by Necker on the property of the clergy,
because that raeasure thwarted the designs of the as
sembly on those possessions. On the 24th he de
fended the Uberty of the press; when the king made
sorae reraarks on the projected constitution, he rose
to dispute the sovereign's right to give an opinion on
this point, and to lirait hira to the power of acceding:
he then violently censured those who protested against
the decrees, and proposed that a crirainal prosecu
tion should' be iraraediately set on foot against thera.
In the coramencement of 1790, he published a work
entitled the New Year's Gift to the People : on the
4th of January he was chosen secretary, and a few
days after' obtained a decree for the erection of a rao
nuraent on the spot where the Bastile had stood : on
the 9th of May following, he procured a statute au-

barere. 71
thorizing the sale or alienation of the crown lands.
His next raeasure was the proposal of a pension to
be settled on the widow of J. J. Rousseau, which was
granted. At the raeeting on the 25th of February,
1791, in consequence of the flight of the king's aunts,
he voted that all public officers, beginning with the
king, should be corapeUed to stay. On the ISth he
spoke in favour of a grant to raen of colour, of the
rights and narae of citizens. At the tirae of the king's
flight he caused the seals to be affixed to all the build
ings of the civil list, and on the 7th of July following
he supported a law projected against the eraigrants.
Barere was not reckoned araong the great orators of*
the constitutional assembly, and was conspicuous
only for his journal, the principles of which were at
first timid, but acquired boldness as the revolution
gained ground. He was charged in it to pronounce
the funeral oration on Mirabeau. Originally he gave
the society of Feuillans or constitutionUsts a prefer
ence over that of the Jacobins ; but he was afterwards
one of the raost zealous votaries of the latter party.
During the legislation he becarae one of the tribunal
of cassation, and after the 10th of August obtained a
place araong the patriot civilians, whora Danton, then
minister of justice, attached to his departraent. In
Septeraber, 1792, being deputed frora the Hautes
Pyrenees to the national convention, he was sent at
the very beginning ofthe session on an erabassy to the
south. On the 10th of October following he opposed
the influence of the corporation of Paris, and said on
this subject, " That it was necessary to crush the
raonster of anarchy which raised its head in the raidst
of that raunicipality." At the tirae of the original
accusations brought by the Girondists against Robe
spierre, Barere caUed for the order of the day.
Manuel having represented to the Jacobins that the
raassacres of Septeraber were atrocities of which the
whole town was guilty, Barere declared hiraself of a
contrary opinion, and defended that dreadful day.
On the first of December following he was chosen

72 barere.
president, and, as such, inforraed a deputation from
the municipality of Paris that iiie convention was
going to enter on the trial of Louis the traitor ; and.
when Brissot wished to defer this affair, he told him
that the tree of liberty could never grow till watered
by the blood of a tyrant. On the 1 1th he raade Louis
undergo his first exaraination at the bar, but being
iraplicated in the papers found at the castle in the
iron press, he offered to resign the presidentship. He
declared all that concerned hira to be forged ; and his
well-known republicanisra triuraphed over the accu
sation. He then proposed that the punishraent of
ostracism should be inflicted on the Duke of Orleans
and the ministers Pache and Roland. He took a
conspicuous share in the trial of Louis XVI. opposed
an appeal to the people, and voted for his death.i
The speech he made after the exarainations caused
it to be said that he had been himself the reporter of
the trial. . He declared against a reprieve, and after
wards revised the address of the convention to the;
people, congratulating them on the tyrant's^ death :¦.
at the sarae tirae he voted for the prosecution of the
assassins ofthe 2d of Septeraber, whom he had some
time before defended, and solicited the expulsion of
the Bourbons, When the deputy LepeUetier de St.
Fargeau was murdered, he passed a pompous eulo
giura on hira, had the honours of the Pantheon adr
judged to him, and obtained the adoption of his
daughter by the repubUc, At the very same time he
declaried in favour of the plan of a constitution form
ed by Condorcet, and ill received by the Montagne; :
he several tiraes renewed his coraplaints against the
municipal anarchy of the corporation, and congra
tulated Santerre on having frustrated the attempts at
revolt, directed against the Girondists on the 10th
of March. On the 26th of the sarae raonth he was
appointed a meraber of the first coraraittee of general
safety, and continued in his functions on the 7th of
April foUowing, At the time when the faction of
the Montagne overthrew that of the Gironde, Barere

barere. 73
began to play a great part in the convention : never
theless he was accused of having provided for his-
dwn safety by trimraing between the two parties
during the contest preceding the Slst of May. In
deed, at the raeeting on the 25th he declared that the
coraraittee of which he was a raember boasted of be
longing to no party, and of caring no raore for the
influence of Marat-than for that of Brissot; but on
the Slst he declared decidedly for the Montagnards,
On the 1st of June he obtained a raanifesto in favour
of the preceding day, and on the 2d he called on such
of his colleagues as were accused by the corporation
of Paris, to tender their resignation : he also pro
posed that whosoever should attack the national re
presentatives should suffer death : on the 6th' he
declared that all revolutionary comraittees must be
suppressed, and that a number of hostages chosen
from the midst of the convention must be sent to those
departments whose deputies had been arrested in
consequence of the events of the Slst of May, which
greatly displeased Robespierre and all the party of
the Montagnards, Barere was again a member ofthe
coraraittee of public safety, renewed on July the 10th,
and becoraing thenceforward its habitual organ, pro
posed in its name most of the revolutionary^ mea
sures which signalized that period known under the
name of the reign of terror. He gave the assembly
an account of the general's correspondence, and suc
cessively declared Paoli a traitor to the country : pro
cured a decree of accusation against Custines, ob
tained a raanifesto against England, and occasioned
all the individuals of that nation to be expelled frora
France, ordered those places occupied by the Ven
deans to be set on fire, and the goods of the condemn
ed to be confiscated, called for the banishment of
the Bourbons, the trial of the queen, and the destruc
tion of the tombs of the French kings at St. Denis.
When the arsenal at Huningue vvas set on fire, he
accused the eraissaries of Pitt as the cause, and by
his means a decree was past, adjudging the punish-

74 barere.
raent of death to any man found in feraale apparel,'
and to false patroles. After having delivered another
report, he proposed that the Parisians should be levied^
en masse; prepared an address to the French, to in
flame the minds of the people, and declared them to
be liable frora 18 to 25 years of age. Soon after he
procured an order for the confiscation of the French
goods belonging to Spaniards : justified the conduct
of Reubell and Meriin de Thionville, during the siege
of Mayence, and raade known the seizure of the per-
forraers at the French theatre and that of Franfois de
Neufchateau, author of Paraela, a piece, breathing,
he said, nothing but raoderation. On the Sth of Sep
teraber he obtained a decree for the forraation of a
revolutionary army, !the purpose of which was to
raake terror the order of the day; he associated Bil
land-Varennes and CoUot d'Herbois to the coraraittee
of public safety, and paid such of the poor as should
be present at the asserablies. On the 17th he voted
for the death of the alarraists, and the banishment of
every individual, who after the 10th of August, 1792,
should not have shewn hiraself a patriot. At thfe
meeting on the llth of October, the city of Lyons
was at his instigation devoted to destruction. Not
withstanding his revolutionary labours, Barere was
represented to the Jacobins by Saintex " as an artful
raan, well skilled in steering between the opposing
currents." This accusation dropped hurtless, but it
was afterwards revived by raeans of Dufourny, and
appearing then to involve the committee of public
safety, which then weighed heavily on the Hebertists
and the Dantonists, Robespierre undertook the de
fence of the accused, and expressed his astonishraent
that the zeal and activity of Barere in advancing the
progress of the revolutionary governraent, should
have failed to obliterate frora the public raind sorae
opinions relative to reraote circurastances. More
and raore attached to the party of the Montagne,
he procured the repeal of that law which gave a de
puty the right of being heard before his sentence

barere. 75
being passed. On the 22d of January, 1794, he in
veighed against the partisans of peace, and speaking
ofthe conditions on which foreign nations were willing
to recognize the republic, he declared that this re
cognition was not necessary to its existence : adding,
that its destiny called on it to acknowledge other
governraents only with certain provisos. On the 5th
of February he deprived Jourdan of the coramand of
the army of the north, to give it to Pichegru : on the
4th of March he pointed out the foreign conspiracies,
the first appUcation of which fell on Hebert and his
party : a few days after he obtained the discharge of
the revolutionary army, whose chief, Ronsin, had
just been condemned to death with Hebert. After
wards Danton also was pointed out by Robespierre as a
foreign agent, Barere objected to hearing him, and
this deputy was sent to the scaffold. He procured a
decree for the slaughter of the English and Hanove
rian soldiers. After having announced the victories
at Tournay, the taking of Charleroy and that of
Ypres, he obtained an order for the massacre of the
garrisons of Conde and Valenciennes if they failed
to evacuate those places in 24 hours ; this order was
not however executed, and on that occasion he cried
out, " Temporize to-day, they will raurder you to
morrow. — No, no : none but the dead are to be trust
ed." Onthe 9th of July he repulsed the accusations
directed against Lebon, and justified his deeds, con
fessing, however, that " his measures had been some
what harsh !" Being elected president of the Jacobin
society, he marched at its head on the festival of the
J 4th of July. In short, to give an account of all the
opinions and all the labours of Barere, it would be
necessary to raention all the operations of the conven
tion frora the Slst of May, 1793, tiU the 27th of July,
1794; there are few in which his name does not ap
pear, and few meetings where he failed to occupy the
rostrum for several hours. The nuraber of his reports
relative to the array and to foreign and doraestic po
licv, may be estimated at 200 at least. The finance

76 barere.
too engaged his attention, and after a memorial re
specting the confiscation of the property of the con
demned, he said those words, with which he has since
been so frequently reproached : " We coin money in
the Place de Revolution" (the spot where the revo
lutionary executions were performed). His accounts
of railitary operations were always exaggerated, inso
much that St. Just hiraself, who had given so pomp
ous an account of the battle at Fleurus, said to him
one day, " You raake too rauch of our victories."
Thence his accounts have been terraed puffs. Barere
pronounced an eulogiura on Robespierre the very day
before his fall, and desired that his speech to accuse
the conduct of the coraraittees should be printed;
but when he saw that the convention declared against
hira, he was not slow to abandon him and join his
enemies; by this conduct, Barere andthe other mera
bers of the committee shared in the success of the 9th
Thermidor, so that they still retained a little in
fluence. But afterwards they were also attacked, and
reproached, Barere in particular, with having partici
pated in the tyranny of their coUeagues, and having
left thera only at the raoment of their downfal. Le
cointre de Versailles, on the 25th of August, declared
Barere to be an accoraplice of Robespierre, but being
defended by the Montagne, and the still unbroken
delusion respecting the power of the coraraittee of
public safety, of which he was still a raember, the
accusation was even declared calumnious. Again
accused sorae tirae after by Legendre, he attributed
to the popularity of Robespierre the cautious steps
which had been taken against hira : he had already
declared that the hypocrisy of the dictator had been
known only a few days. When he saw that the
Therraidorians persisted in their designs against his
party, he appealed to the code of organic laws per
taining to the constitution of 1793: complained of
the opposite party, and said he had been insulted for
having cried out " Success to the republic !" On the
26th of December the convejation, on the report of

BARERE. 77
Merlin de Douay, decreed the propriety of examining
into his conduct, and that of several of his colleagues.
On the 2d March, 1795, they were arrested, and at
the meeting on the 23d, they began their justifica
tion ; but the insurrection on the 1st of April having
been imputed to an intention of saving them, they
were conderaned to exile, and sent to a prison at
Rochefort tUl their embarkation for Guiana, The
next movement of the demagogues on the 24th May,
was not more favourable to them ; in consequence of
a decree they were summoned before the crirainal
tribunal of Charente-lnferieure, but the courier who
was dispatched with this new regulation carae too late :
Billaud-Varennes and Collot d' Herbois were already
gone to Guiana, and Barere alone had remained at
the isle of Oleron. On this occasion Boursault re
marked " That it was the first tirae he had failed to
seize a wind." He was removed to Saintes, and on
the 5th of October, 1795, the decree which ordained
his trial was revoked. But that condemniug hira to
exile remained in force, and yet was not executed ;
and soon after, Barere escaped from the prisons of
Saintes. In vain Lamarque endeavoured afterwards
to get hira included in the law of aranesty ; being ap
pointed by his department a member of the legisla
tive body in 1797, he had the raortification of being
formally expelled, in spite of the exertions of his
friends. The revolution on the ISth Brumaire having
terminated these party feuds, Barere offered his con
gratulations to the first consul, Bonaparte, and re
quested him to put an end to his proscription. He
was soon after included in that act which recalled to
their native country most of those proscribed on the
18th Fructidor. In January, 1800, he was called as
a witness on the trials of Ar6na, Ceracchi, and De-
merviUe ; the latter of whom- having done hira some
important services, built hopes on his testimony, wbich
proved without foundation. After this, Barere, by
permission of the emperor, published ajournal, entitled
" the Anti-Britannic Memorial," which had no sue-

78 BARNAVE.
ce^s, and the title of which was soon after changed.
The electoral coUege of the Hautes Pyrenees having
nominated hira, in 1805, as a candidate for a seat in
the conservative senate and the legislative . body, he
was unable to obtain a single vote in the senate. Be
side his justification and various anonyraous pam
phlets, Barere published three considerable works
during his exile : namely, " Montesquieu described
frora his own Works," " On the Objects of Govern.
raent," and " On the Liberty of the Seas." This
last-raentioned publication, forraing three voluraes,
was principally intended to display the usurpations
of England, and to point out to the directory the
raeans of putting an end to them. In 1805 he pub
lished also a translation of Tasso's Evenings, and
Young's Night Thoughts.
BARNAVE (Ant. Pierre Jos. Marie) barrister,
and deputy to the states-general, ^he son of a very
rich attorney of Grenoble, he entered warmly into the
revolutionary party, and was named by the tiers etat
deputy of this town to the states-general. He there
shewed hiraself frora the beginning one of the raost
implacable enemies of the court. When M. de Lally
Tolendal demanded in the narae of the faraily of M.
Berthier, comptroller of Paris, who was arrested at
Corapiegne, that the assembly would send a deputa
tion to prevent a new crirae, Barnave exclaimed, " Is
then the blood which flows so pure, that a few drops
of it raay not be shed ?" He was afterwards very often
reproached with this exclaraation. In the month of
June, 1789, he opposed the people's being forbidden
to enter the hall during the deliberations. He warmly
supported the tennis-court oath. On the 15th of
July, heproposed the dismission of the ministers whora
the king had just appointed ; on the 23d he deraanded
the organization of raunicipalities and of wardships,
and a tribunal to take cognizance of state crimes. At
the raeeting of the 1st of August, he declared loudly
in favour of the assertion of the rights of man. On
the 2d of September he spoke with his usual energy

BARNAVE. 79
in favour of the suspensive veto to be granted to the
king. On the 13th of October, he established, in an
opinion delivered at great length, that the property of
the clergy belonged to the state, and that the clergy
ought not to be considered as one of the orders of the
nation, but only as a profession. On the 17th of
Noveraber, he spoke against the parliaraent of Metz,
which had refused to register some decrees, and con
tradicted the reports which were spread, that the king
was not free. He was chosen- secretary on the 26th
of October. A short tirae after he deraanded that the
merabers ofthe chamber of vacations of the parliament
of Rouen raight be prosecuted for their resistance to
the new laws. On the 10th of December he declared
against Mirabeau, conceming the right of eligibility
to public functions ; and, more violent than his ad
versary, he even allowed himself some strong personal
reflections on him. Mirabeau repelled thera with that
haughtiness of expression which was faraiUar to hira,
and observed that orators spoke for four and twenty
hours, whilst the statesraan worked the sarae tirae.
At the meeting of the 26th, Barnave declared himself
the advocate of protestants, actors, jews, and execu
tioners, and solicited their admission to the rights of
citizens. In February, 1790, he voted the abolition of
religious orders. On the 4th of March he was ap
pointed a member of the colonial coraraittee. At
the meeting of the 22d of May, he was one of those
who were most decidedly of opinion, that the king
should be deprived of the right of raaking peace and
war : on this occasion the people carried hira in tri
uraph. In this discussion he had again found hiraself
on a contrary side to Mirabeau, and his speech on
this occasion is considered one of the raost eloquent
made by hira. At the sitting of the night of the 19th
of June, he deraanded that the asserably would, be
fore it rose, decree the suppression of all feudal titles
and rights ; he then caused the forra of the oath to be
taken by the king at the federation of the 14th of July
to be determined. He was appointed commissioner

80 BARNAVE.
for the business of Avignon, „and then member ofthe
diplomatic coraraittee. In the month of August he
fought a duel with M. de Cazales, and wounded
him with a pistol-shot. Barnave had before fought
with the viscount de Noaille, in the raonth of March
preceding ; he had fired first, and raissed his adversary,
who discharged his pistol in the air, and the dispute
was then adjusted by their friends. At the tii^e of
the affair of Nancy, he gave it as his opinion that the
asserably should announce with firmness that it would
punish crirainals, of whatever rank they raight be.
At the end of October he was president. At the
meeting of the 25th of January, 1791, he took- the
part of the society of Jacobins, and denounced the
monarchical club, entitling it a set of factious persons,
Atthe news of the departure>»Df Mesdaraes, the king's
aunts, he deraanded a precise law respecting the du
ties of the royal faraily ; at the raeeting of the 1 1th
of May, he insisted that no law should be passed con
cerning people of colour, tUl the raotion had been
made by the colonies, and pointed out the certain re
sistance of the planters to innovations of this nature.
This opinion, contrary to the principles of a great
part of the assembly, and even to those which Bar
nave had till this day expressed, was the first blow
given to his patriotic reputation ; it was even attri
buted to corruption. Opposed by Sieyes, tjrregoire,
Robespierre, Roederer, and Regnault de St. Jean
d'Angely, he could not prevent a decree contrary to
his opinion frora passing on the 15th of the same
month. On the 21st of June, at the tirae of Louis
the Sixteenth's flight, he shewed great presence of
raind, in the raidst of the stupefaction of the greatest
part of the asserably : he defended Lafayette against
the reproach that was addressed to him, of having been
aware pf this event. On the news of the king's ar
rest, he was appointed, with Petion and Latour Mau-
bourg, to go to ffetch the royal family, and bring them
back to Paris. He returned in the carriage of their
majesties, and conducted himself with all the proper

teARNAVE, 81
respect and attention ; it has even been reiharked that,
from that time, he quite lost what popularity he
had left, and appeared to have entirely joined himself
to the king's party. After the assembly had heard
the report of the coramittees on this event, Barnave
gave a simple recital of his mission, without adding
any reflection ; he even spoke for the inviolability of
the king's person, and repelled by looks of contempt
the hootings of the tribunes. On the 25th of July he
opposed the proposal of granting a fortnight to the
soldiers to bring their denunciations against the offi
cers whom they had forced to abandon their corps^
and ended by saying, that these leaders had been ex
pelled only by the subaltern officers, who wished to
enjoy their places. On the llth of August he de
manded that eligibility to public functions might be
subjected to the condition of paying a tax equal ta
forty days' labour. A short time before he had been
seen to oppose the assembly's decreeing rigorous raea
sures against refractory and factious priests. On the
5th of Septeraber, thinking himself raarked out by a
denunciation of the inhabitants of Brest, he again
spoke against the law relative to the colonies, and be
stowed very severe epithets on the defenders ofit. The
air of conterapt with which he was this time listened
to, should have convinced hira, that the tirae of his
triumphs wSs past ; he made new atterapts, however,
two days after, and, at the raeeting of the 2Sd, suc
ceeded in procuring the repeal of the decree of the
15th of May. At the end of the session, Barnave
was appointed mayor of Grenoble, where he married
the only daughter of a counsellor in the court, of aids,
who brought him a fortune of 700,000 livres. The
events of the lOth of August, 1792, having delivered
into the possession of the victorious party the secrets
of the court and its connections with the members
who hadmost influence in the last period of the con
stitutional asserably, Gohier, the new minister, pre
sented, at the raeeting of the 15th, documents which
established the connivance of Barnave with, the cabi-
YOL. L G

82 BARRAS.
net of the Tuileries. A' decree of adcusation was
imraediately past against hira, and after having long
reraained in the prisons of Grenoble, he was transferred
to the revolutionary tribunal of Paris : he there pro
nounced a very eloquent discourse, conducted hiraself
with the greatest firmness, and addressed the presi-
dent Dumas with rauch veheraence. Several times
did his judges interrupt without disconcerting him,
and he appeared so to convince and irapress them, that
those who had been suborned to drown his voice, be
lieved for a moraent that he was saved. He was how
ever conderaned to death on the 29th of November,
1793, and led to execution with Duport-Dutertre. He
was two and thirty years of age, sraall, but a weU-
looking raan ; he professed the protestant religion. Few
orators have had so rauch grace in diction and saga
city in analysis. In the raidst of the raost turaultuous
debates, he lost nothing of the subject, nor even of
the digressions frora the question ; and when it seera
ed exhausted, then he coUected all its heads ; then
he united the divergent rays in the point which he had
proposed to hiraself, and carried away all suffrages.
Mirabeau hiraself was astonished that a young man
.should speak so rapidly, so long, and so eloquently,
and said of him, " It is a young tree, which will
raount high if it be let to grow."
BARRAS (Paul Franq. Jean Nicol/s, Viscount
de) deputy to the convention, and afterwards mem
ber of the executive directory. He was born at
Foherapoux in Provence, on the 20th of June, 1755i
of the faraily of the Barras, so ancient, that it was
said proverbially in the country, "As noble as the
Barras, who are as ancient as the rocks of Provence."
He began his raUitary career as sub- lieutenant in the
regiraent of Languedoc, where he reraained till 1775.
Having at this period raade a voyage to the Lsle of
France, of which one of his relations was governor,
he passed into the regiraent of Pondicherry, and was
on the point of perishing in going to the coast of Co-
roraandel. The vessel, assailed by a terapest, struck

BARRAS. 83
on some rocks, and all the crew gave themselves up to
despair. Barras roused the seamen from their stupe
faction, and having built a raft, they reached an is
land inhabited by savages. A month after he was
relieved and transported with his companions to Pon
dicherry. When this town had yielded, he served in
the squadron of M. de Suffren, and at the Cape of
Good Hope. On his return to France with the rank
of captain, he gave himself up to his taste for gam
ing and women, which deranged his fortune. The
revolution then broke out. As early as 1789 he ap
peared against the court, and figured in the assem
blies of the tiers etat, while his brother sat in those of
the noblesse. Onthe 14th of July, betook apart in
the attack on the Bastile, and on the 10th of August,
1792, in that on the Tuileries. Being called as a wit
ness, at the time of the inquiries made by the Cha
telet into the events of the 5th and 6th of October,
he deposed, that having on the 5th heard three per
sons say dreadful things of the king and queen, he
had endeavoured to represent to them the innocence
of the king, but that having been ill received, he had
gone away shuddering with horror. In August,
1792, he was appointed juryman of the high court of
Orleans, and in September deputy of the department
of Var to the national convention, where he voted for
the death of Louis XVI. In October, 1793, he
was sent into the south with Freron; he shewed him
self at Marseilles a little less violent than the latter.
Having gone towards Touloq, at the time when this
town had just surrendered to the English, he encoun
tered the greatest dangers. After having fought his
way through some people who attacked his carriage
at Pignans, he embarked at St. Tropez, arrived by
night at Nice, and arrested, in the raidst "of his
arniy, General Brunet, whora he accused of having
been, together with rear-admiral Trogolff, the secret
cause of the surrender of Toulon to the EngUsh.
He investigated all the operations of the siege of this
place, and' then took terrible veneeance on its inha-

84 BARRAS.
bitants : he sent word to the convention that the only
worthy people whom he had found in it were the
galley-slaves. His patriotic reputation was so well es
tablished in the south, that he alone, with -Freron,
was excepted by name from the coraplaints carried to
the Jacobins by four hundred popular societies in
those parts, against all the representatives who had
been on missions there : but he displeased Robespierre,
and, after his return to Paris,, it was three times the
intention of this deraagogue to have hira arrested.
The character of Barras, and his threat of repelling
force by forcQ, held back Robespierre, who deter
mined to involve him in the great proscription that
hewas raeditating. Barras then joined the merabers
of the coraraittees, who, on the point of perishing
also, tried one effort to overthrow their oppressor, and
he thus becarae one of the principal actors of the
9th Therraidor, year 2^ (27th of July, 1794). He
was appointed coraraander of the arraed force which
repulsed the troops of Henriot, and seized Robes
pierre. The next day he resigned the coraraand, and
was chosen secretary a few days after. On the 23d of
Septeraber he denounced Moses Bayle and Granet as
authors of thetroubles of the south, and accused them
besides of having been the enemies of Marat. Accused
in his turn by Granet and Escurdier, as extravagant in
expense, he was justified by a decree. In Noveraber,
1793, he was chosen into the coraraittee of general
safety, and suddenly joined the party of retribution,
and opposed the Montagnards. In January, 1795, he
declared against the eraigrants of Haut and Bas Rhin,
in favour of whora Bentabolle was interceding. A few
days after he suggested the celebration of the anniver
sary of Louis the Sixteenth's execution ; and, in order
to interest the people in this festival, he procured a de
cree for restoring the poor the effects pledged at the
raount of Piety.* On the 4tli of February he was
* The name given to certain places where money is lent on
pledges without interest, or at interest extremely moderate.

BARRAS. ~ B5
chosen president. On the 12th of Germinal (the first
of April) when the convention was besieged by the
people of the suburbs, who came to demand of it
bread and the constitution of 1793, Barras shewed
great energy, caused Paris to be decreed in a state of
siege, and the comraand of the troops to be given to
Pichegru, with whora he was associated. On the
ist of Prairial following (20th of May) Barras was
again charged with the direction of the arraed force :
he triumphed a second tirae, and corapleted the de
feat of the Montagnard party. He was afterwards
charged with different raissions for the supplying of
Paris with necessaries to subsist the troops. The re
election of two-thirds of the conventionals for the, le
gislative body having excited new disturbances, and
the sectionary colurans of Paris having marched
against the convention on the 13th of Vendemiaire
(10th- of October, 1795,) Barras, who had declared
this insurrection to be directed by the royalist party,
was again charged with coraraanding the troops of
the convention, and the battalion of patriots who
were corae to its defence. It was at this conjuncture
that he called general Bonaparte to hira, and era
ployed hira in the raost useful raanner. He even at
tributed in his reports all the honours of the victory
to this officer, who was still young, and a few days
after obtained for him the command of the army of
the interior. These iraportant services caused hira to
be appointed to the directory. At first he appeared
to eraploy hiraself there rauch raore with his pleasures
than with business ; but he contrived, by his firraness,
to preserve a great ascendant over his colleagues. It
has been said, that it was to hira France owed the no
mination of general Bonaparte to the coraraand of
the array of Italy. Carnot, in his raeraoirs, has cora
bated this assertion. However that raay be, Barras,
being sensible that this officer would give a certain
preponderance to the person who should have the
charge of directing hira, contrived to take the vvar-
department from Carnot. This was what set them

86 BARRAS.
at variance, and for a short tirae made the latter lean to
the counsellors, amongst whom he had forraed a
party to limit the power of the dir^ectory, and espe
cially that of Barras, This latter became the object
of the sarcasras and invectives of the journals of the
Clichien party; he was irritated at it, and in one of
the fits ofhis passion, fell on the abbe Poncelin, This
journalist, dragged to the Luxembourg by some po
lice officers, was cruelly flogged there. This ven
geance redoubled the outcries against Barras. Fifev^e,
editor of the French gazette, of which Poncelin was
the proprietor, brought forward an accusation for
this outrage. A complaint against the director was
carried to the justice of peace of the section of the
Luxembourg; but Poncelin, calmed or intiraidated,
put a stop to this affair himself Soon after, Villot
contradicting his declaration atthe Chatelet, in 1790,
when he had himself said that he was thirty-three
years old, asserted, that he was not of the age required
to be a director : Barras proved the contrary by the
register of his birth. These divisions could not be
terrainated but by the fall of one of the two factions;
thatof the counsellors gave way on the 18th of Fruc
tidor, year 5, (4th of September, 1797,) ofthe events
of which day Barras was one ofthe principal authors,
Frora this tirae he reigned pararaont till the SOth of
Prairial, year 7, (18th of June, 1799,) when Sieyes
having attained to the directory, supported by a
strong party, Barras succeeded in awing him by his
firraness, and reraained seated by his side, whilst
Merlin de Douai, Treilhard, and Reveillere Lepeaux,
saw theraselves obliged to give in their resigna
tion. But indeed he becarae one ofthe victims of the
ISth of Bruraaire, year 8, (9th of Noveraber, 1799).
He sent his resignation to St, Cloud in an arabiguous
letter. He requested the consul Bonaparte to protect
his departure from Paris, and the sarae evening a de-"
tachraent escorted his carriage to Gros Bois. Banish
ed to this estate, he saw himself all at once accused
of having wished to favour the Jacobins, to serve the

BARTHELEMY, 87
house of Bourbon, and to seize on the supreme autho
rity. After the definitive organization of the con
sular government, he sold Gros Bois, and retired to
Brussels, where he for several years kept up a consi
derable estabUshment. In the year 13, (1805), he ob
tained permission to retire into the south of France.
Barras is a large and handsorae man ; without hav
ing a strong understanding, he has abilities, and that
kind of genius which depends on the character. His
manners are prepossessing : he has more activity
than information, but with these quaUties he has
not the morality necessary for a public raan, and
without which he cannot comraand either respect or
confidence. BARTHELEMY (the abbe, Jean Jacques).
Born at Cassis, near Aubagne, on the 20th of Janu
ary, 1716. He studied at the oratorical college at
MarseiUes, where his success was rapid and brilliant.
He then removed to that of the Jesuits, and devoted
himself particularly to the dead languages ; he applied
himself to study with an ardour so excessive as to en
danger his life. When restored to health, he carae to
Paris, and was patronized by Boze, keeper of the ca
binet of raedals, who in time associated hira with
himself. From this period the abb6 Bartheleray
spent all his hours in the study and arrangeraent of
the medals, and Boze dying in 1757, he succeeded
him. Soon after he accorapanied - the Duke de
Choiseul tb Italy, and this journey gave hira an op
portunity of increasing the numismatic riches of
France; he visited all the monuments, and received
every where the most flattering attentions. M. de
Choiseul being raised to the ministry, bestowed on
him several pensions, which he had sorae difficulty in
prevailing on hira to accept. He employed thera,
however, in the most worthy manner ; he educated
his nephews : he collected for himself a chosen Ubrary,
and shared the remainder with the poor. It was al
this period that he began the Travels of the younger
Anacharsis, one of the most splendid literary monu
ments ofthe 18th century, which cost him 30 years

88 BARTHELEMY.
labour. Unambitious, and connected with no party,
it was long before he became one of the French aca
demy. Though he had been a member of that of
inscriptions and elegant Uterature, ever since 1747,
he was not adraitted among the forty till June, 1789.
The year foUowing, the post of king's librarian was
offered to bim, but he declined it. -Confined by incli
nation and by modesty to the care of the cabinet of
medals, he devbted himself to it with unalterable ar
dour, and at last collected 40,000 antique medals,
which he ai-ranged in an admirable order. He had
almost reached the end of his days, when the revolu
tion came to cloud them, for being .pointed out in
1793 as an object of suspicion, he was conveyed to
the Magdelonnettes, though some pity 'might have
been shewn to a man of 78 years of age. It was not
however long before his persecutors blushed at this
useless barbarity, and he was restored to Uberty four
and twenty hours after his arrest ; but the fatal stroke
was given; from this time his strength declined, and
after a fever of a few days, he peacefully expired, on
the Istof May, 1794, read ing. Horace. This virtuous
man was the ornament of his age, the delight of his
friends, and the stay of his family. His figure was
tall and well proportioned, his face had an antique
cast, and expressed raingled siraplicity, candour, and
dignity, the true type of his good and elegant mind.
He was dear to all who knew him, particularly to his
family, of whom he was the prop. The education of
his nephew, who is now a senator, was owing to
him. He left a great number of treatises on raedals
and inscriptions; also, the " Loves of Calista and
Polydore," a romance translated from the Greek,
and conversations on the state of the Greek rausic.
BARTHELEMY (Francois) nephew of the per
son last-mentioned, a senator, ^orn at Aubagne,
and brought up under the direction of his uncle,
he was placed whUe yet very young in the office
of M, de Choiseul ; the Baron de Breteuil after
wards took him to Switzeriand, and thence to

BARTHELEMY. .8$
Sweden; and when M. d'Adhemar was appoint
ed arabassador to that court, Barthelemy accom
panied hirh thither as his secretary. On the re
cal of the minister he succeeded him as ambassador,
and remained some time even during the mission of
M. de la Luzerne. At the commencement ofthe
revolution he was sent as arabassador to England,
and to him devolved the office of informing the court
that Louis XVI. had accepted the constitution.
In December, 1791, he went to Switzerland, in the
same character : in April, 1795, he negociated and.
signed a peace with Prussia : in the July following he
concluded a sirailar treaty with Spain, and shortly
after with the elector of Hesse. He was also charged
to endeavour at entering into some pacific negocia
tions with Mr. Wickham, then the English minister
at Bale; but this proved unsuccessful. Though he
• sometimes occasioned the expulsion of emigrants and
priests frora Switzerland, he behaved with great rao
deration there, and has been commended by all
parties. Letourneur having quitted the directory
in June, 1797, M. Barthelemy was elected in his
place ; but having been raised to this eminent sta
tion chiefly by the influence of the Clichien party,
he soon shared in their downfal. It seems that
without having attached himself to Carnot, and with
out being connected with the members of the coun
cils, who were theraselves split into several factions,
he reprobated the conduct of his three other col
leagues; he opposed any change in the ministry, and
with .Carnot, signed a protest against the decision of
the raajority. From that tirae. it was determined to
include him in the proscription then preparing, and
though Barras, on the 17th Fructidor, had intimated
to him his impending danger if he did not tender his
resignation, he disdained to withdraw frora it, and
that very evening played a game at trie trac, went
tranquilly to rest, and was seized in bed. The mi
nister Sothri /carried him to the Temple unrepining.
His only words were, " Oh, my country I" He, Piche-

90 BAUDOT.
gru, and the other arrested deputies, were removed
to Rochefort, and thence to Cayenne, where he
nearly perished by disease. After several raonths of
captivity, he escaped with six of his corapanions in
misfortune, and his faithful Le Tellier, who had
courageously foUowed hira. He went to England,
and thence passed over to the Continent, where he
reraained tUl the revolution of the 18th Bruraaire
restored hope to those proscribed in the raonth
of Fructidor; Bartheleray was one of the first re
caUed, and soon becarae a meraber of the conser
vative senate, shortly after which he was called to the
institute. To great abilities Barthfeleray unites un
common probity; and though long an arabassador,
and afterwards a meraber of the first authority in
the state, his fortune is still narrow,
BAUDOT (Marc Ant.) He was a physician at
Charolles, and was appointed assistant deputy to the
legislative asserably, by the department of Saone and
Loire, and afterwards deputy to the national con-
-vention. He began there by demanding a decree of
accusation against M. M, de Dillon, Maury, Cour-
voisier, and Choiseul Gouffier, In 1793 he voted
for the death of Louis XVL, and his execution
within 24 hours. Being on a mission at Thoulouse,
at the time of the Slst of May, 1793, he thouglit it
prudent to quit that city on account of the risings
which manifested them.selves there against the Mon
tagne. On the 23d of July he caused it to be de
creed, that all those who should be in rebellious towns,
and should not quit them within three days, should
be considered emigrants. He also obtained a decree
that all bells should be converted into cannons. He
afterwards sent to procure the execution of the law
of the 1st of August, 1793, which suspended the
raerabers of the adrainistrative bodies of Montauban
frora their functions, and filled their places with
other persons. His raission was extended to the de
partraents of the Pyrenees Orientales, Haute-,
Garonne, and Gironde; he there renewed the au-

BAZIRE. 91
thorities, and made use of much severity against the
emigrants, the priests, and the federalists. On his
return to Paris, he gave an account of his operations
to the convention, and to the Jacobins, He was
afterwards sent to the array ofthe Rhine and Moselle,
where he shewed the sarae veheraence, and irapri
soned a great number of suspected persons at Metz
and Strasburgh. He was at the battle of Kaiser
slautern, on the 10th Frimaire, year 2 (SOth Novera
ber, 17*93) and there gave proofs of courage. He
defended Hoche against St, Just, who was preju
diced against this young general. This opposition,
which was not without danger to Baudot, deterrain
ed hira to request his recal, which he obtained, and
was appointed secretary in March, 1794. After the
9th of Therraidor he was sent to the army of Pyre
nees Orientales, but did not remain there long. As
he did not choose to range hiraself on the side ofthe
Therraidorians, he was comprehended in the nura
ber of Montagnard deputies, who had decrees of
arrest passed against them in consequence of the
events of the 1st of Prairial, year 3 (20th May,
1795), and was taken to the castle of Ham. A few
days after the Strasburghers accused him of terrorism,
ahd deraanded that he should be brought to trial.
He was set at liberty by the aranesty of the Sd Bru
maire, year 4 (25th October, 1795), and has ap
peared no raore in public stations.
BAZIRE (Claude) son of a merchant at Dijon,
who became a barrister, and was afterwards clerk of
the archives ofthe states of Burgundy. At the begin
ning ofthe revolution, he was norainated adrainistra
tor of the district: andin September, 1791, deputed
frora the Cote d' Or to the legislative asserably, where
he distinguished hiraself at his first coming by the
most violent raotions against the king. At the raeet
ing on the llth of Noveraber, he accused yM, Var-
nier, receiver general of the finances at Dijon, as
author of a letter in which he called on one of his
inferior officers to send men to Coblentz to the bro-

92 BAZIRE.
thers of Louis XVI. On the 23d he voted for the
abolition of religious habits, and spoke in favour of
universal toleration ; on the 25th he obtained the
establishraent of the inspecting committee : on the
4th of February, 1792, he declared against the ex
portation of the current coin : three days subse
quently, he appeared araong those who proposed
the sequestration of the eraigrants' property; and
afterwards raade every possible effort to deraonstrate
the existence of an Austrian committee, coraposed,
as he said, of the queen, the Count de Mercy Ar-
genteau, the ambassador from the Austrian court,
and several other great lords, asserabled to arrange
the counter-revolution. In consequence of this
charg6, the justice of peace, Lariviere, sent a sum
mons to him, and to his colleagues. Merlin and
Chabot ; but the assembly undertook their defence,
and the magistrate found that he had endangered
himself by this courageous measure, which he shortly
after expiated with his Ufe. Bazire, with Chabot and
Merlin de Thionville, long continued to form the
faraous cordelier triumvirate, so much ridiculed in the
journals of the time. On the 2Sth of May he soli
cited the dispersion of the king's guard, and shortly
after he proposed to disband all the officers of the
army, and authorize the soldiery to appoint others
in their room; he then exerted himself to have a
price set on the head of Lafayette. Bazire was one
of the principal instigators of the events of June,
1792, and those of the 10th of August following,
which occasioned the downfal of the throne : he en
deavoured at that time to save sorae Swiss, and to
put thera under the safeguard of the law. When the
assassinations on the 2d of Septeraber took place, he
was sent to the sections to induce thera to take arms.
At the very first raeeting of the convention, of which
he was a raeraber, he proposed that the punishraent
of death should be denounced against any one who
should speak of creating " an hereditary and indivi
dual power," and voted for the abolition of royalty ;

BAZIRE. 93
nevertheless, his narae appears araong those whom
M. de Narbonne raentions as having received sums
frora the court. On the Uth of Deceraber, 1792,
he brought an accusation against Brissot and Louvet,
and on the 26th gave it as his opinion that Louis XVI,
whose defence had been just heard, should be judged
on the spot : he afterwards voted for his death. In
February, 1793, lie becarae a meraber of the com
mittee of general safety, and was afterwards sent on
a raission to Lyons with Legendre and Rovere. He
turned out the municipal officers, and replaced thera
by friends of Chalier, chosen frora the society. On
the Slst of May he set hiraself against the coraraittee
of twelve, devoted to the Girondists, and desired
that the convention should go and unite with the
40,000 men who demanded the expulsion of that
party. On the 22d of July he accused general
Custines of attachment to that faction, and obtained
a decree for his arrest: on the 28th of August he
procured a law declaring the republic in a state of
revolution till a general peace : on the 4th of Octo
ber he made a report in the name of the committee
of general safety, concerning the conspiracy of La
Rouarie. He objected to having the ashes of Fene
lon deposited in the Pantheon, " because he had
written in favour of monarchical government." He
was afterwards chosen secretary, and desired that an
order might be passed for all citizens to address each
other in the singular number. On the 10th of No
vember, 1793, he contended against the plan of
obliging the deputies to give an account of their for
tunes; and said, that he looked on this measure as
calculated to favour the aristocrats, and to excite
divisions among the patriots. He declared terror to
be destructive of republican virtues, and added, " the
loss of my head will be the reward of my courage;
but I have learnt to brave death." After having
coraplained of the systematic calumnies launched
against the friends of the revolution, he opposed the
outlawry of 'those accused persons who should con-

94 BEAUHARNAIS,
trive to escape. These opinions displeased the Jaco
bins, and Bazire, in alarra, strove some days after to
retract; it was too late, Robespierre had hira accused
of dishonesty and of counter-revolutionary designs;
and then involved hira in the ruin of the Dantonist
party. On the 17th of November. Bazire was put
under arrest with Chabot, Delaunay (d'Angers), and
Julien (de Thoulouse), all accused of a connection
with stock-jobbers, particularly d'Espagne and the
Baron de Batz, for the purpose of enriching them
selves by obtaining financial decrees. Some writings
found among Robespierre's papers after his death,
seera to justify this latter accusation. On the 16th
of January, Araar coraraenced a prosecution against
thera ; Bazire for a long tirae remained a prisoner in
the Luxembourg. Merlin de Thionville vainly re
quested perraission for hira to receive the visits of his
friends there. Legendre also defended him to the
Jacobins, but without success, and the CordiflierS
hurried on his execution, by declaring him to fee a
moderatist. On the 1st of April, 1794, he was
brought before the revolutionary tribunal, when he
declared that he had feigned to listen to the proposals
of Julien de Thoulouse and Delaunay, in order to
penetrate to the bottora of the intrigue, and make it
public. Danton, and those accused with him, ap
peared before the tribunal at the same time, and
though astonished to find themselves coupled with
cheats (for so they characterized Bazire, Chabot,
and others), they were nevertheless condemned alto
gether on the 5th of April, and executed the same
day. Bazire was thirty years of age : by a decree
ofthe legislative body. May the 2d, 1797, a pension
has been granted to his widow.
BEAUHARNAIS (Alex. Viscount of). When
adjutant-major ofa regiment of foot, he had, several
years before the revolution, married Mademoiselle
de la Pagerie, who belonged to one of the raost re
spectable farailies in Martinique; he was in 1789
Chosen deputy of the noblesse of , the bailiwick of

BEAUHARNAIS. 95
Blois to the states-general. His agreeable talents
and his farailiarity with the best company had ranked
him araong the raost araiable courtiers, long before
circurastances caUed hira to a different species of ce
lebrity. In this new career he was soon seen in the
nuraber of those who inveighed against adrainistra
tion with the greatest warmth, and sentiments of
philosophy and liberty at once superseded in him
the frivolity of the courtier. He was one of the first
of the noblesse who went over to the tiers 6tat. In
the night-sitting ofthe 4th of August, 1798, he pro
posed an equality of punishments for citizens of every
class, and their eligibility to all offices. He distin
guished himself among the speakers, who demanded
the appointraent of a national guard, and painted in
lively colours the dangers which liberty had to ap
prehend from too large a regular army. Being
chosen a member of the military committee, he
made several reports in its narae, and raoved a vote
of approbation of the conduct of Bouille at Nancy,
which drew on hira frora that raoraent the hatred of
the Jacobins, He veheraently opposed granting to
the king the right of peace and war. On the 29th of
April, 1791, he obtained a decree, authorizing sol
diers to frequent the clubs when they were not on
duty. He was president of the assembly at the time
ofthe king's flight, 21st June, 1791, and on that oc
casion shewed a firmness and tranquillity, which
gained the admiration of even his enemies. On the
Slst of July, he again filled the chair, and at the
close of the session set out for the army of the north,
with the rank of adjutant-general. M. de Biron, who
comraanded that array, highly extolled his behaviour
at the defeat of Mons, 29th of April, 1792. A few
days before the 10th of August, he was chosen, with
Custines, to coramand the camp at Soissons. After
that day, the commissioner of the legislative assem
bly declared that M. de Beauharnais was araong the
generals who had reraained faithful to their country.
In the month of October following, he addressed a

96 BEAUHARNAIS.
patriotic proclaraation to the troops of the Une be
longing to the array of the Rhine. In Decerabeiv
when Franckfort was re-taken by the Prussians, his
railitary conduct was praised by the rainister Pache
and general Custines. On the 29th of May, 1 792,'
he was appointed to the coramand of the array of the
Rhine, and soon after invited to becorae war rainis
ter, which he refused. At this period, allthe nobles-
who were eraployed in the arraies were reraoved ; in
consequence of which he sent in his resignation,
which was at first refused, and afterwards, 21st of
August, accepted by the representatives, whp or
dered hira to reraove to the distance of twenty leagues
frora the frontiers. He had sorae tirae before been ,
attacked by Varlet, one of the raembers of the com
mune of Paris, who charged hira with having be
longed to the Feuillans. This denunciation obliged
hira to publish reraarks against the proscription of
the nobles, and to declare his attachraent to the re-i
public. When his resignation had been accepted,.
he retired to La Ferte-Imbault, department of Loir
and Cher ; there he was arrested, as a suspected per
son, taken to Paris, confined in the prison ofthe
Carmelites, and afterwards brought before the revo
lutionary tribunal. He was charged with having
been for a fortnight inactive at the head ofhis array,
which had contributed, they said, to the loss of
Mentz. He was conderaned to death on the 23d
of July, 1794, aged 34. The evening before his trial
he wrote to his wife, since raarried to Bonaparte,
to recommend his children to her, and to entreat her
to procure his fame to be restored. Mercier, in his
Nouveau Paris, relates, with that enthusiasm which
belongs to hira, that at the federation of the 14th
July, 1790, M.de Beauharnais worked in the Charap
de Mars, harnessed to the same cart as the abbfr
Sieyes. BEAUHARNAIS (Eugene de), son of the pre
ceding, and of the Empress Josephine. He was
little raore than a child when his father was con-

BEAUJOLOlS. 97
ducted to the scaffold, but his misfortunes found a
speedy termination ; for his raother having raarried
general Bonaparte,_he became his aid-de-carap, and
attended hira to Italy and Egypt. On his return
from that expedition, he was appointed head of a
squadron of chasseurs in the consular guard, and
shortly after became their commander in chief. He
constantly accompanied the first consul in his
journeys; was promoted to the rank of general of
brigrade; and then, in August 1804, colonel general
of the chasseurs. In the same month he^ went to pre
side over the electoral coUege of Loir and Cher, the
place ofhis nativity ; and in February, 1805, he was
raised to the dignity of a French prince, of arch-
chancellor of state, and grand officer ofthe legion of
honour. A few months after he received the cross of
the high order of St. Hubert, which was conferred on
him by the elector of Bavaria; and in June, 1805,
he went to Milan, where he was appointed viceroy of
the kingdom of Italy.
Appendix to the Memoirs of Eugene de Beauharnais.
At the time of the return of hostilities against
Austria (September, 1805,) he collected together the
national guards of the kingdom of Italy, in various
camps of reserve, addressed to them energetic pro
claraations on the political circumstances in which
their country stood, successively visited these differ
ent bodies, and, rather by the means of persuasion
and gentleness, than by force of arms, reduced the
insurgent inhabitants of the mountains of Parma and
of. the environs. After the peace of Presburg, he
went to Munich, where, on the 17th of January,
1S06, he married princess Augusta of Bavaria.
The eraperor, the empressoithe French, and allthe
court of Bavaria, witnessed this august cereraony,
and the new-married pair immediately went into
Italy, where they were in every place welcomed with
the warmest eagerness.
BEAUJOLOlS (Le Comte de) youngest son of
the duke of Orieans, born on the 7th of October,
VOL. I. H

98 BEAULIEU.
1779. He profited raore than his brothers by the
education which was bestowed on thera, and parti
cularly gave signs of an extraordinary teraper of
mind. He was hardly 13 when he was arrested and
conveyed to the Abbaye, with the rest of his faraUy.
He then underwent an exaraination, in 'which he dis
played an energy which was adraired even by the
eneraies of his house. To the question, " Are you
an aristocrat?" he repUed " Yes." " Are you ac
quainted with your father's designs?" " No," &c.
&c. On the llth of April, 1793, he was taken to
Marseilles, where he spent three years in confineraent,
but was afterwards sent on board a Swedish vessel to
Philadelphia, where he raet with his brothers. Since
that time they have wandered through different
countries, but in 1802 went to London, where they
joined the other branches of the family of Bourbon,
then in England : on various occasions they have
appeared publicly together.
BEAULIEU (M. le Baron de,) an Austrian ge
neral of artillery. After having served with honour
in the seven years' war, he had retired with the rank
of lieutenant-colonel and the cross of the order of
Maria Theresa : he Uved peaceably tiU 1789, the time
of the revolt in Brabant. Though born there he took
no share in the insurrections, and the eraperor having
appointed hira raajor-general, he coramanded a body
of the Austrian array, if the reraains of a few regi
raents reduced by desertion to three or four thousand
men can be called an army. Nevertheless he attacked
the rebels, defeated them, and soon put an end to
this war. The patriots of Brabant have themselves
done justice in all their writings to the talents and
huraanity of this general. In one of the battles
fought against thera he was informed of the death of
his only son, who had just been killed, when turning
to those who surrounded him, with a truly Roraan
stoicisra, he said, " My friends, this is not a tirae to
weep, but to conquer." The eraperor gave him the
regiment of Orosz, of four battalions, and he is the

BEAULIEU. 99
first Walloon officer who has been colonel of a Hun
garian regiment. While he was at Bergben, a trura-
peter, on the 25th of AprU, 1792, brought him, on
the part of the French governraent, a declaration of
war against the king of Hungary and Bohemia. On
the 29th of May, when his whole army consisted of
ISOO infantry, and 14 or 1500 cavalry, and all his
artUlery of 10 field pieces, he was attacked by general
Biron, who had from 12 to 13,000 -men under his
command. A cannonade which produced no effect
was all that took place on this day, but Beaulieu
having received a reinforcement of two battalions of
infantry, and 200 cavalry, from the army of Bour-
bop, attacked the French in his turn, defeated them,
killed 250 of their men, and after having taken from
thera five pieces of cannon, forced thera to draw
back towards Valenciennes. In the month of De
cember he carried the French posts established at
Marche en Faraine. In the month of August, 1793,
he took the command of a body of troops between
Douay and Lisle : on the 29th he gained an advan
tage nearTempleuve, andseized four piecesof cannon.
The Duke of York having been beaten at Hond-
schotte, Beaulieu, at the head of all the forces he
could rauster, came and joined the English army
near Furnes. On the morning of the 15th the
French began an attack on the left, which would
have succeeded had not his arrangements compelled
them to retire to Menin. He followed them thither,
instantly assaulted the town, entered almost without
resistance, obliged the enemies to pass the Lys, and
pursued them to Roncq. Some days after this vic
tory, he received congratulatory letters from the
Flemish states. He coraraanded in the province of
Luxembourg in 1 794, and on the SOth of April gained
a battle near Arlon, over a division of Jourdan's
army; on the 19th of May he seized Bouillon, and
was invested with the grahd cross of the order of
Maria Theresa, in the month of June. On the 20th
pf July he was appointed quarter-raaster-general of
H 2

100 BEAUMARCHAIS.
the army of Cobourg ; but this situation being ill
suited to him, he continued, during the remainder
of this long carapaign, to comraand a body at whose
head he on all occasions displayed his valour and ac
tivity. In March, 1796, he went to take the chief
coraraand of the army of Italy, and was raised to the
rank of general of artUlery. The jealousy of general
Argenteau, who had flattered hiraself with obtaining
this coramand, was one cause ofhis defeats, especially
those of Montenolte, Millesimo, Montezerao, and
Mondovi. He saw himself abandoned by the king
of Sardinia, who, on the 5th of May, concluded an
armistice, which example was soon followed by thei
Duke of Parma, an^J the weakened Beaulieu vainly
strove to defend the Adda : he was obliged to retire
behind the Mincio, and general Bonaparte passed the
river and drove his advanced guards to the very
mountains of the Tyrol. Beaulieu raade a fruitless
display of his talents and bravery. He gave orders
that general Argenteau should be put under arrest
and conveyed to Pavia, for having at least seconded
him imperfectly, and he insisted on the comraence
ment of an irapeachraent against him by his court.
On the 25th of June he quitted the coramand ofthe
array, and was succeeded by M. de Wurraser, who
was still more unfortunate than he had been. Not
withstanding his ill success in Italy, Beaulieu cannot
but be regarded as an estiraable general ; if his talents
did not extend to the conduct of a great array, he
managed a considerable body, with much skill, and
his activity, joined to the enthusiasra with which he
knew how to inspire the soldiery, are sufficient to set
hira above ordinary generals.
BEAUMARCHAIS (P, AuGUSTE CAron de)
born at Paris the 24th of January, 1732, the son of
a watch-raaker. At the age of 21 he invented an
improvement in watch-makihg, Beihg passionately
fond of music, and especially of th6 harp, he applied
himself to rendering the raechanisra of the pedals
raore perfect, and this talent gained hirh admittance
to Mesdaraes, Louis XVth's daughters, to give them

BEAUMARCHAIS, 101
lessons, which was the origin of his fortune. He
lost two wives successively, and then gained three
considerable law suits : the papers which he publish
ed concerning each of thera, and especially that
against Kornmann, whose counsel Bergasse was, ex
cited great attention. He had an affair of honour
with a duke, in consequence of which he was sent to
Fort I'Eveque. He was employed in some political
business by the ministers Maurepas and Vergennes :
he supported the scherae for the bank of discount,
and this bank was estabUshed ; he also' procured the
adoption of the scheme for a fire-pump to supply
the city of Paris with water. His plan concerning
poor women was executed at Lyon, and gained him
thanks frora the body of merchants of this town.
After the death of Voltaire, he bought the whole of
his raanuscripts, and not having been able to
print them in France, he established a considerable
press at KeU, where he succeeded in raising to this
great man, a typographical monument worthy of
his glory. He also had someother works printed at
this same establishment, particularly the writingsof
J. J. Rousseau. At this period the North American
colonies were shakingoff the yoke of England ; Beau
marchais formed advantageous speculations in their
favour, in which he interested the possessors of large
capitals; he collected money and vessels, and sent
thera arras, raen, and other assistance, of which a
small part fell into the hands of the EngUsh, the re-
.rnainder arrived safely, and he raade the best advan
tage of the event, which procured hira a considerable
fortune: itwas then that he had a raagnificent house
built in the Faubpurg St, Antoine. He was planning
the cpnstruction of a bridge over the Seine, when the
revolution intervened to oppose his projects, Onthe
24th of July, 1789, he raade a civic gift of 12,000
francs to the inhabitants of the Faubourg St, An
toine ; a (Short tirae after he became a raeraber of the
first coraraune of Paris, In 1792, haying signed a
contract with the war-rainister, to furnish 60,000 fire-

102 BEAUMARCHAIS.
locks, which he was to procure from HoUand, and
not having delivered one, though he had received
500,000 francs in advance, the people accused him
of forming a deposit of them in his house on the
Boulevard: this accusation was laid before the con
vention by Chabot ; Beaumarchais was conducted
to the Abbaye a little while before the massacres of
September, but Manuel having declared himself his
protector, he was set at liberty. Lecointre de Ver
sailles renewed this accusation on the 28th of No
vember, and obtained a decree forproceeding against
him, but he had already taken refuge in England,
where the ridiculous reply was forgotten which he
had made in his own narae to the proclamation of
the English monarch, at the time of the American
war. It was said at the tirae, that hie would, from
his retirement, maintain a secret correspondence
with the committee of public safety; however this
may be, after the 9th of Thermidor, year 2, (37th
of July, 1794,) he returned to Paris, and was striv
ing to coUect the shattered remains of his ancient
fortune, when, on the 17th of May, 1799, he was
carried off by an apoplectic fit, after a life raade up
of all kinds of events, and divided between literature
and business. The only real talents which he shewed
were in intrigues of every species. His draraatic
productions were highly successful. The Marriage of
Figaro especiaUy, in which the author has retraced
several scenes of his own life, not calculated to do
hira honour, was performed all over France, and
particularly at the first theatre in Paris, with ridi
culous solemnity. It is difficult to express the infa
tuation with which the court and the town came to
applaud the most indecent pictures, the jests in the
worst taste; and it is above all astonishing that the
governraent of that tirae did not stifle these first cries
of sedition. The Barber of SevUle preceded Figaro ;
this work, sketched on the sarae plan, had less suc
cess : the Guilty Mother, which Beauraarchais wished
to make the sequel to these two pieces, occasioned

BEFFROY. 103
strong invectives, and his impudence now met with
zealous defenders of morals and good taste. The
stroke which excited the most indignation was the
anagram of one of his adversaries in the foolish and
odious character of Begearss: no one recognised in
this portrait one of the most enlightened and esti
mable men of the age, and the calumny was only the
more disgusting on that account. This piece was
however revived in 1796, and, after the representation,
the author, at theend of his career, presented him
self once more on the stage, where he received ap
plauses contested by some hisses. Beaumarchais'
first draraatic performance, Eugenia, had appeared
in 1767 ; the most interesting situations in this piece
he had borrowed from the Diable Boiteux of Lesage.
In 1 793 he published papers in answer to Lecointre
de Versailles, his accuser.
BEFFROY DE REIGNY (Louis Abel) sur
named Cousin James. He was born at Laoh, on the
6th of November, 1757, and carae to Paris in 1770;
being endowed with an active mind, he employed
every method for acquiring renown. Everybody has
heard of his Moons, of his Will of an Elector, and
of a hundred other productions, the titles of which
are not less whimsical. The desire of an ephemeral
success often gave them a stamp of originaUty which
seduced the multitude. The same desire also sug
gested to him, in the year 8, (1799) the idea of a
Dictionary of Men and Things, a whimsical con
ception, without plan and without measure, the im
propriety of which soon excited the attention ofthe
police. Cousin James is besides a dramatic writer.
In 1791 he brought out Nicoderaus in the Moon,
which raet with great success, attributed, at the
time, to the portrait of a beneficent king, in whom
the public thought they recognised Louis XVI.
Beffroy also brought out, in 1793, a grand opera,
which was played for a short tirae, under the title of
AU Greece, and which has been since compleatly
forgotten. This piece had been preceded by the

104 belsunce.
Club of Good People, which had also great success,
attributed to the poUtical opinions of the time. There
are also by him. The Wings of Love, Little Nanette,
and many other fugitive pieces. He composed the
music -of almost all his operas ; it is considered as
not highly finished, but easy and agreeable.
BELAIR (A. P. Julienne de) general of bri
gade. He was, in August, 1792, chief-engineer
for the defence of Paris. The entrenchments, of
which he gave the plan, were to begin above St,
Denis, and stretch to Nogent sur Marne. He de
manded 800 pieces of artillery ; the military com
mittee at first promised him 600; heproposed to em
ploy the bronze figures and the statues to make can
non, and the lead of VersaiUes to make balls. He
became coramander of the legion of the national
guard of Paris, and was afterwiards employed in the
army of the north in 1793. He is the author of a
pamphlet, entitled, " Method of rendering Subsist
ence abundant in Armies," with this raotto, " Thes
art of conquering is lost vvithout the art of subsist
ing ;" and of several other works, such as, Instruc
tion addressed to Infantry Officers, for the Defence of
Posts; Eleraents of Fortification ; Defence of Paris,
and of the whole erapire ; The Pikeman's Manual.
BELSUNCE (the CoUnt de), sub-major ofthe in
fantry regiraent of Bourbon. He was in garrison
at Caen, where he long protected the circulation of
corn, and appeased several tumults. Three grena
diers of the regirtient of Artois, having accused hira
of having caused a medal to be taken frora thera
which they wore, as having deserved well of the
country, a mob forraed against him ; his house was
surrounded ; he took refuge at the town hall, but was
dragged thence by the people, and raassacred in the
presence of the raotionless raagistrates. One woraan
tore out his heart, and carried it in triuraph ; other
furies dipped tbeir handkerchiefs in his blood. Ma
rat, who had denounced hira in his papers as an
aristocrat, was one of the causes of this event ; and

bentabole. 105
Prudhorarae says in his History of the Criraes of the
Revolution, that " the death of Belsunce, the che
rished lover of Maderaoiselled'Arnians, better known
by the narae of Charlotte Corday, was the first mo
tive of this young girl's hatred of Marat.
BENDER (Blaise Colomban, Baron de) Field-
marshal. Born in the Brisgaw, he entered very
young into the Austrian service, and was engaged in
the war of 1741, and the seven years' war against the
Prussians, he distinguished himself in various en
gagements, and received several wounds. He had
attained the rank of captain, when he married a
countessof the house of Isembourg : this alliance was
a source of rapid promotion to him : within a few
years he was successively major, colonel, and major-
general; he had the command ofthe Brisgaw. Hav
ing been appointed lieutenant-general, the govern
ment of the iraportant fortress of Luxerabourg was
intrusted to hira. At the time of the insurrection of
1789, he coramanded-in chief in the Low Countries,
and directed the principal part of the operations,
notwithstanding his great age. In 1790 he was pro
raoted to the rank of fleld-raarshal, and obtained the
grand cross of Maria Theresa. In 1792, his infirrai
ties did not perrait hira to take an active part in the
war against France, and he remained at Luxem
bourg, of which the French formed the blockade in
1794. The old general defended himself courageous
ly there for eight months, but in spite of his reite-
rq,ted demands, this fortress had been left unsup
plied with provisions. It was forced to surrender on
the 1st of June, 1794, and the garrison even then ob
tained .»an honourable capitulation ; they were sent
back into Germany, on condition that they should
not b^ar arms for a year. M. de Bender was ap
pointed governor-general of Boheraia, and having
retired into Moravia, died there sorae tirae afterwards.
BENTABOLE (Pierre) a barrister, son of a
contractor for provisions during the seven years' war,
raad^ hiraself known from the beginning of the revo-

106. bentabole.
lution, by the ardour with which he embraced its
principles, and was soon named attorney-general of
the department of Bas Rhin. Being chosen deputy
of this same department to the national convention,
he voted there for the death of Louis XVI. and was
one of the most vehement antagonists ofthe Gironde.
After the battle of Nerwinde, lost by Duraourier, he
demanded the establishment of a coraraittee for try
ing the generals. On the Sth of May, at the tirae of
the progress of the Vendeans, he proposed that an
array of 40,000 men might be forraed, to raarch
against them ; that the alarm-cannon raight be dis
charged, and the tocsin tolled in the departraents
surrounding Paris, and that a stop might be put to
all business, whether civil or crirainal. After the
Slst of May, he proposed outlawing Felix Wirapfen.
coramissioner of the federalists of Calvados. Being
sent, at the end of August, to the array of the north,
he gave an account of the affair of Limelle, and of the
dispositions of Houchard at Dunkirk, and deprived
general Hedouville, as an ex-noble. On the Sd of
October, at the time of the decree of accusation
against the Girondins, he opposed Ducos, Fonfrede,
and Vigee's speaking in the tribune in their defence.
In December, at the time of the ballotting for the
Jacobins, he reproached Hebert with his denuncia
tions of Chabot ; he attested the patriotisra of He
rault de Sechelles, and treated the recal of the priests
and nobles on missions, as unjust with respect to some
araong them. On the 9th of January, 1794, at the
time of the presentation of Chalier's wife at the bar,
he caused a pension to be granted to her equal to that
enjoyed by the widow of Jean Jacques Rousseau. A
raonth after he supported the repeal of the decrees
passed for prosecution on account of the criraes of
the 2d and 3d of Septeraber, 1792; declared against
Robespierre on the Sth of Therraidor, and the next
day caused a raeasure to be adopted in favour of the,
persons detained on suspicion. On the 5th of Octo
ber foUowing, he was adraitted into the committee

bentabole. 107
of general safety, and from this period carried away
by circumstances wilh the favourers of retribution,
isometimes brought back by his principles towards the
Jacobins, he appeared to waver betvveen the different
extremes, without holding any very decided course.
On the I6th of October, he opposed the nation's
seizing the property of the relations of emigrants; on
the 5th of November, he denounced the members of
the Jacobins, who urged the people to insurrection,
and particularly attacked BiUaud Varennes, in the
midst of the multiplied refutations of the partisans of
the Montagne. He was named president on the
20th of December, and afterwards successively de
nounced the journal called L'Ami du Peuple, by
Lebois, the successor of .Marat, and L'Orateur du
Peuple, by Freron ; to oppose the return of the out
lawed deputies, to protest against the proposal of sus
pending every erasure from the emigrant list ; to
complain of emigrants fiUing public offices, and to
combat the measures proposed forjudging the terro
rists. On the 13th of Vendemiaire, year 4, (10th of
October, 1795,) he caused the permanence of the
convention to be decreed, and proposed placing Bar
ras at the head of the armed force. On the 3d of
Brumaire, year 4, (25th of October, 1795) he plead
ed for the re-arming of the patriots who had defended
the convention. Become a member of the council of
five hundred, he caused the minister of the police to
be charged with the business of erasures, and with
avenging the assassination of the patriots of the south ;
at the same time he demanded the exclusion of J. J.
Aime from the legislative body, and occasioned a great
disorder inthe council, by some offensive expressions.
In the month of May, 1796, he set himself up
against the raessage ofthe directory, announcing the
closing of the clubs and popular meetings. In Janu
ary, 1797, he had a dispute with his "coUeague Gou-
pilleau de Fontenay, to whom he gave a blovv with
a sword. On the 19th of August he recalled the
proraise of the thousand mUUons made to the de-

108 bernadotte.
fenders of the country, and urged a speedy repeal
of it. Imraediately after the 18th of Fructidor,
(4th of Septeraber, 1797,) he proposed raaking all
persons guilty of peculation refund. He died at Pa
ris, on the 22d of April, 1798. Bentabole was of a
violent disposition ; he had the voice of a Stentor,
and the vaulted roof of the hall of raeeting often
echoed with his vociferation. He was ofthe society
of the Cordeliers, and consequently a partisan of
Danton ; which explains the hatred that he vowed
against Robespierre, and vvas displayed as early as
the Sth of Therraidor, by opposing the printing of
his speech.
BERNADOTTE, born at Pau, in Beam. At the
tirae of the revolution he was a serjeant in the regi
ment of royal marines, of which M.Merled'Ambert
was colonel. His activity, his talents, and his bra
very, advanced hira rapidly, and he was coraraan
der of a derai-brigade, when Kleber, having distin
guished him, employed him in various expeditions,
procured for him an appointraent to be general of a
brigade, and soon obtained for him the comraand of
a division of the array of Sarabre and Meuse, at the
head of which he fought in the battle of Fleurus,
1794. On the 2d of July, 1795, he contributed to
the passage of the Rhine, near Neuwied, and in the
course of August took the city of Altorf, On the
22d, his division, posted in front of Newraarck, was
repulsed, together with the whole array under general
Jourdan, but in the retreat Bernadotte distinguished
hiraself as coraraander of the advanced guard. In
1796 he joined the array of Italy, and shared in the
glory of the Tagliaraento expedition. Soon after he
took Palma Nova, Lamina, Caporetto, &c. &c. A
short time before the 18th Fructidor, Bernadotte, in
the name of his division, signed an address against
the party which was that day overcorae. Not long
before he had coraraanded the arrest of M. d'En-
traigues, who was attached to the Russian legation
at Venice, and in whose correspondence papers were

bernadotte. 109
found, which served to point out the reasons for the
measures which had been taken against a part of
the raembers of the two councils. General Bona
parte afterwards sent him to Paris, to present to the
directory the standards taken at Pischiera after the
battle 6f RivoU. About the end of September, 1797,
he was appointed commandant of Marseilles, but
preferred returning to the head of his division. On
the IS'th of January, 1798, he was sent on an em
bassy to Vienna, where he remained not long, for
the inhabitants having joined to celebrate a festival
to shew their joy at the warUke preparations of their
volunteers, designed to combat the French, who the
preceding year had menaced their city, Bernadotte
thinking this anniversary an insult to his country, on
the same day gave a festival in his own palace in ho
nour of the victories of the French arras, and planted
on the ^outside the tri-coloured banner. The people
of Vienna exasperated, strove to corapel him to re
raove the banner, the palace was forced, and several
guns were fired, shortly after Bernadotte quitted the
country, but inhis account spoke with respect ofthe
emperor, throwing the whole blarae on the baron de
Thugut. On his arrival at Paris, he refused the
command of the fifth military division, and also de
clined accepting of an embassy to the Hague, to
which he had been appointed. For a long time, but
without success, he endeavoured to obtain public re
paration for the insult he had received at Vienna,
and a formal testimony of approbation of his con
duct. About the end of August, 1798, Bernadotte
rtiarried the daughter of a merchant of Avignon, who
vvas settled at Genoa, naraed Clary. The young
lady, sister in law to prince Joseph Bonaparte, had
been originally betrothed to general Duphot, who was
kUled in apopular tumult at Rorae. In 1799, Ber
nadotte being coramander in chief of an aVmy of re
serve, bombarded PhUisbourg, and drove from
Franckfort the agents of Austria and the eraigrants.
After that petty revolution ofthe 19thof May, 1799,

no BERNADOTTEr
which expelled Meriin, Trielhard, and LareveiUere,
from the directory, Bernadotte was appointed vvar mi
nister, and in the midst ofthe raisfortunes of thear-
mies, and the depredations and confusion ofa dismem
bered governraent, he acted with surprising energy
in that department. The directory, taking alarra at
his connection with several deraocrats, he was super
seded by Millet Mureau ; and yet that party in vain
urged him to declare himself, and to overturn the
projects attributed to Sieyes. He qhietly withdrew,
and after the 18th Brumaire was appointed a state
counsellor, and commander in chief of the western
army. In several engagements he dispersed the re
mains of the Chouans, and on the 6th of June,
1800, prevented the English frora landing at Qui
beron. The year following he gave up the com
mand to General Laborde; his health then gave way
alarmingly, and he appeared sinking under a species
of decline. He recovered, however, and rose higher
and higher in the estimation of the first consul,
who, on obtaining the imperial diadem, made him
raarshal of the erapire. In June, 1804, he was norai
nated to the coraraand of the army of Hanover, and a
few months afterwards appointed chief of the Sth cohort
of the legion of honour. In March, 1805, though
absent, he was chosen president of the electoral
college in the department of Vaucluse, and a few d^ys
after by that of the Hautes Pyrenees was elected can
didate for the senate. At the same time the king of
Prussia conferred on him the title of knight of the
black and red eagles, and his example was followed
by the elector of Bavaria, who sent him the badge of
the grand order of St. Hubert. Marshal Bernadotte
left Hanover with the chief part of his array, about
the end of Sept. 1805, andon the 25th of the same
month, after having traversed Hesse and the margra-
viate of Anspach, he reached Wartzburgh, where he
joined the Bavarians who had just entered into alli
ance with France, and soon restored them to their
capital, after which he went to the Her, ^nd thence

BERQUIN. 1 1 1
against the Russians, subsequently to the important
victory gained at Uim.
BERNARD (de Marigny) an old naval officer,
chief of a division in the royalist army of the Vendee,
and raeraber of the superior council of that array.
He was nephew to Marigny the chief of a squa
dron, who coramanded for some time at Brest at the
beginning of the revolution. Having been impri
soned by the Jacobins, he was released by Laroche-
Jaquelin, on the 14th of March, 1793, joined lym,
and long enjoyed great consideration in the army of
La Vendee; he accompanied it as commander of
artiUery in its excursion beyond the Loire. When
the war broke out again in 1794, he commanded the
cavalry at Cerisaye in Poitou. Being suspected of
treachery, he was condemned by the general council
of the catholic and royal army of the Vendue, to be
.shot. Charette performed, on this occasion, the
functions of king's attorney. BernaiTi de Marigny
was accordingly shot, near Cerisaye, a few days after
his condemnation. Stofflet was reproached with his
death as well as Charette, and it was attributed to
considerations of ambition and of personal animosity,
rather than to a motive of public interest.
BERNARDIN DE SAINT PIERRE (Jacques)
raeraber ofthe National Institute, pubUshed, in 1773,
a relation of the voyage which he had just made to the
Isle of France, then, in 1784, the Studies of Nature ;
in 1789, the romance of Paul and Virginia, and in
1791, that of the Indian Cottage, In 1792 hewas
appointed by Louis XVI. overseer of the botanical
garden, and at the end of 1794, professor of the
normal school, He had become distinguished at the
tirae by the public voice, and he was one of the first
put on the list of the tutors whom it was proposed to
give to the prince-royal, the son of Louis XVI.
BERQUIN (Arnaud) born at Bourdeaux, died
at Paris, on the 21st of December, 1791, at the^ge
of 42. He raade himself first remarkable by his Idylls,
which are full of grace and sensibUity, He was for

112 BERTHIER,
sorae tirae editor of the Moniteur, and published the
ViUage Paper, in conjunction with Gihguenfe and
Grouvelle. Berquin deserves the public gratitude
for the great nuraber of works useful to education,
which he published ; no writer has adopted this styje
with raore success. His Children's Friend obtained,
in 177s, the prize awarded by the French Academ^
to the raost useful work ofthe year; there are many
other productions by hira : the Friend of Youth ; the
ViUage Library; and the Children's Journal: hisidyUs
and his ballads have been collected. Araongst the
latter is reraarkable his iraitation of Metastasio, Or-
goglioso fiumacello,
BERTHIER, intendant of Paris, counseUor of
state, &c. At the tirae of the taking of the Bastilfe,
in July, 1789, the electors of Paris, to whora he had
been denounced, sent 400 raen to pursue hira. He
was arrested at Corapiegne, and conducted to Parif
the very evening ofthe raassacre ofhis father-in-law,
M. de Foulon. The people flocked in crowds to
raeet hira, and presented to hira the head of his
father-in-law, which they wanted to force him to
kiss. Soon torn from the hands of his guards, he was
taken to the fatal lamp-post. He snatched a gun
frora one of the raen who surrounded hira, and tried
to defend hiraself; but a hundred bayonets struck
hira at once. A raonster plunged his hand into the
midst of his bowels, and tore out his palpitating
heart, which he carried to the coraraittee ; this heaft
was placed on the point of a cutlass, and paraded
about the town, with his head on the end of a pike.
The unhappy Berthier was accused of having had the
direction of the carap of St. Denis, of having distri
buted cartridge to the troops, and of having mono
polized the suppUes of provisions for the capital. He
left a wife and eight children,
BERTHIER (Alexandre) war-minister, and mar
shal of the erapire. He was son to the governor
of the war-office, and was joined with hira in his em
ployraent. Early put on the staff, he served in this

BERTHIER. 113

•

manner in America, fought with Lafayette for the
liberty of the United States, and obtained the rank
of colonel. In the first years of the revolution, he
was appointed major-general ofthe national guard of
VersaiUes, and roade himself known there by the
raost invariable raoderation. He went to Metz on
the 2Sth of December, 1791, with the title of adju
tant-general, to carry to generals Luckner and Ro
chambeau, the staff of Marshal of France. He con
tinued to serve in the army of Luckner, with the
title of head of the staff. He passed into that em
ployed against the Vendee in 1793, gave effectual
assistance to Ronsin in taking plans of the revolted
country, and had three horses killed under him at the
capture of Saumur. In 1796, he was sent to the
array of Jtaly, with the rank of general of division,
and contributed greatly to the success of this cara
paign, fiUing the iraportant station of head of the
staff. He perforraed great services at the taking of
C^va and of Mondovi ; distinguished hiraself at the
passage of the Po ; and decided the victory at Lodi,
by rushing forward at the head of the battalions : he
had also a great share in the success of the battle of
RiVoli. General Bonaparte made, in his reports, an
eulogium on his conduct at Arcole. After the pre
liminaries of Leoben, towards the end of April, 1797,
Matthew Dumas, in the councU of 500, pronounced
an eulogium on Bonaparte and on Berthier. In the
month of October in the same year, general Berthier
was eoraraissioned by general Bonaparte, who pane»
gyrized hira anew, to bring the treaty of Campo
Forraio to Paris. In January, 1798, he received the
chief coramand of the army of Italy, and was charged
by the directory to march against the Roman states.
He then directed his course to Ancona, of which he
took possession, and continued his march to Rome,
which he entered with his army early in February.
The directory having commanded the destiHuction of
the papal government, general Berthier had a con
sular government organized there ; but he did not
VOL. J. I

114 BERTRAND DE MOLEVILLE.
Stay long in this country, and his devotion to general
Bonaparte soon carried him to Egypt, still as his
head of the staff. The signal services which he did
him in this country also are weU known. On his
return from Egypt, general Bonaparte associated him
in his glory and in his success on the memorable
18th of Bruraaire, and soon after appointed him war-
minister. Berthier was afterwards generalissimo of
the array of reserve, and again accorapanied general
Bonaparte into Italy, where he contributed to the
success of the passage of St. Bernard, and to the
gaining of the battle of Marengo. He afterwards
signed the arraistice concluded between the French
and Iraperial arraies. During the sumraer of 1800,
he organized the provisional governraent of Piedraont,
visited sorae places in Holland, and theffce went into
Spain on an embassy extraordinary : on his return
he resuraed the war-rainistry, which had been con
fided to Carnot. As soon as Napoleon Bonaparte
was proclairaed eraperor, Berthier was appointed
marshal of the empire, great huntsman, and chief of
tbe 1st cohort of the legion of honour. In 1805, the
king of Prussia raade hira knight of his orders, and
the elector of Bavaria conferred on hira that of St.
Hubert. Marshal Berthier accorapanied the empe
ror to Milan, at the tirae of his coronation as king of
Italy, in June, 1805, and on his return he went and
made a circuit on the coasts of Manche and Holland.
In October, 1805, he was appointed chief of the
general staff of the great army of Germany, and
contributed anew by his talents and his activity to
the brilliant successes which opened this carapaign.
On the 19th of the sarae raonth, he signed, with
Mack, the treaty for the surrender of Ulra, and the
capitulation of the Austrian army.
BERTRAND DE MOLEVILLE, comptroller
of Bretagae, then rainister of the raarine. Being the
king's commissioner at Rennes, in 1778, and charged,
with the Count de Thiard, with dissolving the par
liament, be was in danger of losing hisjife in a com-

BERTRAND DE MOLEVILLE. 115
motion in which the young men undertook" the
defence ofthe piarliaraent. On the 4th of October,
1791, he was appointed minister of the marine, in
the place of M. Thevenard. On the Slst of the same
month, he raade a report to the legislative asserably
on the state of the naval force of France, on the
organization of the raarine, and on the laws which
reraained to be raade relative to the service of the
ports and arsenals. The raajority of the coraraittee of
the raarine soon declared against him, particularly the
deputy Cavelier of Brest. On the 7th and Sth of De
cember, he was violently accused by the deputy of Fi
nisterre, and by the deputy Cavelier ,'as having deceived
the legislative body, by declaring the officers of the
raarine Avere at their posts, and as having betrayed
the nation, by employing aristocrats in the expedi
tion destined to carry succours to St. Domingo. The
discussion was adjourned, and on the 13th of the
sarae month, he presented a paper in answer to these
accusations. The asserably ordered it to be printed.
On the 19th of Deceraber, he delivered a speech on
the disasters of St. Domingo, and on the means of
remedying thera. Thohgh he had described the
friends of the negroes, as the instigators of these
disasters, the asserably was sufficiently pleased with
this discourse to order it to be printed. On the 29th
be was again denounced by a petitioner, calling him
self a raeraber of a coraraercial house in India, and
by the deputy Cavelier. On the ISth of January,
1792, |;he committee of the raarine made a report
against the paper of the minister Bertrand, relating
to the dismissions delivered to the officers of the
raarine of Brest. The discussion was long, the de
bates turaultuous, and the deliberation adjourned.
On the 19th, the rainister went, accompanied by his
coUeagues, to present to the assembly the recapitu-;
lation of his arguments in his defence, and explana
tions concerning the facts imputed to him : this affair
was again adjourned. On the 1st of February the
committee of the raarine made a new report against
12

116 BERTRAND DE MOLEVILLE.
hira. Afiter turaultuous debates, the asserably decreed
that there was no ground for accusation against this
rainister : but on the following day they decreed that
observations on his conduct should be presented.
Herault de S^cheUes was charged with the denuncia
tion : he read it, on the first of March, to the assem
bly, who adopted it. On the 10th it received the
king's answer, which was honourable to the minister,
and declared that Louis XVI, continued his confi
dence to hira, though he had been denounced to
him, A few days after, M, Bertrand, at the solicita
tion of other rainisters, and principally of M, Cahier
de Gerville, gave in his resignation, and was suc
ceeded by M. de la Coste, At this period Louis
XVI, confided to the ex-rainister, the direction of a
secret police eoraraissioned to watch over the Jacobin
party, and influence the national guard and the sec
tions. In the course of May, Carra having denounced
him to the Jacobins, as one of the principal mem
bers of the Austrian coraraittee, Bertrand complained
to the court of correcting police; but the justiceof
peace, Lariviere, who had admitted this complaint,
was accused by the legislative asserably, as having
iUegally pursued several deputies. In the course of
June, M. Bertrand sent to Louis XVI. the plan of
thejUstice of peace, Buot, his principal secret agent,
for neutralizing the tribunes of the assembly. After
the events of the 20th of June, he presented another
to this prince for securing his departure frora Paris,
but indiscretion and perfidy prevented the executiofl
ofit. Five days after the 10th of August, Bertrand
de MoleviUe was accused, in consequence ofa report
of Gohier, and of the deraand of Fouchet. He en
countered great dangers, and at last reached London,
where he settled after this period. In that country
he published a volurainous history of the revolution,
which had great success there, on account of the ac
curacy of the facts, of which the author was a witness,
and especially on account bf the severity of its prin
ciples. This valuable work has been translated into

BESEJfVAL. 117
English, and reprinted at Paris in 15 voluraes ; it is
certainly one of the raost coraplete coUections con-
-cerning the revolution, and it would be difficult to
find elsewhere raore courage and exactness on this
head, M. de Bertrand did not return to Paris after
the 18th of Brumaire, year 8 (9th of Noveraber,
1799) and he appears to have remained attached to
the house of Bourbon. In 1S04, he was pointed out,
in a pamphlet published by Mehee, as having tried
to seduce him to attach him to the same cause; and
in May, 1805, he was also marked out in the same
manner in the trial of Daluc and Rosselin, who were
condemned to death by a railitary coraraittee.
BESENVAL (Baron de) lieutenant-general of the
armies of the king of France, knight of the grand-
cross of the Order of St, Louis, inspector-general of
the Swiss and Grisons, &c. He did essential service
to the city of Paris, by faciUtating the means of sup
plying it with provisions in 1789, and was eraployed
in the army which the king had ordered should be
assembled in the environs of Paris. He wrote to M.
de Launay, governor of the Bastile, to prevail on
bim to defend that fortress, and promised hira assist
ance. Pursued by the hatred of the people, he
quitted Paris, furnished with passports, and was
arrested at Villenaux. M, Necker wrote to the
raunicipality for his release, and having been unable
to succeed in his demand, addressed hiraself to the
municipality of Paris, which gave orders that M, de
Besenval should be set at liberty. The districts, dis
satisfied with this order, caused the prisoner to be
first transported to Brie-Corate-Robert, and then to
Paris, where the Chatelet being directed to bring hira
to trial, declared him innocent. He reraained in the
capital, and died there on Ascension day, the 27th of
June, 1794, His friends had prevailed on Mirabeau
to act secretly in his favour, in order to appease the
popular effervescence which was directed against
him, and which raanifested itself in mobs about the
Chatelet. The baron de Besenval served in the field

118 seurnonville.
with distinction, and was never wounded ; he enjoy*
ed undiminished credit, and had great influence over
the mind of the queen, Hedied singing, surround
ed by his friends : his last illness was as extraordinary
as it was gentle; some internal cause, but Uttle
known to his physicians, subjected him frora time to
time, to coraplete and sudden fainting fits, in one of
which he went off without effort. In his youth he
had written a number of verses and epigrams, on vari
ous anecdotes more or less scandalous. He lived in
great intimacy with the marshal de Sfegur and his
wife, and left to the second son of that house a part of
his fortune, and some manuscript papers, which the
young man sold to a bookseller in 1804. It is a col
lection of the raost scandalous and inaccurate anec
dotes, M, de Besenval would probably never have
published such a book, M. de Segur dying a short
time before its publication, did not witness the indig
nation which it every where excited, and could not
hear the cries of public opinion which accused him
of having betrayed the raeraory of his friend and be
nefactor for a petty sura of raoney.
BEURNONVILLE (Pierre Ryel de) general of
division, former war-rainister, meraber ofthe conserva
tive senate, arabassador at the court of his raost catho
lic raajesty, grand officer of the legion of honour, &c. .
He was born at Charapigneul, on the 10th of May,
1752, and intended for the church, and was sent,
whilst yet very young, to pursue a course of belles-
lettres m the capita] ; but his turn for a railitary life
getting the better of the intentions of his parents, he
devoted himself by choice to matheraatics and geo
graphy, and procured himself to be enrolled as a su
pernumerary in the company of the queen's gen
darmes. The death of his elder brother reraoved the
impediments which opposed his inclination for a mi
litary life. He was on the eve of proraotion, when a
fire having destroyed his father's property in the co
lonies, induced hira to repair thither. Having em
barked in the squadron of M. de Suffren, he served

BEURNONVILLE, 119
at first in India as a coramon soldier, then as a ser
geant, he afterwards became major of the railitia ofthe
island of Bourbon, and was turned out bythe governor
of the island. He returned to France with loud cora
plaints ; the governraent, to inderanifyhira, gave hira
the cross of St. Louis. He then purchased a coramis
sion in the Swiss guards of Monsieur, the king's bro
ther. He was eraployed, in Aug. 1792, as a general
under Dumourier, who called hira his Ajax ; in No-,
vember foUowing he obtained the coraraand of an
army which raarched towards Treves, and which
fought several unfortunate battles, particularly one at
Pellingen, against the Austrians. It would be diffi-
cult to raention any thing raore extraordinary than the
reports made by this general to the convention, rela
tive to all these battles, especially that of Grewen-
raacher, where he pretended that, after a dreadful
corabat of three hours, the eneray had lost a great
nuraber of men, whilst the French had sustained no
other loss than the little finger of a chasseur. On
Feb. 4, 1793, he was appointed war-rainister; on
March 1 1 he wrote to the convention to give in his
resignation, saying, that he thought hiraself better
qualified to serve his country with his sword than
with his pen: he rerainded thera, that frora the raonth
of May, 1791, to the date of his letter, he had been
present in 172 engageraents. This resignation gave
rise to several debates, but at last he received per
itiission to leave Paris on delivering up his accounts.
On the 14th ofMarch he was again appointed to the
same office, which he accepted. Having been sent
to arrest Duraourier at St. Araand, he was hiraself
arrested and conveyed to the head quarters of the
prince de Cobourg, with thefour coraraissioners of the
convention. As soon as he perceived that the car
riage, in which he had been placed, took the road to
Tournay, he endeavoured to raake his escape from
the escort, which was coraposed of the hussars of
Berchiny ; one of whora slightly wounded hira.
General Clairfait received the prisoners with cold ci-

120 BILLAUD-VARENNES.
vility, and answered their coraplaints in these words :
" We cannot refuse the kindness which is done us,"
Theywere delivered into the hands of colonel Lebreau,
and Beurnonville, not taking off his hat to hira, had
the raortification of being told, " Equality has no
place here." Having been taken before the prince of
Cobourg, that general offered them books, and other
means of amusing theraselves, which they accepted.
Colonel Mack informed them, that they would be
kept as hostages for the queen and her ^on, and de
sired them to write to the convention on the subject.
" We have no longer," answered they, " any advice
to give to the convention." They were reraoved to
Olrautz, where they remained till the 22d of Nov.
1795, at which period they were ta.ken to Basle tobe
exchanged for the daughter of Louis XVI, After
the ISth Fructidor (4th Sep, 1797)BeurnonviUe was ap-,
pointed to the command of the French army in Hol
land, In May of the same year he had been pror
posed as one of the directory, and was supported by
the moderate party. In Nov. he resigned the com
mand of the Batavian array; the directory in 1798
made him inspector-general. He was one of the ge
nerals who sided with Bonaparte when the latter
brought about the revolution of the 9th and 10th of
Nov, 1799, and afterwards received from him the
embassy to Beriin, to which he was appointed in
Dec, In 1802 he obtained leave of absence and re
turned to Paris, bringing with him the secret papers
which had been seized at Bareuth, on arresting the
merabers of the royal committee which had been
forraed there. Thence he went as arabassador to
Madrid; in Feb. 1805 he was chosen a senator;
sorae time before which he had received the insignia
of grand officer of the legion of honour.
BILLAUD-VARENNES, a barrister and ex-ora^
tor, born at Rochelle, which place he quitted sever^
years before the revolution. In 1792 he was substi
tute for the attorney of tt^e commune of Paris,, and
becarae one of the directors of the raassacres of Sep-»

BILLAUD-VARENNES. 121
tember. Prudhorame declares in his History of the
Crimes of the Revolution, that in a conference which
took place to prepare these dreadful executions, some
one having said that there vvould not be found execu
tioners enough, Billaud answered with heat, " There
will be enough !" Indeed having gone to the Abbaye
during the massacres, he said to the executioners,
" People, you are sacrificing your greatest eneniies,
you are doing your duty !" and when the committee
wished to retain the effects of the victims, which
were clairaed by the murderers, Billaud addressed
them thus : *' Respectable citizens, you have deserv
ed weU of the country; the municipality does not
know how to acquit itself to you : it is attending to
the means of rewarding you; in the mean time you
will each receive twenty-four Uvres. Brave men,
continue your work," &c. Afterwards presenting one
of these monsters to the commune, " Here," said
he, " is one of those brave men to whom France
owes eternal gratitude:" in the same month he was
sent to Chalons as commissioner of the commune of
Paris ; he denounced its municipality fbr incivisra,
but the legislative asserably rejected this accusation
by a particular decree. Being appointed deputy of
Paris to the national convention, as early as the fourth
raeeting, he proposed the infliction of the punish
ment of death on any person who should introduce
the eneray into the French territory. On the 29th of
October he opposed Louvet in his accusation of Ro
bespierre, and in Deceraber he several tiraes urged
the passing sentence on Louis XVI. He opposed
the granting hira counsel ; and thinking that this
affair was too much protracted, he proposed to break
the bust of Brutus placed in the hall of meeting :
" This iUustrious Roman," cried he, " did not hesi
tate to destroy a tyrant, and the convention adjourns
the justice of the people against a king 1" In short
he voted for his condemnation to death. When, on
the 5th of March, there was sorae hesitation about
raaking public the news of Duraourier's defection,
BUlaud cried out, that nothinff must be concealed

122 BILUUD-VARENNES.
from the people. " It was," said he, " at the news
of the capture of Verdun that they rose and saved
the country." On the 12th he denounced Fournier
the Araerican, as agent of aU the popular insurrec
tions. Being sent to Rennes with Sevestre, at the exact
tirae when the war of the Vendfeewas breaking out,
he endeavoured to stifle the beginning insurrections,
on the right bank of the Loire ; he demanded forces,
and accused the executive councUs of pusiUanimity,
and even of treason. Returning to the convention,
he, on the 1 7th of May again uttered a violent invec
tive against this council relative to the nomination of
Custines, Houchard, and sorae other generals ; and
on the 27th he accused Custines in forra. When
Lanjuinais declared against the Slst of May, Billaud
reproached hira for having operated the counter revo
lution at Rennes ; on the foUowing day he deraanded
the accusation by suraraoning, nominatim, the de
puties of the Gironde party. On the 25th of June
he accused Jacques Roux of anarchical principles on
occasion of an address against the rich ; on the next
day but one, he was appointed secretary. On the
15th of July he read a long work concerning the
principal chiefs of the Gironde party, and deraand
ed the decree of accusation against them. He
afterwards caused this decree to be passed against
Polverel and Santhonax, (coramissaries at St. Do
raingo) as being attached to Brissot. On the 1st
of August he was sent into the departraents of
Nord and Pas de Calais. Returning to the con
vention on the 29th he deraanded that the troops
of the interior should instantly march to the fron
tiers, and that all the French, frora twenty to thirty
years of age should be put in requisition. On the
5th of Septeraber he supported the deraand raade by
the sections of Paris for a revolutionary array; obtain
ed the repeal of the decree forbidding doraiciliary vi
sits during the night ; and, the sarae day, on occasion
of the decree of accusation against Claviere and Le-
brun, exclaimed, "the revolutionary tribunal must oc
cupy itself, to the exclusion of all other business,

BILLAUD-VARENNES. 123
with their trial, and they raust perish within a week.
When their heads are fallen, as well as that of Marie
Antoinette, say to the powers coalesced against you,
that a single thread holds the sword suspended over
the head of the tyrant's son ; and that, if they take
one step more in your territory, he shall be the first
victim of the people." The same evening the con
vention named him its president, and joined hira to
the committee of public safety to watch the rainisters:
on the 25th he saw himself obliged to defend the ope
rations of this committee. After having cast upon
the enemies of the republic the accusations directed
against him, he declared that he had taken great
measures ; that the republic had on foot 1,800,000
defenders, and that a hundred thousand raen were
ready to invade England. On the 7th of October
he prevented Ducos, Fonfrede, and Vig6e, frora speak
ing in their ovvn defence ; proposed that the decree
against the Gironde should be converted into a norai
nal summons, and procured the tirae of the queen's
judgraent to be fixed at a week frora that day. On
the 29th he obtained a decree that the crirainal tri
bunal extraordinary should thenceforth take the narae
of revolutionary tribunal. On the 10th of Novera
ber, Chabot having moved, that deputies as well as
private persons, should enjoy the right of not being
arrested without being heard, said prophetically to
Billaud Varennes, that he was marked out to be in his
turn a victim of the revolution. On the 18th, Bil
laud, in the narae of the coraraittee of public safety,
made a report on the establishraent of a provincial
revolutionary governraent, and it was on ,the basis of
this report that the revolutionary governraent was or
ganized. On the 29th of Deceraber he obtained the
rejection of the proposal to entitle the coraraittee of
public safety, coraraittee of governraent. " It is the
convention," said he, " which alone ought to go
vern." On the 1st of January, 1794, he caused a
decree to be passed for causing every general or pur
veyor condemned to death, to be executed at the

124 BILUUD-VARENNES.
head of the arraies. He afterwards deraanded, that
the convention should go in a body to the festival of
the 21st of January, and was the next day appointed
by the Jacobins to digest the accusation of all kings.
On the 14th of March he laid open the conspiracy
of Hebert to this club, and raade all its raembers
take an oath to exterra inate every conspirator. Two
raonths afterwards, on the 9th of Therraidor, year 2,
(27th of July, 1794) he inveighed against Tallien for
his coraplaint of the watch kept by the coraraittees on
the steps of the representatives who displeased them,
and he insinuated that these terrors were the voice of
guilt seeking to save itself from punishraent. Dissen
sion had not yet disunited the raembers of the govern
ment, and tiU this time Billaud had gone Jiand in
hand with Robespierre, had assisted him to effect the
revolution of the Slst of May, 1793, and had served
him with zeal in the comraittees ; but when these
comraittees themselves became objects of the per
secutions of the tyrant who wished to get rid of
his accomplices, Billaud shewed hiraself one of his
first accusers. It was he who, on the Stb Therraidor,
year 2, (26th July, 1794,) attacked him with the
greatest boldness, and gave him the first blows with
his wonted energy. The next day, 9th Therraidor, he
again declared against hira, and contributed to his
ruin. Six days after, he voluntarily gave in his resig
nation to the coraraittee of public safety. Denoun
ced on the 2Sth of August, by Lecointre de Versailles
as one of the accomplices of hira whora he had help
ed to crush, he obtained a decree which declared
that his conduct had been conforraable to the wishes
ofthe nation. Legendre again spoke against him on
the 3d of October, and renewed allthe accusations of
his being an accomplice of Robespierre. Billaud again
had the address to disperse this new storra by the
order of the day. After having for sorae tirae pre
served a silence, of which the Jacobins complained,
he burst out on the 4th of Noveraber in their tribune,
pointed out the progress of the counter-revolution,

BILLAUD-VARENNES. 125
9,nd called for the waking of the lion, who was, he
said, only asleep, declaring that the time was come
for crushing the wretches who ruined the republic.
This discourse produced a violent sensation, and the
very next day he was accused in the asserably of hav
ing instigated an insurrection ofthe people against the
convention . He confessed that he blamed the system
of raoderation lately adopted, and coraplained of the li
beration of raadarae de Tourzel, and of the protection
granted to the counter- revolutionists . After havi ng long
struggled against his eneraies, he was at last conderaned
with CoUot, Barere and Vadier, on a report raade by
Saladin, in the narae ofthe comraissioners of the 21st;
and sentenced to banishraent to Guiana, on the 12th
Germinal, year 3, (1st of AprU, 1795). He was ar
rested the next day : the decree of his banishraent
was reversed some time after, at the period of the
second insurrection, in Prairial. The convention or
dered that he should be carried before the criminal
tribunal of the departraent of Charente-lnferieure, to
be tried there. This order arrived too late : he was
already on his way to Cayenne. On reaching this
island, he was removed into the interior of the coun
try, and separated frora Collot d'Herbois, who soon
died there. With respect to hira, he was stiU living-
at Sinaraari, wheti the exiles of the 18th Fructi
dor, year 5 (4th of September, 1797,) arrived there,
and he was considered by them as a wild beast. Ra
mel however asserts that he becarae intiraate with the
abbe Brothier, who drew upon hiraself by this con
duct, the aniraadversions of most of his corapanions
in raisfortune ; but this fact is without any kind of
foundatidn. His principal occupation in this banish
raent, was to bring up parrots. Billaud-Varennes
published different political paraphlets, such as the
Despotism of the French Ministers ; the Last Blows
given to Prejudice and Superstition ; Eleraents of Re
publicanisra ; Political and Moral C)pinions, &c.
Appendix to the Memoirs of Billaud-Varennes' s Life.
He quitted RocheUe at the age of 23, through vex-

126 BIRON.
ation that the public there had hissed a theatrical
piece of his coraposition, entitled La Femme comme
Hen est peu. He went to Paris, where he got him
self adraitted a barrister, and married a natural
daughter of M. de Verdun, the only one of the far
raers general who was not guillotined. One of his
relations, who kept hiraself concealed duriiig the
reign of terror, ventured to write to him in January,
1794, in favour of Louis XVI.'s daughter: having
read the letter, he cast a ferocious look on the mes
senger, and said to hira : " Tell hira who commis
sioned you with this letter, that there is no relation
ship in a revolution. Like Brutus, I would have my
father guiUotined, if he were of disservice to his
country. See the value that I set upon the letter,"
(throwing it into the fire) ; " you will teU hira who
eoraraissioned you with it, to keep quiet, and take
care of hiraself.
BIRON (Armand Louis de Gontaud, Duke of,)
ci-devant duke de Lauzun, colonel of the hussar
regiraent of that narae, raajor-general in the service
of the king of France, deputy of the noblesse of
Quercy to the states-general. In the proceedings of
the ChS,telet, relative to the criraes pf the 5th and
6th of October, 1789, he was accused of having ap
peared, with the Duke of Orleans,Mn the raidst of the
assassins. He several tiraes raounted the tribune to
exculpate the duke, with whora he was in strict in
tiraacy. In the course of Deceraber he was appointed
to the coraraand of Corsica. In January, 1792, he
accorapanied Talleyrand in his raission to London,
where he was arrested for debt ; and on his return
to France he resuraed his post in the array, in the
month of April of the same year. He narrowly
escaped being . massacred with Dilon. Having at
first taken possession of Quievrain, and being en
couraged by this success, he chose to make a new
attack next day ; but he was beaten, and driven back
to the walls of Valenciennes. On the 19th of July
he went into the army of the Rhine ; at the end of

BLANCHARD. 12?
the year he succeeded general Anselme in the array
of Nice; and it was then that he was eoraraissioned
to arrest the son ofthe Duke of Orleans, who was on
his staff. He subraitted to this order with a readiness
that could not have been expected from a friend of
that prince. In the raonth of May, 1793, he went
to coramand against La Vendue, whence Marat and
Boyer-Fonfrede procured his recal. He did not wait
for the decree, but anticipated it by his resignation.
Being almost imraediately confined at Sainte Pelagic,
he wrote to the convention, to desire a speedy trial ;
his letter was read at the session of the 4th of Sep7
teraber, but no regard was paid to it. He was at
last brought before the revolutionary tribunal, and
condemned to death on the 2d of Nivose, year 2, for
having favoured the Vendeans. He pronounced on
the scaffold these last words, " I die, punished for
having betrayed my God, my king, and ray order." .
He was 46 years of age.
BIT AUBE (Paul-Jeremiah) raeraber of tha na
tional institute of sciences and arts for the ancient
languages, of the acaderay of Berlin, &c. ; raeraber
of the legion of honour, born at Berlin, and natura
lized a Frenchman. There are the following works
by him : Joseph, a poera in nine cantos ; Williara of
Nassau, or the Batavians, in ten cantos; Exaraination
of the Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar, in
Eraile ; On the Influence of the Belles Letters on
Philosophy; &c, &c. We also owe to hira a trans
lation ofthe Iliad and of the Odyssey. During the
heat ofthe war, in 1793, he had been struck off the
list of the academy of Beriin ; the peace of Btlle re
stored to hira his honours and his pensions. In the
year 6 (1798) he was the orator of the national insti
tute, when that asserably went to give an account
of its labours to the council of 500.
BLANCHARD (FRANyois) an aeronaut. In
1788 he traversed the Pas de Calais in a baUoon,
and came down in England. In 1793 he was con
fined in the fortress of Kustein in the Tirol, on the

128 BOISSY D'ANGLAS.
accusation of having endeavoured to prtjpagate revo-
Iutionary principles there. In August, 1 796, he made
his 46th aerial voyage at New York, and in August,
1798, he rose at Rouen with sixteen persons, in an
aerial fleet, and descended at six leagues distance : the
sarae year he raade another voyage at Paris, with the
astronoraer Lalande. These experiraents established,
between him and the aeronaut Garnerin, a rivalship,
which has led thera to treat one another soraetiraes
very harshly in the public papers. Blanchard has
perforraed with success sixty-six ascents in different
places. BOISSY D'ANGLAS (Fr. Ant.) barrister in the
parharaent, raaitre d'h6tel of Monsieur, was in 1789
appointed deputy of the tiers et^t of the seneschalate
of Annonay to the states-general. At their opening
he caUed the attention of the communes to the neces
sity of forming themselves into a national assembly;
and on the 15th of May he raade a tolerably mode
rate motion, tending to a concUiation with the
noblesse. He wrote in answer to Messieurs Bergasse
and De Calonne, respecting the finances and the
revolution, and afterwards to the declaration of the
abbe Raynal. He defended the 14th of July, and
the 5th and 6th of October, 1789. He deraanded in
1790, that measures should be taken against the in
surgents ofthe camp of Jalfes, and denounced a charge
deUvered by the archbishop of Vienne, as hostile to
the revolution. In 1791 he was chosen secretary,
then protested against the insertion of his narae in a
list of deputies pointed out as having voted for Eng
land, in the affair of the colonies, and gloried in being
araong the nuraber ofthe rainority which endeavoured
to secure the rights of raen of colour. It was in Sep
tember of the same year that he resigned his situa
tion as maitre d'hotel to Monsieur. He several times
addressed the asserably without effect on the honours
to be paid to Jean Jacques Rosseau. Being appointed
after the session deputy-syndic of the departraent of
Ardeche, he challenged tne public exaraination ofhis

BOISSY D'ANGLAS. 291
conduct, which exaraination he said it was a duty
of the raembers of a free nation to raake. In Sep
teraber, 1792, being chosen deputy to the national
convention, he was iraniediately sent on a mission
to Lyon, with Vitet and Legendre, to stiU the dis
turbances which had arisen there on the subject of
provisions. At the time of Louis XVI.'s trial, he
voted for detention tiU deportation should be judged
proper. During the reign of terror, he kept himself
aside, and did not appear again in the tribune till
after the 9th of Therraidor, year 2, (27th of July,
1794,) on the 7th of October, 1794, he was chosen
secretary, and on the 3d of December following,
urged the suppression of executive committees ; some
days after he entered into the coraraittee of public
safety, and raade, in the name of that body, frequent
reports on the subject of provisions: he also demand
ed that measures raight be taken against the priests
who troubled the departraent of Ardeche. As he
was particularly intrusted with the care of watching
that Paris was properly supplied with provisions, he
caused a committee to be appointed for this purpose,
and on different occasions set the convention at ease
about the subsistence of that city. At th'e same
time he denounced a work favouring the royalists,
and set himself up against the partisans of monarchy,
declaring that the republican system was the only
one that suited France. At the end of January he
pronounced a long discourse, which was much ap-
plauded, on the exterior relations of France, and the
conditions on which she ought to treat with other
powers. On the 21st of February, after ^ report
concerning national festivals, he caused a decree to be
passed for the free exercise of all forms of worship
without exterior signs, and without any estabUsh
ment paid by the state. On the 28th of the same
month he gave an account of the throngs which
there were in Paris at the doors of the bakers, and
attributed thera to a malcontent disposition ; and,
eight days after, on his report, the convention fixed
VOL. I. K

ISO BOISSY D'ANGOtS.
the raethod of the distribution of provisions, notwith-
^anding wbich the throngs assuraed a more alarming
character. Boissy d' Angias did not shut his eyes to
the dangers which he had brought upon hiraself, by
taking charge of the responsibility of this ddicate
part of the administration, at a time when the sup
ply of provisions was so greatly irapeded by the ill
irepute of the assignats ; and, in a motion of order,
he iraparted to the asserably the fears with which he
was inspired by this state of things, and pressed for
jneasures against the deraagogues and the royalists
who, he said, were attacking the republic at the same
tirae. On the 16th of March he at last confessed in
the tribune the scarcity of provisions, and presented
a decree to restrain the distribution of them. On the
17th several sections of Paris having corae to demand
bread of the convention, Boissy announced that ISOO
sacks of flour had been distributed the sarae day : he
accused the petitioners of sedition, and denounced
meetings in the Faubourg St. Marceau. On the
-goth of March, after having presented, in a raotion
of order, a picture ofthe miseries of France under the
tyranny of Robespierre, he proposed to annul the
judgments passed by the revolutionary tribunals since
the 2d of Prairial, year 2, (llth of May, 1794,) and to
restore the property ofthe persons condemned; these
proposals were received with the warraest applauses.
On the 1st of April, at the raoment when he was be»
ginning a report on the suppUes of provisions, he was
interrupted by the noise of a raultitude of individuals
of both sexes, who, having broken through the guard,
were crying, " Bread, bread, and the constitution of
1793 1" This rebellious tumult, stirred up by the de-
magogues of the Faubourg St. Antoine, had no other
result than causing a decree to be past for the depor
tation of Collot d' Herbois, Billaud, and Barere.
When it was dissipated, Boisay, who had reraained
tranquil, finished his report ; but the faction of
the anarchists continued to mark him out for public
katred ; and on the 1st of Prairial a new insutrectioo

BOISSY D'ANGLAS'. 131-
brought greater dangers on hira. On that day he
filled the chair in the place of Andre Dumont, was
several tiraes airaed at by twenty guns at once, and
reraained for a long tirae surrounded by these raad-
men. One of thera placed hiraself before hira, car
rying at the end of a pike the head of the deputy
F^raud, and Boissy continued to shew a coolness
which had something astonishing in it; he even had
the courage to observe to this multitude, that by be
sieging the convention thus, they prevented it frora
attending to the raeans of their subsistence, but his
voice was drowned by new cries : this mob was also
dissipated by the armed force. The next day Boissy
was received at the tribune with universal applauses;
he related several instances of self-devotion which he
had witnessed the day before. Louvet voted him
thanks in the narae of the country. He was after
wards naraed a meraber of the coraraittee charged
wi,th presenting a scheme for a constitution, and on
the 13th of June he made a report. On the 9th of
July he contradicted the ruraour that the repubUc
was to give up the fortresses of HoUand to Pnuissia.
On the 4th of August he raade a report concerning
the colonies, and caused thera to be declared integral
parts of the French republic. On the 27th be pro
nounced a discourse on the political situation of Eu
rope, and proposed to reraove every trace of barbarity
frora the revolutionary laws, and to rally all the
French around the republic : a decree was passed for
translating it into all languages. On the 2d of Sep
tember he deraanded that the coraraittee of public in
struction should present a Ust of the Frenchmen to
whora the public gratitude dedicated statues, and he
was surprised at not finding in the public squares,
those of Ffenelon, CorneiUe, Racine, Voltaire, Rous
seau, and Buffon. On the 4th of September he sup
ported the proposal of recalUng Taleyrand Perigord.
On the 1st of October he voted for the re-union of
Holland ; and at this period he denied a work on the
limiits of France, which was attributed to hira. On
K 2

132 BOISSY D'ANGLAS.
the 15th of October sorae explanations took place in
a general coraraittee, about Boissy and sorae other
deputies, relative to what could have gained thera the
praises of the sections of Paris, when they declared
against the rest of the convention. Afterwards, in a
correspondence of Leraaitre, Boissy' was naraed as a
royal agent ; and from that time he saw his credit di
minish amongst the conventionalists, notwithstanding
sorae invectives in the tribune against the royalists.
He was even formaUy accused of having deraanded a
perpetual president instead of the'executive directory,
placed at the head of the constitution of the year 3,
the Jacobins called it, the patrician constitution of
Boissy d' Angias, and others the baMbibobu constitu
tion, on account of its simplicity and of the slight
stararaering with which he is affected. Boissy becom
ing a member of the council of 500, was imraediate
ly elected their secretary. On the 4th of September
he supported the request of the wives of CoUot
d'Herbois and Billaud Varennes for the liberation of
their husbands. On the 10th, he made a raotion in
favour of the liberty of the press, and opposed any
temporary liraitation. On the 17th of July, 1796,
he was appointed president. On the SOth of Au
gust, he opposed the amnesty of the criraes relative
to the revolution; he retraced those which had been
coraraitted in its course, and said that he could not
consent to their reraaining unpunished. On the 23d
of September, he demanded that the legislative body
would express its wish for peace ; he afterwards de
clared against the law of the 3d of Bruraaire, which
excluded the relations of eraigrants frora public
functions. On the SOth of October he pleaded for
the freedom of journals, and accused the directory of
having set the exaraple of licence, by paying for ca
luranies against the deputies. In the discussion of
the law of theSd of Brumaire, he declared that every
thing was to be feared from liraiting the choice of the
people, but that there was not any inconvenience in
liraiting that ofthe governraent, and, on this occasion,

BOMPARD, 135
he launched into an invective against the terrorists
who had stained Bourdeaux and Lyons with blood.
On the 9th of November, 1796, he attacked the
abuses of gaming-houses, and accused the directory
of protecting vice. In April, 1797, he was ap
pointed deputy of Paris to the councU of five hundred.
A short time after he protested against the barbarity
of outlawing returned emigrants. He afterwards op
posed the system adopted by the directory relative to
the colonies, and accused Truguet of having caused
Santonax to be sent to St. Doraingo. On the 23d
of June he supported the raotion of Duraolard, who
wished the directory to be called to account for their
conduct with regard to Genoa and Venice. On the
1 1th of July he spoke with eloquence in favour of the
banished priests, and of liberty of worship. On the
20th he deraanded the re-organization ofthe national
guard, a raeasure which he regarded as indispensable,
in consideration of the dissensions which existed be
tween the directory and the councils, to whom he
pointed out the dismission of the rainisters, especially
the minister of police, who had shewn hiraself favour
able to the majority of the deputies, and the arrival
of the terrorists of the departments in Paris. These
opinions caused him to be included in the number of
deputies conducted to deportation on the iSth of
Fructidor, year 5, (4th of Septeraber, 1797,) but he
contrived to withdraw hiraself frora it, and* was re
caUed to France after the 18th of Brumaire, year 8,
(9th of November, 1799). In March, 1801, he be
came a raember of the tribunate, of which he was
elected president in Deceraber, 1802; Inthe begin
ning of the following year, he raade a part of the
new consistory of the reforraed church of Paris ; was
decorated with the title of legislator on the 25th of
Noveraber, 1804; becarae a raeraber ofthe senate
on the 17th of February, 1805, and coraraandant of
the legion of honour on the sarae day.
BOMPARD, born at Bagnols, served at first in a
merchant-ship. Having a disagreeable countenance.

134 BOMPARD.
an unfavourable raake, and a roughness reraai'kable
even in a sailor, he owed his advancement only to his
intrepidity: in 1787 he went into the royal service,
and in 1788, becarae coramander of a 36 gun frigate;
he was at anchor in the road of New-York, in 1793,
with this frigate, caUed L'Erabuscade, which had
carried the consul-general to the United States. An
English frigate of 44 appeared and challenged him;
he communicated this chaUenge to the French con
sul, who opposed his accepting the fight, on account
of the inequality of the force : so much prudence
did not suit Bompard. He returned on board, ha
rangued his crew, and gave the signal ; all the inha
bitants had hastened to witness this singular spectacle.
After seven hours obstinate fighting, the English fri
gate was run against, and madeoff; Bompard return
ed, amidst the acclamations of the whole town, who
caused a medal to be struck in comraeraoration of
this event, and shortly after Bora pard was rewarded
with the rank of captain. He was in this station at
the battle of Ouessant (of which Barere contrived to
make a victory) : the want of positive instructions
separated hira for a short tirae from the squadron,
but he saved his vessel, and was nevertheless accused
of treachery by Jean Bon St. Andre and Villaret
Joyeuse, arrested, and threatened with loss of Ufe.
From his prison he wrote to his persecutors, in such a
style as to provoke their resentment ; he threw upon
thera the blarae of the disasters of the French fleet.
After tbe 9th of Therraidor, year 2, (27th of July,
1794,) he was set at liberty and resumed his command.
He received the rank of chief of division, and was
intrusted by the directory, in 1798, with the expedi
tion against Ireland : the prospect of a great danger^
and the destitute condition into which the fleet was
plunged, had excited a mutinous spirit among the
crews; the murmur of sedition was heard in every
vessel. Bompar^ entered the ship which was to carry
him ; alone, holding two pistols, he addressed him
self to the mutineers, reproached thera fpr their cow-

BONAPARTE. 133'
ardice, silenced thera, and taking advantage of the
effect which he had just produced, hastened the tirae
of departure. This enterprise could not be execut
ed but at the tirae when the eneHaies wene obUged by
stormy weather to quit the place! where they were
cruizing. Bompard foresaw the dispersion of his.
squadron, and appointed a rendezvous in the bay
of KiUala ; but he arrived there alone, and was soon
attacked by the whole EngUsh squadron; he resolved:
to die gloriously, and fired his first broadside ; al
ready he had dismasted two English vessels, and was
himself extremely shattered, when he endeavoured
to run aground, that his ship raight not fall into the
hands of the enemy; two EngUsh ships blocked upi
his passage ; he still wished, to try to fight thera, but
having lost aU his araraunition, and two^thirds ofhis.
crew, and letting in water on all sides, he struck. The.
English did honour to his courage by the attentions
whichthey shewed hira, andhe was iraraediately sent
back on his parole to France, where he was believed
to be dead. Shortly after he was appointed rear-ad
miral; after which he cea,sed to be employed, and
lived in retirement in his native place. In the orga
nization of the marine in 1803, he was in the. rank of
captains of the first class.
BONAPARTE (Napoleon), emperor of the
French, king of Italy, &c. was born at Ajaccio in.
Corsica, on the 15th of August, 1769, of Charles
Bonaparte and Letitia RanioUni. His father is sup
posed to have been a native of Tuscany ; and was in
timate with general Paoli, who could not however
persuade hira to quit his country with hira. The
advice of an uncle, who was a canon, detainedr him
in Corsica ; and it was afterwards owing to his inti
macy with M. de Marbeuf, coraraander of that is
land, that he was appointed king's attorney at
Ajaccio, and that he represented the noblesse in the
deputation of the three orders sent, in 1773, to Louis
XV. Charles Bonaparte died at Montpellier, whi
ther he had gone fo.r the re-estabUshment of his

136 BONAPARTE.
health. After his death, M. de Marbeuf, the friend
and protector of this faraily, placed the second son,
(Napoleon) at the college of Autun, and afterwards
at the railitary academy of Brienne : the education
which was given there was of a nature to form supe
rior men in raore than one departraent, and it was
especially a preparation for the profession of arms.
Frora the beginning of his studies. Napoleon directed
his whole attention to the railitary science. It had
been reraarked, that in his childhood he joined with
his corapanions only in the garaes which resembled
warUke exercises. The study of the abstruse sciences;,
at which he had an extrerae readiness, and the choice
of his reading, from which nothing but his raartial
sports had the power to withdraw hira, particularly
distinguished his early years. He had made himself
a garden, inclosed with palisades, in a deserted spot
of ground, and it was there that he gave himself up to
his taste for meditation. He came to finish his studies
at the military academy of Paris, in 1785. Atthe time
when the assembly of the chief men gave occasion for
presages of the great events which were not long in
unfolding themselves, he was scarcely nineteen years
old, and his mind was not behind these political cir
cumstances. He defended the principles of the revo
lution against the opinionof his companions, with so
much ardour, that in the heat of a discussion he was
near being the victira of his zeal. After the usual
examinations, which he went through with distinc
tion, he was admitted into the artillery regiment of
La Fere, and he lived there till the age of twenty-
three, occupied with his favourite studies and medi
tations. He saw Paoli inFrance in 1790, when that
geheral went to receive the civic crown there; and
this old friend of his father became the more dear to
him, as he was an enthusiastic admirer of the noble
efforts which he had made for the independence, of
his country. He saw him again in Corsica, and
with the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the national
guard, took part in the second expedition against

BONAPARTE. 137
Sardinia, and in taking possession of the island of La
Magdelaine. Being dissatisfied with the national
troops, he retired to Ajaccio. His friendship for
Paoli didnot involve hira in the intrigue which tend
ed at that time to subject Corsica to the English,
but faithful at the same time to his country, and to
friendship, he joined in the remonstrances ofthe mu
nicipality of Ajaccio against the decree which de
clared Paschal Paoli a traitor to the republic. This
step made hira suspected by the commissioners of
the convention ; and Lacombe St. Michel, one of
theni, was even tempted to have him arrested ; but
he passed over into France, ahd settled near Toulon,
which at the same tirae yielded to the EngUsh : he
was then nothing raore than an officer of artillery.
SaUcetti, who knew him, pointed him out to Barras,
as a person who would serve usefully at the siege of
this place, where he soon raade hiraself remarked by
the commander in chief, Dugoraraier, who one day
said to the representatives : " Let this young man fix
your attention ; if you do not advance him, I wiU
answer for it that he will contrive to raise himself."
The coolness and intrepidity which he shewed at the
defence of fort Pharon, where many gunners perish
ed, and of which he served the battery almost alone,
furnished the representatives of the people with an
opportunity for this advanceraent. Accordingly
Barras and Freron promoted him tothe rank of gene
ral of brigade. He contributed greatly to thercTtak-
ing of Toulon, but was less fortunate against Ajac-
qib, which was then occupied by the English, and
whence he was repulsed by his cousin Masseria, who
had erabraced the cause of England. Napoleon Bo
naparte retired to Nice, where he again gave him
self up to the study of the military art, but in the
midst of these occupations the conventionalist Bef-;
froi had hira arrested without cause, towards tlieend
of 1794, inconsequence of the re-actionof Therraidor.
He did not long reraain the victim of this injustice,
and went to Paris, where he remained for some tirae

138 BONAPARTE.
without being employed, and vainly solicited Aubry,
who was then charged with the railitary departraent
in the committee of public safety. Young Bonaparte
conceived so much regret at it, that he requested to
go to Constantinople, but was not permitted. He
was at Paris on the 12tb, IStb, and 14tb of Vende-
mi aire, year 4, (9th, 10th, and llth of October, 1795.).
Barras, invested with the suprerae power, intrusted
hira with the raUitary dispositions, which were cal
culated at the sarae tirae to secure their own success,
and to dirainish the effusion of blood, through that
salutary terror which was produced in the asserabliesi
of the sections of Paris, by the firing of cannon
charged with powder only, tiU a very late hour of
the night. Bonaparte retained the coramand of Pa
ris for some time after the instalment ofthe directoryi
and then married madame Beauharnais. Being ap
pointed a few days after to the chief coramand of the
.army of Italy, he alone did not appear astonished at
this sudden elevation, and in answer to those who
mads observations on his youth, he said, " In sixr-
months I shall be an old general, or I shall be dead."
He opened the carapaign on the 22d of Germinal^
year 4, (17th ofMarch, 1796,) shewing to his army,
from the top of the mountains, the fertile plains of
Piemont and of Lorabardy, as a vast field of glory,
and of resources against the wants of every kind to
which they were a prey. This appeal to courage
was not deceived at Montenotte, at Millesirao, at
Dego, nor at Mondovi. The brilliant success of
these days struck terror into the armies of Austria,
separated the king of Sacdinia from the coalition,
and secured to France, Savoy and the counties of
Nice, of Tende, andof Beuil, by the cession of Tor-
tone and Coni. Without slackening in the- pursuit
of the eneray, the promptitude of his raarches ena
bled him to pass the Po near Placentia, alraos* with
out obstacle; and the duke of Parraa also saw himself
forced to accept an armistice, which he obtained on
condition of deUvering up two miUions of money,

BONAPARTE. 139
700 horses, provisions, &c. The Austrian general
Beaulieu thought he could defend the passage of the
Adda better, but the enthusiasra of the troops, al
ready so powerful, and the irapetuosity of the gene
rals at the head of the colurans, rendered vain the
defence of the bridge of Lodi by thirty pieces of ar
tillery, which swept its whole extent of one hundred
fathoras. This victory raade the duke of Modena
also buy a peace ; he paid ten raiUions to France, and
gave up twenty pictures, chosen from his gallery.
Bonaparte then entered Milan and Pavia, of which
he soon had to punish the revolt. He at first sent the
archbishop of Milan to try raeans of conciUation,
which were rejected, Iraraediately the gates of the
city were forced open by a cannonade, and the rauni
cipality shot on the spot. After this expedition he
had to march to new dangers, which he contrived to
dirainish beforehand by exalting the courage of his
troops. After the battle of Lodi, the eneray having
retired behind the Mincio, the French array passed it
in their presence, and thus completed the victory of
Bdrghetto, carried their out-posts as far as the Tirol,
and invested Mantua; Bonaparte then occupied Tus
cany, expeUed the English, and obtained frora the
grand-duke 6000 fire-locks, and a heavy contribution.
The pope afterwards subraitted to conditions nearly
similar, and put Bblogna, Ferrara, and the citadel of
Ancona into the hands of the French. Lastly, Bo
naparte also secured the king of Naples, and car
ried the influence of his arms from the strait of Si
cily to the passes of the Tirol. Fortune appeared
fora raornent to be abandoning him, but he soon
fixed her by the ascendant of his genius and of
his activity. Old marshal Wurmser had succeed
ed Beaulieu in the command of the army, whicli
had just been re-inforced with 25,000 men. That
of Bonaparte, on the contt-ary, had been weakened
by an iraraense line, and the occupation of a great
nuraber df attacked places, on every point of
the two banks of the lake of Guarda; it was re-

140 BONAPARTE,
pulsed for an instant. Its general iraraediately
changes his plan; he suspends the works already ad
vanced for the siege of Mantua, and hastily abandons
his intrenchraents and 140 pieces of artiUery. The
battles of Salo, Lonado, CastjgUone, the retaking
of Peschiera, the occupation of Trente, and of the
straits ofthe Brenta, obtained by gaining the battles
of Roveredo and Bassano, soon restored to the
French their superiority and their forraer positions.
It was at this period that general Bonaparte raade
himself remarked for an instance of coolness and pre
sence of mind that characterizes hira too well to be
passed over by the historian. He had advanced
with 1,200 men only as far as Salo and Gavardo ; a
hostile general, at the head of a body of 4,000 men,
beUeved for a moment that this body, so inferior to
his own, was in his povver, and sumraoned it to yield,
" Go and tell your chief," answered Bonaparte him
self, " that if he raeant to insult the French array, I
am here, that it is himself and his body who are pri
soners, and that if he has not in eight rainutes laid
down his arras, I will put his troop to the sword,"
The terrified messenger coraraunicated his fears to the
general of the eneray, who desired a parley, but sorae
raoveraents of troops having added to his alarra, he
accepted the capitulation. In the raidst of his de
feats, Wurraser executed the bold project of throwing
himself into Mantua, which he defended liU the se
cond of February, 1797, A new array of 50,000
men then re-appeared under generals Alvenzi and
Davidowich, to join the remnant of that of Wurraser,
which had retired into the Tirol, The bloody battles
of St, Michel and of Segonzano, that of Areola, as
celebrated as that of Lodi, for the exertions ofthe
generals, and that enthusiasra of glory which carried
Bonaparte to seize a standard, and place hiraself at
the head of the colurans, reduced this array also,
which the efforts of the court of Vienna again after
wards increased with 45,000 raen. The battles of
Rivoli, of the Corona, of Anguiari, were again deci-

BONAPARTE, 141
sive, and the total defeat of general Provera, under
the walls of Mantua, which he was- coraing to suc
cour, adorned the triumph *of Bonaparte with the
standard embroidered by the hands of the empress for
the volunteers of Vienna, At the same time some in
tercepted letters excited some suspicions of the
court of Rome ; general Bonaparte broke off the
truce, seiaed the march of Ancona and fort Ur
ban, and after some slight skirmishes with the 'troops
of the pope, forced Pius VI. to send him nego-
ciators, who concluded the treaty of peace of
Tolentino. It is remarked, that in this negocia
tion, the pope was always treated by Bonaparte
with great respect; he also at the sarae tirae au
thorized the French eraigrant priests to reraain in
Italy, it Shortly afterwards Mantua yielded, and
terminated this carapaign, which was rendered illus
trious by fourteen victories in pitched battles,, and
seventy battles in which the French had raade 100,000
prisoners, and taken 2500 pieces of cannon, &c, &c.
Bonaparte being then convinced of the necessity of
going to extort peace, even in the Austrian capital,
from the emperor, who alone was left ofthe coaUtion,
prepared to cross the mountains of the Tirol ; and the
passages of Piave and of Tagliaraento were soon forced.
The battles of Cassasola, of Clausen, of Tarvis, of
Hunderraak, &c, where Prince Charies raade vain
efforts to rally the Austrian army ; and the subsequent
seizure of the passes of Inspruck, of the two Carin-
thies, and of Carniola, opened the hereditary coun
tries on all sides to the French army, which was now
only thirty leagues frora Vienna. It was then that
Francis the Second demanded to negociate, and that
the prehminaries were signed at Leoben, which were
aftervvards converted into a treaty of peace at Campo-
Forraio. During this invasion, an insurrection had
broken out in the rear of the French army, being
either organized by the Venetian governrnent, or the
unforeseen effect of a spontaneous comraotion. As
soon as the French had ceased to pursue the Austrian

142 BONAPARTE.
army, one of their divisions entered Venice and Ve
rona, where 300 French had been slauglittered : the
lion of St, Mark was everywhere overthrown, and
the place, of the ancient senate was filled with a mu
nicipality ; but at the deflnitive treaty, France yield
ed the spoils of this republic to Austria, Bonstparte
afterwards employed himself for a short tirae in or
ganizing the new governraent of the Cisalpine repub
lic ; then he went to Paris, in December, 1797, to
present to the directory the treaty of peace of Campo-
Formio, which gave occasion for a public ceremony,
in which broke forth the testiraonies of the national
joy and gratitude. Being appointed plenipotentiary
at the congress of Rastadt, he soon suspected, by the
slowness of the discussions, that peace was not de
sired there, and immediately returned to ParisiJ;o pre
pare the Egyptian expedition. In the dan^rs ani
tmcertainties of this operation, in which the remainf
der of the French naval force, and the flower of the
troops and the generals were employed, all Europe
saw only the design on the part of the directory of
reraoving, at the price of the greatest sacrifices. Bo-;
naparte, whose influence they dreaded ; but the im
portance of this expedition, and the effects, (much
better appreciated since the loss of Egypt) which it
was to produce on the EngUsh comraerce in Indiaj
have since shewn that this project was entirely of hi^
own choice. As the directory had given him, after
tlie treaty of Campo-Forraio, the comraand of the
array of England, he reminded the troops, in his pro
clamation of the 21st of Floreal, that they formed
one wing of that array. The squadron, composed)
of 194 vessels, which sailed frora Toulon on the
SOth of Floreal, year 6, (19th of May, 1798,) carae, on
tbe 21st of Prairial, within sight of the island of
Gozo, and joined the convoys saiUng from Civita-
Vecchia and different ports of Italy. On the refusal
of the grand-master of Malta to pei'mit them to take
in fresh water at the springs of the island, the troops
were landed, and after a sUght cannonade, ands a

BONAPARTE. 143
sally of the besieged, perforraed with great circura
spection, this iraportant place surrendered on the
23d. The coramander, Dolomieu, was very useful in
this operation. Bonaparte left 3000 raen in the town,
and set sail on the 1st of Messidor. It was out at sea,
and a week before his arrival in Egypt, that he ac
quainted his army with its destination. Nelson had
reached Alexandria three days before him, but, be
ing deceived by the delay which the taking of Malta
had caused, and thinking himself mistaken about the
aira of the expedition, he returned to Malta and Si
cily. Bonaparte then approached the coast of Egypt,
and gave orders for the landing of the troops on the
very night of his arrival before Alexandria, notwith
standing the contrary winds and the obstacles of a
surging sea. The array immediately fell upon Alex
andria, and after a contest which lasted the whole
day, this town was taken. Bonaparte revived the in
habitants by a proclamation, which was followed by
an agreeraent between hira and the raufti and princi
pal scheiks, by which their property and their poli
tical and religious institutions were secured. Bona
parte caused the soldiers killed at the taking of the
town, to be buried at the foot of Porapey's piUar, and
their naraes to be engraven on it. Four days after he
turned his course towards Cairo by the difficult way
of Deraanhour, ordering one division to seize Rosetta,
and to ascend the left bank of the Nile. The battles
of Rasraanie and Cheibresse served to enable Bona
parte to forra a just estiraate ofthe eneray, and to fix
the raanner of fighting them. The comraander in
chief being corae within six leagues of Cairo, learnt
that the twenty-three beys had asserabled, with all
their forces, on the heights of Erababe, which were
defended by sixty pieces of cannon. Bonaparte first
aniraated the courage of his troops by this grand idea,
" Consider that forty centuries conteraplate us from
the top of these pyraraids;" and he then disposed his
army as in the preceding actions, that is to say, in
square battaUons, by divisions reciprocaUy flanking

144 BONAPARTE.
each other. The Maraelukes covering the plain,
overwhelraed all the wings, and sought for a weak
point to penetrate ; th-ey were everywhere suffered
to approach within fifty paces, and then a double
side and front fire carried disorder into the ranks of
this cavalry, on the superiority of which Murat-Bey
was accustoraed to rely. The entrenchments of Em-
babe were immediately after carried, and the enemies
raade their retreat with so niuch precipitation, that a
part threw themselves into the Nile. During this
action, a French fleet, which had ascended the Nile,
had a very warm fight to sustain with that of the
Mamelukes, whose admiral it blew up. This battle
cost the eneray 2000 horsemen, 400 camels, and 50
pieces of artillery ; and it must have convinced them
of the superiority of European tactics. Cairo yielded,
and the two principal beys having separated them
selves, general Desaix was commissioned to repulse
Murat-Bey into Said, while Bonaparte drove Ibrahim-
Bey beyond the desert which separates Syria from
Egypt. At the same time he wrote to the government
concerning the disa-ster of the French fleet at Abou-
kir, and attributed it to the fault which admiral Brueis
had committed in not having gone to Corfu. In his
report, general Bonaparte expressed an opinion that
this raisfortune would put an end to the hesitations
of the Porte, and would throw that power into the
arras of the English. War was indeed soon declared,
and signalized by the insurrection of Cairo, which
was not quelled but by the loss of between 5 and 6,000
Turks. Bonaparte then judged that there would be
a corabined attack on Egypt by Syria and the sea,
and resolved, by chastizing Djezzar, to destroy his
preparations in Syria. He prepared every tiling for
this expedition, took possession hiraself of the im
portant point of Suez, and sent three frigates to cruize
before Jaffa, to make a coraraunication with the
army. The taking of El Arish, and the seizure of
a carap of Mamelukes signalized the coraraenceraent
of this campaign, and deterrained the capture of

BONAPARTE. 145
Gaza; Jaffa having made more resistance, was taken
by assault, and the garrison put to the sword. The
enemy chose to attempt an action with 5000 Naplou-
sans and 1000 horse ; they were repulsed at Korsum,
and the army came from the defiles of Mount Carmel
beforeSt. Jolin of Acre, and saw an English squadron,
under the command of Sir Sidney Smith, cast anchor
before the town, which it assisted vvith its artillery,
and with the advice of some officers, especially of an
old French officer of artillery, N. Philipaux. The
ardour ofthe besieged had been abated by numerous
attacks, when Bonaparte learned that a great number
of Mamelukes, Janissaries, &c. were to come to the
relief of St. John of Acre. Immediately perceiving
the necessity of going to conquer these new enemies,
he left two divisions before the place, and directed
his course to the Jordan. The battles of Loubi, Na
zareth, and Sed-Jarra, prepared the total defeat ofthe
enemy, which was corapleted at Mount-Tabor. The
array soon returned to St. John of Acre, and the
isiege was resuraed with vigour; but a Turkish squa
dron had landed some troops to reinforce the garrison.
Bonaparte then considered the end of his expedition
as accomplished, having carried war for three months
into the heart of Syria, and dissipated the armies
which were preparing to fall on Egypt, whither the
season for landing now imperiously recalled him. He
raised the siege after the trenches had been open for
sixty days. The retreat was made in order ; the vil
lages w^hich had revolted were punished ; some par
ties of Arabs were dispersed, and the army arrived at
Cairo on the 26th of Prairial, (15th of June, 1798.)
It was in this retreat that general Bonaparte, passing
through Jaffa, went into the hospital itself to comfort
those who were infected with the plague, and had the
courage to touch their wounds : this incident has
given occasion for one of the finest pictures that the
French school has produced. Returning to Egypt,
he learned that the Mamelukes had assembled to pro
tect a landing : a French coluran iraraediately sur-
VOL. I, L

146 BONAPARTE.
prised their carap, and took 700 camels frora them.
At the sarae tirae the Turkish fleet was effecting its
landing at Aboukir : Bonaparte gathered his army
together at Raraanhie, went to raeet these nevv ene
mies, and attacked them with so great a superiority,
that 10,000 of thera threw theraselves into the sea,
abandoning 20 pieces of cannon : the rest were killed
or raade prisoners, and araong this nuraber wasMusp
tapha Pacha, the coraraander in chief. But, in the
midst of its victories, the French array was daily
.growing weaker; it had no raeans of repairing its losses,
and the war of Egypt had no longer an object, since
the scherae of penetrating into India by the isthraus of
Suez had been renounced. At the sarae time affairs
in France had assumed the raost unfavourable aspect;
the defeats of Scherer had brought on the fall of a
part ofthe directory which, coraposed of heteroge
neous eleraents, was on the .point of experiencing a
new shock ; the authority appeared to be in the hands
of the deraagogue party, but the public opinion was
far frora being in their favour ; and this state of things
could not exist long. It was under these circuui-
stances that Bonaparte conceived and quickly exe
cuted the project of his return to Europe. He as
serabled with great secrecy those who he intended
should return with him, traversed the Mediterranean
without obstacles, landed at Frejus, on the 9th of Oc
tober, 1799, with a smaU nuraber of officers of his
staff, and went without delay to Paris, where the di
rectory received hira, on the l6th ofthe sarae raonth.
His presence at Paris in sorae degree suspended every
dissension, and all parties appeared to unite to wel
corae hira, and to expect frora hira alone the terrai
nation of all the intrigues then going on. It was un
der these circurastances that the events of the 18th
of Bruraaire were preparing, Bonaparte, aware of
what was passing, awaited the result in his own
house, surrounded by a nuraber of staff-officers.
When he was inforraed that the decree which was to
transfer the legislative body to St. Cloud was passed.

BONAPARTE. 147
and that the execution of it was intrusted to bim, he
iraraediately went to the bar with all his retinue. The
decree was read to hira, and he pronounced a dis
course which was heard in the raidst of sorae turault.
The president of the council of ancients then an
nounced that the order of the day would take place
on the morrow, at St. Cloud, at noon, and the as
sembly was broken up amidst the cries of " Long
live the republic!" Bonaparte devoted the remain-
der of that day and the morning of the next to
securing the success of his enterprise; he reviewed
the troops which were assembled in the Tuileries,
had several conferences with the coramittees of in
spectors, and forgot nothing to render the directors,
attached to the opposition, unable to injure him. On
the 19th of Brumaire, the legislative body being as
sembled at St. Cloud, general Bonaparte, accorapanied
by sorae grenadiers, presented hiraself, bare-headed
and unarraed, in the council of 500, at which his
brother Lucian presided. His presence did not excite
the less turault on that account. Some representa
tives of the deraagogue party pressed round hira, and
seeraed to threaten him; but general Lefevre sud
denly appeared, foUowed by several grenadiers, and
imraediately extricated him. Bonaparte then went
to the ancients, where he made a long extempore
speech, after which the council of 500 was dissolved
by the armed force which entered the hall, A voice
cried out : " And the constitution !" " The consti
tution 1" replied Bonaparte, " you violated it on the
18th of Fructidor, year 5, (4th of Septeraber, 1797,)
on the 22d of Floreal, &c. it has long ceased to exist;"
and continuing, he unfolded the necessity of pursuing
the raeasures deterrained on to save France from
anarchy. After the dispersion of the council of 500,
a part of its raembers united again, and, in concert
with the council of ancients, declared those deputies
excluded from the legislative body, who had made
theraselves remarkable for their opposition to this
event. The resignation of the director Barras had

148 BONAPARTE.
been received ; he congratulated France on the fate
which Bonaparte was preparing for it, and separated
frora his colleagues Gohier and Moulin. Immedi
ately a nevv provisional government was formed, at
the head of which were placed Bonaparte, Sieyes,
and Roger Ducos, under the titles of first, second, and
third consul, and on the 24th of Friraaire (15th of
Deceraber following,) the new constitution was pub
lished. In the beginning of the sarae raonth, the
measures of deportation taken at first against several
distinguished individuals in the Jacobin party", were
recalled. As soon as the reins of governraent were
in the hands of general Bonaparte, his first care was
to offer peace to England and to the other powers ;
but his proposals were rejected. His measures for
internal pacification were more successful, and the
Vendee, which had raade a new explosion, was not
long in laying down its arnis. Bonaparte then em
ployed hiraself only with putting France in a condi
tion to raake her eneraies repent of having prolonged
the miseries of war; and the astonishing passage of
Mount St. Bernard, which was crowned by the vic
tory of Marengo, soon secured the peace of the con
tinent in the raost glorious raanner. The first consul,
after having re-established the Cisalpine republic,
past through Lyons, where the people, in their enthu
siasm, would draw his carriage themselves. Return
ing to Paris, he was received there in the sarae man
ner, on the 13th of Messidor, year S, (2d of July,
1800,) in the raidst of the public acclamations. The
greatest tranquillity seemed to be Enjoyed in the in
terior, but hatred was far from being stifled ; and as
the fate of France appeared to be attached to the life
ofthe first consul, it should have been foreseen that all
the efforts of hatred and envy would be directed
against his person. On the 10th of October, 1800,
several individuals, accused of such a project, were
arrested at the opera, and Arena, Ceracchi, Deraer-
viUe, and Topineau-Lebrun, having been suraraoned
before the courts as chiefs of this conspiracy, were

BONAPARTE.' 149
condemned to death. On the 3d of Nivose foUowing
(24th of December) his happy star, which had saved
him from so many dangers, again preserved hira frora
the raost imminent perhaps that he ever encountered.
When he was going to the opera, a cart, like that of
the water-carriers, but full of fire-works, exploded al
most at the raoment in which he was passing, and
scattered terror and death through the whole neigh
bourhood. The carriage of the first consul, rapidly
driven, was already sheltered from this terrible ma
chine when it burst, and the extraordinary quickness
of his coachman had thus deceived the expectations
of the conspirators. This crime, at first attributed to
the Jacobins, determined the deportation of a great
number of them : some days after, however, several
Chouans were arrested, who were also accused ofit;
and many proofs having concurred against thera, the
courts condemned four of them to the punishraent of
death. At the same time Bonaparte was labouring
without intermission for a general peace; already
had a treaty been concluded with the United States
of Araerica. That with Austria was at last signed
at LuneviUe, on the 20th of Pluviose, year 9, (9th of
February, 1801,) and secured to France the preserva
tion of a part of her conquests ; Russia and the Otto-
raan Porte also ceased to be her enemies, and Eng
land Was not long in following their example. Peace
was concluded at Araiens with this power, on the
25th of March, 1802. It was also in the month of
Germinal that the convention between the republic
and the pope, ratified on the 26th Thermidor, year 9i
(15th of July, 1801,) was adopted by the legislative
body, and re-established the catholic religion, which
was declared by this compact to be that of the go
vernment, and of the majority of the French nation.
It still remained to restore peaee to families, by re
calling unhappy fugitives into their bosora : a decree
granted an aranesty to eraigrants, and authorized
thera to return to France. In the interval between
the peace of LuneviUe andthat of Amiens, passed

150 BONAPARTE.
another important event, which was the result ofthe
j'ourney of the first consul to Lyon, where he was pro"
claimed president of the Italian republic, by the as
serably which had been convened there. At this
same period the departraent of the Seine had pre
sented to hira the plan of a triuraphal portico on the
site ofthe Grand -Chatelet. To this offer he replied :
" I accept with gratitude the offer of the raonument
that you wish to erect to me; let the place remain
planned, but let us leave to future ages the care of
constructing it, if they ratify the good opinion which
you have of rae." Whilst peace was concluding with
England, Bonaparte was employing hiraself to recon
cile the colonies to the systera of governraent which
was unfolding itself in the raetropolis. In conse
quence he wrote a flattering letter to Toussaint Lou
verture who governed at St. Domingo, to persuade him
to submit to general Leclerc; and praising his past
conduct, to which he attributed the restoration of
the colony, he informed him that all resistance would
be useless. An army of 40,000 men was transported
into that island by a forraidable squadron. On. the
ISth of AprU, 1802, which was Easter-Sunday, the
governraent resolved to raake public profession of
their submission to the catholic religion, and the
three consuls went to the metropolitan church, ac
companied by the diplomatic bodies, the state-coun
sellors, and the rainisters. They were receiv»ed at
the entrance of the church by the archbishop of Pa
ris and his clergy : the cardinal legate officiated him
self; and after the gospel, the new prelates took their
oath between the hands of the first consul. In the
month of May following, the project of the legion of
honour was sanctioned by the legislative body.
About the same period, the tribunate having voted a
national recompence to the pacificator of France, the
consular senate prolonged the duration ofhis consulship
for ten years. To this testiraony ofthe public gratitude
Bonaparte answered, that the wish of the people
having invested hira with the suprerae magistracy, he

BONAPARTE. 151
should not think himself sure of its confidence, ifthe
act which was to retain him in it were not sanc
tioned by their suffrage. In consequence, the French-
people were consulted on this question : " ShaU Na
poleon Bonaparte be consul for life?" An affirraative
answer having been solemnly published, Bonaparte
was proclaimed first consul for life. In consequence
of this new arrangement, Bonaparte and the two
other consuls went, on\ the 21st of August, to the
palace ofthe Luxembourg, and opened the first ses
sion ofthe senate, at whicii the organic decree'called
upon them to preside. At the end of the republican
year, 21st of September, he shewed himself at the
exhibition of the productions of French industry at
the Louvre, visited the picture-gallery, and ordered
the finest pieces to be bought for hita. Two days
after, he distributed at the Tuileries the medals decreed
to different manufacturers and artists who had distin
guished themselves in these exhibitions. It was
nearly at the same time that the iramense works,
which have given so beautiful an appearance to the
capital, began by his orders. At this J)eriod, Swit
zerland was agitated, and the partisans of the ancient
constitution appeared on the point of triumphing over
the Government formed under the auspices of the
Frefich republic Bonaparte thought it concerned
the national honour to interfere in this contest, and
addressed to them a proclamation, by which he en
joined the different parties to lay down their arras,
and to send deputies to Paris to terrainate ^heir dis
sensions ; he offered them his mediation, as the only
method which Providence had reserved to them to
prevent theni frora slaughtering one another, and de
clared that he would raaintain it by force of arms.
Already the Valaisans, pacified, proclaimed hira the
restorer of their independence. All the parties which
divided Helvetia soon accepted the raediation of
France, and it was not long before peace was re
stored among thera. WhUst these foreign cares were
eraploying him, he also turned his attention to the

152 BONAPARTE.
situation of an iraportant department, that ofthe Seine-
Inferieure, which he went through in November, 1802.
His journey to Rouen was celebrated by great re
joicings. On his return he stopped on the field of battle
of Ivty, caused the position of the armies to be
pointed out to him, and commanded the restoration
of the monuraent in honour of Henry IV. which
had been destroyed during the revolution. At the
beginning of 1803, the legislative body decreed that v
the coin should bear the effigy of Bonaparte, first
consul. In April of the same year, the declaration
of war with England replunged Europe into the mi
series which could scarcely have been forgotten in a
year's peace. A short time after the rupture with
England, Bonaparte made an excursion to the
coasts, to accelerate the maritime preparations ; and
thence traversed ancient Belgium and the departments
of the Rhine, where he received on his way the hom
age and the testimonies of gratitude of the people.
On his return to Paris, while he was devoting himself
to the details of administration, two ancient Chouans,
arrested in the middle of the capital, and on the point
of being conducted to death, declared that they
formed part of a numerous band, which had come
from England, under the orders of Georges, of Ca-
doudal, and of the ex-general Pichegru, to attempt
the Ufe of the first consul. Frora the inforraation
which they gave, the police arrested several of their
accomplices, and finally the two generals. General
Moreau was also accused of having had a share in
this plot ; and being summoned before the criminal
court of the Seine, he was condemned to two years'
iraprisonraent, which was shortly after changed into
banishraent. Pichegru destroyed hiraself in his
prison, and Georges, with eleven of his accoraplices,
lost his head on the scaffold. These plots, so often
renewed by the eneraies of France, excited fears for
her destiny, which was attached to the life ofa single
man, and produced a deterraination to restoreheredi-
tary governraent, with the greatest part of the forras of

BONAPARTE, 153
the.ancient monarchy. In May 1804 then, the tri
bunate expressed its wish that Napoleon Bonaparte
should be declared hereditary emperor ofthe French,
and this proposal was sanctioned by a decree -of the
18th of the same month. He was consequently
crowned in the church of Notre-Dame, in Paris, on
the 2d of December, 1804, by his holiness Pius VII.
who came from Rome for this great cereraony. Oh
thelSth ofMarch, 1805, hewas proclairaed king of
Italy, and on the 26th of May following, received at
Milan the ancient iron crown of the Lombard kings.
Returning from this new kingdom,/he went to Genoa,
where the union of that country with France was
proclaimed. Then after having staid some days at
Paris, he went again to visit the carap Of Boulogne,
in order to hasten the imraense preparations for in
vasion, which had been forming for two years, and
there, elevated on his throne, in the midst ofa camp
of 100,000 men, he distributed to the bravest of his
army the decorations of the legion of honour. It
was thence that the threatening posture of Austria,
and its invasion of the states of Bavaria, allied to
France, forced the emperor Napoleon to direct his
principal forces towards that country. In less than
a month the French army transported itself from the
shores of the ocean to those of the Danube, and the
Austrian army, under the orders of general Mack,
surprised by this rapidity, and cut off on the right
from Memmingen, had only time to take refuge in
the town of Uim, where, after some slight contests,
17,000 men yielded themselves up prisoners. Ano
ther body, which endeavoured to open itself a pas
sage through Franconia, under the orders of general
Wernek, being pursued by prince Murat, was taken
and dispersed, and an army of 80,000 men was anni-.
hUated in less than a fortnight. It cannot be doubted
that this raeraorable event was owing to the activity
and the warUke genius of the eraperor of the French,
as much as to the panic with which his name struck
bis enemies. Imraediately after he went into Bava-

154 BONAPARTE.
ria, and after having defeated in several encounters
the remains of the Austrian force joined to some
Russian corps, he was in less than a inonth under the
waUs of Vienna, at the head of 200,000 men, and en
tered that capital on the llth of Noveraber, 1805
This powerful army soon established a comraunica
tion with that of Italy, which, on its part, had also
obtained important advantages under the command
of raarshal Massena. The eraperor Napoleon did
not stay at Vienna ; and after some battles with the
Russian general Kutusow, he seized the fortress of
Briinn, traversed Moravia, and obliged the eraperor
of Gerraany to send negotiators to hira. The wreck
of the Austrian array, joined to two Russian armies
that had hastened to their assistance, and excited by^
the presence of the two eraperors of Russia and Ger
many, now for a short time believed theraselves on
the point of overwhelraing the French array, which
was at two hundred leagues distance from' its fron
tiers ; and without waiting for the third Russian ar
ray, which was three days raarch frora Olmutz, the
corabined forces presentfed themselves before the
French army in an iraraense line. The emperor Na-
polean appeared at first to dread the result of the
battle which was offered him, and commanded a re
treat to the plains of Austerlitz, where, having re
marked a very advantageous position, he awaited his
eneraies with confidence. On the Istof December,
1805, prince Dolgorucki, sent to him by the empe
ror of Russia, proposed to him to place on the new i
throne of Italy one of the famiUes of Europe, reraoved
by the late events. This was rejected with indigna
tion, and the emperor Napoleon being resolved to
fij^t, eraployed himself tillthe next day in preparing
his army, either by energetic harangues, or by the
most skUful dispositions. At day-break then, the al
lies having had the iraprudence to raarch in a coluran
upon the flank ofthe French array, were soon broken
and driven intd. marshes, where their artillery re
mained in the power of the French, without having

BONAPARTE. 155
been able to come into play. The victory was not
for a single raoraent undecided, and the iraperial
guard of Russia having advanced to repair these
first losses, was immediaitely overthrown by the im
perial guard of France. The aUies, obUged to take
refiige under the waUs of Olmutz, no longer thought
of any thing but separating their cause, and the em^-
peror of Germany the very next day shewed the most
decided intention of making peace on any condi
tions, whatever they might be. He had an inter
view at the advanced posts with the emperor Na
poleon; and the treaty of Presburg soon after put an
end to this short and glorious campaign. Francis II.
ceded to the conqueror the Venetian states, the Bris
gaw, the country of Saltzbourg, Dalmatia, and the
Tirol. The electors of Wurtemburg and Bavaria,
alUes of France, were acknowledged kings, and
united to tlieir states the greatest part of those
which had just been gained from Austria. The
court of Berlin, which during these great events had
seemed to pursue an indecisive line of conduct, soon
also yielded to France the county of Neufch&lel, a
part of its possessions in Westphalia, and especiaUy
the town of Wesel, which was given to prince Joa
chim Murat, brother-in-law to the emperor Napo
leon, as well as the surrounding countries, erected by
his raajesty into a duchy. These new triumphs also
gave the emperor Napoleon an opportunity of re
warding the fideUty of some other princes of hisfa
miiy. His adopted son, prince Eugene Beauharnais,
after having married a princess of Bavaria, united
Dalmatia and fhe country of Venice to the kingdom
of Italy which he governs ; and prince Joseph, after
having directed the army, which penetrated into the
states of Naples, in the month of February, 1806,
was appointed king of Naples and Sicily. An im
perial decree, passed at the same period, adopted tbe
princess Stephanie, a relation of the empress; the
emperor gave her hand to the electoral prince of Ba
den, and this raarriage was celebrated early in April

156 BONAPARTE.
at the palace of the Tuileries, in the presence of a
numerous and brilliant court.
BONAPARTE (Joseph) elder brother of the pre-
ceding, a French prince. In Sept. 1795, he was de
puted from Liamone to the councU of five hundred;
but his election was not acknowledged legal till June,
1797, In 1796 he married a young lady of a re
spectable family in Avignon, named Clary, whose
sister hasbeen since united to marshal Bernadotte,
On the 14th of May, in the sarae year, he was sent
to Rome in the quality of ambassador frora the
French republic, upon which occasion he protested
against the nomination of the Austrian general Pro- ,
vera, to the command of the Roman troops, and in
this, as in other matters which were discussed during
the early part of his erabassy, be was successful.
Among other things he obtained the Uberty of the
imprisoned Roman patriots, and prevailed on the
pope to grant an audience to his wife and sister. In
December the Corsina palace, where he resided, was
invested by the raob, and by an armed force, Joseph,
accompanied by general Duphot, went out to induce
the populace to vvithdraw, but several balls were fired
at once at the general, who feU dead by the arabassa-
dor's side, Joseph Bonaparte iraraediately left Rome,
and went to Florence, in his way to Paris, where he
arrived on the 20th of January, 1798, and gave a re
lation of what had passed, to the directors, who de
clared theraselves satisfied with his conduct. On
the 24th he becarae one of the council of five hun
dred, and took the oaths. On the 21st of June fol
lowing, he was chosen secretary. After the revolu
tion of the ISth Brumaire, he was made a raeraber
of the council of state, for the interior section. He
concluded a treaty in the name of the French repub
lic, with the United States of Araerica, on the 9th nf
Noveraber, 1800, and gave a briUiant fete at his villa
de Morfontaine, to the Araerican rainisters, at which
the consuls, rainisters, &c, &c. were present. He
was afterwards appointed plenipotentiary to treat of

BONAPARTE. 157
peace with the eraperor at LuneviUe, where his ope
rations were crowned -with the raost entire success ;
the definitive treaty was signed on the 9th of Febru
ary, 1801. The following year Joseph ^ Bonaparte
again raet with the sarae success at the congress of
Araiens, where peace was signed, on the 25th of
March, 1S02, between France and England, and the
allies of France, the Batavian republic, and Spain. In
July following he was appointed grand officer ofthe
legion of honour, and called to the conservative se
nate. In the month of August, 1803, he went to
preside over the elective college of Oise, on his return
from the waters of Plombieres, where he had staid a
raonth. In April, 1804, he was appointed colonel
of the 4th regiment of regular infantry, and becarae
a grand elector and a French prince. The next year
he went to Brussels, and raade an excursion through
the departraents of the Rhine. In October, 1805, he
was appointed by the emperor to preside over the se
nate, and direct the administration in his absence.
BONAPARTE (Lucien) a senator, and younger
brother of the emperor of the French, was at first
employed in the war-office, raarried at St.Maximin,
became war-coraraissioner, and was, in March, 1797,
deputy of the department of Liamone to the coun
cil of five hundred; he there appeared in the tri
bune, on the 18th of July, 1798, and rejected, as
tyrannical, the proposal of ordering shops to be shut
on Sundays, in order to compel the observation of de
cades ; on the 7th of August following, he opposed the
sarae project. On the 1 7th he vehemently opposed
the advocates of expense, and procured a decree that
the council should form itself into a general corarait
tee, when there were to be financial deliberations. On
the 20th he was chos^ secretary, and the next day
be raade a raotion against the projected innovations in
the Cisalpine constitution, notwithstanding which the
directory caused these changes to be executed shortly
after by their arabassador. On the 2Sth, Lucian Bo
naparte supported the prorogation, for three months

158 BONAPARTE.
only, of the law which put the press under tbe in
spection of government. On the 1st of Vendemiaire
(21st of September) at the time of comraeraorating the
foundation of the repubUc, Lucian proposed to his
coUeagues to swear to die for the constitution of the
year 3. When Jourdan, being sumraoned to the ar
mies, sent in the resignation of his dignity as a re
presentative, on the 14th of October, Lucian pro
nounced a discourse, in which he bestowed on this
general, in the narae of the legislative body, a striking
testiraony of esteera and confidence. He afterwards
declared against the re-establishraent of the tax on
salt. On the llth of June, be spoke against the as.
sertion of Carret du Rh6ne, who had said that the
assassination of the French rainisters at Rastadt had
not raade any irapression on the public mind, and
he caused that phrase of his speech to be suppressed^
On the 20th he laid open the causes which obliged
the legislative body to declare itself perraanent, and
pronounced a long discourse on the faults of the
directors, and their abuse of their systera of balance.
On the 27th, he defended the project of Fran9ois de
Nantes for the opening of popular societies. At the
celebration of the anniversary of the 14th of July,
he declared that the legislative body was resolved to
maintain the constitution of the year 3, and would
no more consent to suffer the return of royalty than
that of anarchy. About this period, the Journal of
Freeraen accused hira loudly; and the Moniteur,
taking up his defence, observed, that Lucian was
attacked thus only because be had not chosen to
associate hiraself with the Jacobins. On the 22d of
August, he raade a report on the situation of the
republic, presented a pictiire of the returning criraes
of royalty, in the South and West, and then pro
posed raeasures calculated for accelerating new levies.
When, on tbe 14th of Septeraber, tbe debates began
on the proposal of declaring the country in danger,
Lucian opposed it warmly in the asserably, after
having done the same ih the committees. The next

BONAPARTE. 159
day, on occasion of the fears expressed by Jourdan
of a decisive blow against the legislative body, he ad
verted to the existence of a law wbich decreed out
lawry against tbe violators of the national represen
tation. In the mean tirae the ISth of Brumaire was
drawing on, and Lucian Bonaparte was elevated to
the presidentship of the council of 500. When the
legislative body, transferred to St. Cloud, held the
session extraordinary of the 19th of Brumaire, he
used all his efforts to stay the opposition wbich mani
fested itself to his brother. He quitted the chair in
the midst of the agitation odcasioned by the appear
ance of the general, justified his conduct, and wish
ed to set the deputies at ease concerning his inten
tions : being unable to succeed, he stript himself of
the raarks of his dignity, and quitted the hall. Dur
ing this time, his brother sent hira from without, an
officer and some soldiers to deliver him, which they
executed without opposition. Lucian iniraediately
got on horseback, harangued the tioops with vehe
raence, said that an attempt had been made to assas
sinate his brother, and exhorted the soldiers to defend
him, his courage gave the colour to the succeeding
events; the representatives were driven away, and
those who adhered to the new plans assembled in a
councU of 500. Lucian then re-appeared there, and
i^nalyzed the causes and circumstances of the poUti
cal changes which were effecting, attributed them to
the successive violations of the social corapact, of
which the organization appeared to hira vicious, and
an annual source of political shocks ; he consequent-.
ly proiposed to raodify it, and deraanded the noraina
tion of a committee charged with prese;nting a ^cberae,
At 10 o'clock in the evening he pronounced a long
discourse, in which he dwelt upon tbe advantages of
a re-organi^ation, and announced tbat the council
was adjourned to the 1st of Ventose (20th of Febru
ary) in order to make way for the legislative corarais
sioners, of whora he was one. At the raeeting of the
24th of December be presented a project in favour of

160 BONAPARTE.
the persons conderaned to deportation by legislative
acts. In February; 1800, he raade a report concern
ing the reception of the new constitution ; and an
nounced that it had been received with enthusiaStti,
and reckoned raore votes in its favour than the con
stitutions of 1793, and of the year 3, (1795.) He
was then naraed minister of the interior. In a dis
course pronounced at the hospital for invalids, on the
anniversary of the 14th of July, he retraced the causes
which had prepared the revolution, the errors and dis
sensions which were inseparable from it, and the pro
digies which it brought forth. In the month of Bru
maire, yiear 9, (October, 1800,) he quitted the admi
nistration to go as arabassador to Madrid ; and at the
end of Septeraber, 1801, he signed, at Badajoz, a
peace between France and Portugal, after having
settled the conditions of it with M. Cypr Bibeiro
Frein, the minister of that kingdom. He returned to
Paris in the foUowing month, and was appointed
raeraber of the tribunate on the 9th of March," 1802:
it was nearly about this period that he lost his wife ;
some time after he carried up to the legislative body
the wish of the tribunes in favour of the compact,
On the ISth and 19th of May he demanded the
adoption of the project which created a legion of
honour, and on the 7th of July following he was
named grand officer of it, and took his place in this
rank in the consular senate. On the 3d of February^
1803, he was called to the institute, an academy of
the political and moral sciences : shortly after, the
senatorship of Treves was conferred upoh hira. In
July, 1803, he went into Holland, and the depart
ments of the Rhine, to take possession there of the
property belonging to the legion of honour. On his
return he raarried raadarae Jouberteau, the widow of
a banker, and left France with her, in the month of
April, 1804, to go and reside in Italy.
BONAPARTE (Louis) younger brother of the
preceding, and a French prince. He entered veiy
young into the service, followed bis brother in aU his

BONAPARTE. 16I
campaigns, and became colonel of tbe 9th regiment
of dragoons, and afterwards general of brigade. In
1802 he married raaderaoiseUe de Beauharnais,
danghter of the erapress Josephine, by whora he
bad successively two sons, who were held over tbe
font by the eraperor Napoleon their uncle. In Sep
teraber 1803 he went to preside over the electoral
college of the department of the Po, was named
counseUor of state and general of division, in the
raonth of April, 1804, and high constable of the era
pire iraraediately after the accession of his brother to
the iraperial throne. Two raonths after, the rank of
colonel general of the carabiniers was conferred on
him. He accompanied the emperor into Italy at the
time of bis coronation in May, 1805, and was invest
ed at Turin with the rank of governor-general of
Piemont. His health soon after obUged hira to go
and take the waters of St. Araand; and returning to
Paris, he there filled for a time the place of prince
Murat in the government of that town, and after
wards he went into Holland about the end of No
vember, to assume there the command of the army
of the north.
BONAPARTE (Jerome) youngest brother of the
preceding. He was intended for the sea, becarae
lieutenant of a vessel, and was employed in that ca
pacity in the expedition to St. Domingo, comraanded
by Leclerc. He soon returned to France with dis
patches frora this general, then set out again for Mar
tinique in the frigate 1' Epervier, which he coraraand
ed, and towards the end of 1802 he placed vessels to
cruize before the road of St. Peter, and tbe island of
Tobago. After being on a station fot sorae raonths,
he put into harbour in America, where he married
Miss Patterson, the daughter of one of the richest
raerchants of the United States ; which was not ap^
proved by the eraperor his brother', on account ofhis
rainority. The EngUsh, wbo vMshed to seize bis
person, blocked up all the ports 'Whence he could de
part to return to France; but he at last escaped their
VOL. I. M

162 BONAPARTE.
watchfulness, and arrived in May, 1805, at Lisbon,
which place he then quitted, went to his brother Na
poleon, who was then in Italy, and arrived at Genoa,
where he received orders from the eraperor to go to
Algiers, and claim as his new subjects, the Genoese
who were, in slavery there. M. Jerorae Bonaparte
acquitted himself of this comraission in the most
intelligent manner, and carried back 250 of these
unfortunate persons to Genoa. He immediately after
went to Paris, then in Noveraber, 1805, to Nantes,
and thence to Brest, where he assuraed the coramand
of a 74-gun ship.
BONAPARTE (Madarae) forraerly erapress and
queen, Mary Frances Josephine Tascher de la Pa
gerie, was born at St. Pierre de la Martinique ; her
parents were rich planters, enjoying an excellent re
putation. Before the revolution she married the vi
comte de Beauharnais, deputy to the national assem
bly, and afterwards comraander in chief of the army
ofthe Rhine. During the reign of terror she was con
fined at the Magdelonettes, and had the griefs of
seeing her husband perish on a scaffold. The 9th of
Thermidor restored her to liberty, and it was after the
13th of Vendemiaire, that general Bonaparte, now
eraperor and king, became her husband, and was near
ly at the same time appointed to the chief comraand
of the army of Italy. Madame Bonaparte went to
bim the following year, and afterwards accompanied
him in some of his journeys, with the armies, as well
as in the interior. She how shares : his glory and his
fortune. There is a tradition in Martinique, that
Mademoiselle de la Pagerie having, in her early youth,
consulted a very celebrated fortune-teller (Mademoi
selle! David) received the following prediction from
ber : " You will make. a first match,, certainly very
good under the present circurastances ; it will pro
cure you, in Europe, all the advantages which your
birth, your enchanting quaUties, and your charms,
give you a right to expect ; but your second husband
WlU elevate you to tl>e summit of fortune and glory ;

BONI^AY. 163
he will cherish you as the talisman of his happi
ness  '. , I see thrones under your feet." (Ex
tract from a description of Martinique, by M. Tra-
versay, in 2 vols, duodecimo.)
BONN AY (the Marquis de) Ueutenant of the king
of France's body-guard. In 1789, he was additional
deputy of tbe noblesse of Nivernois to the states-ge
neral, and succeeded M. de Damas in the national
assembly. On the 22d of August, at the time of the
discussion ofthe rights of man, he opposed any laws
having a retroactive effect. Being appointed president
of the national assembly, on the 12th of April, 1790,
he re-produced at that period, the offer made by the
clergy of a loan of 400 miUions frora their property.
After the resignation of M. de Virieu, he filled bis
place for a time, and went, in this quality, to thank
the king for the moderation that he had shewn in the
expenses at which, he had estimated his civil Ust. He
again united the majority of votes for the president
ship in July ; he defended ministers, who were ac
cused on account of the demand for a passage for
Austrian troops through the French territory. On
the 14th of July, he first pronounced the oath which
was repeated by all the confederates, civil and mili
tary. On the 3d pf October he spoke in defence of
the conduct that had been pursued by the body-guard
on the 5th and 6th of October, 1789; he vigorously
opposed the discourse which M, Chabroud pronoun
ced against them, and told him that, in spite of his
efforts, he would never succeed in blemishing the ho
nour of a body vvhich had always been like Bayard,
without fear, and without reproach. In December,
he was chosen for the third tirae, to the honours of
the presidentship, and refused thera. It was he who,
on the 4th of January, 1791, interrupted the caUing
by narae of the priests in public stations, who were
required to take the oath relative to the civil consti
tution ofthe clergy. On the 2Sd of June, after the
king's escape, on the proposal raade of dismissing the
body-guard entirely, he represented that, witbout
M 2

164 BONNE.
inquirin^'Whetber those wbo followed the king were
blaraeable or not; the conduct of three individuals
ought not to furnish raatter for the condemnation of
a whole body. Being at the sarae time accused by the
coraraittee of research as having been inforraed ofthe
departure of LouisXVI. he exculpated hiraself, and
ended by saying : " If the king had asked me my
advice, I should not have recoraraended this departure
to bira ; but if he bad chosen raq to follow him, I
repeat that I would have died by his side, and that I
should glory in such a death." He was one of the
presidents of the constituting asserably who fiUed that
place with raost talent, calmness, and irapartiality.
At the tirae of the inquiries raade about M, Barentin
by tbe first coraraittee of research, he published a
poera, entitled La Pris des Annonciades, which bad
the greatest success, and in which he turned Charles
Laraeth and Petion into ridicule. On the 1st of
March, 1792, he was denounced to the national con
vention by a deputy of Nievre, for having held cor-
resporidence with tbe emigrants. The sarae day
Roland, rainister of the interior, wrote word that the
comraissioners, charged with going to the house of
Bonnay, the eraigrant, had addressed to bira packets,
on which were written these words : " To be burnt
after my death, without any vestige of them remain
ing ; I require it by the respect owing to the dead."
Merlin in vain deraanded tbat the intention of Bon
nay raight be respected : the papers were sent for
the exaraination of the corarnittee of general safety,
and Manuel carae to assure the convention that the
mysterious papers of Bonnay were nothing but love-
letters- M. de Bonnay remained attached to the
cause of Louis XVIII. he was still with that prince
in 1806.
BONNE (Carrere) was at first secretary of the
club of Jacobins, then excluded from that society.
In AprU, 1791, he was appointed cbarg6 d'affaires at
Liege, in the place of M, de St, Croix : tbe prince
bishop would not see him. Duraourier had a place

BORDA, 165
created for him, that of director-general ofthe politic
cal departraent in France : it was in this capacity
that, on the 29th of AprU, 1792, he concluded trea
ties of indemnification with the princes of Salra-Salm
and of Lowenstein-Werfeheira, On the IOth of Au
gust, the assembly, at the motion of Brissot, decreed
that the seal should be put on his papers, and tbat
he should not go out in the office of rainister to the
United States of America, an employraent which had
been granted to hira a short tirae before. He was
afterwards arrested on the 7th of April, 1793, on ac
count of his connections with the faraily of Orieans.
He vainly demanded to justify himself before the
convention, but he was nevertheless set at liberty,
notwithstanding the opposition of the Jacobins, By
raeans ofhis suppleness, he contrived to escape death
in the midst of all the factions. Towards the end of
1801, he went to Stockholm, Copenhagen, and
Berlin. BORDA (J. C. de) meraber of the national insti
tute, and chief of division in the navy, born at Dax
on the 4th of May, .1733, went first to the bar, but
soon preferred the study of raatheraatics. In 1753,
he was presented to d'Alerabert, frora whora he re
ceived testiraonies of esteem. A short tirae after, he
entered into the service in the light-horse. In 1756,
he read to the academy of sciences an Essay ori the
Motions of Projectiles, which procured his adraission
into that assembly. He was aid-de-carap to M, de
MaiUebois, in the campaign of 1757, and distinguish
ed hiraself in the battle of Hasterabec ; he afterwards
went into the engineers, and^was employed in the
ports. He then wrote different essays on the hydrau-
Uc science and on ship-building; which brought him
into notice with M,de Praslin, who placed him in
the navy, in the rank of under-lieutenant of ports.
In 1768, Borda first went to sea; in 1771, he went
in the Flora frigate, with M, M. Verdun and Pingre,
as coramissioned by the acaderay, to try sea-watches
and several new instruments. In 1774 and 1775, he

166 BORGHESE.
visited the Azores," the islands of Cape Verd -and the
coast of Africa: the detaUs of this voyage have not
been pubUshed. He afterwards employed himself at
ascertaining the position of the Canaries, and was at
the same time appointed ship's lieutenant. In the
campaign ofthe count d'Estaing, in 1777 and 1778,
he was major-general of the naval-army. In 1781,
he had the command ofthe ship Guerrier, and in. the
following year, of the Solitin of 64 guns. He suc
cessfully conducted a body of troops to Martinique,
then joined the squadron under the orders of M. de
Grasse, and established a cruise with some frigates
inthe neighbouring latitudes ; but, in consequence
of a thick fog, he suddenly found himself in the
midst of eight English vessels, and was obliged to
yield. Being sent back on his parole, his health did
not permit him to return again to sea ; he devoted
the rest of his life to study, and died on the 20th of
February, 1799, having retained the rank of inspector
of ship-building. He produced a great number of
valuable essays, among which is distinguished that
with which he was charged by the academy, on the
new metrical system, in 1790. Natural philosophy
also owes to hira the discovery of a raore certain ther
mometer. He introduced into the marine the use of
multiplying circles, iraagined by Roland; and invent
ed, in 1792, raethods and instruraents for raeasuring
the length of the raeridian. Borda had beeh received
into the acaderay of sciences in 1754; he pronounced
a discourse in the name of this society at the conven
tion, in the end of 1792. He was adraitted into the
Institute, at its first forraation, and in May, 1797,
was placed on the list of candidates for the vacant
place in the executive directory.
BORGHESE. (Camille) a French prince, &c.
served for sorae tirae in the French arraies; and after
having given different proofs of his attachment to the
cause of the French, and especiaUy to the person of
i;beir commander in chief, Bonaparte, he carae to
Paris, and, in ISOS, married the widow of general

botherel. 167
Leclerc, the emperor's sister. In 1805 he was cre
ated a French prince, and decbrated with thered
ribband. At the time of the recommencement of
hostilities with Austria, he was promoted to the rank
of chief of a squadron of t^e imperial guard. .
BOSSUT, mathematical professor at Mezieres,
raeraber of the academy of sciences, and afterwards
of the national institute, and of several academies,
and examiner of the pupils in artillery and fortification.
We have the following works by this learned and la
borious professor : Elementary Treatise on Mecha
nics and Dynamics, CharleviUe, 1763; Inquiry into
the most advantageous Construction of Dikes, Paris,
1764 ; Inquiry into the Alterations which the Resist
ance of Ether may produce on the mean Movement
of the Planets, 1766; Course of Mathematics ; Ele
mentary Treatise on Statical Mechanics, 1771 ; Ele
mentary Treatise on Hydrodynamics, 1771, in two
volumes ; Elementary Treatise on Arithmetic, 1772 ;
Elementary Treatise on Algebra, 1774; Elementary
Treatise on Geometry, and on the manner of applying
Algebra to Geometry, 1774; Elementary Treatise on
Mechanics, with notes, 1775; Nevv Experiments on
the Resistance of Fluids, by d'Alembert, Condorcet,
and Bossut, 1777; Course of Mathematics, for the
use of MUitary Academies, containing Arithmetic,
Algebra, and Geometry, 1782, in two volumes octavo;
Mechanics in general, 1782, in octavo.
BOTHEREL (R. J. Comte de) deputy-syndic of
the states of Bretagne; he declared against the edicts
of the plenary court, in May, 1788 ; and, in 1791, he
published a vigorous protestation against the innova
tions of the constituting assembly, to which Corollere
opposed another protestation, vvhich was denounced
in the legislative assembly on the SOth of March,
1791. M. de Botherel went to Jersey in 1792. He,
as well as Calonne and La Rouarie, was one of the
chiefs of the conspiracy of Bretagne, but he was ac
cused of having, through envy, ill-seconded ^le plans
of the latter. In 1793, he obtained in London some

168 BOUCHOTTE.
assistance for the eraigrants and tbe Vendeans. Hg
reported to the count d'Artois what had happened
to bira when he was landed by the English with a
body of eraigrants to join the Chouans : he was a
partisan of Puisaye, whom be eulogiased to this
prince. He gave him hope* of getting the towns of St.
Malo, Chateau-neuf, and Chateau-Richer deUvered
up. After the 18th of Brumaire, year S, (9th of No-
v^niber, 1799,) he returned to France. He after
wards went to England, where be still remained in
1805. His three sons served, among the Chouans 5
the eldest, known by the name of FeUcite, com
raanded a division in the array of Fougeres.
BOUCHOTTE, coramander of Cambray. Having
long remained alraost in obscurity, be was raised, in
1793, to the adrainistration of the war department,
in the room of Beurnonville, who was a prisoner of
the Austrians. A fortnight after his noraination,
Lidon said in the convention, that he was an idiot
very much beneath Pache, and that he was called in
his office the stone statue, or the Egyptian minister,
Tbis assertion did not then produce any consequence,
and Bouchotte chose for his colleagues Ronsin, Sijas,
Franc-Delisle, and Xavier-Audouin. Being again
attacked, on the 25th of May, by Lambert and others, ,
he was defended by Sergent and Marat. Caraboulas
considering bira as having resigned, obtained a de
cree on tbe SOth, that the coraraittee of public safety
should present another rainister in his place ; but this
was not done. On the Sth of June, he was accused
of folly by Haussraan, and on the 22d a debate was
entered into on the choice of his successor. On the
26th of July, the society of the Cordeliers and that of
the republicans of the 10th of August, took measures
with the convention for keeping Bouchotte in admi
nistration. Robespierre also defended bim, and
caused the repeal of the decree which removed him.
On the llth of August he was sent for to the bar,
on the pf;oposal of Lecointre; it appears that be did
not present himself there. On the 12th, Gossuin

BOUFFLERS. 169
again accused hira of incapacity, and said tbat be
was a raere cypher, wbo took counsel only frona the
clubs; On the ISth of Deceraber, Bourdon de I'Oise
again denounced Bouchotte, and demanded whether
his power was in short superior to the cdh ven tion ;
he proposed summoning him to the bar in full assera
bly, which was decreed in the midst of the loudest
applauses. This time, Bouchotte presented himself
there, and gave an account of his conduct ; Bourdon
de rOise, not satisfied with bis explanations, caused
them to be referred to the committee of public safety.
On the 27tb he was again denounced by Merlin de
ThionvUle, and on the 5th of January, 1794, CamiUe
Desmoulins proved to the Jacobins that Bouchotte
gave high pay to the journal of Hebert, otherwise
caUed Father Duchesne, On the 19th of March,
Bourdon de I'Oise procured a decree that this minis
ter should be obliged to give an account within twen
ty-four hours, of the concourse of Austrian prisoners
round Paris, at the period of Hubert's conspiracy ;
a short time after, the committee of public safety ap
pointed general Pille his successor, A few raonths
after the 9th of Therraidor, year 2, (27th of July,1794)
the convention decreed that the committees should
bring Bouchotte to trial, and Clauzel urged bis being
summoned before the revolutionary tribunal. On the
9th of March, 1795, Bourdon de I'Oise andPemartin
demanded that he should be prosecuted, as author of
the events of the Slst of May. At last, a decree
brought hira to trial before the criminal tribunal of
Eure and Loire, and the cause was begun, when it was
terrainated by the aranesty of the 4th of Brumaire.
Bouchotte retired to Metz, and was there called
to the municipal and elective functions in 1799. In
1805 he raarried the mdow of d'Aubigny, hjs col
league, and enjoys half-pay.
BOUFFLERS (Stan, chevalier de), one of the
40 of the French acaderay, high-bailiff of Nancy,
deputy of the noblesse of that town to the states-
general of 1789, and meraber of the national and

170 BOUGAINVILLE,
legislative institute, &c. Though at first destined
to take orders, he had preferred arms, and bad been
a captain of hussars ; be served in the seven years'
war, and was in the bloody battle of Araeneburg;
he bad also a military employraent in the island of
St, Louis, on the coast of Africa, But this career
did not prevent hira frora pursuing that of letters;
and, long before the revolution, he had raade him
self known by some pretty verses, without having
brought out any considerable work. He did not
make himself remarkable in the national asserably,
and no notice was taken of hira there, but to turn
into ridicule corapliraents which he was eoraraission
ed to inake frora the academy to the king and
queen. He was, witb M. M. Malouet, Virieux,
and Larochefoucault, one. of the founders ofthe club
of the Impartials. In 1791, he caused the property
of discoveries and inventions to be decreed to their
authors ; and afterwards got another decree passed
for tbe encourageraent of the arts. In 1792 he re^
tired to BerUn, and was kindly received by prince
Henry, who caused him to be admitted a meraber of
the acaderay of that city. He raarried raadarae de
Sabran, and returned, in April, 1800, to Paris,
where he pubUshed a new edition of his poems. He
was adraitted into the institute in 1 804, as a member
of the ancient acaderay, and pronounced there an
eulogium ton marshal de Beauveau, in Septeraber,
1805, This is the, portrait wbich has been drawn of
hira, and vvhich appears dictated by malignity : " A
libertine abbe, a philosophical soldier, a baUad-
raaking arabassador, a patriotic eraigrant, a courtier-
like republican.
BOUGAINVILLE (De), born in 1730, vice-ad-
rairal, raeraber of the senate and of the national
institute, grand-officer of the legion of honour, fel
low of the Royal Society of London, &c. &c. and
celebrated for his voyage round the world. Like
captain WalUs, he discovered the island of Otabeite,
which that coramander had visited some months

BOUILLE. 171
before. His voyage lasted two years and four
months. In 1756, he published a treatise on in
tegral calculation, in two voluraes quarto. In the
raonth of May 1790, he received the coraraand of
the squadron off Brest, which M. Albert de Rioras
had just quitted, and he quelled the insurrection
araong the crews which had manifested itself there.
Before he entered into the navy, he bad served in
the land-troops, and had the rank of array-brigadier ;
he signalized himself by land, and sea by many traits
of bravery and briUiant actions. After the retreat of
M, de Fleurieu, rainister of raarine, the king offered
the administration of that department to M, de Bou
gainvUle, who refused it. No one shewed raore
attachment than he did to this unhappy prince ; and
he was constantly near his person from the 20th of
June to the 10th. of August. Remaining in France
during the revolution, he was arrested in 1793. The
council of 500 presented him as a candidate for the
directory, in 1797- After the revolution of the IStb
of Brumaire, year 8, (9th of November, 1799,) he
entered into the conservative senate, and was ap
pointed secretary to that body on the 25th of March,
1800. He wrote'an essay on ancient and modern
navigation, and the relation of his voyage round the^
.world, which is executed in a manner no less agree
able than instructive, and has gone through several
editions. He also inserted fugitive pieces in several
coUections of poems. In I8O6 he was in the class of
physical sciences of the national institute, and di
rector of geography; he belonged to the office of
longitude.
_ BOUILLE (Le marquis de) a gentleman of Au
vergne, and a relative of Lafayette. After having
served in the dragoons, he became colonel of the
regiment of Vexin infantry. Having attained the
rank of major-general, the king appointed him go
vernor general of the windward islands. In 177S, he
seized Dorainica, St. Eustatia, and soon after St.
Christopher's, Nevis, and Mont,serrat. On his re-

172 BOUILLE.
turn, he was made lieutenant-general. Finding, in
1789, that be commanded in the three bisboprioB, .
he brought back to its duty the revolted garrison of
Metz, and, on that occasion, saved the Ufe df M.
de Pont, intendant of the province. He afterwards
caused Frangois de NeufchS.teau and two othet
electors, arrested by order of the king's attdrney, to
be set at liberty. On the 5th of Septeraber in the
Sarae year, Gr6goire coraplained to the assembly
that M. de Bouille had not administered the civic
oath individually, and obtained a decree that he
should be obliged to do it. In 1790, he was com
missioned to bring under subjection the garrison of
Nancy, which had risen against its chiefs; he ad
vanced upon the town with 4000 men, and succeeded
in this enterprise, in which he shewed much bravery,
and which at first gained hira great praises from th|
national asserably, and afterwards as raany re
proaches. Being chosen by the king to facilitate
his escape frora Paris, in June, 1791, he raarched
at tbe head of a body of troops to protect the passage
of the royal family; but, by false advices, or illr
executed orders, this enterprise failed, and M. de
Bouill6 had great difficulty in leaving France. From
Luxerabourg he wrote to the asserably a letter full
of threats, and generally considered as unseasonable.
He concluded by saying, that if a hair of Louis th«
XVIth's head was touched, he would not leave one
stone on another in Paris, On the ISth of July,
the asserably decreed that he should be tried rof
conturaacy, and that the papers relative to the king's
escape should be sent to the high court of the na
tion. Frora Vienna, whither he had at fit^* gone,
he passed to the court of Sweden, which gave liirti
employment, and in the narae of which he promised
powerful assistance to tbe French princes, Gustavul
III. had a great esteera fot hira, and the cor
respondence whi^h be held with that monarch con
cerning the French revdlution, contains valuable
inforraation. In 1791, he had an interview with

BOULAY. 173
him on the sarae account at Aix-Ia-Cbapelle. After
the death of Gustavus, M. de BouiUe went to Eng
land, where he published some valuable papers on
the revolution, which have been translated into Eng
lish, and reprinted at Paris; the style of thera is
siraple, and has the coraplexion of truth. M. de
Bouille died in London in 1803.
BOULAY (De la Meurthe) was a barrister at
Nancy at the period of the revolution, and embraced
its cause with raoderation. In March, 1797, he was
appointed deputy to the council of 500; and on the
22d of July following, be defended popular societies.
A few days afterwards he solicited the return of the
banished priests ; for a short tirae he was a raeraber
of the society of Clichy, but soon left it. On the
ISth of Fructidor, year 5, (4th of Septeraber, 17970
he was appointed a member of the coraraittee called
the Corarnittee of Public Safety, raade the sarae even
ing an apologetic report of that day's proceedings,
and concluded by advising the deportation of the
chiefs of the vanquished party. On the 24th of Sep
teraber, he pronounced a discourse on the raoral
causes which had brought on the events of the 18th
of Fructidor, and voted for the celebration of the an
niversary of that day. On the 16th of October, after
a long report, be proposed expeUing from the repub
lic that part of the high noblesse which had not emi
grated, and which, in his opinion, was by its presence''
raore dangerous than that which had emigrated ; ex
cluding the other nobles frora public functions, and
not acknowledging any of them citi^ns, but those
wbo should have given proofs of attachraent to liberty.
This project was violently attacked, " I perceive
in it," said Serres, "nothing but the developeraent
of the raost horrible tyranny." Poultier hiraself, in
his journal (the friend of tbe laws) spoke of it in the
sarae way, Boulay, sorae days after, presented ano
ther raodified project, tending to declare the ci-devant
nobles not French citizens, with some exceptions :
after a warm discussion, this second project was

174 BOULAY.
adopted. Its author was chosen secretary on the
22d of October, and president on the 21st of Decern-
ber following. On the SOth of June, 1798, he made
a report on the organization of the court of cassation.
On the 9th of May, 1799, he opposed the restriction
of the press ; reverted a few days after to the same
subject, and shewed the necessity of confining the
, powers of the directory within tbe constitution : " Let
those," said he, " wbo fear the return of the events
of 1793, take courage; that return is impossiljle."
On the SOth of Prairial, he accused Merlin de Douai
and Reveillfere Lepeaux of being the authors of the
system that had endangered the republic, and pro
posed to the council to compel them to quit the di
rectory ; and the next day he caused a message to
be addressed to that authority, that it might be oblig
ed to release the victiras of its arbitrary decisions.
Shortly after the victory of the legislative body over
the directory, Boulay published a reraarkable work,
entitled : Essay on the Causes which brought on the
EstabUshraent of'the RepubUc in England in 1649,
on those whicb should have consolidated it, and on
those which occasioned its downfal. This work vvas
published at the period when new convulsions and the
disasters ofthe arraies seeraed to announce the fall of
the republic. The author appeared to have raade it
bis business, in presenting the causes of tbe return of
monarchy in England, to excite, by an easy compa
rison, the idea that the same errors were about to
produce tbe sarae result in France ; hence his work
was read with great interest. Salaville confuted him
a short time after. On the 27th of June, Boulay de
clared against all religious persecution. On the 27th
of July, he caused to be added to the oath of fidelity
to the repubUc, an oath to oppose the re-establish
ment of royalty, and of every kind of tyranny; he
afterwards opposed the bringing the ancient directors
to trial: on the 19th of August, he was chosen pre
sident. On the Uth of Septeraber he deraanded the
adjournraent of the proposal tending to declare the

BOURDON. 175
country in danger, frora the fear that a counter-revo
lution raight be proraoted by bringing out an extraor
dinary force that should direct itself against liberty.
At the session extraordinary ofthe 19th of Bruraaire,
year 8, (10th of Noveraber, 1799,) at St, Cloud, Bou
lay represented the necessity of appointing a provi
sional government, during which the means should
be prepared of removing the vices of the constitution
of the year 3, (1795). After the dispersion of the
deputies who opposed the revolution of that day,
Boulay entered into the intermedial legislative com
mittee, of which he became president on the 22d of
Noveraber. In a discourse pronounced on the 12th
of Deceraber following, he laid open the basis of the
new constitution, at which he had just been assist
ing. In the following month, January, 1800, he was
called to the council of state, over the legislative sec
tion of which he presided. In this quaUty, he pre
sented to the legislative body different projects, and
among others the closing of the list of eraigrants, and
the estabUshraent of special courts. After the at
tempt of the 3d of Nivose (24th of December, 1800,)
upon the life of the 1st consul, Boulay harangued
him in the name ofthe councU of state, and express
ed the indignation of his colleagues. On the 19th
of December, 1801, he succeeded Regnier, who was
become grand judge in the jurisdiction ofthe nation
al doraains. After this period he was elected for two
years together, 1804 and 1805, candidate in the pre
servative senate, by the elective coUege of Meurthe;
and, in 1805, he obtained the title of coraraandant of
the legion of honour,
- BOURDON (F, L. de I'Oise) an attorney at Pa
ns. In Septeraber, 1792, he was deputed by the de
partraent of Oise to the convention. At the tirae
when LouisXVI. appeared at the bar, be deraanded
that the soldiers rautUated on the 10th of August,
should be present. On the 7th' of January, 1793,
having chaUenged his coUeague Charabon, he was
called to order; shortly afterwards he accused Brissot,

176 BOURDON.
Guadet, and all the chiefs of the Gironde ; be voted
for the infliction of the punishraent of deatb on Louis
XVI. On the SOth of May he deraanded the arrest
of the coraraittee of 12, and on the 6th of June, he
uttered an invective against the right side; on thp
ISth he was sent to Orieans to observe the Vendee.
When he was coramissioner to the army on the coasts
of Rochelle, he brought an accusation of pillage
against Westermann, whora he had defended some
raonths before, and suspended Rossignol, which oc
casioned bis recal. Shortly after, he had an alterca
tion with Robespierre at the Jacobin raeeting, and
was threatened with disraission frora tbat society for
not answering the accusation of having endeavoured
to get Marat driven away. Robespierre caused his
expulsion to be adjourned, observing that Bourdon
had shewn raore obstinacy than perfidy in his faults.
On tbe IStb of Noveraber, when Bazire, Chabot, and
Thuriot coraplained of tbe tyranny which was exer
cised over the deputies theraselves. Bourdon asked
whether they were sorry to find terror the order of
tbe day, and saw nothing in these petty raotions but
a baseness unworthy of true republicans. The same
day he deraanded that an accused person should be
outlawed if he contrived to withdraw hiraself from
arrest ; the next day, in the Jacobin raeeting, he re
proached Gregoire with having wished to give a
christian character to the revolution ; on the 25th he
obtained a decree of arrest against the farraers-gene-
ral, and deraanded that they should be given up to
the sword of the law, if their accounts were not given
in within a raonth. On the 1st of Deceraber, be de
nounced Bouchotte and his clerks ; on the 5th he
deraanded the suppression of all ministers, and was
opposed by Robespierre ; on the 7th be was chosen
secretary. After a new denunciation of the war-offi
ces, he caused the staff-officers of the revolutionary
army of Bourdeaux to be broken. On the 18th he
demanded that the priests and nobles should be ex
cluded from the commiittee of public safety and ac-

BOURDON. 177
cused Herault de S6chelles; he afterwards again
urged the suppression of the executive council. Soon
after he was denounced by Hubert in the Jacobin
raeeting, and designated by the narae of Bourdon the
Red, on account of the colour of his hair. From this
time he appeared no more in that society, was after
wards excluded from the Cordeliers, was declared by
thera, as well as by the club of the Rights of Man, a
traitor to his country, and spoken of by Vincent as
chief of the conspiracy of moderatism. On the 22d
of January, 1792, he complained that the execution
of four condemned persons on the Place de la Revo
lution should have been made to take place at the
very time when the convention was going thither to
celebrate the anniversary of the death of Louis XVI.
whora he called the raan-eater. He spoke of this
circurastance as a project for insulting the conven
tion, by exciting the thought that it delighted in the
view of punishraents. At the time of Danton's trial,
he denounced to the <;onvention a letter which ad
vised him to go to the hall of justice in order to raise
the people in favour of the persons accused. At the
tirae ofthe law ofthe 22d of Prairial, (10th of June,)
he obtained a decree that no representative should be
brought before the revolutionary tribunal, without a
decree of accusation, and on this head he was in op
position to Robespierre, vvho accused him of wanting
to raake himself chief of a party. On the Sth of
Thermidor, (27th of July,) he opposed the printing
of Robespierre's speech, and the next day he was
joined with Barras in the command of the national
guard of Paris. He contributed greatly to the arrest
of Robespierre and Henriot, and vvas of powerful as
sistance in the success of that day. He afterwards
demanded a purification of the convention, and the
repeal of the decree which granted three shUlings and
six-pence a day to the citizens to vote in the sections;
at the same time he entered into the committee of
public safety. On the fourth of October he called
on the convention to concentrate the power in its
VOL. I. N

178 BOURDON.
own hands, and to purge the Jacobins ; he afterwards
proposed to subject popular raeetings to sorae ar
rangeraents of police ; on the 7th he proposed that
goods appertaining to the parents of eraigrants should
be confiscated to public use, and the owners reduced
to mere life annuitants: on the 9th of Deceraber he
brought forward the law for reraoving the ex-nobles
frora Paris, and he attributed to perfidious views the
proposal of suppressing revolutionary coraraittees.
He obtained at the sarae tirae a change of the judges
and jurymen of the revolutionary tribunal, who
were still the same as under Robespierre. Lacroix
having published a work in favour of royalty. Bour
don was led to affirra that the French people would
never resume its fetters, and to have the writer sum
raoned before the crirainal tribunal. On the Slst of
Deceraber, 1794, he declared against expelling sus
pected persons frora Paris, and raaintained that
henceforward there ought to be in the repubUc only
two classes of citizens, the good and the bad, A few
days afterwards, in January, 1795, he spoke in favour
of the eraigrants of the Upper and Lower Rhine, op- .
posed the liberation of Rossignol, attacked the Mon
tagnard, Chales, and accused hira of having assisted
in the " King's Friend :" at his instance also were
the projects of festivals for tbe 21st of January re
jected, and the coraraittees authorized to set at liberty
those under sentence of condemnation, Brival hav
ing said, that " in the number of useless criraes com
mitted before the 27th of July, 1794, it was astonish
ing the impure race of the Capets bad not been ex
terminated," Bourdon, in the midst of the applause
of the asserably, cried out, " that there are no useful
criraes." At the raeeting of the SOth of January, he
obtained an order for printing Boissy d'Anglas's
speech on the bases of the new political systera. On
the llth of February he was again chosen a raeraber
ofthe committee of public safety, and on the 20th of
the same month was elected president. Though ap
pointed to go on a comraission to St. Doraingo, he

BOURDON. 1)9
was in no haste to fulfil tbis engageraent, which was
afterwards revoked. A few days after he contended
with Villetard in favour of the nuraerous young men
at Paris who were termed the gilded youth, but he
declared that the convention would no more suffer the
re-establishment of royalty than of the guillotine. In
the same month he supported the suggestions of
Boissy d'Anglas on subsistence, and defended the
petitions which some of the Parisian sections had
presented against the terrorists. At the time of the
insurrection of AprU 1, 1795, he obtained an order
to arrest Chales, Choudieu, and Foussedoire, to de
clare Paris in a state of siege, and to confer the cora
mand on Pichegru. He opposed the banishment of
J. Lebon as a too lenient punishraent, and contrived
to have the members of the revolutionary tribunal of
Nantes carried before the criminal tribunal of Angers:
He then warmly declared against every idea of na
tional failure. At the time of the new insurrection
of the demagogues on the 21st of May, Bourdon,
ever violent and hasty, desired that his coUeagues
who were accused of having instigated it, should be
immediately shot in the hall. A few days afterwarda
he proposed, and obtained leave, that they should be
brought before an appointed number of commis
sioners. In Septeraber he was sent into the depart
ment of Eure and Loir, where the scarcity had oc-
casioned disturbances, and he succeeded in dispersing
some mobs. He was at Chartres after the 10th of
October, 1 795, and having been informed that some
of those proscribed on that day had taken refuge in
this department, he gave orders for a pursuit. Hav
ing apprehended J. Michaud, editor of the " Daily
Paper," he ordered hira to be fastened to the tail ofa
horse, and in that manner conveyed back to Paris. Be
ing afterwards chosen one ofthe council of 500, he pro
posed to apply 625 raUUons of national property to the
redeeraing of assignats, and was often employed on
the subject of these notes, of the holders of public
property, and in short of financial arrangements.

180 BOURDON.
which he insisted ought to be discussed only in a
secret committee. On the 9th of January, 1796, he
opposed Dumolard arid Boissy d'Anglas, who impugn
ed that law of the 9th of Floreal, which ordained
participation with the parents of emigrants. On the
20tb of August foUowing he was chosen secretary.
.In 1797 he accused Santhonax of causing the mise
ries of St. Domingo, and at this period openly took
the side of Clichy against the directory. In March,
the same year, he vehemently opposed the oath to
which government proposed to subject the electors;
in August he declaimed against the insults offered by
the military to the youth of the capital on account
of their dress, and violently reproached the directory
with its communication respecting the poverty of the
public treasury. But the 4th of September, 1797)
overthrew the party to which Bourdon had lately at
tached himself It has been positively asserted, that
from respect for his former opinions the directors
would have overlooked him, had he not voluntarily
associated himself in the fate of those, who like him,
were charged with the inspection of finance. Be that
as it may, he was banished to Cayenne, and, as usual,
displayed a courage bordering on temerity. He died
a few months afterwards, at Synamary. For some
time the colony of Cayenne presented to the observ
ing eye very remarkable contrasts, exhibiting at once
refractory priests and apostate royalists ; and dema
gogues, executioners, and victims, the deplorable
consequence of party-rage, and of the scourge of
revolution !
BOURDON (Leonard Joseph) he was born at
Orleans, and carae to settle at Paris as a preceptor;
be declared hiraself strongly in favour of the revolu
tion. In 1789 he requested permission from the na
tional assembly to take into his house the old man of
Mount Jura, celebrated at this period. Bourdon in
1792 became president and elector of the commune
of Paris, and afterwards deputy from Loiret to the
national convention. Before the session he had re-

bourdon. 181
paired to Orleans as commissioner of the coraraune,
to secure the adherence of that city to the proceedings
of August the 10th, and to arrange the removal of
those prisoners of rank who were slaughtered at Ver
sailles. The general opinion was, that Bourdon weU
knew the dangers which awaited them on the road,
and had openly declared himself friendly to this hor
rible execution. No sooner had he entered the con
vention, in September, 1793, than he brought about a
change of magistrates; he took an important part in
the trial of Louis XVI. voted for cutting off all com
raunication bet-ween him and his family, and in Jan.
1793, gave it as his opinion that he should be put to
death. Towards the end of February he proposed to
break all such officers as should be absent from their^
posts. In March 1793 he was again sent to Orleans,'
where he was wounded in the night, after a revel near
a guard-house, by the mistake of a sentinel. This
accident, which was represented by him as a preme
ditated assassination, brought nine ofthe chief citizens
of Orleans to the scaffold. On his return to the conven
tion he shared in the events of May the Slst, and ob
tained a decree for a federation on the 10th of August
foUowing. On the Sth of this month he was chosen
secretary, and on the 5th of September he seconded the
proposal for a revolutionary army. When chosen
president of the Jacobins, he said that the conven
tion ought to purge itself from the appellants, that is
to say, from such of the merabers as in the trial of
Louis XVI. had voted for the appeal to the people.
On the 7th of November he moved forthe cessation of
priests salaries, and obtained a decree importing, that
the pedestal of the monument erected to the French
people, should be composed alike of the ruins of su
perstition and of those of royalty. He obtained a
decree also for appropriating to the republic the pro
perty of those accused persons who should destroy
theraselves, as well as that of the conderaned. On tjie
28th of January, 1794, he voted in the Jacobin society
for the Uberation of Vincent and Ronsin, to which

182 BOURDON.
Robespierre objected. At the time of Hubert's con
spiracy he desired the same society to purify the con
stituted authorities, and vvas again opposed by Robe
spierre, who compared his various raotions, and af
ter a violent sally, concluded by asserting, that hd
appeared no stranger to this conspiracy. From tliat
time Bourdon became one of his greatest "enemies,
and when he was associated with Barras in the com
mand of the national guard, July the 28th, 1794,
be entered during the night, at the head of an armed
force, into the house where Robespierre and his adhe
rents were shut up, seized the greatest part of the
chiefs of that party, and gave an account to the con
vention of the siege of the town-hall : he afterwards
opposed the demolition of that edifice, which was
called for, by reason of its having been the place
where the coufspiracy of the commune was formed ;
shortly afterwards he caused proceedings to be made
for purifying the Jacobin society. On the 12th of
September he obtained a decree for removing the
body of Marat to the Pantheon, and caused the
order of the ceremony to be fixed, he afterwards
complained to the Jacobins of the tactics of modera
tism, and to the convention, of the calumnies of
Freron, in his journal, " The Orator of the People."
When treated as an assassin by Legendre, he could
not get an opportunity of speaking, to reply to hira.
A decree of arrest being passed against him on the
12th of Germinal, year 4, (1st of April, 1795,) as
one of the principal agents of a committee of insur
rection established at Paris, he was seized in the
section of Gravilliers, where he had formed a nume
rous party, and thence sent to the castle of Ham ;
he vvas afterwards included in the aranesty of the
4tb of Brumaire. On the 20th of July, 1797,
Boissy d' Angias, in the assembled council of 500,
spoke of him as a revolutionary assassin, and com
plained of not being able to walk a step in Paris
without being terrified by the sight of him. After
the 18th of Fructidor, year 5, (4th of Septeraber,

bourrienne. 183
1797,) the directory appointed hira their agent at
Hamburgh, where he obtained the expulsion of tbe
French eraigrants. Few conventionalists were at
tacked so rauch as he, by the sarcasms of the writers
who contributed, in so great a degree, after the 9tb
of Thermidor, to overwhelm the terrorists with re
probation. Treating him as one of the raost fero
cious of that faction, they bestowed on him the sur
name of Leopard, by a corruption of his christian
name. They also accused hira of having seized the
most valuable furniture, under pretence of employing
it in his school for the pupils of the country, for the
establishment of which he had obtained a decree in
1793 : it did not survive the fall of its founder. In
1805 he was governor of the railitary hospital of
Toulon. BOURRIENNE (N.) was born at Sens on the
9th of July, 1769; he was brought up at the miU
tary academy of Brienne with Napoleon Bonaparte,
with whora he becarae extreraely intiraate. As he
was intended for the diploraatic profession, he went,
in Deceraber, 1788, to the university of Leipsic,
where he studied languages and the law of nations
tiU 1791. He then travelled into Poland, returned
to France in 1792, and was appointed secretary of le
gation at Stutgard, where he arrived on tbe 4tb of
August in the sarae year. He was recalled at the
time of the war with the Germanic empire, and re
turned to France in February, 1793. Being called to
Leipsic in 1794, he was arrested there, on suspicion
of political connection with an agent of the French
republic, wbo was arrested at the sarae tirae by order
of the court of Dresden. After ninety days' deten
tion, be was ordered to quit the electorate of Saxony,
and to return thither no raore. At the tirae of his
first journey into Gerraany, Bourrienne had been in
scribed on the list of eraigrants of the departraent of
Yonne. It appears tbat, on bis return, the devotion
which be raanifested to the revolution saved him ; he
could not, however, obtain any place under the direc-

184 BOYAVAL.
tory. The noraination of his old school-fellow to the
coramand ofthe army of Italy , opened to Bourrienne the
career of fortune. Bonaparte sent for hira, and Bour
rienne joined him at Gratz, inthe month of June, 1797,
and immediately became his confidential secretary.
He quitted him no more, but followed hira in all his.
campaigns in Italy, in Egypt, at Marengo, and
shared his dangers. On the accession of Bonaparte
to the consulship, he refused the high employments
which were offered to him by the first consul. He
was appointed counsellor of state on the SOth of July,
1801, and appears to have resigned the office quietly.
In 1805 he was appointed envoy-extraordinary from
France to the circle of Lower Saxony, and decorated
with the title of legionary.
BOYAVAL (P. J.) a native of St. Amans, and Ueu
tenant of light-infantry, in the service of the French
republic, an Austrian deserter, and a tailor by trade,'
was at first register-keeper to the commune of
Paris in 1789. This young man was kept by a rich-
woman in Paris. Being imprisoned on the charge
of. an attempt to inlist men in the service of somCi
foreign power, he offered his services to, the revo
lutionary tribunal, as informer and witness; and he,
even boasted of it before his victims themselves. He,
with four other wretches, drew up the Ust of the,
accomplices in the pretended conspiracy of the Lux
embourg prison; and when he returned frora the
tribunal where he had given it to the judges, be said
aloud to the, prisoners, that he had spoken for twoi
bours with so rauch eloquence that he was astonished,
at it hiraself, and that out of fifty-nine accused per
sons not one had escaped. " The first who gives
me a cross look," added- he, " I wUl have removedi
to the Conciergerie," that is to say, to death. He
did not spare even his fellow-informers, and said one
day, speaking of Beausire, who was one of them,,
" Fouquier does not like hira, and I wUl have hint
guUlotined when I please." In the picture of the,
prisons under Robespierre, printed after tbe 9th of.

BREARD. 185
Thermidor, ye'ar 2, (27tb of July, 1794,) is found
the following passage: " Boyaval perraitted hiraself
publicly the most indecent faraiUarities with the wife
of the painter Goust; whose husband he had caused
to be guiUotined two hours before. It is added, that
this second Nero employed threats to enjoy, that
very night, the favours of this unfortunate vvidow,
with whom he remained tiU half-past eleven without
a candle. : He boasted that he went every night to
the committees of public safety and general security;
that he possessed the confidence and friendship of
Fouquier ThinviUe ; that he had aU the heads in the
Luxembourg at his disposal ; that he made use of
many people who would go tbither in their turn, &c.
&c. One day he coraplained that in a meeting he
bad been treated as a villain, and loudly declared
that these people should all go thither: indeed some
of them were guillotined on the very day of Robes
pierre's faU. A few days before that event, this
monster, whose indiscretion and folly even surpassed
bis insolence and wickedness, had received orders to
raake a new list of 200 conspirators in the Luxem
bourg. At last he received the punishment due to
bis crimes at the sarae tirae with his protectors, and
was condemned to death as an accomplice of Fou
quier ThinvUle, on the 19th of Floreal, year S, (6tb
of May, 1795,) at the age of 26.
BREARD (Jean- Jacques), a land-holder at
Marennes. In 1790 he became vice-president of
the department of Charente-Infferieure; and in 1791
was appointed deputy to the legislative assembly.
In the same year he urged for a decree of accusa
tion against Gruthier, Malvoisin,' and Marc the
younger, on the charge of their being agents for the
emigrant princes. In February, 1792, he presented
a re[)ort on the troubles of Avignon ; obtained a
decree for the division of its territory into two dis
tricts, and often spoke on the situation of that part
of the country. On the Sth of July he spoke against
the journal of Mallet Dupan, On the 30th of-Au-

186 BREARD,
gust he obtained a decree for tbe confiscation of the
property of those wbo should foraent disorders.
When re-elected to the national convention, he was
eoraraissioned to reraove from tbe register of the
tribunal of August the 10th, the papers relative
to Louis XVI, In January, 1798, he defended the
minister Pache, accused by Valaze, He voted for
the death of Louis XVI. and proposed to send
the account of his conderanation to all the depart
ments. On Michel Lepelletier's assassination he
suggested the expediency of doraiciliary researches.
On the 24tb he was appointed secretary ; and on the
Sth of Feb. president ; then raeraber of the first cora
raittee of general defence, established on the 25th of
March ; and at last, of the first coraraittee of public
safety forraed on the 4th of April following. On the
16th of May he inforraed against Polverel and San
thonax, coraraissioners at St. Doraingo, and had a
decree of accusation passed against thera on the l6th
of July following. On the 25th he attacked the
minister Bouchotte, and defended Marat, whora he
conceived to raean well but to be raistaken. On the
23d of July he caused every citizen who should re
pair to a town in a state of rebellion, to be included
araong the eraigrants. On tbe 7th of August he ob
tained a decree for the arrest of all suspected fo
reigners. On the 4th of August he again presided in
the convention, and on the 25th was dispatched to
organize the squadron at Brest, wbere he behaved
with moderation. On the 15th of AprU, 1794, he
seconded tbe raotion of St. Just for tbe expulsion of
the ex-nobles frora Paris, and insisted that no raore
than one week should be granted to thera for their
reraoval. On the I6tb of May he had Couthon's
reflections against atheists and materialists inserted
in the buUetin. On the Sth of Therraidor (26th of
July) 1794,) be opposed tbe printing of Robespierre's
speecb ; and two days after the death of that dema
gogue, entered into the coraraittee of public safety.
He obtained a decree for tbe provisional liberty of

BRETEUIL. 187
Polverel and Santhonax, whose accuser he had been.
On the Sth of August he sumraoned Fouquier Thin
viUe, who was brought to the bar. On tbe 3d of
October Cambon declared that Breard, being a
member of the first coraraittee of public safety, was
one of the persons who signed a secret decree against
Robespierre and Danton, and who then formed a
separate committee at Charenton. In the discussion
which took place the same day against the merabers
ofthe committee of public safety, prior to the 9th of
Thermidor, Breard said, that the project of England
was to destroy the convention by means of the coh-
- vention itself, and caused the asserably to pass to
the order of the day on the accusation of Legendre.
On the 5th of December he supported the deraands
of the citizens of Bedouin who were burnt out by
Maignet, and obtained a decree that the committee
of general security should employ itself for their as
sistance. On the 4th of January he was again elect
ed a member of the committee of public safety; and
on the 9th of March he supported the proposal of an
annual festival in honour of the 21 Girondins who
had died on the scaffold. Entering, in the year 4,
(1795,) into the councU of ancients, he was secretary
to that body from its formation. On the 26th of
January, 1796, he strongly supported a resolution
for maintaining the law of the 9th of Floreal (29th
of April,) which ordered the confiscation of the
property which emigrants might hope for from their
ancestors. After the 18th of Brumaire, year 8, (9th
of November, 1799,) Breard made a part of the new
legislative body, and quitted it in 1803.
BRETEUIL (L. A. Le Tonnelier, baron of,)
knight of the order of the Holy Ghost, knight of
Malta, and major-general. He was employed for
raore than 30 years in the diploraatic line; first as
minister plenipotentiary to the elector of Cologne,,
brother to the eraperor ; then in the sarae character
to the court of Russia; was then successively ap
pointed ambassador to Sweden, to HoUand, to Na-

188 BRIENNE.
pies, to Vienna, and to the congress of Teschon.
It was especially from the tirae of bis erabassy to
Vienna that his attachraent to Marie Antoinette
took its date. When he became minister, and se
cretary of state, he shewed himself one of the raost
zealous defenders of monarchy ; in 1789 he was
considered as one of the most declared eneraies of
tbe revolution, which astonished sorae persons, who
reraerabered that he had liberated frora the Bastile
and other state prisons, a great part of those whom
bis predecessors had caused to be confined there.
After the 14tb of July it was only by a precipitate
flight that be avoided the fate of Foulon and Berthier ;
tbe agents ofthe revolutionists pursued hira to Beau-
vais, and riiissed hira only by a few rainutes. Louis
XVI. intrusted him, in 1790, with sorae secret ne
gotiations with the principal northern courts; and,
his powers having been afterwards withdrawn frora
bim, he was accused of having continued to act in
the name of that prince. The national convention
passed a decree of accusation against him on the 22d
of October, 1792. In Bertrand de MolevUle's His
tory of the Revolution is to be found some valuable
information on the subject of his last diploraatic ope
rations. This ancient rainister returned to France
in 1802, with the permission ofthe governnient, and
inherited there, in 1804, a very considerable pro
perty. BRIENNE (E. C. de Lomenie DE) cardinal-
archbishop of Sens, born at Paris in 1727. In his
youth he had attached hiraself to the encyclopedists,
and nevertheless gained the confidence of the bishop
of Orleans, an ecclesiastical rainister, who raade
bim bisbop of.Coudora, and afterwards archbishop
of Toulouse. He distinguished hiraself in this office
by bis application to the affairs of the province, and
rose to be appointed prirae-minister to Louis XVI.
It was at this period that be was made archbishop of
Sens, and on his going out of office that he obtained
the cardinal's bat. The rage for reforra and inno-

BRIEZ. 189
vation which he had irabibed frora tbe econoraists,
soon rendered hira odious to all France; and this
general hatred shortly obliged hira to give in his
resignation. He was then overwhelmed by pam
phlets, satires, &c. on all sides. From the beginning
of the revolution be shewed hiraself its partisan, and
even boasted of having assisted in it. In affairs of
religion he shewed the same uncertainty, the same
vacillation as he had done in those of the state.
After havirig taken the constitutional oath, and re
fused the see of Toulouse, he confessed that he did
not set any value on the constitution to which he
bad sworn to adhere, and he again swore to observe
it ; he at first endeavoured to excuse himself to the
pope, then he sent back to him the cardinal's hat.
The pope, after having accepted his renunciation of
the Roman purple, declared him ejected from that
dignity. M. de Brienne died at Sens, in the end (if
February, 1794, eaten up with ring-worms and
overcorae with infirmities. Thougb he was destitute
of literary talents, and though no work of his was
known, except sorae charges, and a funeral eulogiura
on the Dauphin, he had been named a raeraber of
the academy.
BRIEZ, deputy of the North to the national con
vention. He voted there for the death of LouisXVI.;
" and in case," said he, " the majority should be
for confinement, I expressly raove, that, if between
this time and the 15th of April, the other powers
have not renounced their design of destroying our
liberty, his head be sent to them." Being dispatch
ed to the army of the North after the defection of
Duraourier, he entered into a correspondence witb
the prince of Cobourg, relating to this general and
to the coraraissioners whom he had delivered up ;
this correspondence having beeii disapproved by the
convention, Briez was recalled. He protested against
this decree, announced an advantage over the Aus
trians, and was continued in his mission. He was
at Valenciennes with Cochon, when tbe Austrians

190 BRIEZ.
carae to besiege it ; he behaved with courage during
the siege, and marched out on the 1st of August
with the garrison; he was imraediately recalled. On
the 25th of Septeraber be read to the convention a
meraorial on the army of the North, and on the
surrender of Valenciennes. He reproached the cora
raittee of pubUc safety with keeping silence, and not
taking the necessary raeasures. This attack on the
coraraittee was concerted with other deputies who
supported hira, and contrived to have hira joined to
the coraraittee ; but Robespierre undertook the de
fence of his colleagues; he reproached Briez with
having wickedly accused tbem, and iraputed it to
bira as a crirae that he had not died at the defence
of Valenciennes. The coraraittee triuraphed, and
Briez declared that he had not intended to accuse
thera, refused to be joined to them, and demanded
tbat the convention would cause another report to
be raade to thera on the surrender of Valenciennes.
" Let this report be strict," said he, " and if I am
found guilty, let ray head fall." Briez entered into
the coraraittee of succours. In January, 1794, he
obtained a decree that the Mount of Piety should
gratuitously restore the pledges of sraall value, and
that succours should be granted to the indigent, and
to the relations of the defenders of tbe country. On
the 17th ofthe sarae raonth, he said in a report, that
the Austrians, having advanced to Clincourt, had
ripped up woraen, slaughtered children, and roasted
.their lirabs. In consequence of this report, he caused
succours to be granted to the fugitives frora the dis
tricts invaded by the eneray, and to the refugees
frora Belgiura, Liege, Mayence, and other places.
On the 4tb of June, the day that Robespierre was
raised to the presidency, he was chosen secretary.
After the fall of the forraer, he was again dispatched
to the array of the North, and sent frora Brussels to
the convention the instruraent whicb bad kept the
i'epresentative Drouet chained in that town. Briez
died towards the end of bis session, of the conse-

RRIOT. 151
quences of bis excesses, and, as sorae persons say,
ofa shameful disease.
BRIOT (P. J.) born at Orcbamps, in Franche-
Corate, in 1771 ; was called to the bar in 1789; and
at the end of 1790, obtained a professorship of rhe
toric in the coUege of Besan^on. In 1792, he, with
the-chief part of his pupils, inlisted in a battalion of
volunteers. On his return to Besangon, he again
becarae a professor, and distinguished himself in the
popular society ; he then wrote in a journal against
Robespierre and Marat, and was accused of belonging
to the party ofthe Gironde. In the beginning of May,
1793, he was deputed by the adrainistrative body,
and the popular societies of Doubs, to the national
convention, to deraand that it would put an end to
civil discord by a constitution. He arrived in Paris
to witness the events of the Slst of May, and never
theless appeared at the meeting of the 12th oif June,
wbere he spoke with sorae courage ; but he hastened
to return to Besangon, and shortly after he again
inlisted there in a battaUon, becarae aid-de-carap
to the general who coraraanded the town, and then
once more abandoned the railitary career to becorae
book-keeper to a clock-raanufactory. Robespierre
the younger having corae to Besangon at that tirae,
had a quarrel with Briot, and denounced him, so that
be, having otherwise prejudiced the revolutionary
coraraittee against hira, was arrested; but the 9th
of Thermidor, year 2, (27th of July, 1794,) soon
restored him to Uberty. Briot then shewed hiraself
one of the most zealous partisans of the demagogues
pursued by the re-action, and was obliged to take
refuge in Paris, where he was arrested as a terrorist.
Having been set at liberty in consequence of the
aranesty of the 4th of Bruraaire, he was placed in
the office of the rainister of police, and then elected
raunicipal officer of Bensancon. Two raonths after, '
being pursued as liable to military service, he enter
ed the Sth regiraent of hussars, and was taken by the
Austrians at the time of Moreau's retreat ; but having

192 briot.
contrived to escape, the directory appointed bim, in
February, 1798, public accuser of Doubs, which em
ployraent he exercised until the elections of the year
6, when be was appointed deputy to the council of
500. On the 3d of July, Maderaoiselle d'Ambert
having corae to beg a reprieve for her father, who
was conderaned to death as an eraigrant, Briot caused
the asserably to pass to the order of the day. On
the 17th he deraanded the corapulsory opening of
shops on Sundays; on the 21st he was chosen secre
tary. On the 18th of Septeraber, he proposed nam
ing a coraraittee charged with preparing the legis
lative raeasures which raight be useful in case the
negotiations for peace should be broken off. He
was opposed by ChoUet, who reproached hira with
having used the eneraies of France like cowards, and
with having treated of affairs that raade a part of the
privileges of the directory exclusively. On the 12th
of Noveraber, he proposed considering in the light of
eraigrants, those priests conderaned to deportation,
who should not present theraselves in a raonth to
undergo it. Being a raember of the committee of
public instruction, he made, on the ISth, a report on
the academies. On the 29th of April (9th of Flo
real), he pronounced a discourse on the emigrants,
ship-wrecked at Calais ; and, concluding that they
should not be judged as emigrants, he proposed to
banish thera beyond seas, to the place that should
be appointed by the directory, to whora this opinion'
appeared too raoderate, their intention being to have
them shot. The directors then thought they had
found an opportunity for depriving Briot of his po
pularity, who was raaking himself remarkable in the
opposition party, and three days afterwards they
caused a placard to be stuck up in Paris, controvert-^
ing his opinion. On the approach of the crisis of
the SOth of Prairial, Briot pronounced a discourse on'
tbe favourers of expense, and plainly pointed out
Scherer. On the 7tb of June, he accused Frangois
de Neufchateau of having favoured the representation.

briot. 193
of the opera of Adrian. On the ISth he denounced
a system, established by the directory, of setting
s^ies on the deputies ; and on the 15th he flefended
the liberty of the press. At the time wherjgthe con
test openly began between the councils and the
directory, Briot demanded permanence, and said,
that a great event vvas approaching, and that all the
efforts of the council vvere necessary for going
through it. On the 26th he supported the project
6f Jourdan for the suppression of the word anarchy
in the form ofthe oath. On the 2d of August, after
having presented three memorials on the misfortunes
of the army of Italy, he prevailed in his motion for a
message to the directory on the result of the prose
cutions of Schferer, Rapinat, &c. On the 6th of
August he denounced the existence of a royal con
spiracy; and in the secret discussion relative to the
accusation of the ex-directors, Briot blamed the
expedition to Egypt. On the SOth he pronounced
a long discourse, in which he recurred to the causes
that had brought the republic into the critical situ
ation in which it was. The conduct of the ancient
directory, the cession of Venice, and the departure
of general Bonaparte and his army for Italy, were in
his eyes the origin .of the disasters of the army of
Italy. " The genius of Bonaparte," said Briot,
" terrified at once both England and the interior
enemies." He afterwards denounced Talleyrand.
On the 4th of September he blamed the conduct of
the directory to the journalists : " A grand blow is
preparing," said he ; " there is an attempt to deliver
up the repubUc to her enemies; perhaps the directors
of the public calamities have a treaty in one pocket,
and a constitution in the other. If the act which I
have just announced is completed ; if the legislative
body is compressed, the people must rise and save
themselves." At these words cries of order were
heard. Briot afterwards personally attacked the mi
nister of police. On the 14th he desired a call of
the house on the proposal of declaring the country
VOL. I. O

194 brissot D^ WARVILLE.
in danger. Ort the 15th he again denounced Tal
leyrand,^ and deraanded the sending a message to the
directory to learn the condition of Paris. On the
29th he opposed an arbitrary proceeding of the di
rectory against the printer of the journal called the
Defender of Truth. On the 19th of Brumaire he
joined in the opposition of a part of the council of
500, and was excluded frora the legislative body a
few days afterwards ; he was also of the number of
those deraagogues whom the governraent put under
inspection ; but this raeasure produced no conse
quences, and Briot, reconciled to the rainister of
police, and protected by Lucien, was soon appointed
secretary of the prefecture of Doubs, and then go-
vernraent-coramissioner at the isle of Elbe, whence
he vvas recalled towards the end of 1803, on account
of his raisunderstanding vvith general Rusca. Briot
published an eleraentary work on literature and the
art of oratory, and a treatise on legislation. He
shewed ease in the tribune, but his success,, equivocal
and dangerous, precipitated hira into the career be
fore he was sufficiently matured to maintain it.
BRISSOT DE WARVILLE (J. P.) was born
on the 14th of January, 1754, in a viUage near
Chartres ; his father kept a cook's shop, -which occa
sioned the saying, that the son had al! the heat of
his father's stoves, A remarkable thing in the life of
a philosopher and a leveller, is his vanity in adding
to his name that of Ouarville (his father had bought
an estate in that village) a name which be changed
to that of Warville during his residence in England.
After having passed fouryears in an attorney's office,
he turned author, and at 20 years of age had already
pubUshed several works, one of which occasioned his
imprisonment in the Bastile, in 1784, Madarae de
Genlis says, in her raeraoirs, that it was she who re
leased him, through the interest of the Duke de
Chartres. He married a person attached to the house-
bold of Madame d'Orieans, and afterwards went to
England. He lived there on pay as a spy from the

brissot de WARVILLE, 195
lieutenant of police at Paris ; at tbe same time he
eraployed himself in literature, and endeavoured to
form an academy in London, but this estabUshment
had no success, and he returned to France, In 1788
be went to America, and it was also said that he had
been sent thither by the secret organizers of the re
volution, to study the principles of democracy, and
to investigate the condition of the negroes ; on his
return he published a work on the United States,
Being determined to play a distinguished part in the
approaching revolution, at the time of the convoca
tion of the states-general, he published at Paris sorae
pamphlets, and aftervvards, the journal called the
French Patriot. Wheri the commune of Paris forra
ed itself in July, 1789, he became a member of it,
and on the day of the taking of the Bastile, was pre
sented with the keys of that fortress, where he had
been confined, as we mentioned above. This same
coraraune having formed within itself a committee of
research, he was named president of it, and became,
as it were, grand-inquisitor, in conjunction with
Voidel, who filled the same office in the national
asserably. When Lafayette gave in his resignation
ofthe command ofthe Parisian guards, Brissot, who
afterwards attacked him, spoke of this event at the
time, as a public calamity. In July, 1791, be ad
dressed to the Jacobins a very inconsistent speech on
the war, and on the state of other powers, from whorii
hesaid, that France had nothing to apprehend Brissot
WEis at the sarae time one of the principal instigators
of the insurrection prepared in the Champ de Mars,
to deraand the expulsion of Louis XVI. and the
establishraent of a republican forra of government.
Lafayette, who dispersed this mob, he from that tirae
considered as his enemy. Being deputed from Paris
to the legislative assembly, he was appointed ^cretary
on the 18th of October, 1791, On the 20th, he de
veloped the causes of emigration, and proposed ri
gorous measures against the princes and publie
functionaries who had quitted France; on the 27tb,

196 BRISSOT DE WARVILLE.
he defended tbe Creoles of St. Doraingo, and having,
on the SOth, resuraed the same subject, he begged
the assembly to attach them to the cause of Uberty,
The friends of the negroes soon after adraitted, him
into the colonial coraraittee, and on the Sd of De
cember following, he appeared again in the tribune,
with a speech against the proprietors ofthe colonies;
he proposed a decree 6f accusation against the mem
bers of the general assembly of St. Doraingo, and
against M. de Blanchelande : on the 29th, he shewed,
in a long speech, the connections of France with
foreign powers, and concluded by demanding the
recal of the French envoys at Stockholm, Petersburg,
Madrid, and Rome. On the 17th of January, 1792,
he denounced the violation of the treaty of 1756, by
the house of Austria, and proposed to demand satis
faction for it. At the end of February, he attributed
the disasters of St. Doraingo to the refusal to admit
men of colour into the priraary assemblies of that
colony. On the 1st of March, he, for the second
time, accused the minister Delessart, and after re
proaching him with not having informed the assembly
of the treaty of Pilnitz, he demanded a decree of
accusation against him, which was carried by a great
majority. On tbe 22d of April, the king carae to
the asserably with a proposal of declaring war against
Austria, which was universally applauded. The op
posite parties reproached BrLssot with having brought
this scourge on his country, but after the 10th of
August he cleared hiraself frora it in the Jacobin so
ciety, where the dangers to which liberty was exposed
were attributed to hira, by saying, that he had wished
by these raeans to pave the way for the abolition of
royalty. " The king," added he, " being bound by
the constitution to head the arraies hiraself, offered
us an opportunity to conderan hira." Shortly after
the declaration of war, he and Gensonnfe gave notice
that there was an Austrian committee, and mention
ed Messieurs de Montraorin, Duport Dutertre, and
Bertrand de Moleville, as the principal merabers. On

BRISSOT DE WARVILLE. 197
the 9th of July, he spoke with veheraence against
the king of Prussia, accused Louis XVI. the rainis
ters, the generals, Lafayette in particular, and ended
by saying, that " to strike.at the TuiUeries, was to
strike at the root of the evil." On the 25lh of the
same month he divided the enemies of the constitu
tion into three classes : that of the rebels of Coblentz,
that of the partisans of the two chambers, and that
ofthe regicides, who desired to have a republic and a
dictator. On the 6th of August he brought various
charges against Lafayette, and voted for a decree of
accusation ; on the 10th he obtained a declaration
that the ministers did not possess the confidence of the
people, and the nevv ministry was almost wholly
made up of his adherents. Notwithstanding this suc
cess, his credit began from that time to decline,
because his faction was desirous of stopping the revo
lution at this point, whereas the Jacobins, who were
still far removed from power, sought to carry it
farther. He shewed himself to be one of the most
inveterate enemies of Louis XVI. at the time of the
debates respecting his deposition, and afterwards car
ried his motion for disbanding the Swiss regiments.
When appointed a member of the convention, Brissot
remained at the head of the diplomatic committee, in
whose name he proposed war with HoUand and Eng
land. At the time of the trial of Louis XVI. he~
strove to bring the subject of his condemnation before
the people, and afterwards voted for his death, with a
reprieve till after the ratification of the constitution by
the primary assemblies^ However, he saw his party
insensibly dwindle amidst the revolutionary torrent.
The accusations of the Montagnards against the
Brissotins and the Girondins were multiplied, and
they in particular upbraided Brissot with his connec
tion with Duraourier, and even with Lafayette. On
the 25th of May, Robespierre represented hira as oc
cupied in preparing an aristocratical constitution,
with two charabers, &c. &c. and then insisted on
having bira suraraoned before the revolutionary tri-

198 BROGLIO.
bunal. The sections urged vvith noless vehemence his
expulsion from the convention, till at length on the
Slst of May the fatal blow was struck. Being with
the other leaders of his -petion ordered under arrest,
he endeavoured to escaf»e to Switzerland as a mer
chant of Neufchatel, but hewas seized at Moulins,
and was brought back to Paris, where be arrived on
the 23d of June, and was guiUotined on the Slst of
October. He was 39 years of age, of a middling
stature, slightly formed, and pale. He was so pas
sionate an admirer of-the Americans, that he had
adopted the appearance of a Quaker, and was rather
pleased at being taken for one. Amidst tlie Giron
dins, Brissot could at most be no more than a leader
in opinion ; he gave his name to a party without hav
ing any ofthe qualities requisite to conduct it; seve
ral others of this faction were his superiors in courage,
in boldness, and in talents. He pubUshed 12 volumes
of compilations on criminal law : an Essay on the
uncertain and doubtful Regions of Science ; a critical
Exaraination of Chatelux's Travels in North Ameri
ca ; A Picture of the Situation of the English in In
dia; Political Letters onthe History of England; and
a number of revolutionary pamphlets, the last of
whicb, against anarchy, was one cause of his con
demnation. BROGLIO (V, F. Duke of) marshal of France,
knight of the royal orders, prince of the holy Roman
empire, &c. All histories of tbe seven years' war
praise this general, who successfuUy coramanded the
French troops engaged in it. In 1789 he was sum
moned from Lorraine, where he then Commanded, to
head the army which the king strove to muster in
July, between Versailles and Paris, in order to main
tain tranquillity during the sitting of the states-gene
ral. On the 14th of that month, the day on which
the insurrection broke out, he informed Louis XVI,
that no farther dependance could be placed on the
fidelity of the troops, and departed, saying, be bad
rather go and fall at the head of an army, than wait

BilUNE. ' 199
and be assassinated in hisrhouse. In the midst ofthe
troubles which iraperiously deraanded the dissolution
of this body, M. de Broglio was norainated war-rai
nister; but he held this post only a few days, and re
tired to Luxerabourg, after having incurred dangers
at Metz and Verdun. In 1 790 he was accused and
brought to the Chatelet as an agent in the conspira
cy of the court against the national assembly, but the
court fliUy acquitted him. On the 5th of March,
1791, Victor Broglio, his son, urged his former ser
vices, justified his conduct onthe 14th of July, gave
an account of his refusal to serve the emigrants, and
obtained a decree maintaining him in his rank of
raarshal of France. When inforraed of his son's pro
ceedings, he wrote frora Paris to signify his disap
probation of thera all, and declared in his letter his
contempt for the assembly. He coramanded the ar
ray ofthe princes, brothers of Louis XVI. in 1792.
After the king's death he became one of the regency
council, and countersigned tbe letter., in which Mon
sieur settled its privileges. In 1794 he, raised a body
of men for the English service, which was disbanded
at the end of I796. In 1797 he entered into the Rus
sian service, with the rank he had in France, but
without any active comraand. In 1804 he vvas invited
by the consular government to return to France, but
shortly after the receipt of this invitation died in
Sweden. BRUNE (G. M. A.) son of a barrister of Brives la
Guillarde; he received a good education there, and
went, while still young, to Paris. At the period of
the revolution, he was a printer, and likewise a man
of letters, aud had already made hiraself known by
some Uttle performances. He then quitted the literary
career to devote himself to politics. Being a mem
ber of the club of the Cordeliers, and intimate with
Danton, be made a figure in the various proceed
ings of those times, and was arrested in conse
quence of the affair of the Champ de Mars (July,
1791,) when Lafayette dispersed, by raeans of the

200 BRUNE.
arraed force, the mobs collected to deraand the ex
pulsion ofthe king. Brune assisted in editing ajour
nal till the 10th of August, 1792, when he went into
Belgium in quality of civU commissioner. He re
turned to Paris in 1793, -and having there devoted
himself to railitary service, he formed a part of the
revolutionary armies in the Gironde. He served un- '
der Barras on the ISth of Vendemiaire, year 4, (10th
of October, 1795,) and afterwards contributed, by
his bravery, to repulse the Jacobins who had attacked
the camp of Grenelle. A short time afterwards he
went to the army of Italy in quality of general of
brigade, and was present, in January, 1797, at the
attack on Verona, where he received seven bullets in
his clothes. He distinguished himself again at the
battle of Arcole, and received on that occasion pub
lic praise from general Bonaparte. When the direc
tory declared war on Switzerland, Brune had the
command of the army destined to invade the country,
and having entered it without any great obstacles, he
employed himself in organizing it. He was after
wards sent to Milan, where he demanded, in the name
. ofthe French government, the resignation of two di
rectors, and of the secretary-general, Sommariva, and
appointed in their place men of his own choosing. In
June of the same year, he deraanded of the king of
Sardinia an amnesty for the patriotic insurgents. A
short time after he signed an agreement with his
ministers for having the citadel of Turin occupied by
the French, and after having obtained this pledge of
submission, he issued a proclamation, announcing
the aranesty which that prince granted to the insur
gent patriots, and called upon them to lay down
their arms, under pain of being considered in their
turn as enemies of France. An order from the direc
tory called hira to Paris at the very time when he
was complaining of the counsellors of the king of
Sardinia, and stUl demanding the liberty of the con
fined insurgents, and the victualling of the citadel of
Turin. He was ordered to go and support a new re-

BRUNE, 201
volution in the authorities of tbe Cisalpine republic,
more complete than the preceding one, the plan of
which the French rainister Trouve was directing. At
his house during the raeeting held by the Cisalpine
representatives, Brune attended to make thera express
their wish about the new constitution. He afterwards
endeavoured to modify this first operation in concert
with the new ambassador Fouche, by changes in com
pliance with the wish of the patriots ; but the direc
tory blamed his conduct, and every thing returned to
the order before established. In 1799, be quitted the
army of Italy to go and command in Holland, where
his success placed him in the rank of the first ge
nerals of the republic. He defeated the English on
several occasions, and obliged the duke of, York to
accept a capitulation, very glorious to the French
army. On the news of the events ofthe 18th of Bru
raaire, year 8, (9th of November, 1799,) Brune im
mediately informed his army of it, and wrote to the
consuls that they had hastened to take the new oath.
In January, 1800, he was called to the council of
state; and afterwards obtained the conimand of the
army of the West. He beat the Chouans in different
rencounters, and contributed greatly to the pacifica
tion ofthe countries which the civil war had ravaged.
On the ISth of August he was named commander in
chief of the army of Italy, and, towards the end of
December, made the French troops pass the Mincio,
and repulsed the Austrians, taking 24 cannon and
8000 prisoners. On the 18th of January, 1801, he
crossed the Adige above Bucelingo, entered Vicenza
and Roveredo, and there received the news of the
armistice concluded between general Moreau and the
arch-duke Cliarles. He nevertheless continued his vic
torious raarch, drove the Austrians from TaverneUe,
and took, between the 25th of December and the 4th
of January, about 9000 prisoners, 36 pieces of can
non, three banners, and two standards. Peace hav
ing recalled hira to the council of state, he presented
the treaty of peace with Naples for the acceptance

202 _ BUONAROTTI.
of the legislative body, towards the end of November,
1802. In the following year, he was appointed am
bassador to the Porte, and set out for Constantinople.
He at first triumphed there over the English party,
and received the greatest*bonours frora the Ottoman
ministry; but new dissensions having arisen between
tbe two powers, he quitted Turkey, and returned to
France by Vienna, where he was extreraely well re
ceived by the court, and arrived in Paris in the month
of February, 1805. He had been created marshal of
the empire on the 19th of May, 1804, and grand of
ficer of the legion of honour, on the 1st of February
following : he received from the hands of the emperor
the marshaU's staff, and the ribband ofthe order, in
the senatorial meeting of the 18th of March, 1805.
BUFFON. (H. M. L. M. Comte de), son of the
celebrated naturalist, an ofiieer in theguards, formerly
second raajor in the regiment of Angoumois. He was
condemned to death on tbe 22d of Messidor, year 2,
(10th of July, 1794,) as an accomplice in the con
spiracy of the Luxembourg prisons. He went to
execution with firmness, and pronounced these words
on the scaffold; " Citizens, my name is Buffon."
He was thirty years old, and born at Monfort.
Agnes de Buffon, his wife, who was the mistress of
the duke of Orleans, being near that prince at the
moment when be was looking, with complacency, at
the head of the princess de Lamballe passing on the
end of a pike, fell into a chair and hid her face, ex
claiming in affright, " Oh God ! my head will one
day go about in that manner I" She was one of the
personages of the group whom the duke of Orleans
caused to be painted without heads.
BUONAROTTI, a Florentine, and a man of
letters, calUng hiraself a descendant of Michael An
gelo. Loaded with the favours of the grand-duke
Leopold, wbo had given hira the order of St. Stephen,
he adopted the principles of the French revolution
with so much veheraence, that that prince was oblig
ed to banish hira, notwithstanding the friendship

BUONAROTTI. 203
which he bad for hira. He then took refuge in Cor
sica, ^and published a journal, entitled " The Friend
of Italian Liberty ;" he afterwards followed SaUcetti
into France, at the time of the convocation of the
conventional assembly, and was admitted into the Ja
cobin club, where he connected himself with Ricord,
Laignektt, and Vadier. He was^soon sent back into
Corsica as a commissioner, and could not prevent
the insurrection which manifested itself there against
France, but was very fortunate in saving himself, af
ter having incurred extreme dangers. He afterwards
presented to the convention the wish of the inhabitants
of the island of St. Peter, for their union with the re
public, and deraanded to be naturalized a Frenchman.
Having in 1793 accepted anew commission at Lyons,
where Chalier had just been executed, he was on the
point of meeting the same fate, and owed his life
solely to the victory gained by the conventional army.
Ricord, and Robespierre the younger, who were on a
mission to Nice, then employed him in the military
tribunal of the army of Italy, and afterwards ap
pointed him agent for the repubUc in the conquered
lands on that frontier. After the fall of Robespierre,
Buonarotti was apprehended, removed to the prisons
of Paris, and afterwards pardoned. On being re
stored to Uberty he joined the party at the pantheon,
where be presided for some time, but was implicated
in the conspiracy of Drouet and Babeuf, and sum
moned before the high court of Vendome. In his
defence he declared those deraocratical sentiraents
which he professed to entertain in coramon with Ba
beuf His doctrine, he said, was that of Rousseau and
Mably. Though the national accuser had represented
him as equally criminal with Babeuf, the jury sen
tenced him to banishment only, and on the 2StTi of
May, 1797, he was condemned to be transported to
Guiana. The habitual temperament of this man be
trays rather an inflamed imagination than a well re
gulated mind. During his trial, the Tuscan envoy ,
hinted to hira, that his sentence would be no more

204 BUREAU DE PUZY.
than banishraent, if he would proraise to return to
Florence, but he replied, that he would stay in
France to enjoy the last rays of sinking liberty. He
and several of his accomplices were shut up in the
fort of Cherbourg, there to remain till a decree of the
consuls should remove thera to the isle of Oleron.
Another decree sent hira shortly afterwards under
guard to a town in the maritime Alps, where in 1806
he still remained.
BUREAU DE PUZY, deputy to the states-ge
neral, afterwards prefect ofthe Rhone, commander of
the legion of honour, and an officer of artillery. In
1789 he was deputed by the nobles of the bailiwick
of Amont; but as there was a dissension in that bai
liwick, a double election was made, and the deputa
tion to whicii Bureau belonged, was attacked in the
chaniber of nobles. He defended his rights with great
calraness and moderation ; but being obliged to quit
the charaber of his order, he and his two colleagues
reraoved to that of the tiers-etat, where they gained
their cause. He appeared in the rostrum in Septem
ber, 1789, on the day when the assembly debated
the question of the forced levies, and he urged rea
sons, the good sense of which served to throw but the
proposal, that every citizen should be declared capa
ble of bearing arms. He was a member of the mi
litary committee, and vvas charged with several ac
counts that were to he brought in. On the 28th of
the same raonth he was chosen secretary, then on
the 9th of February, 1790, president, and finally
raember of the coraraittee of alienation. In the course
of the year, he obtained several decrees respecting
railitary affairs, and gave it as bis opinion, that the
details of the organization of the array should be left
to the king. In the raonth of July he attributed the
disturbances at Besan9on to the little confidence the
people bad in the raagistrates. In Deceraber he was
again made president. In February, 1791, he pro
tested against the insertion of his narae in the list of
the raerabers of the raonarchical club. On the 10th

BUZOT. ~ 205
of June he gave in a plan for requiring from the offi
cers a new oath of fidelity. After the session he serv
ed under Lafayette, and was accused by Guadet of
having proposed to marshal Luckner, by the cora
mand of his general, to unite the two armies, and to
march together to Paris, to avenge the insults offered
to the king on the 20th of June. The assembly de
creed that Bureau de Puzy should appear at the bar
to defend himself; he came, and placed on the table
a letter from marshal Luckner, attesting the falsehood
of the charge. The correspondence and plans of the
two generals were examined, and Bureau de Pozy
was declared innocent. He left France with Lafayette
and shared his captivity. At the time of the treaty
of Campo Formio he was restored to Uberty by the
intervention of general Bonaparte, and withdrew to
Hamburgh, whence, after the 18th of Brumaire, he
returned to Paris. He was soon after appointed pre
fect of Aliier, whence he removed to Lyons in the
same capacity, on the Sd of September, 1802. In
January, 1804, he was chosen candidate for a seat in
the conservative senate, by the electoral college, of the
department of the Rhone, and was afterwards distin
guished by the title of commander of the legion of
honour. After the annexation of the Ligurian republic
to the French empire, in June, 1805, he was nomi
nated to the important post of prefect of Genoa,
where hedied in the beginning of January, 1806.
BUZOT (F. N. L) born at Evreux, on tbe 1st of
March, 1760, was an advocate in that city at the
time of the revolution, and was appointed deputy to
the states-general frora the tiers-etat of that baiUwick.
On the 20th of June he declared his opposition to the
opinion of M. Lally, who held it improper for every
one indiscriminately to be permitted to take arras and
enter into the city guard. Immediately after the 6th
of August, he informed the clergy that their property
belonged to tbe nation. The next day, when the
garae laws were discussed, he required that aU citi
zens should be privileged to bear arras, and on tbe

206 BUZOT.
9th opposed a new loan whieh M. Necker solicited.
He next impugned the project of raartial law as dan
gerous to the liberty of tbe people. On the 16th of
August, 1790, he was chosen secretary. On the 6th
of April, 1791, he proposed that the legislative body
should have authority to require the dismissal of the
rainisters, and that any citizen shonld be at liberty to
bring a criminal action against them when they should
be out of office. On the Sd of May he voted for the
union ofthe Corate Venaissin with France, and said
that the people of Avignon had coraraitted no crime
in the eyes of any, save the foes of liberty. On the
10th he pleaded for the right of petitioning, and said,
that if the coraraunes could not raeet to raake use of
it, there would be but one way open, that of revolt,
On the 21st he proposed, that when important ques
tions were brought forward, the legislative body should
be divided into equal parts, each deliberating on the
same subject, and referring to the general assembly the
result of their deliberations. This proposal was rejected
as a step towards the forraation of two charabers. Buzot
afterwards suggested, that the declarations ofthe king
and queen respecting their flight shonld be given iri
writing. When the constitution was revised, he mani
fested his uneasiness at the attacks raade on the liberty
of the press, and then obtained a decree, importing
tbat the sovereignty of the people was indivisible and
unalienable. On the 13th of August he carried a
motion for excluding tbe raerabers of the constitu
tional and other legislatures from every place given
by the executive power, till two years after their ses
sion. Notwithstanding these various motions, he
attracted little notice in the constitutional asserably,
where his hollow voice, his heavy style, and bis perpe
tual forebodings of conspiracies and plots, gained him
the title of the prophet of ill. He was a- member of
the committee of research, and when the Jacobins se
parated from the Feuillans he remained faithful to the
forraer. After the session he was vice-president of
the crirainal tribunal at Paris. In September, 1792,

BUZOT. 207
he was deputed by the Eure to the national asserably,
when, on the 25th, be raentioned Robespierre as a fit
dictator. He afterwards declared against paying any
attention to Marat's invectives against the Gironde,
and represented hira as in a plot with Louis XVI.
and the Prussians, to disorganize every thing. On
the 4th of October he was chosen secretary; on the
Sth he proposed that each department should send
four times as raany men as it had appointed deputies,
to guard the convention. This project was adjourn
ed; its aim was to free the convention from the in
fluence of Paris, when the Montagne was beginning
to prevail, and the speech which Buzot made on that
occasion is considered as the most eloquent of his
productions. Oh the 23d of October, when he pro
posed that distinctions should be made between the
different classes of emigrants, he procured the adop
tion of that decree which banished them for ever, and
condemned to death those who should return to
FrancCi In like manner was the punishment of
death adjudged through him to whomsoever should
propose to restore royalty; and he voted that the
duke of Orleans and his sons should bear far away
from France the misfortune of having been born near
the throne, of having known its maxims, and imbibed
its examples. At the sarae time he opposed Robes
pierre's motion for trying Louis XVI. as a rebel.
" I vote," said Buzot, " that Louis should be heard,
because some accomplices have been, and others will
be discovered." At the time of the king's trial in
January, 1793, he voted for his death, though not
for his immediate execution, and he was even one of
those who raost warmly solicited a reprieve for hira,
as well as an appeal to the people, a measure he had
urged since the month of Deceraber. On voting for tbe
reprieve, he said, that he knew the personal dangers
he incurred by this opinion, but that justice would
one day be done hira. He vehemently reproached the
convention with having decided on the fate of Louis
XVI. by tbe sraall raajority of five votes, and ac-

208 BUZOT.
cused the party wbo wished for his death and imme
diate execution, of a desire to raake roora on the
throne for another king. At these words violent mur
raurs arose, which however did not disconcert him ;
he even declared that these murmurs arose from the
Orleans faction, and he renewed his proposal of defer
ring Louis's Qonderanation till after the expulsion of
Egalite, meaning the duke of Orleans. Some time
afterwards he desired that all those deputies whose
fortunes were increased, should be compelled to de
clare within a month, by what means they had grown
rich, underpenalty of imprisonment in irons ten years,
andof confiscation. In the month ofMarch following
he more tban once gave warningof the despotism of the
raob of Paris, and ended one ofhis speeches by threat
ening that city with the sight of the grass growing
in the streets, if confusion should reign there rauch
longer. He voted against Carabaceres's proposal of
centering aU power in the hands of the convention;
he said the assembly had already seized too much,
and accused it of a despotism worse than monarchy,,
On the 25th ofMarch he was removed tpthecoramit-
tee of general defence and public safety. The sec
tions then began to demand alternately his expulsion
and his trial. In April he contended against the Ja
cobins, who were, hesaid, influenced by men of blood.
On the 20th of May he objected to the measure ofthe
forced loan, and on the 2Sd desired that the term
suspected should be defined, " since," said he, "it
isto be applied to several deputies whom the mob
are persecuting for plots that have already failed."
Being attainted like the other Brissotins or Girondins
by the commune of Paris, on the Slst of May he
was put under arrest in his own house, whence
he escaped to Evreux, and promoted the insurrection
of Calvados against the convention, which led to the
decree of accusation passed against him on the 13th
of June. , The revolt not having had the expected
success, he embarked at Quimper for Bourdeaux,
was in the raeanwhile declared a traitor to his coun-

CAHIER DE GERVILLE. ^09
tiy on the 28th of July, at the instance of St. Just
and Barren, and outlawed. After having wandered
about some time he was found with Petion dead in a
field, and half 6aten by aniraals. To raake him odi
ous to the people he hadbeen surnamed King Buzot.
The conveution also decreed that his house at Evreux
should be razed to the ground, but some assistance
was afterwards afforded to his widow. Madame Ro
land bestows great praises on him in her Memoirs ; he
was one of her train, and of her husband's admirers.
CABARUS (Comte de) born in France. Family
disputes and iU success in a commercial undertaking,
determined him to leave his country. He carried to
Madrid his calculating spirit and insinuating charac
ter; the circumstances in which Spain then stood,
and the UI repute of the government bills, opened to
hira the career of fortune and honours : he was raised
to the administration of the finance. Being accused
of malversation in 1790, he was arrested, and after
wards acquitted, in February, 1796. Being appointed
rainister plenipotentiary of the king of Spain to the
congress, which was to take place for negotiating a
peace,' he was presented in this qualify to the execu
tive directory on the 8th of June, 1797. On his re
turn to Spain he took a great share in the reforms
operated in the administration ; he was again ap
pointed ambassador to France, but the directory re
fused to receive him, under pretence that he was born
a Frenchman. He then quitted, Paris, and went to
Holland, but was afterwards again recalled to the
administration of the Spanish finance, raet with the
most flattering reception from the king, and was pre
sented by him with six miUiOns of rials ; after this he
was again disgraced, and made several journeys to
Paris in 1803, on business ofhis own. M. de Cabarus
is the father of Madame Tallien.
CAHIER DE GERVILLE (B. C.) a barrister,
was, in November, 1789, deputy-syndic and adjunct
of the raunicipaUty of Paris. In June, 1790, he de^
VOL, 1. p

210 CAHIER DE GERVILLE.
nounced a libel on Lafayette, and obtained an order
for the prosecution of its authors. Being sent by the
king to Nancy, to inquire into the troubles of that
towni in Septeraber, 1790, he attributed the cause of
thera to the aristocracy of the officers of the revolted
regiments, caused the revolutionists confined by
Order of the raunicipality to be set at Uberty, and
re-established the clubs which it had suppressed;
on his report, likewise, the asserably stopt the
proceedings begun against the authors of this re
volt. Protected by the revolutionary party, he was
presented to the king, on the 27th of November,
1791, in quality of minister of the interior. His ma
jesty said to him, " You undertake a very difficult
task there, sir." " Sire," answered he, " nothing is
impossible to a popular minister, with a patriot king."
When, after entering on his office, he several times
represented to the assembly the disorders of the inte
rior, and urged measures for repressing thera. About
the end of the year he was attacked by Vergniaud,
Ducos, and Grange Neuve, for having suspended the
execution of the law of the 27th of Septeraber, which
abolished the chamber of commerce; but Thuriot,
though condemning his conduct, caUed for the order
of the day. On the 18th of February, 1792, he gave
the asserably an account of the tumults of France,
the causes of which he traced to intolerance
and enthusiasm, finally requiring the abolition of
clubs. He at length became odious to tbe Jacobins,
and being persecuted by them, was obliged to quit
the rainistry, and was succeeded by Roland, who
when in office, was at variance with Bertrand de Mole
viUe, and was by hira obUged to resign. The latter,
in his history of the revolution, says that, " Cahier
was a flaraing republican, detesting kings, laughing
at all religions, and on every occasion breathing
forth his contempt and his hatred." Notwithstanding
these opinions, the same author declares, " that he
was riot at bottom a sanguinary raan ; that with-

CALONNE. 211
out loving the constitution be was scrupulously ob
servant of it, and that he did homage to the virtues
of the king.
CALONNE (C. A.DE) born at Douay, of a family
distinguished in the law, studied at Paris in the uni
versity, with the most briUiant success. His talents,
the graces and the vivacity of his mind, elevated him
successively to the posts of attorney-general to the
court of Douay, intendant of Metz, intendant of
Flanders, and finally , comptroller-general of the
finances, high-treasurer, coraraander of the order of
the Holy Ghost, and minister of state. The affair of
M. de Chalotais, against whom he gave sentence,
procured him his intendancy. He was made comp
troUer of the finances after the first retreat of M.
Necker, and it was during his rainistry that the king
convened the notables. To thera Calonne accused his
predecessor, as having caused the deficiency by his
systera of loans, and of war without taxation : Ca-
lonne's eneraies, on their side, threw the blame on his
personal extravagance, and his readiness in yielding
to the unliraited deraands of several raerabers of the
royal faraily. The king withdrew his confidence
frora him, in 1788, took frora hira the insignia of his
order, and banished bim to Lorraine. He and his
brother presented themselves at the assemblies of the
baiUwick of Bailleul, in Flanders, but they were ill
received there, and obliged to withdraw into the Low
Countries. He returned to France for a very short
time, and in 1790 left it again, and retireer to Eng
land, In 1791 the brothers of Louis XVI, sum
moned him to join thera at Coblentz, where he, for
sorae tirae raanaged their finances, if not with econo
my, at least with integrity, as is proved by bis inabi
Uty two years afterwards to maintain his son, who
served as afoot soldier in the corps of nobility in the
array of Conde. It was at that tirae that he proposed
a plan of counter-revolution, which was not generally
approved in the royaUst party.-. Being in England at
the time of La Rouarie's conspiracy, he was accused

212 CAMBACERES.
of corresponding with the leaders of that enterprise,'
and having indiscreetly explained himself on the sub
ject to an agent of the executive councU, he thus
contributed to its failure. He was also accused of
having forged assignats in London. Calonne pub
lished, in 1793 and 1796, .some political works, ele
gantly written. The moderate tone which prevails
in them,xthe candour with which he discusses the
subject of the government best suited to France, and
the immense resources it still has, have afforded
grounds for new attacks from those among the roy
alists who were adverse to him, and have proved him
by no raeans deficient in political sagacity. Thus
he seems to have excited in the consular government
a desire to profit by his counsels, and to have obtain
ed, in 1802, permission to return to France, where he
gave in some meraorials on finance, which were ne
vertheless ill received. He made yet another journey
to England ; and died at Paris on the 29th of Octo
ber, 1802. He had raarried a rich French widow
during his stay in England. A fact but little known,
and which characterizes him as a courtier, deserves
mention here. When Louis XVI. went to Cher
bourg, M. de Calonne had a raap of the road secretly
prepared for hira, containing not only the vUlages,
the castles, the farms, and even the bushes, but also
the names of the owners, with a brief account, calcu
lated to give the king an idea of their situation, to
set their services in an advantageous point of view, to
obtain for thera the favours of the monarch, and to
give a high idea of the care and information of Louis,
who indeed wanted no more than to be directed to
those whom he might serve. The abbfe d6 Calonne,
his brother, enjoyed considerable influence during
bis ministry, and followed bira to England at the
time ofthe revolution, where he pubUshed a political
journal, entitled, the London Courier, and died in
1799. CAMBACERES (J. J. Regis DE) nephew of the
abbe, a prince, and arch-chancelTor of the French

CAMBACERES. 213
empire. He was born at Montpellier, of a 'family
weU known in the law, and became a counsellor in
the court of Toulouse. After having filled various
public offices in the beginning of the revolution, he
was deputed from Herault to the national con
vention in September, 1792. He executed a great
deal of business in the coranlittees, and laboured par
ticulariy at the judiciary part of public affairs. On
the l^th of December, 1792, he was commissioned
to go and ask Louis XVI. what counseUors he chose,
and he obtained a decree, that these counsellors
should converse freely with him. He warmly cen
sured Louvet, on account of the precipitate promul
gation of the decree passed for the expulsion of the
Bourbons. In January, 1793, he declared Louis
guilty : doubted of the right of the convention to try
him ; voted for his present confinement, and his death
in case of invasion. He was appointed secretary on
the 24th of January. On the 10th of March he
said, " that the legislative and executive powers ought
not, in the present posture of affairs, to be separated,
and that the utility of separating them should be dis
cussed only on the estabUshment of the constitution.
He afterwards declaimed against the petitioners of the
section Poissonniere who denounced Duraourier, and
obtained a warrant for the arrest of the orator and
president of that section. He afterwards procured
the freedom of Ducray, who had been apprehended
as a seditious person at Perpignan, the outlawry
of those who should take any part in the rebellions
relative to the recruits for the army. On being re
moved to the committee of public safety at the meet
ing on the 26th of March, he gave information of
Duraourier's treachery, pointed out the papers which
proved it, and made it known that the committee
had secured those who from their birth and connec
tions might be suspected of a participation in the
scheme for the restoration of royalty, conceived by
that general. He opposed the- idea of compelling
every representative to give an account of the state

214 CAMBACERES.
bf his fortune ; and on occasion of a debate on th6
coraraotions in the Vendee, he desired a definition of
the word, chief of tbe raiscreants, and a raention of
such individuals as raight be thus considered. He
undertook the defence of Durand, mayor of Mont-
pellier, accused by Jean Bon St. Andr6, of federaUsm.
In the raonths of August and October, 1793, he
presented his first scherae of a civil code, the regula
tions of which raust bave savoured of the deraocrati
cal notions of the tiraes. Twelve days after the death
bf Robespierre, on the re-organization of committees,
he insisted that tbey should no longer have it in their
power to strike at the Uberty of representatives. A
few days afterwards he procured a regulation which
forbade the bearing of other naraes than those ex
pressed in the register of births, and enjoined the
public functionaries to designate all the citizens by
their real names. He was appointed president on
the 6tb of October, and in November, when the
seventy-three deputies expelled by the Montagne,
were restored to the convention, be petitioned for an
amnesty for all deeds not classed in the penal code.
He afterwards presented the plan of an address to the
French people, on the principles which ought to di
rect thera, and opposed a petition frora the section
ofthe Pantheon, requiring the repeal of the revolu
tionary laws, particulariy that ofthe 17th of Septem
ber. He developed the basis of a new project for a
civil code, in the meetings of the l6th and 19th of
Frimaire, year 3, (6th and 9th of July, 1793). On
the 22d of January, 1795, he raade a report on the
individuals of the Bourbon faraily detained in the
Temple; declared that it would be impolitic to release
them during the war, and caused the assembly to
pass to the order of the day on their liberation. He
afterwards opposed the ratification of the treaty con
cluded with Tuscany ; procured the determination
of the privileges of tl>e committee of public safety,
with respect to exterior relations; and again, on the
19th of March, opposed the abrogation of the law of

CAMBACERES. , 215
the 17th of September, whicb was deraanded by Le
cointre de Versailles. Ten days after, he urgently
called for a report on the state of the repubUc, and
on the means of putting into execution the constitu
tion of 1793. He was chosen a member of the body
who were eoraraissioned to propose the organic laws,
and he shortly after made a report on that subject.
He opposed Thibaudeau's plan for abolishing the cora
raittee. of general safety, and he suggested the ne
cessity of greater vigour in the action of government.
On the 18th of June, he succeeded in bringing about
the rejection of a scheme of Personne's, for trying the
raembers of the revolutionary coraraittees and tribu
nals, and aftervvards again becarae raember of the
committee of public safety. By his means banish
ment was substituted for the transportation proposed
to be executed on such priests as should disturb pub
lic order, and he opposed the arrest of the coraraan
dant ofthe castle of Ham, wbo was impeached for
having brought the imprisoned terrorists confided to
his charge before the officers of judicial police at an
improper time, and procured them their liberty. At
the time ofthe slight insurrection on the 10th of Oc
tober, 1795, against the convention, Cambaceres gave
an account of the tumults which were at that time
breaking out at Dreux, and of the apprehension of
two persons said to favour them : he also brought
forward various papers on the subject. He was then
hiraself implicated in the correspondence seized at
the house of Leraaitre, in consequence of the follow
ing words, in a letter from d'Antraigues : " I am by
no raeans astonished that Cambaceres should be
araong those who wish for the restoration of royalty ;
I know him," &c. &c. He protested against the ac
cusations which raight hence be thrown on bira, and
after having given a sketch of bis political conduct,
he exclairaed : " And ara I suspected of a correspon
dence with conspirators ! But no, tbe spirit of St.
Just will not rise frora tbe tomb : no, imaginary
crimes will never more bring on the condemnation of

216 CAMBON.
the representatives ofthe people." Tbe assembly
ordered that bis speech should be printed; but the
blow was struck at his reputation for republicanism,
and he was disqualified for a place in the directory
which had been intended for him. By virtue of be^
ing elected by two-thirds of the convention, he be
came a member of the council of elders, where he
desired that the amount of the forced loan might be
stated, and again presented a new scherae for a civil
code, which was ordered to be printed. He also
procured the creation of a committee to examine the
acts of the directory, When they should attack the
legislative power. On the 22d of October, 1796,
he was chosen president; on the 29th of December,
be discussed the project of Daunou, on calumny ; on
the 27th of February, 1797, procured a decree for
bodily arrest in civil affairs, and, on the 20th of May
following, left the council. The succeeding year he
appeared again among the electors of Paris ; and
was named at first secretary, and afterwfirds deputy,
by the elebtive assembly sitting at the Oratoire ; but
the operations of that assembly having been annul
led by the law ofthe 22d of Floreal, year 6, (llth of
May, 17j8,) after the revolution of the SOth of Prai
rial, year 7, (19th of June, 1799,) he was promoted
to the administration of justice ; and the events of
the 18th of Brumaire, year 8, (9tb of November,
1799,) shortly after raised hira to the post of second
consul, which he occupied in Deceraber foUowing.
He was then continually eraployed in organizing the
judicial powers; and after the accession of Napoleon
to the imperial throne, he was appointed arch-chan
cellor of the empire, (May, 1804,) on the 1st of Fe
bruary, 1805, grand officer of the legion of honour,
and two months afterwards, was decorated with
the orders of the black eagle, and the red eagle of
Prussia. CAMBON (J.) a merchant,, born of protestant
parents : he eagerly embraced the cause of the revo
lution, was a municipal officer of Montpellier, and af-

CAMBON. 217
terwa;rds deputy from Herault lo the legislative as
sembly, where he employed hunself chiefly in matters
of finance : to him is owing the formation of the Great
Book ofthe public debt. On the llth of November,
1791, he propoised the convocation of the national
high court, ,on account of the religious troubles sprung
up at Caen. On the 21st he opposed the new oath
exacted from the clergy, as too favourable to the re
fractory priests. The next day he made a long
speech against the emigrants, and on the dangers of
the country ; and, at the end of December, he op^
posed the nomination of Rochambeau and Luckner to
'the rank of marshals of France. On the 2d of Fe
bruary, 17:j2, he supported the complaints made by
the as.3embly against the minister Bertrand de Mole
ville, and afterwards seconded Basire's. proposal of a
decree for confiscating the property of the emigrants.
On the 6th ofMarch he seized the opportunity ofthe
mayor of Etampes' assassination, to accuse the exe
cutive power. On the IOth he again spoke against
the minister Bertrand, in whora the king declared
that he stiU reposed his confidence, notwithstanding
the representations of the assembly. On the 24th he
attacked the operations of the bank of Potin Vauvi-
neu^, which he treated as impositions. On the 3d of
April he presented a report on the finance, and proved
that the mass of national property far exceeded the
sum of the assignats issued, and the amount of the
debt due ; after which he obtained a decree for re
voking the allowance made to the brothers of Louis
XVI. On the SOth he caused new assignats to be is
sued for 30 millions, and the salaries of the ministers
to be reduced to 30,000 livres. On the 24ih of July
he proposed that the statues of the tyrants vvhich were
still to be seen in the capital, should be converted
into cannon. On the 4th of August he opposed the
address of a section of Paris, which declared that it no
longer acknowledged the king, and proposed a work
by the committee of twelve, to enlighten the people
•' concerning true principles, and the intrigues which

218 CAMBON.
were driving thera to their ruin." On tbe 10th he
took measures for the king's safety, when brought in
to the hall. On the 13th he caused the ecclesiastics,
monks, and others, who liad not taken the civic oath,
to be deprived of their pensions. On the 15th he
presented some papers found in the Tuilleries, as esta-
blishng the king's treason, his correspondence with
the emigrants, &c. A few days after, be proposed
the sale ofthe diamonds and jewels ofthe crown, and
obtained a decree that the priests who refused the
oath should be transported to Guiana. On the 28th
he contributed to bring to trial the ex-ministers La-
jard, Degrave, and Narbonne. He was the last of
the presidents of the legislative assembly, of which he
announced the closing on the 20tb of September, 1792.
Being chosen deputy to the convention, he denoun
ced, on the 25th of the same month, the placards of
Marat, and the arbitrary acts of the coraraune of
Paris. On the SOth he obtained a decree that every
person entrusted with property or effects belonging to
eraigrants, should be bound to deliver thera up to the
nation under pain of death. On the 10th of October
he caused the ministers to be compelled to give an ac
count of their secret expenses ; the next day he urged
the suppression of the assignats bearing the royal
head ; procured the adoption of a tax extraordinary
on the rich, and proposed seizing the property ofthe
princes, nobles, and priests, who were in hostile couur
tries. When Louvet, on the 29th, denounced Robes!-
pierre and his projects of dictatorship, Cambon cried
out, lifting up his arm, " Wretches I there is the
death-warrant of dictators," and the next day he de
manded an investigation at tbe bar, of the registers
and sentences taken by the commune of Paris, which
was denounced as an accomplice in the projects of
Maxirailian. He soon afterwards voted for the accu
sation of the ex-rainister Lacoste, and declared Servan,
Malus, and L'Espagnac guilty of fraudulent dealings.
On the 15th of December bis influence obtained the
famous decree which set bounds to the power of those

CAMB0i4. 219
generals who were in hostile countries, a measure
which removed Duraourier's raask. The next day
Cambon urged the expulsion of the Bourbons, and
proposed to ostracise such party leaders- as were dan
gerous to liberty. In January, 1793, he voted for
the immediate death of Louis XVI. and proppsed
that Kersaint, who had resigned his ship, should
come and declare at the bar the deputies whom he ac
cused as the authors of the massacres of September.
At the meeting on the 2d of March he procured an
order that the French generals, on entering theDutch
terrilory, should proclaim the liberty and sovereignty
of that people. A week afterwards he declared
against the organization of the revolutionary tribunal,
as proposed by Robert Lindet, and he urged the ne
cessity of jurymen. When attacked by Dumourier,
who attributed the loss of Belgium to the decree of
the 15th of December, Cambon asserted in reply, that
the general had long meditated his treachery ; at the
same tirae he had a warrant given, authorizing the
commissioners in Corsica to secure Paoli. On the
7th of April he was appointed a member ofthe com
mittee of public safety, and on the 18th of May sup
ported the scheme of obliging the deputies to raake
known the state of their fortune. On the 19th he
gave an account of the plots laid against the conven
tion, and, on this occasion, praised the conduct of
the raayor Pache, who had opposed thera, but when
these same projects succeeded, he ranged himself on
the side of their authors. He pleaded for the ad-
journmtent ofa petition, in which a decree of accusa
tion against 27 deputies was demanded, and declared
that the insurrection, which was shewing itself seemed
to proceed from justice not having been done tothe
demand of the sections. In the meeting ofthe llth
of July, he raade a report on the situation ofthe state,
the operations of the coraraittee of public safety, and
the coincidence which there seeraed to exist between
the raeasures of foreign powers and the projects of this
eneraies ofthe interior. On the 1st of August he ob-

220 CAMBON.
tained an order forthe closing of the barriers, and for
the arrest of suspected persons, and a decree for the
demolition ofthe forts and castles of the interior. On
the 15th he presented a very long financial report.
On the 22d he was chosen president, and caused a
decree to be passed concerning the arrears due to the
state-pensioners, announcing that the treasury was
ready to pay ten thousand persons per day. At length,
on the 1st of April, 1793, after having presented the
estimate of the account sent in bythe commissioners
of tlie treasury, developed the order of this adrainis
tration, and announced theopeningof the Great Book,
where all those through whose bauds the raoney of
the republic passed would he entered as accountable,
he said, " We shall not forget either the raen with
great whiskers and red caps, who have raised revolu
tionary taxes in the departments, or those who, under
pretence of destroying fanaticism, have appropriated
its spoils to themselves." This first decree was fol
lowed by several others, concerning the deputies and
their accountability, and the suppression of the payers
of annuities of the Hotel de ViUe. When attacked
by Robespierre, on the Sth of Therraidor, he justified
his operations, and those ofthe coraraittee of finance,
and in his turn accused hira of tyranny and despot
isra. After the fall of MaxiraiUan, Carabon still di
rected the finance for some tirae ; but the mighty
power which he had just overthrown had shaken his
own. Indeed, on the 28th of August, he accused
the nobles and the stock-jobbers of the nuraerous de
nunciations against the Montagnards, repulsed the
attacks of Lecointre de Versailles on the raerabers of
the ancient committees, and accused Tallien of being
one of the authors of the raassacres of September.
This violent attack corapletely kindled an extermi
nating war between the Jacobins, who bad reraained
firra, and the deserters frora that party; Carabon sUll
endeavoured, but in vain, tostruggle against the new
principles which directed the convention. Notwith
standing his efforts, a restitution of property was made

CAMUS.

221

to the relations of the conderaned ; tbe sequestration
was taken frora that of strangeirs ; and he saw the edi
fice which he had taken so rauch pains to construct,
crurable away piece by piece. The insurrection- of
the 1st of April, 1795, broke out; and, on the motion
of Tallien, a decree of arrest was passed against Cara
bon; he contrived to withdraw frora it, concealed
himself in the Faubourg St. Antoine, and was again
comprehended in the conspiracy of the 1st of Pi airial,
.(20th of May,) on the raotion of Andre Dumont, he
was outlawed, but the amnesty of the 4th of Brumaire,
(26th of October,) restored him to liberty. From that
time Cambon lived quietly at Montpellier ; hewas
even municipal officer, and commissioner of the di
rectory there. In 1799, he sent a petition to the
councUs, to demand that all the functionaries, sine©
the revolution, should give an account of their for
tune ; but no notice was taken of this proposal. Cam
bon went to Paris in 1804, and resisted the entreaties
that were made him to re-enter the career of adminis
tration ; he now (1806) Uves in the country, near
Montpellieri CAMUS (A.G.) elective counsellor of Treves, and
of the house of Salm-Salm, meraber of the academy
of inscriptions, deputy to the states-general, and to
the national convention, &c. &c. was counsel for the
clergy at Paris at the period of the revolution, and,
in 1789, was appointed deputy ofthe tiers-etat of that
city to the states-general. On the 29th of May, he
opposed the resuraing of the conferences on the ex
araination of the powers, was appointed provisional
secretary to the coraraunes; on the 12th of June,
voted for the opinion of Sieyes on the constitution of
the tiers-etat in the deliberative asserably, opposed
Mirabeau, who wished the king's sanction to be ob
tained, and withstood every scherae for a loan till
the assembly should be recognised. He^ with the
president, carried away the papers frora the hall,
which was shut to prepare for the royal session, as
sisted Bailly to forra the tennis-court asserably, and

222 CAMUS.
took the oath of tbat faraous day witb bira. Having
been sent to quiet sorae disturbances at St. Germain,
and at Poissy, he gave an account of the dangers
which he, as well as his colleagues, had encountered
there. On the 23d of July, he proposed, in order to
calra the people, to disallow the sentence ofthe elec
tors, wbich set M. de Bezenval at liberty. On the
4th of August, at the time of the discussion of the
rights of man, he demanded that his duties should
likewise be added. In a succeeding session, he again
opposed the loan proposed by M. Necker; on the
llth obtained the suppression of the annats paid to
the court of Rome, and the next day he was appoint
ed keeper of the records. In the raeeting of the 22d
he opposed the declaration of liberty of worship ; and
the following month he protested against the pane
gyric inserted in the verbal process, on the offer raade
by the raonks of St. Martin des Charaps to give up
their property to the nation, in consideration of li
berty to break their vows. He procured a resolu
tion that, before the finances were taken into consi
deration, the decreed articles ofthe constitution, and
of the declaration of rights, should be presented for the
royal sanction, and he attacked the answer which
Louis XVI. sent on that subject. A few days after,
he deraanded the adjournment of the discussion con
cerning the property ofthe clergy, then acknowledg
ing that it belonged to thera. On the 2Sth of Octo
ber, tbe asserably raised hira to the presidentship ; on
the SSth of Noveraber, in concert witb Freteau, he
obtained an order that the papers justifying the ex
penditure ofthe public treasury should be sent to the
coraraittee of finance for exam.ination, and that the
verification of the expenses entered in the red book,
should be subraitted to the assembly. When, on the
"SOth, the remonstrance of the order of Malta was
read, against the suppression of tithes, Camus cried,
" In answer to this letter, I deraand that all the esta
blishraents of the order of Malta be suppressed," He,
with Emery and Salomon, was commissioned to con-

CAMUS. 223
tinue editing the verbal processes from the 5th of
May, in the place of Monnier, who, in his flight after
the 5tb and 6th of October, had carried away the
notes for thera. When the possession of the red
book, so called frora the colour of its binding, had
made known the state of the expensfes of the court,
and of the pensions given by the king, Camus has
tened to have it printed, vvhich he was reproached for
as an abuse of confidence. On the 26th of Decera
ber, he objected to the enormity of the pensions, pro
posed that they should not be paid till the titles to
them had been shewn, and obtained a decree, on the
4th of January, 1790, that they should all be reduc
ed, except those of marshal Luckner, and the heirs
of d'Assas. In the foUowing month, he made several
other reports on the allowances of monks, and on
pensions of every kind. On the 25th of March he
accused the directors of that departraent of paying
only princes and rich persons, and brought an accu
sation on that subject against M. de Bire, adrainistra
tor extraordinary of the bank, whora he had caused
to be summoned to the bar, and demanded the pro
visional payment of the little rents on the products of
the lottery. In the following month he opposed the
rainisterial expenditure, accused Necker and Dufresne
St. Leon of raising obstacles to the comraunication
of a register of decisions, and afterwards spoke against
the demand of forty milUons made by the forraer. In
the meetings ofthe Slst of May, and the 1st and 2d
of June, he defended the plan of the coraraittee on
the civU constitution of the clergy, and demanded the
suppression ofthe title of grand-vicar, In June, he
attacked the farmers-general, obtained the suppres
sion of all the interest given on the use of the public
nioney, and the reduction of the salary of the admi
nistrators of the doraain : he afterwards announced
that the Avignonais desired to be united with France.
In July he denounced a plot for obtaining the liberty
ofthe prisoners of Avignon, whora he considered as
dangerous men, and was accused by the abb^ Maurv

224 CAMUS.
of protecting factious persons, and threatened by him
with being tried at the Chatelet. He renewed his
demand of suppressing the orders of Malta, of St.
Lazarus, &c. pressed the assembly to employ itself
on that subject, and was warmly applauded, when in
the discussion concerning the debts of the count d'Ar
tois, he asked why the nation should be desiVed to
pay the debts of a private individual. On the 13th
of August, he caused the allowarice of the French
princes to be reduced toa million, and demanded the
suppression of their military household. In the meet
ing of the 1 1 th of September, he opposed the ord^r
given for setting at liberty the fugitive rainister Neck
er, who had beeri arrested at Arcis-snr-Aube. On
the 27th of November, he pleaded warmly for the
execution of the civil constitution of the clergy, re
turned to the same subject on the 23d of Deceraber,
and with general applause obtained an order that the
president should apply to the king to learn frora him
the motives which had stopped the sanction ofit. On
the 14th of January, 1791, he treated as irapious and
aborainable, the treatise proposed by Mirabeau
to precede the publication of this law ; the next day
Caraus obtained national rewards for the citizens who
had distinguished themselves at Nancy , Metz, Pamiers,
and at the Bastile, and caused Le Barbier, a painter,
to be commissioned to represent the action of Desil-
les in a picture, at the expense of the nation. In
February, at the time ofthe departure of Mesdaraes,
he deraanded that the king might be obliged to pre
vent his family fromi traveUing, and that the civil list
might be reduced. In March and April, he spoke
for the suppression of the pensions of eraigrants,
pleaded for speedy raeasures concerning eraigration,
and proposed granting a relief of 10,000 francs to La-
tude, as the victira of raadarae de Porapadour's hatred.
He caused the building of the walls of Paris to cea'se,
and procured the rejection ofthe ddraand for the pre
servation of their pensions, raade by the officei's of
the court of exchequer of Aix: afterwards be bb-

CAMUS. 225
tained the grant of indemnities to the family of Low
endal. He also gave in a report respecting the loan
of 80 miUions, accused Lecouteulx Lanoraye of re
ceiving interest for a sum he had not given, and pro
posed to sue for the recovery of what was due to the
public treasure. In the raonth of May he opposed
Barere's scheme of sending commissioners into the
Comtat, and for adjourning the question of the union;
and he voted for seizing the property of M. d'Angi-
villiers, surveyor of the king's buildings. At the meet
ing on the 21st of June, on occasion of LouisXVI, 's
flight, he proposed that the ministers, the raayor, and
the commissioner of the national guard, should be
called to the bar, and declaimed against the latter's
appearing in the hall of the assembly in regimentals.
Being commissioned to inspect the passports of which
the queen had made use, he inveighed against the
facility with which the assembly admitted M. de
Montmorin's justification with regard to this. On
the 3d of July he proposed the abolition of all tbe or
ders of knighthood, and of all the societies founded on
distinctions of birth, launching out at the sarae tirae
into severe reflections on the nobility. In the raonth
of August he objected to the arrangeraents of the
constitution with regard to the prerogatives of the
ministers, and their presence in the legislative body j
spoke against granting the title of Prince, as had
been proposed, to the raerabers of the. reigning farai
ly, and called on the assembly to determine the duties
and number of their deputies at the time of the na
tional conventions. In Septeraber he caused the
meeting of the deputies of the first legislation to be
fixed for the 1st of October, and ended his first legis
lative career by proposing that the constitutional act
should not be presented to the king till it should have
been read again, and tiU the asserably should have
declared itself incapable of raaking any change^
which was done. During the session of the legislative
assembly he did not appear in public affairs, but
about the tirae of the 2d and 3d of September, he
VOL. L n

226 CAMUS,
gave in a petition, desiring that at tbe request of one
single citizen the convocation of the asserably of the
sections might take place. Being deputed from
Haute Loire to tbe national convention, he was cho
sen its secretary at the first meeting, on the 21st of
September, 1792, and obtained the decree for main
taining such laws as were not revoked, such authori
ties as were not abrogated, such taxes as were not
abolished. On the 18th of October he proposed a
decree of accusation against those rainisters of state
who should have wasted the finances of the realm,
voted on the 22d for the sale of the chattels of emi
grants and religious houses, obtained an augmenta
tion of pay for the soldiers quartered at Paris, and
required frora notaries a certificate of civism. In
Noveraber he called for the previous question relative
to the^deraand of Philip Egalite (Duke of Orleans,)
who required an exception in his daughter's favour,
frora the law concerning eraigrants, and he urged
the establishraent of a general regulation to fix the
mode of acting in case 6xceptions should be desired.
In Deceraber he proposed to declare Louis XVI,
guilty, and an eneray to the nation, and he was de
puted to go into Holland to inquire into the truth of
the coraplaints brought by Duraourier against the
war-rainister and the coraraissioners of the treasury.
In giving an account of this raission, he set in a strong
light the danger of not affording to the generals the
means of executing their plans, and obtained the
adoption of plans to improve the commissariat de
partment. He vvas again sent to Holland, and dur
ing his embassy wrote to vote for the death of the
tyrant, in January, 1793, and on his return, gave an
account in the meeting of March the 22d, of the situa
tion of the army ; he gave warning that the roads
were thronged with numerous reinforcements, and
that offensive measures would soon be again resorted
to : that the conduct of some kw individuals had dis
gusted the Hollanders, but that by a little raanage
ment, they raight easily be raade French, At the

CAMUS. 227
ineeting on the 26th he was appointed a raeraber of
the new coraraittee of public safety, and on the SOth,
the convention, on his report, determined to summon
Dumourier to the bar, and to send Buernonville and
five commissioners to his army, with power to sus
pend and arrest the generals ; he was chosen one of
these commissioners, and he behaved with remark
able courage and firmness to Dumourier, who an
ticipated him, by delivering hira and his colleagues
tothe Austrians, He was successively confined at
Maestricht, Coblentz, 'Spielberg, Koenisgratz, and
Olmutz, and at last exchanged at Bale for the daugh-
ther of LouisXVI. On the 25th of December, 1795,
he became one of the council of 500, of which the
convention, on the motion of Baudin des Ardennes,
bad declared him ameraber by right; be there spoke
in the nameof his fellow-sufferers, and described their
eraotion in suddenly coming frora foreign dungeons
into the raidst of the assembly. On the 26th he was
appointed president, and shortly after, declining
the regulation of the police, he resumed his legislative
labours, and joined in numerous resolutions respect
ing raatters of administration and finance. In Fe
bruary, 1796, he speke in favour of the annuitants
and the non-juring priests, and proposed various
schemes for the re-establishment of public credit and
paper money. On the 26th of AprU he caused the
debate concerning political societies to be adjourned
till after that on the crimes of the press, and he caus-
ed.a resolution to be passed, corapeUingthe writers of
periodical publications to put their naraes to thera,
and the printers to be responsible for thera. When
the directory discovered the conspiracy of Drouet
and Babeuf, Caraus was one of the raembers charged
to inquire into the circumstances. On the 10th of
May he presented a bill, which, conformably to the
desire ofthe directory, excluded from Paris those ex-
menabers of the national conventiori who were witb
out employment ; those officers, civil and military,
who had been superseded ; those wbo had been
o 2

228 CAMUS.
prevented frora eraigrating ; and foreigners ; and de
creed the banishraent of such as should be found in
Paris without authority. He was appointed a raem
ber of the committee of financ(f on the 20th of Au
gust, and on the 30th obtained the repeal of the sen
tence passed on Vaublanc, who was condemned to
death in consequence ofthe events ofthe 10th of Oc
tober, 1795, on the ground that Vaublanc, wbo, on the
24th Vendemiaire, had been nominated to a place
in the legislative body, could not by the articles of the
constitution be conderaned to death ; on the 26th he
presented at the sarae time a plan of amnesty, com
pleting that of October the 4th, which was at first
warmly opposed and afterwards adopted; on thelOthof
September he caused the authors of tbe attack raade
on the carap at Grenelle, to be brought before the
military council, and a few days afterwards declared
against the suggestion of the directory for granting
only one defender to all these accused persons. About
the end of Deceraber he proposed that pensioners
and annuitants of sixty years of age should be paid
in preference to all others. On the 4th of February,
1790, he called for tbe order of the day in the de
bates respecting Lavilleheurnois*' conspiracy. He op
posed the grant proposed by the directory, of an
abateraent of punishraent in favour of those who
should reveal raatters of importance, and objected to
another of its schemes concerning the oath to be re
quired of electors. On the 9th of May, he declared
against the election of Barere to the legislative body,
and left the council on the 20th of the same raonth.
After that tirae he never quitted his employment of
keeper of the records. When, after the 18th Bru
maire, -books were opened that every citizen might
enter his assent or dissent to the scherae of consular
governraent, Caraus was among the small nuraber of
those who chose the dissenting side; this did not
prevent his being confirraed in his post of keeper of
the records, in July, 1800. He was afterwards eora
raissioned to inspect the libraries and library collec-

CARNOT. 229
tions of the united departraents, and examined with
particular care the library at Brussels, which is rich
in manuscripts. Camus died at Paris of an apo
plectic attack, in November, 1804. He published
several works on ecclesiastical affairs, the tables
of the labourers of the three national asserablies,
and various papers printed among those of the in
stitute. CARNOT, the elder, (L. N. M.) was born at No-
lay, in Burgundy, on the 13th of May, 1753, of an
old city family. His father, whose circumstances
were harrow, washy profession an advocate; he plac
ed his son early in the artillery, in which lie acquired
rauch inforraation, and was promoted by the favour
of the prince of Conde. He published some raathe
raaticai essays, which obtained hira adraittance into
several learned societies. A panegyric on raarshal
Vauban, which obtained the crown at the acaderay
of Dijon, and sorae agreeable little poetic effusions.
He was a captain in the artillery at the tirae of the
revolution, the cause of which he embraced. In Sep
tember, 1791, he was deputed by the department of
the Pas de Calais to the legislature, where he chiefly
devoted himself to railitary affairs. One of his first
opinions was given against the princes ; he voted for
accusing thera, as well as Mirabeau, the younger,
the cardinal de Rohan, and M. de Calonne. He
seconded the proposal of substituting sergeants for
officers; in January, 1792, he urged the deraoUtion
ofthe citadel of Perpignan, and of the forfeited places
of the interior; caused the principle of passive obe
dience to the ofiicers to be erased frora the regula
tions; and proposed the fabrication of 300,000 pikes,
to arra the Sans-Culottes. On the 9th of June fol
lowing he obtained a decree to honour the memory of
Theobalt Dillon, who was massacred at LiUe by the
rebel soldiery ; spoke some tirae afterwards in favour
of Manuel and Potion, who, in consequence of the
events of June the 20tb, had been suspended frora their
functions, and was sent to the caraps at Soissons and

230 CARNOT.
Chalons, whence he made known the massacre of
Lieut. Col. Liraonnier, upon whom letters had, he said,
been found, proving his good understanding with the
emigrants. He soon after made known to the army
of Luckner the decree importing the deposition of
Louis XVI. At the very first meeting of the con
vention, of which he was a member, he was dis
patched to the army of the Pyrenees ; voted in Ja-
nua^y, 1793, for the king's death; obtained a decree
for uniting Monaco and a part of Holland to France;
then in the month of March was sent to the army in
the north, where on the field of battle he cashiered
general Gratien, who had retired before the enemy,
and himself raarched at the head of his columns. On
bis return to the convention he was appointed a mem
ber of that committee of general safety which go
verned in the name of the convention, and was itself
governed by Robespierre, to vvhom alone the sanguin
ary measures which characterized the reign of terror
were afterwards imputed. Then began Carnot's great
influence in military affairs: being master of all the
plans which had been laid up in the public offices
since the time of Louis XIV. he directed the opera
tions ofthe French arraies, shewed himself extremely
jealous of this species of glory, and even wanted to
claim the success of tbe battle of Maubeuge, gained
hy Jourdan, at which he was present as coramis
sioner frora the convention. It cannot be disputed
that the plans and instructions he delivered in the
name ofthe committee of public safety, have contri
buted to the victories of the French. On the 1st of
April, 1794, he caused the executive council to be
abolished, and it was succeeded by twelve acting
coraraissioners : on the 5th of May following he, was
chosen president of the convention, and when a de
putation frora tbe Jacobins carae to profess, at the
bar, the dograa of the existence of God, Carnot told
them that this single step was a reply to all the ca
lumnies that had been vomited against their so
ciety. Two months afterwards, on the 27th of July,

CARNOT. 231
1794, Carnot accused Carrier and Turreau of their
revolutionary conduct in the Vendee : and declared
that general Huchet, who had been charged with
cruelty in that unhappy country, had been continued
there in spite of his opposition, by the will of Robes
pierre. In a report given in on the 2d of January,
1795, concerning the success of the army in the
North, Carnot endeavoured to bring back the ways
of the former committee, by proposing that the van
quished English at least should have cause to con
sider the French soldiers as great terrorists. This
motion excited murraurs, and Tallien reproached
hira with this saying so like Barere. When CoUot,
Billaud, and Barere had to stand the wrath ofthe con
vention, Carnot, till their conderanation, strenuously
defended them ; and on the 22d of March coraplained
ofa paper, entitled the national Tocsin, which proposed
sending to the scaffold those who should speak in
favour of the culprits. During this species of pro
cedure he was himself frequently accused ; and Le
gendre even strenuously urged his arrest, after the
insurrection of May the 20th, 1795; but Bourdon
de I'Oise counteracted this heat, by exclaiming, " He
is the man who taught our arraies to conquer." Im
mediately on the establishment of the directory, in
1795, Carnot was made one of its body, and for some
time retained a considerable share of influence; but
he let Barras take frora him the port-folio of war,
and from that time became his secret eneray. In
1797 a party having been formed in the councils
against the directory, he sought to make use of it
to overthrow his adversary; this party, which had
other views, was not his dupe; but he was himself
tricked by Lareveillere, who, by Barras's direction,
seemed for a very short time willing to aid him, and
afterwards . suddenly joined his enemies, who then
involved him in the proscription of the 4th of Sep
teraber, 1797. He avoided being banished to Cay
enne by escaping to Gerraany, where he pubUshed
a work explanatory of his conduct. In this para-

232 CARRA.
frblet Carnot shews himself as well provided with
reasons, when he attacks his accoraplices, as weak
when he pretends to justify himself. He concludes
by declaring, that " he is stiU the irreconcileable foe
of kings ;" a declaration not a little remarkable, when
it is remembered that Carnot printed his book under
the protection of the kings who had afforded him an
asylum g,gainst the rage ofthe demagogues. A short
time after he published a supplement to this work,
which contains personalities still raore violent. These
memoirs, re-printed at Paris in 1799, were read there
with eagerness by the enemies of the directory, which
then governed ; it issued an order for the apprehen
sion of the printers ; but the blow was struck, and
Carnot, by publishing the crimes of his former col
leagues, contributed to their downfal, which .soon af
ter happened on the IS'th of June, 1799. After the!
revolution of the 18th of Brumaire, Carnot was re-
calleil to France, and appointed inspector of the
reviews, in February, 1800: and on the 2d of April
vvar-minister, which place he did not long keep, but
resigned ; it has been said, on account of some
crosses he met in the council of state. He withdrew
into the bosom of his family, and was called to the
tribunate on the 9th of March, 1802. He there
shewed the same inflexibUity of principle which had
till then distinguished him ; several times opposed the
views of governraent alone ; voted against the con
sulate for Ufe, and particularly declaimed against the
proposal of proclaiming Napoleon Bonaparte em
peror. His speech was refuted by several of his col
leagues, who reminded him of his revolutionary con
duct : he persisted in his opinion, and alone refused
to sign the register of allegiance. In 1806 be vVas
still a member of the tribunate.
CARRA (J. L.) called himself a man of letters
before the revolution, because he had written som6
bad articles in the Encyclopedia. He travelled for
some time in Gerraany, and had retired to Pont-de*
Vfesle in Dorabes, bis birth-place. At the beginning

CARRA. 233
of the troubles, be went to Paris, and raade hiraself
reraarkable araongst the most violent revolutionists ;
and, in 1789, proposed the formation of the muni
cipality of Paris, and ofthe city-guard. He formally
declared war against the eraperor Leopold from the
chair of the Jacobin club, on the 29th of December,
1790, and said that, in order to raise the people of
Germany, he demanded only 5'),000 men, 12 presses,
some printers, and some paper. Mirabeau opposed
him, and caused him to be violently hooted at. He
was afterwards prosecuted by the justice of peace,
Lariviere, for having accused the ministers, Bertrand
and Montmorin, of being the directors of the Aus
trian committee. At the meeting of the Sth of Sep
teraber, he gave to the legislative asserably a gold
snuff-box, which he said carae frora the king of
Prussia, as a reward for a work that he had dedicated
to him ; he desired that this gold, which he despised,
might serve for fighting against the sovereign who
had made him a present of it ; and as he ended his
speech, he tore the signature of Frederic William's
letter. He had then just been named to the con
vention by two departments ; he accepted for that of
Saone et Loire. It was he who thought of arming
the people with pikes. Always preaching up mur
der and piUage in his writings, he had shewn himself
one ofthe chiefs of the revolt of the 10th of August,
1792; and, in his journal, he gloried in having traced
out fhe plan of that day. He denounced the ope
rations of general Montesquieu in Savoy, and was
sent to the camp of Chalons, whence he announced
the retreat of the Prussians. On his return he was
chosen secretary ; towards the end of November pro
posed to grant assistance to all nations who should
Wish to break their fetters; and accused foreign
bankers of conspiring to reduce France to distress,
and save Louis XVI. He rejected the intercession
in favour of this prince, and, in January, 1793,
declared against the appeal to the people concerning
the sentence of death pronounced upon hira. A few

234 CARRIER.
days after, he voted for bis deatb, but, having dis
pleased Robespierre and his colleagues, he joined the
party of the Gironde, and was soon overthrown with
that faction. Being .successively denounced by Ben
tabole, Marat, Couthon, and Robespierre, he was
recalled, on the 12th of June, frora his raission to
Blois, and eoraprehended, on the Sd of October, iu
the accusation of the forty-six deputies designated
in the report of Araar. He was conderaned to
death on the Slst, and executed the next day, at
the age of 50. He had filled the place of national
librarian wjth Champfort, under the administra
tion of Roland. His enemies accused him of hav
ing wanted to set the duke of York on the throne
of France, an accusation which, against such a
raan, was absurd : the convention afterwards ho
noured hira as a raartyr to liberty. Carra published
various works, which have sunk into oblivion, araong
which are, Particulars of the Bastile, a Systera of
Huraan Reason, the History of Moldavia and Wala-
chia. New Principles of Natural Philosophy, a His
tory of Ancient Greece and its Colonies, and various
political pamphlets.
CARRIER (J. B.) an attorney, was born at Yolay
near Aurillac, in 1756. A bilious and choleric tempe
raraent, raiddling inforraation, and a fanatical enthu
siasra, raade hira join the revolutionary party in Seide,
in consequence of which he raet death for having lived
a long time in a horrible celebrity. In 1 790 he dispersed,
in his department sorae incendiary paraphlets, for which
he was prosecuted at the Chatelet. Being appointed
deputy of Cantal to the national convention, he voted
there for the deatb of Louis XVI. and appeared
sometiraes in the tribune, only to denounce aristocrats,
and recoraraend raeasures of terror. On the 9th of
March, 1793, he caused the creation of the revolu
tionary tribunal to be decreed ; and on the 6th of
April he urged the arrest of d'Orleans and de SiUery.
He declared violently against the Girondins on the
Slst of May, deraanded that the deputies of tbe

CARRIER. ^35
right side, should be deprived of their indemnities,
and denounced the administrators of Cantal and Gard
as rebellious against the events of that day. After
having been on a mission to Calvados, to disperse the
assemblies which were forming there in favour of the
Girondins, he was sent into the Vendee; and the
day on which he arrived at Nantes (the Sth of Octo
ber, 1793,) will never be effaced from the annals of
that unhappy town. " We will make one burying
place of all France," said be, " rather than not re
generate it in our own way." Not satisfied with
every species of plunder, and with the baby-play of
the guillotine, he wanted to destroy en masse. " How
does this revolutionary coraraittee work ?" said he, at
Nantes; " 25,000 heads ought to fall, and I do not
yet see one !" He had recourse to shooting, renewed
and enlarged the idea of Nero, by having boats built
which drowned a hundred persons at a tirae ; and he
was the inventor of republican raarriages ; the man
ner of which was this: a raan and woraan were tied
together face to face, and then thrown into the sea.
He caused three young women, whom he had just
enjoyed, to be drowned thus. This monster crie^
out in the popular societies, " People, take your
club, crush the rich, exterminate the merchants, you
are in rags, and abundance is near you ! Is not tlie
river there ? If the people do hot destroy, 1 shall be
able to make the heads fall on the national scaffold."
Madame Lenormand, his mistress, who employed
several women for the armies, having asked him who
would pay thera, he answered, " The guillotine."
Another day he cried out at table, " In my depart
ment we used to go and hunt the priests; I never
laughed so much as at seeing the grimace that they
made in dying." His mission ended in the begin
ning of 1794, and Carrier returned to the convention,
which had several times applauded his correspond-
erice. He there gave details of his operations, ex
pressed his surprise at the scandalous debate which
had taken place concerning tbe Vendee; bestowed

0,56 CARRIER.
high praises on generals Ronsin, Rossignol, and San
terre, and accused Philippeaux. He opposed the
granting inderanities to the inhabitants of the Ven
dee ; proposed, at the club of the Cordeliers, an in
surrection against tbe men denounced by Hebert ;
and, at the Jacobin club, spoke against the persons
who seceded frora the two societies. On the 17th of
May he accused the raerchants of Nantes of being
accoraplices with the robbers, and designated the
mayor, Baco, as having threatened several repre
sentatives with the scaffold. A short time after
wards, he denounced the indulgence of the tribunal
of Cantal to the conspirators; caused an order to
be given for the revision of its sentences, and de
manded that the tribunals should be composed of
sans-culottes. He caused the revolutionary tribunal
to be organized for the second tirae, at the period of
fhe faraous law of the 24th of Prairial, (12th of June).
On the 9th of Therraidor, year 2, (27th of July,
1794,) he joined those who attacked Robespierre,
and accused Julien the younger of being an accom
plice of the dictator; he soon after found himself
carried away with the Jacobins in the division which
separated thera from the Thermidorians, and frond
that time he hastened to his ruin, by accusing Tal
lien to the Jacobins of being chief of a new party ;
be there exhorted thera to call forth their energy,
and to banish the aristocrats, and,deraanded that the
society and the tribunes should go together to the
convention to denounce the new systera. Then the
Therraidorians crushed hira with the enorraity of his
conduct, which had till then been forgotten ; and
Merlin de Thionville, Laignelot, Carnot, and Du
quesnoy accused hira successively. He declared to
tbe convention, at the raeeting of the 3d of Friraaire,
year 3, (2Sd of Noveraber, 1794,) that by trying him
it ruined itself, and tbat if all the criraes coraraitted
in its narae were to be punished, " not even the lit^
tie bell of tbe president was free frora guilt ;" and he
asserted, that the cruelties of the Vendeans had ren-

CATHERINE II. 237
dered necessary the excesses coraraitted against
thera. When he was brought before the revolution
ary tribunal, his defence was not raore successful
there than at the convention. The raerabers of the
coraraittee of Nantes, who were brought to trial with
hira, overwhelmed him with dreadful depositions
which raake one shullder with horror. He was con
demned to death on the 24th of Frimaire, year 3,
(15th of December, 1794,) convicted of having had
children of 13 and 14 years old shot, and of having or
dered drownings, and this with counter-revolutionary
intentions. Doubtless this motive is singular enough
to deserve raentioning. He went to bis death with
firraness, and said, " I die a victira and innocent,
I have only executed the orders of the comraittees,"
CATHERINE II, (Alexiewna) empress of
Russia, daughter of the prince of Anhalt-Zerbst,
bore in her youth the name of Sophia Augusta, and
at the tirae of her marriage, took that of Catherine
Alexiewna. When taken by her raother to the court
of Russia, she inspired the grand-duke with love, ap
peared to feel it for hira, and raarried hira. From
that time, Catherine threw off tbe mask ; her lovers
were Soltikof, her husband's chamberlain ; Ponia-
towski, whora she afterwards raised to the throne of
Poland; Gregory Orloff, prince Poterakin, and a
number of others. When the grand-duke becarae
eraperor, he resolved to divorce Catherine, and to
declare her son iUegitiraate ; but she was before
hand with hira, precipitated hira from the throne,
and mounted it in his place. Her lovers, in con
junction with a bold woman, the princess of Asckoff,
sorae officers, and three companies of the guards,
effected this astonishing revolution. The unhappy
Peter III. was confined in a fortress, and strangled
a few days after by Alexis Orloff. In order to
make ber criraes forgotten, Catherine affected de
votion, and endeavoured to gain over by gifts the
boyards, the priests, and the soldiers : but conspira
cies perpetually renewed, and the conterapt. of the

238 CATHERINE II,
public, raade her feel that tbe throne on whicb she
had rested herself still tottered; a new crirae appear
ed to her necessary to fix it firmly, and prince Iwan,
the heir of the erapire, was massacred in his prison.
To clear herself frora this crime, Catherine caused
the apparent authors of it to be punished ; she trans
raitted false details of it, and^ought the suffrage
and the praises of the raost celebrated raen of letters.
Frora that tirae, Catherine continued to give herself
up to pleasures, without neglecting the cares of go
vernraent. She was present at the deliberations
of the council, read the dispatches of her arabassa^
dors, dictated or minuted with her own hand the
answers that were to be made to them, charged her
rainisters only with the detaUs, and even superin
tended the execution of thera. She founded hos
pitals, built ships, invited foreigners to corae and
settle in Russia, gave a code of laws to her subjects,
sent several learned raen to travel through the inte
rior of ber vast states, favoured coraraerce, and began
a vast canal to unite the Baltic with the Caspian sea.
At the sarae time she received itt her court the king
of Sweden, the eraperor Joseph II, the hereditary
prince of Prussia, and prince Henry, and gave them
raagnificent entertainments : she welcomed Diderot,
and made hira sit beside her. In the raidst of these
details of an iraraense governraent, Catherine did not
neglect foreign affairs; the partition of Poland, be
gun in 1772, and corapleted in 1793, augraented her
power and her influence in Europe; she restored
peace to Austria and Prussia, and conceived and
executed the plan of the arraed neutraUty, during
tbe war of England, France, and the United States.
She then wished to execute ber favourite project of
driving the Turk frora Europe, and of being crown
ed erapress of the East at Constantinople. Joseph
II. was to enter into ber plan ; and the attack on the
Ottomans was concerted in an interview which she
bad with bira at Moscow. The victories of Cathe
rine's generals in this war are well known ; on re-

CAZALES. 239
ceiving intelligence, of their great successes, shesaid
ironically to Sir Charies Whitworth, tbe English
ambassador, "Since Mr. Pitt wants to drive rae from
Petersburgh, I hope he wUl perrait rae to retire to
Constantinople." This hope was disappointed : the
policy of the other courts of Europe raised obstacles
to it, and the erapjfess was obliged by them to con*
elude a peace with the Turks in 1792. From that
time Catherine turned all her thoughts towards
France : the boldness of the principles developed in
the revolution which had just broken out there, dis
gusted her with philosophy and phUosophers ; she
shuddered at the idea of seeing kings brought into
subordination by their subjects. Her hatred to all
that came from France, no longer knew any bounds;
she forbade even the introduction of the merchandise
of that country, gave orders to the ambassador, M.
de S^gur, to quit Petersburgh, and said to him, when
he took leave of her, " I ara sorry for your de
parture ; but I am an aristocrat, and raust keep to
my principles." Catherine acceded to the treaty of
Pilnitz, and added 12 ships of the line and 8 fri
gates to the EngUsh fleet. She had just proraised
to the coaUtion an array of 80,000 men, when, on
the 17th of November, 1796, she sunk in a violent
apoplectic attack. The life of Catherine has been
written in French by Castera ; but there is Uttle ac
curacy in it, and it is rather a satire than a historic
monument. CAZALES (de) son of a counsellor of Toulouse,
captain in the Flanders regiment of horse- chasseurs,
was appointed deputy of the noblesse of Riviere-
Verdun to the states-general, where he shewed hira
self one of the raost ardent defenders of raonarchy,
and displayed oratorical talents which raade all par
ties consider hira as one of the most eloquent mem
bers ofthe constituent asserably : above all, he spoke
exterapore with great ease. At the opening of the
states-general, he was one of the coraraissioners of
the noblesse to tbe conciliatory conferences among

240 CAZALES.
the deputies of the three charabers ; be very vigo
rously opposed the union of the orders, and, when
it was objected to hira that the union was desired by
Louis XVl. cried out, that if the monarch wished to
ruin himself, it was necessary to save the monarchy.
Towards the end of July, he quitted the assembly,
but having been arrested at Caussade, be returned to
the capital, and appeared again in the assembly with
all the advantage that his talents gave him. He
several times humbled Robespierre, whose democracy,
though without success, then began to shew itself.
There are few important questions on which Cazales
did not speak : tbe right of raaking peace and war,
wbich the nation wanted to take frora the king;
that of appointing or disraissing rainisters, of which
also they wished to deprive hira ; the oath required
frora priests ; the law which was to forbid the king
and the heir-apparent from quitting the seat of go
vernment, are those wbich he treated with most
eloquence. When it was debated whether the raem
bers of one legislature should have the power of being
re-elected to the next, he declared for the affirraative,
and found hiraself in opposition to the right side,
frora which he had never separated. He causeid an
order to be issued for prosecuting the authors of the
crirae of the 5th and 6th of October, 1789, and af
terwards deraanded that eligibility tb the legislative
body should be attached to landed property ; that
the criraes of bigh treason should be exactly defined;
that 600 railUons of bills should be issued, payable
on the property of the clergy; that the catholic
should be declared^ the national religion: he defended
the parliaraents, &c. &c. and frequently deraanded
that the strength of the executive power should be
increased. On tbe 17th of February, 1790, he de
manded the renewal of the assembly, and the ex
clusion of all the present deputies frora that which
was to succeed it ; and veheraently accused the pro
testants of Montauban at tbe time of tbe 'troubles of
that town. Soon after he voted against the union

CHABOT, 241
with Avignon, and op|)osed the prince of Conde's
being declared a traitor to tbe country. When
Menou accused ministers of having betrayed the
cause ofthe people, Cazales opposed him, and cried
out, " And I too accuse ministers, but it is of having
betrayed the royal authority." At the time of the
insurrection of Nancy, he praised BouiUe for having
punished the seditious persons, and said, that young
Desilles had done honour to the order in which he
was born ; which excited a violent tumult in the
assembly. At the period of fixing the constitutional
basis (I79I) he threatened the revolutionists witb a
coalition of all the friends of raonarchy"; opposed
the king's being considered as a public functionary ;
protested against the decree of forfeiture, and denied
the principle of the sovereignty of the people. In
the raonth of August, 1790, he fought a duel with
Barnav^, and was wounded. At the tirae of Louis
XVI.'s departure for Varennes, he was arrested by
the people, but the asserably caused him to be re
leased. On the 21st of July, 1791, he sent in his
resignation to the president, retired into England,
and returned to Paris in February, 179.2. Being
obliged to raake his escape again, he rejoined the
French princes in Gerraany, served in the cara
paign of 1792, in the van-guard of their army, and
having ceased to enjoy their favours, went to settle
in England. He returned in 1803, was extreraely
well received by the raen highest in power, and
retired to the neighbourhood of Toulouse ; was elect
ed, in 1805, candidate to the legislative body, and
died at fifty years of age, at a little estate near
Grenade, that he had recovered.
CHABOT (F.) a capuchin, born at St. Geniez-
Dol, in the departraent of Aveyron, eagerly profited
by the opportunity of breaking bis vows, wbich the
decrees ofthe constituent asserably offered him. His
ardent patriotisra gained hira the place of grand vicar
1;o^the abb6 Gregoire, constitutional bishpp of Blois.
In September, 1792, he was appointed deputy of
vr>T T

242 CHABOT.
Loir et Cher to the Ifegislaturej and was always ob
served to act with Bazire, Albitte, Lecointre, Puy-
ravaux, &c. In concert with Merlin and Bazire, he
warraly supported the denunciation of the Austrian
coraraittee, began by Brissot, and accused Lafayette,
DiUon, Rochahibeau, &c. Several merabers of tbe
asserably, provoked at tbis raania of accusation which
every day took bira to the tribune, demanded that
he should be sent to the Abbaye. On the 19th of
October, 1791, he attacked the war-rainister Du-
portaU, and declared that the regular troops had till
then been coramanded only by villains. On the
10th of May, 1792^ he defended the coraraissioiiefs
charged with organizing the county of Avignbri; at
tbe sarae time he was prosecuted by the jUsticfe of
peace Lariviere for having attacked the ihinist^h
Bertrand and Montraorin. On the 2i5th of June, hfe
was denounced as having, the evening before, ift
the Faubourg St. Antoine, preached up tbe assassi
nation of the king. In the course of July h6 wMt
so far as to cause hiniself to be slightly wbund&d by
six confidential raen, in oi'der that he might be able
to accuse the king of being the author of this assas-'
sination. Two others of his colleagues who were to
have played the same farce, had not the Cburage td
encounter the hazard of it. It is asserted that h^
had long pressed Merlin and Bazire to assassinatift
bim, and then to carry his bloody fcorpse into th^
Faubourg, to hasten the insurrectidtt of tbe pet^Hi
and the destruction of the raonarch. At the saihi3
period he caused a decree of accusation to be passed
against the dukfe of Brissac, and accused JauC6urt Of
having threatened to cudgel him. On tbe 25tb of tlW
sarae raonth, hebi'ought forward the discuss! oil ebncef n-
ingthe deposition, and said, " that he did not beU*6'^^
that the asserably, by cleaning and scouring the eX-
ecutivepower, coUld bind up the Will ofthe 'peiilyple, ftntt
wbo can always change the constitution." The riglit
side rose against hirti, and recalled hirti tb order, " It is
afect," says Prudhoittme in his History of th^CHioiesof

CHABOT, 943
the Revolution^ " that Chabot took a part in the clan
destine raeasures intended to put the people in a
turault on the 21st of June, 1792, The pretended
conspiracy which airaed at carrying off the king, of
which he gave an acconnt on the 4th of June, as
WeU as the Austrian coraraittee, had no other view,"
He Was one of those who principally instigated the
events of August the 10th; and he even went so far
as to insult Louis XVI, when that unhappy prince
took refuge in the assembly. On the same day he
Was sent to the people to prevent the raassacre of
those Swiss soldiers who bad surrendered, and carae
to assure the assembly they had received orders from
the king to fire. On the 15th he caused Chalier to
be restored t6 his poSt as a municipal officer of Lyons,
the deputies to be removed, the conspirators of the
Tuilleries , to be tried before a popular committee,
and feudal rights to be abolished without indemnifi
cation. On the l7th of the same month, he accused
the meraber's of the right side of having Occasioned
the insurrection on the 10th of August, by oppiosing
the decree of accusation against Lafayette, Whom
he proposed to declare a traitor to his country, and
to set a price on his head. The next day he pro
posed to arm all the citizens, that e'very one might
Strike him whom he should judge a foe to the re-
Volution. A few days afterwards he offered to enrol
himself in the company of tyrannicides proposed by
Jean Dcbry. Being sent on the 2d of Septeraber to
oppose the raassacres committing at the Abbaye, be
returned to assure the legislative body, " that it was
impossible to prevent the justice of the people ; as
serted that his agitation Was caused only by a report
spread by some journalists, among others by* Maratj
Whom he alsd ventured to denounce, that it was
intended to place a foreign prince on the throne,
and he urged the assembly to swear, " that deeply
cbnvineed of the vices of all kings, they Would detest
them till death." AU the members rose, exclaiming,
*• we swear to have no raore kintrs I" At the time

244 CHABOT.
of these raassacres he however contributed to save
tbe life of the abb6 Sicard, who was then confined at
Carmes. On the 7tb Chabot denounced Fauchet as
having correspondents in England, and produced
sorae papers which he wanted to use as .proofs, but
the abbe Fauchet fully justified himself. In Sep
teraber, 1792, the departraent of Loire et Cher re
elected hira to the national convention, where he
proposed to break general Montesquiou, and was
then hiraself comprehended in an inforraation given
by M. de Narbonne, for having laid hands on the
money of the court. He afterwa,rds attacked Menou
and Felix Dumuy, obtained the repeal of the mar
tial law, and opposed the decree of accusation against
the princess of Rohan Rochefort, in consideration of
her alienation of reason. On the llth of December
he strenuously opposed the giving advice to the king;
and on the 25tb following he again urged the accu
sation of Marat for having, in the last nuraber of his
journal, deraanded a chief; and he Ukewise voted for
the deatb of Louis XVI. He next warraly defended
MerUn de Thionville and Rewbell, who were acr
cused, after the taking of Mayence; wished to fix
the price of bread throughout all France at a penny
a pound, solicited a general law of raaxiraum, and
proposed to drive all tbe aristocrats out of the re
public. After the example of one of his colleagues
whom be had often denounced (the abb6 Fauchet),
be raade the following profane assertion on the 7th
of Septeraber, " that the citizen Jesus Christ was
the first sans-culotte in the world !" On the 13th he
proposed tbat the convention should take into con
sideration a new law concerning eraigrants, and that
it should be so simple " that a child raight send an
eraigrant to the guillotine." In October he informed
the Jacobins, that though a priest and a capuchin, he
was going to raarry, and he declared at the same
time tbat he possessed only a capital of 6OOO livres.
On the loth of November he pointed out the divi
sions which were beginning to arise among the Ja-

CHABOT. ^ 245
cobins, predicted to Danton, Robespierre, and Bil
laud, that they would be sacrificed by turns to the
systera of calumny, earnestly insisted that a deputy
should not be arrested without beihg heard, and dis
pleased the Jacobins by saying, that if there were
not a right side in the asserably, he would forra one
himself alone. Several days after, he was accused of
having brought to his wife in marriage a sum of
700,000 livres. He had married an Austrian woman,
named Leopoldina Frey. On the 12th of Noveraber,
in concert with Bazire, he denounced Delaunay
d'Angers and JuUen de Toulouse to the government-
comraittee, as authors of a new conspiracy, and
deposited 100,000 livres in assignats, which he pre
tended to have received frora thera. A warrant for
his arrest was issued on the 10th of the same month,
and he was shut up in the Luxembourg as the ac
complice of this very Julian, and of Delaunay, and
as a partisan of the Dantonist faction. During" his
confineraent be kept up a correspondence with Ro
bespierre, whose servile tool he had ever been, and
one day wrote to hira thus : " Robespierre, thou
who lovest patriots, deign to remeraber that thou
hast reckoned rae araong thera, tbat I have always
walked behind thee in the right road : abandon rae
not to the rage of ray eneraies,, wbo are likewise thine;
above all, do not forget that I ara languishing in
confineraent for having punctually foUowed thy orders.
In consequence of thy advice I judged it expedient
to keep back sorae facts in ray declaration." Not
withstanding these hurable supplications, he could
not obtain his pardon, and was involved in the ruin
of those whora he had been raade to denounce. When
he knew what his fate was to be, he poisoned hiraself
with corrosive sublimate of mercury ; but the dread
ful pain he suffered having extorted shrieks frora hira,
he was conveyed to the infirraary, and bis life pro
longed tiU the 5th of April, 1794, the day on which
be was guiUotined. In tbe raidst of his sufferings he
was solely occupied with the thoughts of his friend

246 CHALIER.
Bazire. " Poor Bazire, what is become of thee ?"
cried he. He died with firraness at the age of 35.
Ifis connection with Bazire and Merlin de Thion
viUe gave occasion to raany sarcasras inserted in the
journals of the tirae, particularly the following lines :
Connoissez vous rien de plus sot
Que Merlin, Bazire et Chabot?
Noll, je ne connois rien de pile
Que JCerlin, Chabot, et Bazire;
Et personpe n'est plus coquin
Que Chabot, Bazire et Merlin.
CHALIER (M. J.) an extravagant Jacobin, an
inhabitant of Lyons, was born, in 1747, at Beautard,
in Dauphine, of a Piedraontese faraily, who returned
to their native country, where he was educated. He
erabraced the ecclesiastical profession, was driven
frora his country, and after having narrowly escaped
tbe gibbet in Portugal, and again in Naples, he came
to Lyons, was received into the faraily of a merchant
as a preceptor, said mass in that town for about
two years, and at last went into business, in which
he accuraulated a considerable fortune by dishonesty
and trick. He joined the revolutionary party with
an enthusiasra bordering on raadness. He went to
Paris, spent six raonths with Marat to profit by his
lessons, and on his return to Lyons caused his pic
ture to be distributed among the populace, with this
inscription i " ChMier, an excellent patriot, has pass
ed six raonths at Paris, in adrairing the Montaghe
and Marat." In 1792 he was appointed raunicipal
officer, and all his coUeagus were ready to second his
fury. The raayor alone, Nivifere-Chol, an upright
and courageous raan, sought to oppose their efforts,
Twelve hundred citizens had been imprisoned. Cha
lier, despairing of their condemnation, appeared on
tbe 6th of February, 1793, in the central society,
with a poniard in his hand, and obtained a decree
that a tribunal, siraUar to those at Paris whicb had
comraitted tbe raassacres of Septeraber, 1792, should
be established on the quay St. Clair, with a guillo-

(ESHviMBONAS. 247
tine, (;hat 900 persons should there be executed, and
their bodies thrown into the Rh6ne, and that in case
executioners should be wantin'g, the raerabers of the
society should theraselves perforra this office. The
raayor, at the head of the arraed force, prevented this
horrible execution; but he could not obtain the
trial of several raembers who had been seized. Cha
lier, then president of the tribunal, saved them, and
alternately deposed by the inhabitants, and restored
by order of the convention, he ceased not to agitate
this unhappy town, and to assassinate respectable
persons by means of a revolutionary army, and to
rob them by raeans of forced loans, tUl the people of
Lyons, irritated by sp raany wrongs, raised the stan
dard of war against the convention, and delivered
their tyrant to a tribunal, which conderaned hira to
de^th on the 17th of July, 1793. After the taking
of the town by the republicans, the Jacobins carried
Chalier's effigy in triumph through the streets, and
the societ^'^ at Paris had his ashes coUected in a sUver
urn, and placed in the Pantheon, whence they were
removed when moderation began to resume some
influence. CHAMBONAS (Marquis DE) a raajor-general, was
nephew ofthe raarshal Biron, and married a natural
daughter of M. St. Florentin, and Madame Sabbatin,
his separation from whom was much talked of. He
was the first constitutional master of Sens, and pre
sented to the assembly the address from that town,
decreeing to him a raonuraent. He shewed himself a
great partisan of Lafayette, and, in 1790, had numer
ous copies taken ofhis portrait, vvhich he distributed
to the merabers of the federation. In April, 1792,
be was employed as raajor-general in the troops of
tbe department of Paris. In the month of June, 1792,
be was appointed minister for foreign affairs, and on
the Stb of July, was denounced by Brissot for not
having given notice of the approach of the Prussian
troops ; and he vindicated hiraself by declaring that he
had not hiraself received certain inforraation of the

248 CHAMPFORTi
fact. The sarae day he and all his colleagues re
signed, declaring they could not longer resist the in
crease of anarchy. He was looked on as a friend to
monarchy on constitutional grounds. After the 10th
of August, 1792, he left France, and took refuge in
London, where he becarae successively a watch
maker, a goldsmith, and a jeweller. Naturally ex
travagant, he was disorderly in his affairs, ran into
debt, gamed to extricate himself, involved himself
Ftill more, and, in 1805, was sued in the Court of
King's Bench, for the restitution of suras- lent to him
by Chagenet, WUlot, and other eraigrants. Wit
nesses were heard against him, and araong others
M. M. Bertrand de Moleville, Courtenvaux, Ber-
chigny, &c. who all deposed that the raoney lent to
him was destined for trade. Mr. Erskine defended
him with great warrath, but could not prevent bis
being conderaned to the payraent of a considerable
sum, or to iraprisonraent.
CHAMPFORT (S.R.N.) born in 1741, in a baili
wick near Clerraont in Auvergne, of an unknown
father and a peasant girl; was adraitted into the col
lege des Grassins under the narae of Nicholas, as
purser, and gained the five prizes of the university.
Carried avvay by bis taste for poetry, he left coUegCj
and, thrown on the world without friends or fortune,
was obliged to work for the journalists and booksel
lers. His Poetical Epistle frora a Father to a Son
on the Birth of a Grandson; his Indian Girl; his
Merchant of Srayrna, gained hira great credit, and
he became one of the French academy. He succes
sively produced panegyrics on Moliere and Lafon
taine, and gained the prizes awarded to conquerors.
His tragedy of Mustapha procured him the situation
of principal secretary to the prince of Conde ; but
his love of liberty and independence prevented him
from long discharging its duties ; he gave it up, and
devoted himself wholly to the pleasures of society,
where he was looked on as a most captivating com
panion ; few, indeed, have ever possessed insuch per-

CHARETTE. 249
fection the art of telling stories, and that of setting
them in an advantageous light. In consequence of
his intiraacy with Mirabeau, he erabraced the prin
ciples ofthe revolution, published several little works
in its favour, and obtained adraission into the Jacobin
society, of which he was appointed secretary in
1791; but seeing that principles of anarchy predorai
nated in this .society, he left it. After the 10th of
August, Roland got him appointed national librarian
in conjunction with Carra. He saw with horror the
excesses into which all parties gave. During tbe
reign of terror all the walls of Paris were inscribed
with these words, " Fraternity or death ;" upon
which he one day remarked: " These words raight
be thus paraphrased : ' Be my brother or I kill you !'
" The fraternity of these feUows," added he," is that
of Cain and Abel." He was put under arrest for a
short time with the abbe Barthelemy, but was soon
restored to liberty, and put under the care of a gen
darme. His sarcasms against the revolutionary mea-
, sures having occasioned a second order for his arrest,
he tried to kill hiraself with a pistol, and then with a
razor : his wounds were not raortal, and he recovered,
thougb regretting that he still lived : he said that he
was unfortunate in having raissed his aira, since, out
of favour as he was, he should not bave run the risk
of being thrown into the laystall of the Pantheon.
He did not long retain his recovered health, and a
disease in the bladder carried hira off on the 13th of
AprU, 1795. Champfort has been reproached with
nuraerous inconsistencies, and his misanthropy has
been compared to that of J. J. Rousseau : he fre
quently averred that no raan, who, at forty years of
age, was not a raisanthrope, had ever loved mankind.
This saying raay serve as a key to his sentiments and
his conduct. In 1802 was published a collection of
his bons-raots, entitled Charapfortiana.
CHARETTE DE LA CONTRIE (F.A. de) a
Vendean general, born at Couffe in Bretagne, in I76S,
of a rich and ancient faraily. He served in the navy

MO CHARETTE.
as lieutenant, before the revolution, and when the
national guards were levied, he was raade chief of a
legion of his section. It has been asserted that he
bad eraigrated for a short tirae, but that, having Ipst
at play, in the Low Countries, all the raoney that he
had carried away, he had returned to coUect a fresh
stock. In the first days of the insurrection, being at
his wife's house, at Fond de Close, near Machecoult,
he was turaultuously proclairaed chief of that canton,
in the place of St. Andre, who had just then phame-
fully fled before the republicans; on tbe 10th of
March, 1793, he seized Pornic, a little post at ten
leagues distance from Nantes, and, several days after,
made himself raaster of Machecoult, where the patri
ots left 12 cannon, 12 thousand weight of powder,
1500 killed, and 500 prisoners. Charette being at
tacked shortly after, was not braver nor happier than
St. Andre; and having fled, he received violent ret
preaches frora Royrand ; his soldiers, excited to insuri-
rection by the raartjuis de Goulenne, were on the
point of massacring him. But frora that time his
character and his fortune changed, and be soon after
retook Machecoult. In the month of June, he laid
siege to Nantes, of which he could not make hiraself
master, on account of the defection of the Anjevin
troops on the right side ofthe Loire, who fled after a
few assaults, and the death of their coraraander in
chief, Cathelineau. In the beginning of August,
Charette, in concert with d'Elbee, fell upon Lu^en,
coramanded the third attack, and was repulsed. He
returned again to raeet Beysser, completely defeated
bim, and pursued hira to the bridges of Nantes. Be
ing attacked in his turn by Beysser, who^ had beep
joined by Clancaux, he ^vas obliged to evacuate port
St. Pere, and retire to Tiffauges ; there he found Bon-
charap, and shared his success at the battleof Torfou,
which was followed by that of Mootaigu, where they
were again victorious. They afterwards led their
forces towards St. Fulgent, where the wreck of the
republican array of Sables had joined that of Niort jf

PHARETTE. '251
they surprised it during the night, and dispersed it.
When d'Elbee wag chosen commander in chief of the
Vendue, Charette, jealous of this nomination, as well
as -of the favour which Boncharap and Bernard de
Marigny enjoyed, left them, made himself a separate
army in BasrPoitou, and was the cause of several
checks which the great army received; as well by
his teraporary inaction as by the want of concert in
their operations. He was for a long time successful
in the country between Nantes and Sables, and occu
pied it almost entirely. He was at last beaten near
the latter of these two towns, and afterwards near
I^on, He took possession of the isles of Bouin and
Noirmootiers; but the republicans soon took them
from him, and while Turreau was making himself
roaster of the latter, Charette was again obliged to
fight near Machecoult. The c<>nviention having pro
posed an amnesty to the royalists, a su.spension of
arms was agreed upon, and Charette went to Nantes,
accompanied by sorae other chiefs, to conclude a
treaty, which was no sooner signed than broken.
The commissioners of the convention published a
proclamation, which threw all the perfidy of this rup
ture on Charette. He then assembled the remainder
of his army, and endeavoured, without success, to
secure the landing of the count d'Artois, who was
then at the Isle Dieu, with 4000 English and 1500
emigrants. From this period began his reverses ; he
chose to fight another battle at the end of February,
1796, was beaten, and then went only from defeat
to defeat, till the 23d ofMarch, on which day gene«
ralTravot took him prisoner at La Chabotiere, Wom
out with fatigue, wounded in the head and the hand,
he was flying through a wood supported by two of
his soldiers, who were resolved to share his fate ; they
fell dead by two musket-ibots, and Travot, rushing
on Charette, named himself, . and made him give up
his arras. He was taken to Pont de Vic, and thence
to Angers, where he was tried, and he was then sent
to Nantes, which was to be the place of his execu.

252 CHARLES PHILIP.'
tion. On leaving the boat whicb bad taken bira thi
ther, be exclairaed, " To this, then, have tbe English
brought rae !" A conforraing priest accorapanied
hira to his place of execution; he would neither
kneel down, nor suffer his eyes to be bandaged ; with
out changing countenance, and without shewing the
least uneasiness, he saw the soldiers ready to fire up
on bira, and gave thera the signal hiraself. His
waistcoat and pantaloons were sold for 27 guineas.
He was slight, and of a raiddle height, and had a
fierce air and severe look. He raay justly be con
sidered as one of the causes of the ruin of his party.
His jealousy of d'Elbee and Boncharap, who had
raore military and political talents than he, disunited
the forces ofthe royalists, and injured their success;
while, even in his array, bis severity alienated his
troops, and his hatred of priests, whora he had the
indiscretion to remove frora hira, destroyed the en
thusiasra so necessary in a war like that which he
bad undertaken. It would, however, be unjust en
tirely to withhold tbe reputation of talent from him
who for some time successfully comraanded troops so
difficult to conduct as the Vendean soldiers, and who
raade the republican arraies sustain several cosnider-
able checks.
CHARLES PHILIP (Count d'Artois) second
brother of Louis XVI. born at Versailles the 9th of
October, 1757, married the 16th of Noveraber, 1773,
to Maria Theresa of Savoy, by whora he had two
sons. This prince was, in bis youth, devoted to
every kind of pleasure, renowned for his amiable
qualities, his gaUantries, and his profusion, and was
considered a patron of letters ; he was, in particular,
very kind to the abbe Delille, who has celebrated
hira in various passages of his poeras. At the first
beginning of the revolution he declared against its
principles, and was one of the raost zealous defen
ders of tbe royal prerogatives. At the tirae of the
asserably of notables he declared in favour of M. de
Calonne, and when the parliaraent was banished- for

CHARLES PHILIP. 253
having refused to register the edict concernirig stamps
and thfi land-tax, he and Monsieur, his brother, were
charged with having it registered. When he had
reached the barrier of La Conference, the public dis
content raanifested itself in a raanner so alarming for
his person, that his guards made a raoveraent as if to
put theraselves on the defensive. When he quitted
th^ court of aids, his traia was again assailed by new
claraours. A line of troops, disposed ori the Pont
Neuf, closed the passage to the multitude, and faci
litated, the continuation of his way. The count d'
Artois was among the number of the princes of the
blood who presented a raeraorial to the king on the
dangers to which the^monarchy was exposed by the
revolution which was then fermenting, and announc
ing itself in the pretensions of the tiers-etat. At the
time of the convocation of the states-general, he, by
order of the king, refused the place of deputy of the
seneschalate of Tartas : the order of the noblesse
caused their regret at his refusal to be testified to him.
When the news of the events of the 14th of July
reached Versailles, ' he appeared with the king in the
asserably; but the alteration of his looks, and the dis
order of his countenance, by revealing the sentiraents
which agitated him, afforded new subject for the ac
cusations of which he was the object. At last the
duke de Laincourt having informed him that the Pa
risians had set a price on his head, he withdrew hira
self during the night frora the fury of his eneraies,
and first gave the signal for eraigration by going to
Turin, with his faraily, to the king of Sardinia his fa
ther-m-law. The Parisians laid aside the green cock
ade which they had assuraed in the first days of the
insurrection,- as soon as they perceived that this co
lour was that of the count d'Artois' livery. The na
tional asserably received unfavourably the list of his
debts wbich Ansdn presented, classed araonr the
pubhc expenses; the next year M. Necker denied
having given hira raoney. In 1790, the count d'
Artois had an interview at Mantua with the eraperor

254 CHARLES PHILIP.
Leopold; in 1791 he went to Worras witb marshal
Broglio, and the prince de Cond6, wbich occasioned
the emigration ofa great nuraber of officers. He re
mained for sorae tirae near Bonn, went to Brussels,
where he was welcoraed by the archduchess Maria
Christina, and afterwards set out for Vienna, where
he'raet with the raost distinguished reception frotti
the eraperor. At Pilnitz he had an interview with
the king of Prussia and the eraperor Leopold, and
there the foundation of the first coalition against
France was laid. The count d'Artois hastened to
coraraunicate to Louis XVI. arid even to declare
loudly the resolution of these two raonarchs ; at which
the court of Vienna expressed its dissatisfaction, and
frora that tirae it adopted a systera of indecision with
r^gafd to the eraigrants : it -protected thera secretly,
arid feared to engage itself too openly, for which rea
son it refused the count d'Artois perraission to esta
blish a recruiting d^pot in the Low Countries. Dur
ing this tirae a decree of accusation against all the
eraigrant princes was demanded of the national as
sembly ; and a legislative act was passed, importing
that all those who did not return by the 1st of Janu
ary, 1 792, should be declared enemies of the nation.
After the acceptation of the constitution of 1791,
Louis XVI. invited the count d'Artois to return to
bira, but in vain. This prince, who had then just
reached Coblentz, where he had joined his brother
Monsieur, was preparing for war ; he answered the
letter of LouisXVI. by giving reasons for his refusal;
and published a very violent proclaraation against the
asserably. On the 1st of January, 1792, a decree of
accusation was passed against hira by the first legis
lature, to whom a denunciation was ratade of the con
tinuation of the payraent of his appoint/raent as colo
nel of the Swiss, and of the deUvery of discharges
signed by hira to the soldier* of that nation. On the
19th of May following, another decree suppressed his
constitutional appointraent ofa million, as brother td
the king, and declared his creditors at liberty to sei^e

CHARLES PHILIP. 255
the revenues of his apanage. At the beginning 6{
1792, the prince returned to Turin, whence it was
suspected that he corresponded with th6 malecon
tents of Lyon. A public act proved the debt con
tracted by Monsieur and him for making war on
France. At the time of the invasion of Charapagne,
he coraraanded a body of cavalry composed of emi
grants. After the death of Louis XVI. he was de-
blarfed by his brother lieutenant-general of the king*-
dora of France, and tliey both published (froin the
Castle of Ham, in Westphalia,) a declaration an
nouncing their pretension to the regency. The
count d'Artois then set out for Petersburgh, where
Catherine received hira with great cereraony. Be
fore he quitted the corps of eraigrants, this prince
wrote a flattering letter 'to raarshal Broglio, sending
him his medals, his diamonds, and his son's sword, to
be sold for the advantage of the most necessitous per
sons. At the end of 1794, the English governraent
appointed hira an allowance, and he erabarked, onthe
26th of July, 1795, at Cuxhaven for London. At
this period the death of Louis XVI.'s son gave him
occasion to take a new title, that of Monsieurj which
was given him at the court of England. He after
wards went on board an English frigate, which cruiz
ed a long tirae on the coasts of France, and landed;
on the 29tb of Septeraber at Isle-Dieu, protected by
the squadron of coraraodore Warren. During his
stay at Isle-Dieu, the count d'Artois sent instrucr
tioris to the chiefs of the royalist arraies of the Ven*
die and of Bretagne, and wrote to Charette to settle
his landing with hira ; but the execution of this pro
ject depended in effect upon tbe EngUsh, whose in
tentions do not appear at that time to have been to
place a prince at the head of the Vendeans. Obsta
cles Were consequently multiplied: Isle-Dieu was
evacuated, and the count d'Artois brought back to
Poftsraouth. After this excursion, he lived for a long
tirae in Edinburgh, in the castle of the ancient kings
of Scotland* At the tirae of the famous cahapaign-^of

236 CHARLIER.
1799, be was to have gone into Switzerland to join
the array of Conde, who was just corae from the
heart of Russia. He came to London witb that in
tention, and sent one of his agents to Suwarow, who
received him extremely well ; but the Austro-Russian
army had already been obliged to evacuate Switzer
land, and thus was the plan of the second coaUtion
beginning to fail. The count d'Artois staid in Lon
don, whence he was said to direct the operations of
the Chouans in Bretagne. In February, 1800, he
was reconciled to the family of Orleans, and appeared
with thera at court, where the king gave thera an
audience. After the prelirainaries of Araiens, he
went back to Edinburgh, then returned, to London
on the breaking out again of hostilities, and in No
veraber, 1804, went to Calraar, in Sweden, where he
bad an interview with his brother and bis eldest son^
wbo, in 1799, had married the daughter of Louis
XVI, then he returned to London, and was still
there in 1806.
CHARLIER (C.) a lawyer, and a meraber of the
district of Chalons, was appointed deputy of the de
partraent of Maine to the legislature. On the 21st
of January, 1792, he proposed that no raOre infantry
recruits should be raised, and declared that raen
enough raight be taken frora that body to make up
the artUlery and the cavalry, and that, as to the in
fantry, " it would be sufficient to sound the tocsin,
and imraediately 25 raiUions of free-raen would take
up arms to repel the enemy." In March he presented
the scheme of a decree for requiring a new oath from
unsworn priests, and for iraprisoning thera in the
chief raanor-house of their departraent in case of
refusal : on the 25th of May be supported Thuriot's
raotion against priests. On the 5th of July he was
the first who raoved for setting up tbe property of
eraigrants to sale, and, on the 15tb, he deraanded the
destruction of the Chateau des Banes, because it bad
served as a rendezvous for the chiefs of the carap of
Jales. On the Sd of August he obtained a decree

CHARLIER. , 257
that all the religious bouses tbat were stUl inhabited
should be evacuated and sold. On becoraing a raera
ber of tbe convention, be voted there for the king's
death, in January, 1793. The next raonth he de
raanded the accusation of Roland and tbe Girondinsi
was elected secretary on the 21st, and at the raeet
ing of the 2Sth of March, obtained a decree that un
sworn priests and returned eraigrants, seized a week
after the publication ofthe law, should be shot with
in twenty-four hours. He afterwards defended Ma
rat, and took a very active part in the revolution of
the Slst of May. On the 19th of August following,
he proposed that tbe asserably should not occupy itself
with the queen in a raore particular manner than with
any other woman brought before the tribunals, and
soUcited the trial of Brissot. He soon after accused
Perrin de I'Aube of dishonesty in markets, and pro
cured an order for his trial. On the 3d of October,
he was chosen president; and on the 27th of February,
1794, he attacked the proposal that hadbeen raade of
establishing taxes in kind; he represented it as a
counter-revolutionary measure, inasmuch as it would
recal the feudal system. He afterwards opposed the
suppression of the popular societies of women, de
manded that an accused person who should withdraw
himself from the decree of accusation, should be out
lawed, and obtained a decree for the arrest of Bernard,
who supplied the place of Barbaroux ; he also de
manded the exclusiori of the nobility from military
service. Being for some time joined with the Ther
raidorians, he attacked Robespierre, called upon hira,
at the meeting of the Sth Thermidor, to name the
members whom he accused, and voted for referring
his speech to the coraraittees. He afterwards pro
posed the arrest of Joseph Lebon, caused Coffinhal
to be sent to the revolutionary tribunal to receive his
sentence of death there, and voted for the printing of
a speech of Louchet, on the necessity of maintaining
the system of terror. At the end of 1794, he was
sent to Lyon, and, on his return, accused the popular
VOL. L <^

258 CHARTRES.
society of that town of affecting a kind of sovereignty,
opposed the exceptions proposed in favour of the emi
grants of Haut and Bas Rhin, and voted for continuing
' the taxes iraposed there by St. Just and Lebas. At
the time of the accusation of the raembers of the an
cient governraent-comraitteesj he urged the arrest of
the authors of a placard, entitled the National Tocsinj
and defended the persons accused. He afterwards
inveighed against the facility with which the return
of eraigrants was perraitted. In the month of May,
1795, a proposal for his arrest was made by Hardy,
at the time of the events of Prairial, and thrown aside
by the order of the day. In the discussion of the
constitution, he deraanded that the deputies of tbe
convention alone should form the principle of the le
gislature. The same circurastances having brought
on the annulment of the sentence passed against
Perrin de I'Aube, whose condemnation he had pro
cured during the reign of terror, Charlier was over
whelmed with hootings. At the raeeting of the 28th
of September, 1795, he voted for maintaining the de
cree which ordered each of the representatives to give
an account of his fortune ; and at that of the 26th of
October following, he pleaded warmly for the Ubera
tion ofthe deputies arrested in consequence of the ,
insurrections of Germinal and Prairial (April and
May, 1796). Whep he became a member of the
council of ancients, he proposed that its raerabers
should always have poniards in their hands to strike
him who should wish to serve royalty; and he after
wards supported the expulsion of the deputies Fer
rand- Vaillant, PoUssard, Lecerf, Fontenay, and Pal-
bier, from the legislative body. In February, 1797»
news was brought that he had destroyed himself with
a pistol, after a violent fever; several signs of derange
ment had for sorae tirae been reraarked in hira.
CHARTRES (L. P. Duke de) eldest son of the
duke of Orleans, born in 1 773, was colonel of the 14th
regiment of dragoons, and was in garrison at Ven
dome, in 1791. He caused hiraself to be received a
member of the Jacobin society in that town, and, at

CHATEAUBRIANT. 259
the raeeting of the 7th of August, raade a speech, in
which he expressed his approbation of the principles
of equality : he then laid down on the board the or
der of the Holy Ghost, with which he was decorated".
In April, 1792, he served as a volunteer in the array
of general Biron, and several tiraes gave proofs of va
lour. When he was afterwards under the orders of
Duraourier, he commanded the centre of his troops
with success at the battleof Jemmappe, quitted France
at the same time with this general, in April, 1793,
and was outlawed by the convention. He wandered
in foreign countries, resided for some tirae in Swit
zerland, retired, in December, 1796, to the United
States of America, and afterwards to the Havannah.
The royalists excuse the part which the duke de
Chartres took in the revolution, and impute it to the
errors of that prince's adolescence, which have, they
say, been effaced by the conduct that has since done
honour to his youth, and especially by the noblest
repentance. Attached again, as well as his two bro
thers, to the principles of monarchy, he is now in
England, and was there presented to the king with
the count d'Artois, in February, 1800. It was said
in France that he had formed a party in his favour
araong the revolutionists, and the Clichiens accused
Barras, araong others, of being its leader. About
this period, Madame de Genlis published a long letter
to dissuade her pupil from engaging in these projects;
and the directory, on their part, wishing to stifle this
5;Uspicion, caused a proclamation to be dispersed on
the very evening of the ISth Fructidor, year 5,
(4th of September, 1797,) which ordered the im
mediate shooting of any person who should propose
to recal the family of Orleans, or to revive the reign
of terror, &c. &c. The young prince gives himself
up to the most minute practices of religion, and car
ries them to excess.
CHATEAUBRIANT, nephew of M. de Males
herbes, was obliged by the revolution to quit France.
He went first ipto North America,; and it was while
' ¦ '82

260 CHAUMETtE.
travelling in its deserts tbat he conceived the plan of
his Genius of Christianity . Returning to Europe, the
traveUed in Germany, where his meditative air caused
him to be arrested in 1799 by the Austrian troops,
who supposed hira engaged with soraething very dif
ferent from literature. His ^release being then de
manded by tbe raost distinguished persons, was
granted, and he went to London, where he published
an Essay on Revolutions, ancient and raodern, consi
dered with relation to the French revolution. At the
sarae tirae he began there a first edition of his Genius
of Christianity : he had already half printed it, when
having perceived sorae iraperfections, he resolved that
this flrst work should not see the light, and went to
France, whither the revolution of the 18th of Bru
raaire, year 8, (9th of Noveraber, 1799,) perraitted
bim to return. He there connected himself with
Fontanes, Laharpe, and all the raost distinguished
men in the literary world. He assisted in editing
the Mercure, and employed hiraself in bringing out
bis iraportant work. After having begun printing it,
he once raore thought he could raake it more perfect,
and began it again. At last his work appeared, and
called forth the highest praises and the severest cri
ticisms. In ISOS, M. de Chateaubriant was secretary
to the embassy to Rorae, under cardinal Fesch. He
reraained there but a short tirae, and was appointed
French rainister in the Valais. He resigned this new
office on the 22d of March, 1804, and in the sanie
year published a new edition of the Genius of Chris
tianity. CHAUMETTE (P. G.) attorney ofthe commune
of Paris, born atNevers onthe'24th of May, 1763 ; his
father was a shoe-raaker. After having been a cabin-
boy, a steersraan, a transcriber, and an attorney'sclerk
at Paris, he worked under the journalist Prudhorame,
who describes bira as a very ignorant raan, and af
terwards enrolled hiraself in the deraagogue troop,
which CaraiUe DesraouUns forraed at the tirae ofthe
taking of tbe Bastile, to harangue the people in the

CHAUMETTE. 261
public squares ; he soon quitted his chief in order to
revolutionize on his own account, and became a mem
ber ofthe raunicipaUty of the 10th of August, 1794,
which appointed itself, and gave the, last blow to rao
narchy. In Septeraber he becarae attorney of this
coraraune, and, on the day ofhis appointraent, he de
clared, that " formerly be was called Pierre-Gaspard,
because his god-father believed in the saints ; but
that, as for him, who did not believe in thera, he re
nounced those naraes to take that of Anaxagoras, a
saint who had been hanged for his republicanism." He
then attached to himself a number of wretches, most
part of thera foreigners, and soon acquired immense
power in the capital. On the 9th of March, 1793,
he proposed the formation of a revolutionary tribunal
without appeal, and a fax on the rich. The Mon
tagne of the convention made use of him and of the
commune, to bring about against the Girondins the
events ofthe Slst of May, 1793 ; which he contrived
and effected by forraing an union of ooramissioners of
sections, with the archbishopric : this day raade the
commune feel all its strength, and Mercier, in his New
Paris, declares that the Spaniard Guzraari, the agent
ofChauraette, afterwards confessed to him, before
witnesses, that the project of the municipality had
been to involve the whole convention in the proscrip
tion of the Slst of May. Whatever may have been
. at this period the designs of Chauraette against
those who thought they were raaking use of him, it is
certain that he then appeared to separate from that
part of the Montagne which met at the Cordeliers,
that is to say, from CaraiUe Desmoulins and Danton.
It was at the same time that, intoxicated with his
po^er, he contrived the festivals of Reason, of the or
gies and profanations which polluted all the churches
in the capital, and of those ridiculous processions, in
which be caused the holy things to be burnt, and by
which he meant, he said, " to destroy the morality of
the nation." Speaking of the national festivals, he
said, that " the people ought to be the god of them.

26^ . CHAUMETTE)
and that there was no other." All the acts of des
potisra and cruelty which he perraitted hiraself at that
time, approach to madness: we shall content our
selves with mentioning a few of them. He proposed
to assemble all the men capa^e of military sei'vice,
who. refused to march, and to drive nails into them ;
he caused funeral honours to be decreed to the Pole,
Lazouski, who massacred the prisoners of Orleans, he
desired that a moving guillotine, mounted on four
wheels, should follow the revolutionary army, "to
shed blood in profusion ;" he sent to Louis XVI. in
tbe Temple, an engraving representing the execution
of an earl of Flanders, and to the Dauphin a little
guillotine; he stirred up the conimune to demand
the trial of the queen ; and lastly, he concerted with
Hebert the atrocious deposition which the latter made
against that unhappy princess. Though an invete
rate denunciator of priests and rich men, he opposed,
as anarchical, a petition of Jacques Roux, against
merchants, and accused him of giving the signal for
the violation of property. He proposed the suppres
sion of flogging in schools, the cessation of public
worship, and the equality of funerals; procured an
order for the demolition ofthe monuments of religion
and royalty, which occasioned the destruction of a
number of master-pieces of the arts ; and introduced,
as belonging to the sans-culottes' system, the fashion
of wearing wooden shoes. In tbe mean time the
commune, which was grown too powerful, threatened
to overturn the Montagne of the convention, of
which it had at first been only the auxiliary. Chau
mette even proposed to unite in a single council the
chiefs of tiie 48 sections, which would have at least
paralysed the legislative body. Robespierre and his
agents thought it timeto crush this rival faction, and
the Hebertists were sent to the scaffold, on the 24th
of March, 1794. Chaumette, strong in his popula
rity, escaped this attack, and survived, to use that
expression, his party, which hadbeen disguised under
another name, that its ruin might be raore surely

chAUVelii^. 263
accomplished ; but he raust have foreseen frora that
time, that the fall of all his friends would soonirivolve
his own. Indeed, it was not long before he was con
fined in the Luxembourg, " where he appeared,"
says the author of the Picture of the Prisons of Paris,
" oppressed with sharae, like a fox taken in a net :
he hung his head, his eye was raournful and cast
down, his countenance sad and melancholy, his voice
soft and supplicating. He was no longer the terrible
attorney of the commune," &c. In the prison he
found a considerable number .of persons whora he
had caused to be conveyed thither, and who covered
him with reproaches and insults of every kind. One
of thera thus greeted hira : " I am suspected, thou
art suspected, we are suspected." He was executed
on the 13th of April, 1794, 20 days after Hebert.
On the scaffold he predicted that those who had hur
ried him to it would follow him ere long. In 1793
he published an historical account of his life, in whicb
he denied having been a raonk, as was asserted ; he
averred himself to have been in his youth a cabin-
boy, then a steersraan, afterwards a botanist, and
lastly, to have been employed by Prudhomme at Paris,
whence hewas absent at the time ofthe massacres on
the 2d and 3d of September, 1792.
CHAUVELIN, keeper of the king's wardrobe. In
1792 Dumourier caused him to be nominated am
bassador to England ; but he served only as a cloak
to the bishop of Autun (Talleyrand) who went with
him, and whom it had been impossible to appoint,
because, as deputy to the constitutional assembly, he
could not accept of a place till the expiration of two
years. Bertrand de MoleviUe asserts, in his History
of the Revolution, that the king appointed him to
this erabassy in order to remove him from his own
person, and to deprive him in an honourable man
ner of the post he had at court, as it was supposed he
raade a bad use of the intelligence he gained, and
inforraed the revolutionary party of what passed ait
the TuiUeries, Chauvelin was continued in his em^

264 CHENIER.
bassy at tbe tirae when Erance was declared a re
public ; but Lord Grenville refused to acknowledge
hira as such, and raade known to hira the order for
his leaving England. He was afterwards sent am
bassador to the grand duke ,of Tuscany, who also
refused to receive hira, and who forced hira to depart
in October, 1793. After the revolution of the 18th
of Bruraaire, he was appointed a raember of the
tribunal, and on the 5th of January, 1800, endea
voured to invalidate Benjamin Constant's arguraents
respecting the proposed law for regulating the raodes
of coraraunication between the principal raagistrates.
At the end of the year he defended the scheme for a
law to reduce the justices of the peace : some time
after he celebrated the triumphs of the arraies, and
the peace which would follow thera ; and while con
gratulating the first consul, he told him that he had
" drowned the last remains of the passions in torrentfe
of glory and hope." In February, 1804, he was
appointed prefect of the Lys, and is (1806) a mem
ber of the legion of honour.
CHENIER (M. J.) meraber of the institute, was
born in 1762 at Constantinople, where his father
resided as French consul, after having long enjpyed
the sarae post at Morocco. He was a brotber of
Andre Chenier, a writer of great sense and great
probity, who was guUlotined in 1794 for having pub
lished, two years before, in the Journal de Paris,
sorae very judicious reflections on the state of France.
Marie Joseph Chenier replied to his brother by an
apology for the Jacobins. In 1789 he pleaded
strongly for the unrestrained Uberty of the press, and
pubUshed a paraphlet, entitled, a Denunciation ofthe
Inquisitors of Thought. Born with talents for poe
try, at the very coraraenceraent of the revolution he
devoted himself to dramatic writing, and raost of the
revolutionary pieces, as Charles the IXth, Henry the
VI llth, Calas, Gracchus, Tiraoleon, are to be at
tributed to bira. He was a raeraber of the rauni
cipality on tbe 10th of August, 1792, revised the

CHENIER. 265
petition for deposing tbe king, and distinguished
hjmself that jday araong the ringleaders. His odfes
were sung on the anniversaries of the 14th of July
and the 10th of August, at the festivals of Reason, of
the reraoval of Marat's ashes to the Pantheon, of
J. J. Rousseau, and, in short, on aU occasions, for
frequent as were the claims raade on hira, bis fertile
genius never failed. When deputed from Seine and
Oise to the national convention, he caused general
Montesquiou to be superseded, and priraary schools
to be established. In January, 1794, he voted for
the death of Louis XVI. and cau.sed the raode of
jeraoving Michel LepeUetier to the Pantheon to be
regulated. On the 2d of October, in the name of
the coraraittee of public instruction, he gave in a
raeraorial respecting the honours to be paid to Des
cartes, and proposed a decree for reraoving the phi
losopher to the Pantheon. In Noveraber following
he obtained the estabUshraent of a national rausical
institute, and the order for placing Marat's reraains
in the Pantheon instead ,x)f Mirabeau's. After the
27th of July, 1794, he supported the petitions urged ^
in favour of David, and while condemning that great
painter's political conduct, he proposed that he might
be restored to his home for the sake of cultivating his
art. In December following, Chenier was elected
secretary, gave in a report concerning the revival of
science and art, and concerning decadary festivals,
which he proposed to introduce in the room of reli
gious holidays. In January, 1 795, he caused 300,000
livres to be distributed araong a hundred scholars,
writers, poets, and artists. On the Sth of March
be urged the recal of the representatives who were
outlawed on account of the events of May the Slst.
Being appointed a raeraber of the committee of ge
neral safety, he obtained a decree for disarraing the
terrorists, and presented a view of the state of the
republic, in which, after having given notice that
true patriots were disarmed and pursued into the de
partments Uke terrorists, , and deplored the success of

066 chenier.
the means used to mislead public opinion, he pro.-'^
cured a decree for expelling returned eraigrants and
exiled priests frora the French territory, and for
punishing those who by speech or writing should
proraote the restoration of monarchy. In the insur
rection of the SOth and following days of May, he
and Legendre led a detachment of armed citizens to
the reUef of the convention, drove frora the hall of
meeting the populace who had taken possession of
it, caused a proclamation to be resorted to in order
to set the events of that day before the Parisians in a
true light, had funeraf honours decreed to the memo
ry of the representative Feraud, wbo had perished,
and voted for presenting a coraplete suit of armour
to general Menou, who had signalized himself on
that occasion. On the 24th of June, Chenier, after
having presented a new report concerning the mas
sacres committed at Lyon by " an association of
villains who, mingling religious ideas with those of
massacre, and the cry of royalism with the words of
justice and humanity, call themselves the company
of Jesus," proposed lo suspend and sumraon to the
bar all the rulers in that city. On the 19th of July
he obtained the adoption of a proclamation against
royal terrorism; left the committee of general safety,
and supported the re-election which the convention
made of two-thirds of its members for the legislative
body. In August, 1795, he was president, and in
reply to the deputations frora the sections of the
Champs Elysees and the Mail, who complained of
the presence of the troops round Paris, he declared
that the convention would not suffer the power which
it held frora the people to be degraded. " The
armies," added he, " are also a portion of the peo
ple, and the enemies of liberty alone could conceive
suspicions of them." The 4th of September follow
ing, he obtained a decree, that the name of Talley
rand Perigord should be erased from the Ust of emi
grants. At the same time, the sections of Paris,
weary of the conventional yoke, were endeavouring

chenier. 267
to shake it off; Chenier set hiraself up against these
new adversaries, accused the section Lepelletier of
setting the exaraple of insurrection, and deraanded
the rigorous execution of the law against the persons
who Wanted to overturn the republic. At the time
of the explosion of the 13th of Vendemiaire, year ^,
(10th of October, 1795,) he strongly urged the
arrest of the chiefs of this insurrection, said, that
there remained for the convention only victory or
death, and supported the repeal of the law which
he had caused to be passed for disarming the ter
rorists. After the victory a decree was at his in
stigation passed, importing, that the republicans who
had vanquished the insurgents had deserved well
of the country. On the 7th of October, being
returned to the committee of public safety, he pre
sented a report on the re-action against the agents of
the regime of terror, predicted to the republicans the
raost distressing events if they did not hasten to stera
this torrent, proposed to dismiss the functionaries
who had not prosecuted the authors and accomplices
of the assa.ssinations committed in the South by the
companies of Jesus and ofthe Sun, spoke in favour of
the accused of the 1st of Prairial, and a few days
after, voted that they should not be excepted from
the law of amnesty. Becoming a member of the
council of 500, he was appointed secretary at the
first meeting, and president on the 22d' of November,
1795; voted that the right of filling up vacant offices
should be conferred on the directory; distinguished
himself araong the opponents of J. J. Aime's ad
mission ; demanded, on the 9th of January, 1796,
that Duraolard should be censured for having said
that the government set an example of pillage ; and,
in March foUowing, approved the closing of the po
litical asserablies, which was ordered by the direc
tory. A short time after, be fought a duel with
pistols, and wounded his adversary, who had given
hira a box on the ear at the play: the sarae day he
escaped by lot the raisfortune of going out of the

26s chenier.
legislative body. He afterwards, with Louvet, de
manded a law restricting the press ; and on the SOth
of August, 1796, supported the aranesty proposed
for all revolutionary crimes. After the 18th of
Fructidor, be seconded a project declaring the ci-
devant nobles not French citizens, and warmly
apostrophized the deputies who had opposed it ; and
he made a raotion against tbe raultiplicity of the
atres, which annihilated at once the draraatic art,
morality, and the superintendence of the government.-
In 1795, neariy at the tirae when general Bonaparte
went into Italy, he coraposed a war-song, entitled
the . Song of Departure ; he coraposed the Song of
Return, executed by the Musical Academy, at the
tirae of that general's reception at the directory on
the 12th of December, 1797- He went out of the
council in May, 1798, was re-elected by the di
viding assembly of the electors of Paris at the in
stitute, and wrote to thera that " he gloried in being
appointed by such men, and with such raen." Che
nier was intrusted witb the examination of the raes
sage frora the directory, which deraanded the annul
ment of the elections ; and he raaintained that the
royalist faction, and the anarchical faction, still
disputing for power, had directed them all; he
consequently caused tbe greatest part of thera; to be
annulled. Chenier, being elected, president on the
20th of June, 1798, celebrated the anniversary of
the 14th of July. After the revolution of June, 1799,
which overthrew the directors Merlin, Reveillere,
and Treilhard, Cbfenier -defended tbe liberty of the
press, maintained that it was necessary for the liberty
of the people,_iand procured the repeal of tbe laWjOf
the 19th of Fructidor, whicb granted to the directory
the power of restraining it ; a few days after he op
posed the adraission of r the denunciation against the
ex-directors ; on the 14th of Septeraber following,
be combated the declaration that the country was in
danger, and observed, that " a sirailar raotion was
made, in 1792, in the legislative asserably, only be-

choiseul gouffier. 269
cause* there was a throne to overturn." At the
meeting of the 18th of Bruraaire, year 8, (9th of
Noveraber, 1799,) at St. Cloud, he voted for the
dissolution of the legislative body, and becarae a
raeraber of the tribunate, under the consular consti
tution. In the raonth of April, 1800, he appeared
to conderan the little latitude which the new order
of things aUowed to the representative systera, and
voted that the tribunate should continue to hold its
raeetings during the vacations of the legislative body.
In January, 1801, he spoke against the establish
raent of the special tribunals, and tbe year after,
against the civU code. In March, 1802, he raade
one of the first fifth of the tribunes excluded by the
conservative senate, A short tirae after the coro
nation of the eraperor Napoleon, he gave to the
French stage a tragedy entitled Cyrus, which was ill
received by the public. Besides the works already
mentioned, be has pubUshed Fen6lon, the Field of
Grandprez, several satires against his detractors, and
some translations of English poems. On the 1st of
Vendemiaire, year 6, he was proclaimed national
poet, after having written an Ode on the Death of
Hoche. In 1804 he was appointed inspector-general
of-the studies, and obtained the cross of a legionary.
In March, 1806, he published an Epistle to Voltaire,
of which the versification is fine, and in which may
be ' found a part of his political and philosophical
principles ; shortly after, he lost his place of inspec
tor-general of the studies.
CHOISEUL GOUFFIER (G. A. count de) one
of the 40 raembers of the French acaderay, and
French arabassador to the Porte in 1784; previous to
wbich he had raade a journey in Greece and Asia,
very beneficial to the sciences and to literature ; and,
in 1778, had published the result of his valuable dis
coveries. On the 16th of January, 1790, a letter
Was read to the national asserably, in which he, gave
an account that several Frenchmen, settled at Con
stantinople, sent a patriotic gift of 12,000 Uvres, to

270 chouan.
which was added a like sura given by a citizen who
did not chuse to be known, but who was soon disco
vered to be hiraself In 1791 he was nominated am
bassador to England, but did not go. The conven
tion passed a decree for his arrest on the 22d of Oc
tober, because he had been connected with the
brothers of Louis XVI. his correspondence with
whom had been seized by the repubUcans in the
retreat frora Charapagne. Leaving Constantinople
be then went to Russia, where he received from the
empress a raost gracious welcome, and a grant ofa
pension as an academician ; he was even raade one of
Paul the Ist's privy-counsellors, in February, 1797i
In 1802 he returned to France, and the following
year took his seat in the institute, in consequence of
his having been a raeraber of the former academy.:
M. de Choiseul Gouffier has obtained a high reputa^
tion in the literary world by his Inquiries respecting
Greece apd the Troad, and by his invaluable Journey
through that important part of the Old World : the
second part of which is anxiously expected, though
M. Lechevalier, his former secretary, has profited
by a great portion of the information he had ac
quired from his patron, by publishing his own.
CHOUAN : the four brothers were originally
smugglers, and really named Cottereau, that of
Chouan, which was given them, being merely a cor
ruption of chat-huant (Screech Owl) because they
iraitated its cry in order to recognise each other in
the woods by night. In 1793 they collected troops
near Laval and Lagravelle, which took their name.
These bands, which were at first very sraaU, seldom
quitted the woods of Pertre and Guerche. Having
been reinforced by the raal-contents of Bretagne, of
Manche, and of Calvados, and by the reraains of
Talraont's array after the actions of Mans and Save-
nay, they raade war under the command of the
count de Puisaye, in the narae of Louis XVHL
took a raore disciplined form, and occupied raore
room, without at all chajnging their manner of fights

CHOUAN. 271
ing, which raore reserabled a species of raarauding^
than a regular warfare. The successive dispersiop of
the different Vendean arraies, gave thera forces, and,
above all, leaders, who being attached to the royalist
cause, conferred on thera a lustre to which they had
before been strangers. Three of the four brothers
fell in battle, one of whom was John, celebrated
araong his own party for his courage and physical
strength. The survivor, naraed Rene, covered with
Wounds, retired to St. Ouen des Toits, in the depart
ment of Mayenne. The Chouans soon began to
treat with the republic ; and after the action at Qui
beron, and the total defeat of the Vendee, the party
which had taken the nameof Chouans, made its peaee
with the directory. Some araong them who were less
attached to royalty than to pillage, separately conti-.
nued a species of petty war which brought many of thera
to the scaffold : but about the end of 1799, this party
revived with more energy than ever, and at its head
appeared chiefs already known, as Frotte, Bourraont,
Georges, d'Auticharap, Chatillon, Laprevallaye,
&c. &c. According to the accounts of the repub
Ucan generals, they occupied at this tirae alrapst the
whole of Lower Normandy, Maine, Anjou, part
of Bretagne, and of Tourairie, and were gaining
ground in several adjacent provinces, but they wei'e
very far from holding these possessions in a secure
raanner. Each chief had a district where he recruit
ed, and where he commanded those who were willing
to join him ; this was called his governraent, though
it might be covered with hostUe troops, and the ma
jority of the inhabitants might be often against him.
The Chouans, scattered through the country, and
almost always invisible, attacked the patriot posts,
and disappeared before considerable bodies of raen i
it was not till 1799 that they began to estabUsh head
quarters, and to face the republican battalions. When
a truce was agreed on with Hedouville, they seemed
still more formidable, but their numbers were doubts
less calculated too high, for after many vain con^

279 CHOUDIEU.
ferences, Bonaparte having discovered tbat the Chou
ans sought only to gain time by these negociations,
caused some troops to march, and gave orders for
•attacking thera about the end of January, 1800, when
raost of the leaders accepted the conditions proposed
to thera, and laid down their arras; the rest were
dispersed. CHOUDIEU (P.) born at Angers, public accuser
to the tribunal of Maine et Loire, was deputed, in
1791, to the national asserably, becarae a raeraber of
the railitary coraraittee, and in its narae accused Du
Portail, the war-rainister, of negligence, on the 29th
of October the sarae year. In 1792 he undertook
the defence of the soldiers of Ch^teauvieux, who were
conderaned to the galleys for the affair of Nancy;
gave inforraation in July of tbe petitions hawked
about in the departraents, inveighing against the 20th
of June, and on the 22d of the sarae month voted that
the tribunes, whom it was proposed to recal to order,
should be declared the sovereign people. A few days
after he required the deposition of Louis XVI. in the
narae of the citizens of Angers. In the raeeting- on
the 10th of August, he raade a general attack on the
legislative asserably, which he declared incapable of
defending the country. " Those," said he, " who
feared the power of a raan, (Lafayette,) because he
coraraanded an array, will never venture as far as the
steps of the throne, whichis nevertheless the abode of
conspiracies." The day foUowing he took a share in
all the raeasures which corapleted the downfal of the
raonarchy ; obtained the adoption of precautions for
guarding the king within the enclosure of the legis
lative body, and the decree for corapelling him to
narae the persons who surrounded hira, and in case
M. de Narbonne and the prince de Poix were with
hira, for suraraoning them to the bar, to give an ac
count of their raotives in coraing to Paris. On the
following days he opposed the erection of a popular
crirainal tribunal atthe TuiUeries, and the removal of
those Who were imprisoned at Orleans to Paris ; he

CHOUDIEU. 273
denounced the provisional municipality of Paris, arid
the illegality of its formation ; called for the order of
the day on the coraplaints of the war rainister, who
gave inforraation that arras had been stolen, and the
statue of Louis XV. in the military academy; muti
lated, and he was sent to the sections, on the Sd of
Septeraber, to calra the popular tumults. He ob
tained a decree for burning the originals of the peti
tions signed by the 8,000 and the 20,000, against the
events of June 20th, and in the meeting on the 14th
of Septeraber, caused the payment of the suras which
the public treasury owed the inhabitants of Verdun
and Longwi, to be suspended till their conduct should
have been decided on. On the 16th of Deceraber he
opposed, in the national convention, to which he was
nominated, the proposal for expelling the Bourbons,
as tending to violate, in the person ofthe duke of Or
leans, the principles ofthe sovereignty ofthe people,
and to endanger national representation: he also de
nounced the rainister Pache. On the 5th of January,
1793, he caused the raeasures taken by the depart
ment ofthe Upper Loire for forming a departraental
guard, the aira of which was to defend the convention
frora the influence ofthe sections of Paris, to be set
aside. He voted for the death of Louis XVI.^and on
the 19th of January, proposed that the convention
should, without separating, decide the question con
cerning the delay of his execution, and proposed to
brand as jn famous traitors, Manuel and Kersaint,
who on this conjuncture tendered their resignation. In
March, the same year, he was dispatched into the
Vendee, where he was one of the promoters of that
war of extermination which laid waste the country;
he undertook the defence of general Berruyer, who
was denounced to the convention. He afterwards
pointed out Duchatel of the Two Sevres, as a corres
pondent of the rebels. On his return he gave an
account of his operations, and of the situation of the
country ; he accused the Gironde of having fomented
VOL, L T

274 CHOUDIEU.
the troubles in tbe first instance, and prosecuted Phi-
lippeaux, one ofthe coraraissioners who had been sent
into tbat part of the country, accusing bim, on the
7tb of January, 1794, of being the instruraent of a
faction which sought to sow dissension araong the
patriots. On the 5th of February following, Chou
dieu went to the arraies in the North and at Ardennes,
and took thither a decree enjoining all tbe French
exiles, who bad settled in any part of the conquered
lands, to depart within twenty-four hours, under pain
of being treated as eraigrants. After the 9th Ther
midor he made an obstinate struggle to sustain the
Montagne somewhat longer; and he proposed to
print the papers found in Robespierre's dweUing, not
withstanding the opposition of a nuraerous body of
deputies, who were afraid lest proofs of their servility
should be found there. On the 21st of March he
inveighed against the law of general police proposed
by Sieyes, who wished, he said, " to raurder liberty."
In those turaultuous meetings which preceded the
crisis of April the first, he was frequently reproached
with the death of PhiUppeaux, and with his own mea
sures in the Vendee. That very day be accused the
convention of prolonging the turault, and the neces
sities ofthe people, that it might have a pretence for
saying it was not at liberty, and afterwards of leaving
Paris. His last attaek was raade on Andr^ Dumont,
who then presided ; of hira he said, " that royalism
occupied the arra-chair :" at tbe motion of Fr6ron
and Bourdon de I'Oise, he was put under arrest as a
ring-leader, on the 1st of April. He was confined
in the castle of Ham, but quitted it in consequence
of the amnesty wbich terrainated the session o( the
convention, and lived in obscurity at Paris till the
downfal of tbe directors MerUn, Rfeveill^re, and Treil
hard, when he re-appeared, and was placed by Berna
dotte, the war-minister, at the head of a department
in his office. He went to the society of demagogues
who assembled at tbe Manege, but being mentioned

CHRISTOPHE, ^75
among those who were to be banished after tbe Sd of
Nivose, he took refuge in Holland, where, in 1806,
he still lived in the capacity of a bookseller,
CHRISTOPHE (H,) a black general, born in the
English island of St. Christopher, was sold at the
French cape to a merchant, naraed Badecbe. Before
the arrival of general I^eclerc he had excited no at
tention, having only followed the arraies in tbe insur
rections of the negroes, and bought the pUlage, By
this trade he had acquired a little fortune, and wished
to exalt hiraself, when Toussaint Louverture, who
bad observed sorae talent in hira, raade hira general
of a brigade, to oppose hira to his nephew, general
Moyse, a young warrior of great bravery, but so ara
bitious as to be desirous of superseding his uncle. ,
Christophe insinuated hiraself into the confidence of
Moyse, by pretending to syrapathize in his hatred
for Toussaint, to whora he at last gave hira up, and
fche young general being killed, Christophe was made
coramander of the Northern Province in bis place.
In the evening of October 21, the partisans of
Moyse rose in insurrection ; Christophe and his
guards raounted their horses, fell on the crpwd, which
was beginning to raove, struck off with bis own hand
the heads of two rautineers, caused another to be
seized, dispersed the raultitude, and arrested the
leaders in their own houses. The raeasures taken
during the night were executed with sucb precision,
order, and judgraent, that the next raorning a great
nuraber of inhabitants were ignorant of what had
passed, and the warehouses were opened as usual.
On tbe following days accomits were successively
brought of the revolt of Acul, Lirabe, Port Margot,
Marraelade, Plaisance, and Du Boudon. Christophe,
at the head of a detachraent of infantry and a few
dragoons, flies to all the places in a state of insurrec
tion, and awing the rebels, raakes thera lay down
their arras, and caused their leaders to be shot. In
tbe beginning of 1802, Christophe being forced to
yield up the Cape to general Leclerc, fired it on his

276 CLAIRFAIT.
departure, and witb 3000 raen went to join Toussaint.
Soon after he negociated witb the French, gave them
apparent proofs of subraission, and brought the insur
gents in several parts of the island to lay down their
arms, but seeing Leclerc's array weakened, he again
joined the blacks, connected hiraself with Dessalines,
forced the French to evacuate the colony, and was
one of the first to appear at the court of the eraperor
of Hayti, the title wbich Dessalines had taken.
CLAIRFAIT (Count de) a WaUoon officer, a
fleld-raarshal in the Austrian service, a knight of the
Golden-Fleece, &c. served witb great credit in the war
with the Turks, and, in 1791, was eraployed against
France. He assisted in taking Longwi, in August;
entered Stenai, in Septeraber; comraanded a corps in
Charapagne, afterwards withdrew to the Low Coun
tries, and on the 6th of Noveraber lost the faraous
battle of Jeraraape, which, frora the raanner in
which he contended with a force far superior to his
own, did no less honour to hira than to his conqueror.
Being corapelled to evacuate Mons, Brussels, Liege,
&c. he withdrew towards the Rhine, stUl fighting;
and this retreat, which was perforraed in good order,
and with a handful of men, before a forraidable army,
acquired for hira a well raerited reputation. In 1793
the prince of Cobourg took the chief coraraand of the
Austrian array, yet was its chief success not the less
owing to Clairfait. On the 1st of March he forced
and corapletely defeated the eneray at Aldenhoven ;
and it was he who shortly after decided the success
of the battle of Nerwinde, for the right wing which
be coraraanded was "the only victorious part of the
army. The actions at Quiverain, at Hanson, at
Famars, and the taking of Ouesnoi, &c, added to his
reputation. In the beginning of 1794, he continued
to command a body of raen, and soon raet Pichegru
in West Flanders, with whora he fought seven im
portant battles before he resigned the victory to him,
by withdrawing towards Tournay and Thielt. The
checks given on all sides to the combined troops hav-

CLAUZEL. 277
ing constrained therii to pass the Rhine, the foUoWing
year he took the coraraand of the array at Mayence,
where he gave new proofs ofhis talents and bravery,
particularly in the attack of the entrenched carap
which the French had fixed before the fortress of
Mayence, to keep it blocked up. At this period he
was raade field-raarshal and comraander of all the
troops on the Rhine, as well as ofthe imperial army-
In January, 1796, he went to Vienna, where the em
peror received hira with every mark of distinction,
and, accompanied by the archduke Charles, paid him
a visit ; tbe people gathered in crowds to see him,
and the inhabitants of the raetropolis gave him a
splendid entertainraent. Notwithstanding tl^is pi^-
lic horaage, M. de Clairfait, disgusted by the perpe
tual obstacles thrown in the way of his operations,
appeared no more at the head of the arraies, but en
tered the aulic council of war, and died at Vienna
in 1798. MUitary raen look on him as the best ge
neral that was ever set in opposition to ' the French
during the revolutionary war. The only censure
which can be thrown on him, is, that he sometiraes
failed to take advantage of his opportunities.
CLAUZEL, the younger, (J. B.) mayor of Vela-
net, appointed, in September, 1791, deputy frora
Arriege to the legislative assembly, maintained a per
fect sUence, but being re-elected, in September, 1792,
to the national convention, he there voted for the
death of Louis XVI. caused the attendance on the
deputies who were arrested after the Slst of May,
1793, to be continued; proposed on the 5th of Oc
tober, the apprehension of those members of the con
stituent assembly who had protested against the con
stitution of 1791, urged on the 2d of November the
confiscation of madame Dubarry's property, and the
recal of such ofthe noble deputies as were absent on
missions. On thfe 5th of January, 1794, he Avas
elected secretary ; presented at the bar general Joz-
net, tbe envoy to St. Domingo, who had been arrested
by order ofthe Parisian administrators of police, and

27» CUUZEt.
accused the inhabitants ofthe colony of having c<m-
trived tbis arrest. After tbe 27th of July, 1794, he
became one of the committee of general safety, and
had tbe demagogues Clemence and Marchand
arrested ; since their liberty, he said, had been ob
tained by surprise by the faction which protected
them. On tbe Sd of October he laid various crinies
to the charge of CoUot, BiUaud, and Barere, who re
proached him in their turn with bis change of prin-
ciples. He opposed the petition of the section of the
Pantheon, which entreated that the law of Septem*
ber 17th, concerning suspected persons, might be
revised, and exclaimed, " The aristocrats must not
suppose tbe convention means to protect them, be
cause it bas made humanity the order of the day."
On the 25th of the same month -he denounced the
popular society of Toulouse, and had four of its
members put under arrest. In tbe contention of the
Jacobins with the convention, he said, that the
speeches of the Jacobins were inspired by the emi*
grants in Switzerland ; and demanded that raeasures
should be taken against the deputies who were chiefs
6f that party. Duhera threatened him in the tribune
with assassination if he did not prove what he had
advanced against bira. In November he was ap
pointed president, treated as perfidious the proposal
made by Tallien of suppressing all the revolutionary
.committees; spoke in their favour, and urged the re
vocation ofthe decree which suspended tbe sale of the
effects belonging to conderaned persons. He gave warn
ing, in Deceraber, that a great nuraber of terrorists
were coraing to Paris to excite commotions, proposed to
drive thera away, caused Fouquier Tinville, Pache, and
Bouchotte to be brought to judgraent, and urged the in
stitution of holidays at the decades, instead of reUgious
festivals, in order to destroy fanaticisra, which he
thought as dangerous as royalisra. On the 5th of
January, 1795, he again became orie ofthe commit
tee of public safety, and a few days afterwards voted
for the maintenance of the revolutionary tax^ ira-

CLAUZEL, 279
posed by St. Just, on several communes, saying, that
" in revolution one must not look back." On the 15th
of the same raonth he coraplained that ill-disposed per
sons insulted the busts of Marat and Lepelletier. On
the 26th he gave an account of the situation of Mar
seilles, declared that terrorism triumphed there, ob
tained a decree for rerabving to Aix the administra
tion of the department, and for sending Carabon,
Mariette, and Cadcoy, into the south. On the I5th
of March, he opposed the inquiry into the laws of the
17th of Septeraber and 5th of Ventose, concerning sus
pected persons; declairaed, on the 21st, against tbe
opposers of tbe law for a general police, proposed by
Sieyes; accused thera of being in league with the
furies of the guiUotine, and insisted that the clristi-
tution of 1793 was what the people wished, as no
appeal had been raade against it even since the 10th
Therraidor. In the debate concerning the raerabers
of the forraer coriiraittee of public safety, he repeated
the accusations he had brought against Barere, Col
lot, and Billaud ; undertook the defence of Carnot,
Robert Lindet, and Prieur, of la Cote d'Or, propos
ing that the principal culprits alone should be pu
nished. After the 12th Gerrainal be refused to listen
to tbe coraplaints eXcited by the iraprisonraent of the
republicans, and declared that none but those who
had coraraitted a breach of trust were iraprisoned.
He spoke in favour of Mailhe's operations against
the anarchists of the Cote d'Or, and voted with Au
bry for the formation of a volunteer corps of cavalry
composed of the rich ; he objected to the erasure of
Dietrich, mayor of Strasbourg, frora the Ust of erai
grants, that such persons raight, as he said, retain no
hope, and urged the continued confiscation of the
property belonging to the conderaned. At the tirae
ofthe insurrection of the 1st, 2d, and 3d of Prairial,
he protested, while opening his breast to the popu
lace wbo fiUed the tribunes, that those who desired to
replace the representatives ofthe people, by trarapling
on their corpses, could not labour with raore zeal

280 CLAVIERE.
for its good: and at the end ofthe day he obiained a
decree for the forraation of arailitary court to try all
the individuals who had taken a share in this revolt.
Lastly, on the 27th of May, he caused the same mea
sure to be taken against the representatives who had
been put under arrest in the night of Prairial the 1st,
as leaders of the new insurrection of that day. He
opposed the admission of J, J, Aime to the councU
of ancients, of which he was a meraber, and voted
for the expulsion of Ferrand Vaillant. On the 22d
of January, 1796, he was elected secretary, and de
clared his approbation ofthe law of the 9th Floreal,
for giving to the repubUc a share in the property of
the parents of emigrants ; he spoke of Lafond Lade-
bat, as c6rinter-revolutionary, in consequence of his
opinion respecting the deprCciators of paper money;
and at another time exclaimed, that none but Chouans
would applaud Muraire's speech in favour of the pa
rents of eraigrants. On the 21st of August he pro
posed that the speech of Crueze Latouche against
priests, should be printed, and thus apostrophized
those who objected to it : " It is in vain ; the re
public will swaUow you up." He caused one person,
who had applauded the contrary opinion, to be ar
rested, and declared hira to be a Chouan. In this
raeeting the president called hira to order, terming
him a perpetual interrupter. When he saw the events
of September the Sd, 1797, coming on, he declared
warmly for the directory, and on the 26th of De
cember, 1797, reproached Laussat with being friendly
to the nobles. In May, 1798, he left the legislative
body, and in the raonth of June following, was ap
pointed a raember of the intermediate responsible
authority. The 9th of November, 179P, brought
him back to the legislative body. In 1804 hedied.
CLWIERE (E.) a banker at Geneva, born onthe
27th of January, 1735, was driven from his country
in consequence of intestine divisions. At the time of
the revolution he Wrote on finance, and gained e.spe--
cial notice in the society ofthe friends ofthe Blacks,

CLAVIERE. 281
thus becoraing intiraate with Brissot, who iri con
junction with the Jacobins of that time, raade hira,
in March, 1792, rainister ofthe public contributions,,
Onthe 1st of April he was chosen to replace M*.
Monneron, deputy of Paris, in the legislative body^
but he preferred reraaining in the rainistry. He re
ceived frora tbe king his dismissal frora this place in
the raonth of June, and the asserably expressed its
regret at losing him. After the king's deposition he
was restored, and became a meraber of the executive
councU, coraposed of six persons, on whom all the
operations of government then devolved. He was
attacked at the sarae tirae as the Gironde, with whora
he W'as connected. Biliaud Varennes, Garran, and
the sections of Paris, denounced him with a sort of
fury; Robespierre accused him of being Duraourier's
accomplice, while Claviere replied only by requesting
his conduct raight be examined. At last, on the
Slst of May, he was arrested by the section of Piques,
on the 2d of June declared under confineraent, on
the 9th committed for trial, and finalfy sent to tbe
revolutionary tribunal. No sooner had he seen the
list ofthe witnesses who were to depose against him
than he several times exclaimed : " Monsters,
wretches ;" and again said, " they are assassins, I
raust escape their fury." He afterwards conversed
with other prisoners on the raost expeditious raode of
dying; he marked with the point of the knife, the
place where he was to strike, and retiring to his
chamber, stabbed hiraself He was found the next
raorning stretched on his bed, his knife buried in his
heart. Sorae have described him as a man false, ma
Ucious, bitter, quarrelsome, and still more vain;
others, and particulariy Madame Roland, represent
hira as a man of an active mind, but constitutionally
irritable, obstinate, punctilious, and difficult to deal
with. He published several political and financial
works, which at the time were much talked of, on
account of the extravagant principles they fcontain.

282 CLOOTS.
CLOOTS (J. B. DE) .a Prussian baron, known
since the revolution by the narae of Anacharsis
Cloots, was born at Cloves, on the 24th of June,
1755, and becarae the possessor of a considerable
fortune, which he dissipated by his misconduct. Na
tural parts and a fanatic love of liberty, joined to
those subtle raetaphysics which are so pleasing to
German brains, produced in his a confusion whicb,
without entirely depriving him of reason, made him
a most original madraan. As he was the nephew of
CorneUus Paw, author of several works, he thought
he raust also be a writer. He travelled in different
parts of Europe, and particularly cultivated the
society of Burke, who was then a raeraber of the
opposition in the English parliament; but the philo
sophy of that old raan could not long suit a raan of
Cloots's character, and the French revolution soon
opened to hira a career worthy of hira. The raas-
querade, known by the narae of the Embassy of the
Huraan Race, is the first scene in whicb he attracted
attention ; he appeared on tbe 19th of June, 1790,
at the bar of the national asserably, followed by a
considerable body of Parisian porters in foreign
dresses, whora be presented as deputies frora all
nations. He styled hiraself the orator of the human
race, and desired to be adraitted to the federation,
which was agreed to. On the 22d of January, 1792,
he wrote a letter to the legislative asserably, begin
ning thus : " The orator of the huraan race to the
legislature of the huraan race, sends greeting." On
the 21st of April he again delivered a species of gali
matias at the bar, relative to tbe declaration of war
against the king of Hungary and Bohemia; pro
posed to tbe asserably to adhere for a year to a strict
regimen, and ended by offering a patriotic gift of
12,000 livres; be obtained the honour of a seat
araong the members. On the 12th of August, he
came to congratulate the assembly on the events of
the 10th, and offered to levy a Prussian legion. In

CLOOTS. fiSS
bis speech he caUed the king of Prussia the Sar
danapalus of the North, and spoke abusively of the
empress of Russia and the queen of France. On the
27th he begged the assembly to set a price on the
heads of tlie king of Prussia and the duke of Bruns
wick; highly praised the action of Brutus Antkas-
tron, the assassin of tbe king of Sweden, and, thank
ing the French people for the honour which they
had done hira in receiving him into tbeir bosom,
pronounced a long discourse, in which the following
phrases were remarked: " Charles IX. had a suc
cessor, Louis wiU have none." " You know how to
value the heads of philosophers ; a price yet reraains
to be set. on those of tyrants." " My heart is French,
and ray soul sans-culottes." His hatred against the
Christian religion was as fervent as that he had con
ceived against the monarchy; he declared himself
" the personal enemy of Jesns Christ." In Septem
ber, 17^2, he was deputed frora Oise to the conven
tion, where he voted for the death of Louis XVI. in
tbe narae of the human race, and added, " No less
do I condemn to death v^the infaraous Frederic Wil
liam." In 1792 he published a little work, entitled,
" the Universal Republic." He there laid it down
as a principle, " that the people was the sovereign
of tbe world, nay, that it was God ;" that " France
was the cradle and rallying point ofthe people, God;"
that " fools alone believed in a Suprerae Being," &c,
&c. He also presented to the convention a new
attack on Christianity, under the title of, Certainty
of the Proofs of Mahoraetanisra ; and proposed the
erection of a statue to the philosophical curate Jean
Meslier, who had been burnt as a sorcerer. He fell
under the suspicions of Robespierre, was arrested as
a H^bertist, and conderaned to death on tbe 24th of
March, 1794. He died with great firraness, and on
his way to execution lectured Hebert on materialism
" to prevent bira frora yielding to religious feelings
in his last raoraents," He even asked to be executed
after all his accomplices " in order to have time to

284 COBOURG.
establish certain principles during the fall of their
heads." COBENZL (J. Philippe, le corate de) vice-
chancellor pf the court and state under Joseph II.
and Leopold, till the death of Prince Kaunitz, the
chancellor. At the tirae of the insurrection of Bra
bant, be went thither to begin negotiations ; but the
states refused to receive hira, and he retired to Lux
erabourg, where he published a declaration, by which
the emperor revoked all the edicts whicb had occa
sioned the turaults, and set things again on their old
footing. He then withdrew to his own estate, and
seeraed without influence till after the peace of Lu
neviUe, when he was sent arabassador extraordinary
to Paris, through the credit of his cousin Louis de
Cobenzl, though they had not till then been very
intiraate. In the raonth of Noveraber, 180.5, M. de
Cobenzl left Paris, hostilities having recoraraenced,
and refused tbe situation of arabassador after the
treaty of Presburg,
COBOURG (F. J.) prince of Saxony, honoured
with the grand cross of the prder of Maria Theresa,
field raarshal of his Iraperial and Royal Majesty's
arraies, was coraraander in chief of the Austrian
array against the Turks in 1790, and gained the
raost splendid advantages in conjunction with Suwa
row, with whora he then contracted a raost intimate
friendship. Having, in 1793, taken the coraraand
of the arraies in the Low Countries, he beat the
French at Aldenhoven, drove thera frora Aix-la-
Chapelle and Liege, gained the battle of Nervinde,
and in a month made hiraself coraplete raaster of
the Low Countries, On the 5th of April he pub
lished a declaration, dated frora Mons, in which he
offered to re-establish the constitution of 1791 in
France, He added, on his word of honour, that it
was not his intention to raake conquests; that if any
place surrendered to hira he would look on it as a
trust, and that the Austrian troops should enter
France only as they were wanted to assist in re-

COBOURG. 285
estabUshing order: Dumourier even declared to his-
army, that the prince of Cobourg had proraised
hira 30,000 raen for this purpose. Four days after
wards appeared a fresh proclaraation, annulUng wbat
he had declared in the forraer, on the ground that
Duraourier's army haid refused to follow its leader to
assist hira in executing his designs. The forraer raa
nifesto had been issued in concert" with Duraourier,
with whom he had treated, who even delivered up to
him the comraissioners of the convention, and supe
rior orders obUged hira to retract. New successes
made M. de Cobourg raaster of Conde, Valenciennes,
and Quesnoy, of which he took possession in the
emperor's name, and this sufficiently ekplains his
retraction. A Frenchman, no less distinguished for
his birth than for his courage, having begged to
mount the breach of Valenciennes first, to plant the
white standard there, this favour was refused him.
The duke of York was afterwards repulsed before
Dunkirk, and so was M. de Cobourg himself before
Maubeuge, by general Jourdan. The carapaign of
1794, however, opened under auspices favourable to
hira ; he took possession of Landrecies, and his ad
vanced posts penetrated as far as Guise; but that
was the terra of his success; and the corps of Clair
fait having been repulsed at Tournay, after contests
equally bloody and numerous, the prince de Cobourg
lost the battle of Fleurus himself, was obliged to
abandon his conquests, and soon quitted the com
raand of the combined troops. Those who had pro
claimed him the first general in Europe at the tirae
of his success, refused hira any kind of raerit as soon
as he had raet with defeats,- and, after having been
the terror of the departraents of the North, where
his narae was not proriounced without fear, he sur
vived his reputation, which was eclipsed by generals
whora he scarcely considered as his scholars. Mili
tary raen own that, without wanting talent and
knowledge, he had neither the age nor the disposi
tion necessary for adopting the new tactics invented

«86 cochon de lapparent.
by his adversaries. He gave in his resignation in
September, 1794, and from that time lived in re
tirement on bis estates.
COCHON DE LAPPARENT (C.) a counseUor at
Fontenay, was, in 1789, supplementary deputy from
the tiers-et&t of the seneschalate of Poitou to the
states-general, and took his seat there in the place
of Thibeaud, who remained in his province. On
the 5th of Deceraber, 1789, he voted for the forced
circulation of the notes of the bank of discount, and
for erecting it into a national bank. On the 20th of
February, 1790, he raade a report on the affair of
Brouillet, a printer at Toulouse, wbo was prosecuted
by the court of that town for having propagated
patriotic principles, and proposed to coraraunicate
the proceeding to the king; on the 26th of February,
1791, he was chosen secretary ; on the 21st of May
following, he presented a report on the events of
Aix, tbe murder of Pascalis, La Roquette, ahd
Guiraraand; and procured the annulment of the
proceedings begun at Aix, Toulon, and Marseilles,
against Liautaud and others accused of the crirae of
treason. In 1792 he was deputed by the departraent
of Deux-S6vres to the national convention, where
he voted, in January, 1793, for the death of Louis
XVI. ; he was chosen commissary to the army of
the North, to replace the comraissioners whom Du
mourier had delivered up to the Austrians ; he could
not go to his head-quarters, and, remaining at Va
lenciennes, he thence employed agents, and circu
lated proclaraations against hira ; on the 4th of April
be announced that the volunteers, convinced of the
treachery of Duraourier, had engaged in pursuit of
him, and that that general, with some officers, and
most of the hussars of Berchiny, had gone over to
the enemy. He was at Valenciennes when that
town was besieged, contributed to its defence, and
long opposed any capitulation ; on the 1st of August
he quitted the town with the garrison. When be
was recadled, he undertook, on the 6th, the defence

cochon DE lapparent. SS?
of general Ferrand, commander of the place, and said,
that if there had been treason at Valenciennes, it
came from the inhabitants and the regular troops.
On the 19th of February, 1794, he was chosen secre
tary, entered into the committee of public safety in
September, and, on tbe Sth of October, procured the
nomination of Dumas, Canclaux, and Moulins, to
the coraraand ofthe armies of Brest, the West, and
the Alps; on the 27th of January, 1795, he was
again sent on a raission, and accorapanied the array
ofthe North into Holland. He was adraitted into the
councU of ancients, after the session, spoke there, in
Deceraber, on the danger of declaiming against the
rich, and opposed several resolutions concerning the
finances. The directory having appointed hira, in
Gerrainal, year 4, (April, 1796,) to the adrainistra
tion of the police, in Merlin's place, he acquitted
himself of his new functions with zeal, and re-esta
blished order and superintendence in Paris, on the
sarae footing as before the revolution. He denounced
tbe conspiracy of Babeuf, and caused hira to be ar
rested, with his accoraplices. His zeal created bim
eneraies; Tallien accused hira of employing the ba
ron de Batz and Dossonville, in a secret royaUst ne
gociation to persecute the republicans ; he denied the
accusation, and declared that be had, on tbe con
trary, given strict orders for seeking the forraer ; the
latter he praised for having served the repubUc well
in the affair of Babeuf On the 10th of Septeraber,
1796, he fi-ustrated the conspiracy of the carap of
Grenelle, where tbe Jacobins, to the nuraber of
400, were cut in pieces, conforraably to the ar
rangements which the rainistry, aware of their pro
ject, had made with the military chiefs. On the
21st of January, 1797, he denounced Lavilleheur
nois, Brottier, and Duveme Depresle, ro3ralist
agents, and caused them to be brought before a mili
tary committee ; declaring in his report, that " he
knew not to what he ought to attribute the odious
distinction of being placed in their list of ministers.

288 collot D'HERBOIS.
to be retained after the re-iestablishraent of irionarchy,
with tbis observation, however, that he bad voted for
the death of Louis XVI," Cochon swore to. oppose
all the eneraies of the republic, of whatever party
tbey raight be, and coraplained of the troubles occa
sioned by the unsworn priests. However, the Jaco
bins accused him of secretly favouring the emigrants,
and even of being in correspondence with the royal
ists, and the party which then swayed in the coun
cils honoured hira with its confidence; on the 24th
of May, 1797, he obtained 230 votes, when he con
tested with Bartheleray the vacant place in the direc
tory; on the 24th of June he raade a new report
against the banished arid returned priests, whom he
accused of corrupting the public raind. The rainis
ter Cochon was, as has been seen, warraly devoted to
the balancing system adopted by the directory as the
principal spring of their governraent ; and by which
they alternately bore on the royalists and the deraa
gogues ; however, in the contest which began be
tween the directory and thiecpuncils, he was suspect
ed of favouring the latter. The directory being un
able then to depend on him for the grand blow of the
18th Fructidor, year 5, (4th of Septeraber, 1797,)
filled his place a few days before with Lenoir- La
roche, and Duraolard announced tbis change, to the
council of 500, as the signal of tbe crisis. On the
18th Fructidor, Cochon was included in the list of
those who were to be bani.shed: but he was only con
fined at Oleron, which he quitted after the revolution
ofthe 18th Bruraaire, year 8, (9tb Noveraber, 1799).
In the beginning of 1800 he was appointed prefect
of Vienne, and decorated, in 1804, with a legionary's
cross. He quitted his prefecture, in 1805, to go to
that of Deux-Nethes, at Anvers,
COLLOT D'HERBOIS (J. M.) first appeared on
the stage, and had little success. He played at Ge
neva, at the Hague, and at Lyon, where having been
often hissed, he vowed the raost cruel hatred to that
town. The line of acting in which he played best.

COLLOT D'HERBOIS. 289
was that of tyrants in tragedy. He went to Paris at
the beginning of the revolution, and embraced the
popular cause. Possessed of a fine face, a powerful
voice, and great boldness, he becarae one ofthe ora
tors of the raeetings, and one of the oracles of the
Jacobin club. At the end of 1791, he published the
alriianack of father Gerard, which gained the prizje
proposed by the society of Jacobins, for the work
which should best prove to the people the advantages
of the new constitution. On the 9th of April, 1792,
he spoke in the narae of the 40 soldiers of Chateau-
vieux, who thanked the asserably for having taken
thera frora the galleys, and, on the 10th of July, he
appeared at the bar to accuse Lafayette ; he- then
presuraed to aspire to the adrainistration, but was
disappointed in his expectation. Prudhomme relates
that, " having gone tohis house, Collot complained
of the king's conduct :" " Louis XVI," said he to
him, " is not a patriot ; if he were, ought he not to
have appointed rae rainister of justice?" " Already,"
continues Prudhorarae, " the fine black dress was or
dered." Hewas one ofthe raembers of the munici-
paUty ofthe lOth of August, 1792, wbich appointed
itself, and procured a declaration that Louis XVI.
had forfeited his dignity. On that day Danton de
prived hira of the ministerial office to which he aspir
ed, and he then contented himself with the place of
meraber of the council of justice. " There is the
Faubourg St. Gerraain, which wiU soon be evacuated,"
said hfe the next day to Robert de Paris; " we shall
each be able to choose the hotel that we please."
This speech proves that he already foresaw the raas
sacres of Septeraber, to which he was no stranger.
He was appointed to the convention by the depart
raent of Paris, and; in the first raeeting, demanded
the abolition of royalty: on the 30th of October he
soUcited the infliction of the punishment of death on
emigrants. On the 5th of Noveraber, 1792, deplor
ing the individual misfortunes which the 2d of Sep
tember had produced, he nevertheless declared that
VOL. T.

290 COLLOT D'HERBOIS.
the revolution would not have been effected without
the events of that day. On the 18th he was sent to
Nice, to quiet the troubles which had broken out in
that town. At the time of Louis XVI.'s trial he sat
at the top of the Montagne, by Robespierre's side,
and voted for the king's death. Being sent to Or
leans, after the pretended assassination of L. Bourdon,
he proposed that vigorous measures should be taken
against that commune, and caused it to be declared
in a state of rebellion. It has been said of this man,
who was successively surnamed the Tiger, and the
Mitrailleur, that " he was the most active raeraber of
the committee of public safety, the raost veheraent of
the Jacobins, and the most sanguinary of the ter
rorists:" indeed, after having distinguished hiraself
by his inveteracy against monarchy and its defenders,
he raade himself remarked araong those who contrived
the events ofthe Slst of May, 1793, and persecuted
the Girondins with the greatest rage. Before this
period he had frequent altercations with Guadet,
Louvet, &c. and treated as a conspiracy the proposal
raade by the Girondins to remove the convention to
Bourges. On the 27th of May, he sharply attacked
the president Isnard; reproached Duchatel for hav
ing come ill and in his night-cap to vote in favour of
LouisXVI. and in the course of June set himself up
against the communes which were exciting civil war,
and pleading for the liberty of the confined deputies.
On the 13th of the same month he was chosen presi
dent; afterwards had a short mission into the depart
ments of Aisne and Oise ; caused Garat, minister of
the interior, to be arrested for a little while, and, on
the 6th of September, was appointed to the com
mittee of public safety, on the raotion of Barere. On
tbe 17th he corabated the ideas of this coraraittee
concerning transportation, and approved the haying
recourse to this punishraent, " We raust transport
none," said he, "we raust destroy all the conspirators;
let the places of their confinement be underrained,
and the raatch always lighted to blow thera up, if

COLLOT D'HERBOIS. 291
tbey or their partisans dare to atterapt new efforts
against the republic." He proposed that tradesmen
who should sell absolute necessaries too dear, should
be declared suspected persons. In October he ap
peared several times at the Jacobin club to defend
Desfieux and Chateau-Neuf Randon. He there an
nounced the conversion (ordered by him) of the cha
teau de Chantilly into a prison, where the rich were
not better fed than the poor. On the 1st of Novem
ber he carae to take his leave before his departure for
Lyon, and protested that the South should soon,be
purified. It is from about. the tirae of this mission
that his horrible celebrity takes its date. Arriving in
the town in the beginning of November, he hastened
to announce to the convention the honours that he
bad caused to be paid to the ashes of ChaUer, and
swore to avenge bira. In Bertrand de MolevUle's
history of the revolution raay be seen an account of
the ridiculous festival that he caused to be celebrated
in honour of that raartyr to liberty. He desired the
Jacobins of Paris to choose frora araong theraselves
sorae courageous sans-culottes, to expedite the pu
nishraent ofthe Lyonese; sent for a coluran of the
revolutionary array, and organized the deraoUtions,
the shootings, and the raitraillades, in order to make
up for the slowness of the guiUotine. The victims,
when about to be shot, were bound to a cord fixed to
the trees of tbe Brotteaux, and a picket of infantry
raarched round the place, firing successively on the
conderaned. The raitraiUades were executed in the
sarae place : those who were destined for this punish
raent, were ranged two by two on the edge of the
ditches that had been dug to receive their bodies, and
cannons loaded with all sorts of small bits of metal
were then fired upon thera, after which some troops
of the revolutionary array dispatched the wounded
with sabres or bayonets. Two women and a young
girl having soUcited the pardon bf their husbands
and brothers, he had them bound on the scaffold
where their relations expired, and their blood spouted
U 2

292 COLLOT D'HERBOIS.
out on thera- On his return to Paris, Collot being
denounced to the national convention by petitioners
from Lyon, answered, that " the cannon had been
fired but once on sixty of the raost guilty, to destroy
them with a single stroke." Then addressing himself
to his colleagues : " Which of you," cried he, " would
not have wished to hold the thunder-bolt to crush
these traitors ? Which of yoil would not have wished
to give the scythe such a sweep as might mow them
all dpwn at once ?" The asserably approved of his
measures, and ordered that his 'speech should be
printed. Frora this period, Collot appeared oftener
in the tribune of the Jacobin club tban in that of the
convention; he undertook the defence of Ronsin
there, and declared that he had done the greatest ser
vices in his raission at Lyon. He raade a speech on
the depression of the patriots, announced that Gail-
lard, the best friend of Chalier, had killed hiraself in
despair, and exhorted the society, to reject, every idea
of raoderation : " Let us reraain Jacobins," said he,
" let us reraain Montagnards, and let us save liberty."
In the beginning of January, 1794, heattacked Phi
lippeaux and the friends of Danton; said thatthe
work on the Vendee, published by tbis deputy, was
the occasion of the divisions that had broken out-
araong the patriots, reproached its author with hav
ing caluraniated tbe generals of the Vendean array ;
then said that CaraiUe DesraouUns professed opinions
which were not those of the society, but desired that
he should not be judged by bis work, (the Old Cor
delier) which be called his debauch of raind, with the
aristocrats; and added, that he had served the revolu-'
tion too well to be punished, and tbat he should not
forget France Free, and the Attorney- General of the
Lantern. He concluded with a siraple censure of
this deputy, and voted for the exclusion of Philip
peaux. A few days after he proposed a discussion of
the crimes of the English government. " It is from «
this tribune," said he, "that we raust invade Eng
land; it is the gold of Pitt which has fomented aU

COLLOT D'HERBOIS. 293
the misunderstandings that have prevailed, and still
prevaU araong the patriots." On the 21st of Janu
ary, Collot was charged by the society to prepare the
act of accusation of all kings. Shortly after he pro
nounced an eulogiura there, on Carrier, and on the
bravery of Westermann, who, on the 10th of August,
had assisted to level the throne and the tyrant, with
the dust ; then he cried, " it would have been happy
for him if he had died in those glorious days ; now
there is no knowing how he wiU end." On the 6th
ofMarch he spoke there on the divisions between the
Cordeliers and the Jacobins, which he attributed to
malevolence, and iraplored the support of the society
for the coraraittees of public safety and general secu
rity. The society of Sedan having written to the
Jacobins that they treated the aristocrats " with gen
tleness and toleration, considering them as strayed
sheep," Collot opposed these new principles. Ou
tbe 23d of May, 1794, returning home at one o'clock
in the raorning, he was attacked by Adrairal, who
fired at him twice with a pistol, but both times in
vain. In consequence of this Barere went through a
long detail, in vvhich he called to mind that Collot
d'Herbois had been first to proclaira the republic.
On CoUot's entrancethe convention greeted hira with
loud applause, and resolved that the condition ^ of
Geoffrey, who had been wounded in stopping the
assassin, should be inquired into, and that the ac
count of bis health should be every day delivered to
the asserably. On the 28th of June he ^presented
him to the president, who gave him and his family
the fraternal kiss, in the midst of applauses. The
importance which this adventure gave hira, both in
the convention, of which he was nominated president,
and elsewhere, irritated the self-love of Robespierre,
who could scarcely bear that any other than himself
should attract attention. From this time these two
raen secretly vowed a profound hatred of each other;
it broke out 'on the 9th of Therraidor, when Collot
was one of the first informers aeainst Robespierre in

294- COLLOT D' HERBOIS.
the tribune, and, a month after, was hiraself de
nounced by Lecointre de Versailles, as one of the
executioners of France ; but tbis accusation was not
ripe, and was declared calumnious. On the 4th of
October, he was again denounced by Legendre, as
an accomplice with Robespierre, " whom he had at
tacked," said he, " only because he was jealous of
bim." At last, on the 27th of Deceraber, 1794, on
the report of Merlin de Douai, the convention de
creed that there were grounds for examining into the
conduct of Collot, &c. and into that of Saladin, and,
on the 2d of March, 1795, ordered his provisional
arrest. Collot demanded the discussion, point by
point, of the faults which were iraputed to him, de
clared that all the arrests were made out in the office
of general police, which was under the direction of
St. Just ; that he had not signed any of thera, but
had signed raany liberations. Garnier de Saintes,
Monestier, Thirion, and Foussedoire, undertook his
defence, and mentioned several facts in justification
of his conduct. During the course of these debates
broke out the Jacobinical insurrection of the 12th of
Germinal, (1st of April, 1795,) and the convention
hastened to decree the transportation of Collot d'Her
bois to Guiana. Six weeks after, a new insurrection
involved the convention in great dangers, and it re
pealed its first decree, and ordered that Collot and his
accomplices should be tried by the crirainal tribunal
of Charente. But when the courier who carried this
decree arrived, Collot was at sea, on his way to Cay
enne. Scarcely had he arrived there when he endea
voured to stir up the blacks against the whites. He
was then confined in the fort of Sinamary, and one
day, torraented with a violent fever, he drank a bottle
of brandy, which reduced hira to the greatest extre
mity. At last,' on the Sth of January, 1796, while
he was carried in a litter to the hospital of Cayenne,
he expired in dreadful torments, reproaching himself
for his crimes. Collot had enjoyed a pension of
1200 livres : he had published sorae paraphlets ; and

CONDE. 295
a great nuraber of theatrical pieces, not one of whicb
deserves raention.
CONDE (L. J. DE BOURBON, prince of) born on
the 9th of August, 1736, married on the 3d of May,
1753, to a princess of Rohan-Soubise, v.ho died seven
years after. He distinguished himself vVhen very
young in the military career, and commanded with
success during the seven years' war. He early ma
nifested his hatred of the revolutionary principles,
quitted France in 1 789, and, in September, 1790,
published a manifesto, in which he protested against
the French constitution. It was nearly at this period
that devastations began to be committed on his raag
nificent chateau de Chantilly, and the cannons which
adorned it were carried off. In June, 1791, the na
tional assembly decreed that his property should be
confiscated, and that he should be declared a traitor
to the country if he did not immediately return into
the French territory ; and the king sent M. Duvey-
rier to him, to carry hira an invitation on this subject.
In the month of September following he wrote to
Louis Xvi. to declare to him that he was resolved
to perish rather than consent to the degradation of
the throne and the destruction of the monarchy. He
was at that time beginning to assemble around him a
body of French emigrants, with whom he fought,
first at Bertsheim, in October, 1793, where he charg
ed in person at the head of his troop, with his son,
who was wounded by a shot in his right hand ; then
at Biberach, in October, 1796, where he for six hours
covered the precipitate retreat of the Austrians, and
saved their baggage ; and lastly, at Steinstadt, on
the 24th of the same raonth, where he had an officer
of engineers kiUed by a bomb, between him and the
duke de Berry. In 179S he pronounced a funeral
oration on Louis XVI. in 1795 he raade a proclama
tion on the death of the son of that raonarch, who
had been confined in the Teraple, and whora the
royalists had acknowledged king, under the name of
Louis XVII, Towards the end of the same year

296 CONDORCET.
be approached the frontiers of Jura, raeditated an
invasion at Bale, by the aid of friends in the interior,
and especiaUy of general Pichegru ; but in these pro
jects he failed. At last, in 1797, after the 18th of
Fructidor, the directory published his correspondence
with the deputy Irabert Coloraes, and Pichegru.
When Austria made peace with France in the same
year, 1797, he went into the Russian service ; his
corps was quartered in Poland, and he himself went
to Petersburg, where Paul I. treated him in a man
ner which proved to him that he had not forgotten
the reception which the count du Nord had formerly
met with at Chantilly. The emperor assigned to
him the property of the territory of Dubno, and he
remained in that country till the interests of the se
cond coalition called hira again to the Rhine. Some
Russian troops having marched towards Switzerland
in 1799, the array of Conde followed thera, and ap
peared at Constance only just iri tirae to witness
there the disasters of the Austro-Russian army. Paul
I, having then abruptly separated from the coalition,
Conde's army went into the pay of England, and
served witb the Austrians in the campaign of 1800,
after whicli it was dismissed, and its leader went and
settled in England,
CONDORCET (M. J. A, N. Caritat, marquis
de) born at Ribemont, in Picardy, on the 17th of
Septeraber, 1743, of a faraily, natives of the Ve-
naisin. Not possessing any fortune, he early raade
himself illustrious by his talents, and especially by
tbe protection of M. de la Rochefoucaud, who ob
tained pensions for him,, and introduced him to the
learned and the powerful. In 1764, at the age of
21, he presented to the Academy of Sciences an
Essay on the differential Calculus, which that body
judged worthy of being classed with the works of fo
reign learned men. This essay was followed by an
other, in which be undertook to answer the cele
brated problera of the three bodies, tbe objects of
the greatest raatheraaticians' labours j the reputation

condorcet, 297
which he acquired by tbis work gained him a place
in the Academy of Sciences, of whicb he was after
wards appointed secretary. He justified this choice
by various works on the exact sciences, and by seve
ral eulogiuras on his fellow-raerabers. In 1777 he
was intrusted with that of the duke de la Vrillier^;
and M. de Maurepas reproaching hira for delaying so
long to pronounce it, Condorcet declared to hira,
that he would never praise such a rainister. This
answer piqued M. de Maurepas, who prevented bira,
during his whole life, frora being adraitted into the
French acaderay. The doors of it were not opened
to hira till 17831, and he pronounced there eulogiuras
on Euler and d'Alembert ; he afterwards pubUshed
the life of Turgot and that of Voltaire, of whom he
was a most zealous admirer. During the American
war be wrote in favour of liberty, defended that of
the negroes, developed the abuses of despotisra, and
shewed, in almost all his works, something of bis
republican principles. At the beginning of the re
volution he embraced the popular party with ar
dour, and, with Cerutti, edited the Village Paper.
In 1791 he was designated by the Jacobins for the
dauphin's governor, and appointed commissioner of
the treasury, which, at his desire, took the name
of National Treasury. Being chosen, in September,
1791, deputy from Paris to the legislative assembly,
he was secretary on the 3d of October; spoke on
eraigration on the 15th, distinguished the eraigrants
into two classes; and desired the infliction of the
punishraent of death on those only who should be
taken in arms. In Deceraber he supported the pro
ject of declaring war on the king of Hungary and
Boheraia, and presented a scherae of declaration con
taining the principles which were to direct the po
litics of re^^neraied France. In February, 1792, he
presided in the assembly, and, in March, proposed
to the Jacobins to declare that fhe king was con
sidered as having abdicated ; it was proved to hira
that this step was preraature. On the 19th of June

298 CONDORCET. ,
he desired the assembly to celebrate the anniversary
of the destruction of nobility, by burning the letters
of nobility which should be found in the archives, in
the chests of chapters, &c. ; this was decreed. After
the 10th of August he edited the address to the
French nation and to Europe, giving an account of
the motives which had occasioned the king's suspen
sion to be pronounced. Becoming a meraber of the
convention, he, m Noveraber 1792, delivered a
speech to urge tbe asserably to have Louis XVI. tried
by some deputies frora the departraents, and to re
serve to itself only the right of mitigating the sen
tence. At this time the erapress of Russia and the
king of Prussia had his name struck frora the list of
the Acaderaies of Petersburgh and BerUn. When,
in January, 1793, the king was tried, he condemned
hira to chains, the severest of'punishraents, he said,
except death ; at the raeeting, on the 19th, he voted
for delaying the execution of his capital punishraent,
and urged the propriety of abolishing this punish
raent in future. On the 26th of March he was
made a raeraber of the original coraraittee of public
safety. Ever since the 10th of October, 1792, he
had been labouring in the constitutional coraraittee,
and had forraed a plan, which was going to be adopt
ed, when the revolution of May the Slst brought
forth the constitution of 1793. Condorcet wrote
against it, and, on the Sth of July, was denounced
by Chabot, as K partisan of the Girondists. A war
rant for arresting and bringing him to the bar being
issued, he concealed himself, and on the 3d of Oc
tober, was accused as Brissot's accomplice. He
took refuge for some time at the house of a minister
pf state, Garat ; a lady gave him an asylum, he re
mained in concealment at her house till the end of
August, 1794, and composed there a work, entitled.
On the Progress of the Human Mind. A decree of
the 2Sth of July had outlawed hira. Another de
cree raenaced with death those who should give shel
ter to outlawed persons. Condorcet, informed by

CONDORCET. 299
the journals of this last decree, said, with emotion, to
the generous woman who had received him, " I raust
leave you; the law is against me." — " Ifthe law is
against you," answered she, " humanity is witb
you." Notwithstanding her efforts to detain him,
he quitted her house, went through the barriers of
Paris without a passport, dressed in a plain waist
coat, and having a cap on his head. His intention
was to conceal himself for a few days at the house of
an old friend (Suard) .who resided in the neighbour
hood of Seaux; but, when he reached his house, his
friend was at Parig, and' the fugitive was obliged to
conceal himself several nights in some quarries,
through fear of being recognised. Pressed by hun
ger, he ventured to enter a little ale-hou.se at Cla-
mart; his eagerne.ss in eating, his long beard, his
anxious air, were reraarked by a member of the revo
lutionary committee of the place, who caused him
to be arrested. When taken before the corariiittee,
he declared that his narae was Siraon, and that be
was an old servant; but, having been searched, a
Horace which he had with him, with marginal notes
written in Latin with a pencil, became the cause of
his ruin. " You tell us that you were a servant,"
cried the peasant who was interrogating him; "I
should rather think that you are one of the ci-devans
who had servants of their own." .This man had hira
carried to Bourg-la- Reine ; but, as they were taking
him thither on foot, he fainted at Chatillon, and it
was found necessary to raount him on a vine-dresser's
horse. On his arrival at Bourg, he was shut up in a
dungeon, and forgotten for 24 hours; the man who
went the next day to carry him a little bread and
water, found him motionless and cold. It appears
that Condorcet, losing all hope, perished either by a
quick poison, which it is said that he always had
about him, or of inanition and faintness, being
worn out with want- and fatigue. There havebeen
greater geometricians than he, but few have earlier
announced more distinguished talents; there have

500 CONSTANTINE PAULOWITZ.
been philosophers who have thrown raore iight upon
metaphysics, political econoray, and legislation, but
no one has extended his labours over more objects of
importance. His erudition was vast and profound,
but his style was raore suited to discussion and sar-
.Casra, than it was noble and elevated, and his ideas
were not always just. He had read every thing, and
forgotten nothing, frora the poetical tales, to the
Writings of the civilians of the llth century; from
the romance of the day, to the collection of the Aca
deray of Inscriptions. Condorcet, whora d'Alerabert
called, " a burning raountain covered with snow,"
was the friend of the most distinguished writers. If
his political conduct was not blameless, yet bis mo
rals were so, and his disposition, not exempt from
pride, almost always shewed itself raild and obliging.
It will not however be forgotten, that he was the
author of that terrible saying, " Peace witb cot
tages ; war on castles." Condorcet pronounced at
the acaderay eulogiuras on Buffon, d'Alerabert, Jus
sieu, Bernouilly, Trudaine, &c.; he published a
prodigious nuraber of works on the sciences, whicb
are among the papers of the academy, and raany
paraphlets on the revolution, which are no longer to
be found any where. Dyauniere, a raember of the
institute, has published an account of his life and
writings. CONSTANTINE PAULOWITZ, grand-duke
of Russia, second son of Paul I. born on the Sth of
May, 1779, and married on the 26th of February,
1796, to a princess of Saxe Cobourg, whora he af
terwards sent back to her faraily. This active; im
petuous young prince, (to whom it is said that Ca
therine his grandraother gave the narae of Constan
tine, in order to attach bira in sorae sort to her
projects on the erapire of the East) served with
distinction, under general Suworow, in the carapaign
of 1799, against France ; he was expected, in the
beginning of 1800, at tbe array of prince ChaHes j
but the successive defeats of the Russians in Swit-

@ONTI. 301
zeriand hastened his return lo St, Petersburgh, On
the 1st of Septeraber, 1802, he again left that city
to go to the carap of Krerasfeld ; on the 28th of Oc
tober following he went to Vienna, and during his
stay there the eraperor presented hira with the'fine
regiment of Veizay, with tbe title of general feld-
zeugmeister. The grand-duke and the arch-duke
Charles treated each other with the greatest distinc
tion, and their reception of one another was very
friendly; which was the more reraarked as, in the
winter of 1800, after the retreat of Suworow and
Korsakow, these two princes had been supposed to
have had sorae pretty warra disputes. Onthe 17th
of Noveraber following the grand-duke was returned
to St. Petersburgh, and appears to Uve on the best
terras with his brother Alexander. He left it in
October, 1805, at the head of a division destined to
act against France, and arrived, at the end of No
veraber, at Olrautz in Moravia. He was present
at the battle of Austerlitz, and, a few days after,
went to Berlin, wliere he was received extreraely
well, and with great deraonstrations of pleasure ; vain
efforts were raade there to reconcUe hira to bis wife.
He returned to Petersburgh in the raonth of Feb
ruary, 1806,
CONTI (L, F, J, DE Bourbon, prince of) born
on the 1st of Septeraber, 1734, raarried in 1759 a
princess of the sarae bouse. When the first syrap
toras of the revolution raanifested theraselves, he
declared against the projects of reforra, and, in 1787,
addressed two raemorials, one to the asserably of
notables, and the other to the king, on the danger
in which tbe raonarchy was. He, however, took the
civic oath in 1790, and, on this occasion, received a
visit frora the market-woraen, who congratulated
bira on his patriotisra. In 1793 he was included in
the decree relative to the Bourbons who had reraain
ed in France. He pleaded to the convention that
bis health did not perrait hira to" be transferred' to
Marseilles, and requested a less distant town for his

302 CORDAY D'ARMANS.
place of confineraent, observing that he had taken
all the oaths required by the law, and fulfilled the
duties of a good citizen. His request was not grant
ed; he was taken to MarseiUes, and confined in fort
St. John. Having been tried and acquitted, he in
vain desired perraission t6 retire to some state of
Italy at peace with France. After the 9th of Ther
raidor, year 2, (28th of July, 1794,) the convention
granted hira some pecuniary assistance, . In Septem
ber, 1797, after the revolution of the 18th of Fructi
dor, he set out for Spain, in virtue of a law which
expelled all the Bourbons from France, and he has
not since quitted that country. His wife was a very
amiable woman, but he never would cohabit with
her, pretending that he had been iraposed on in the
picture tbat had been given hira of her; nevertheless
he always treated her vvith great attention. In the
revolution of the parliaments in 1771, he was the
only one of the princes of the blood wbo did not
sign the protests; he always reraained attached to
the king, and was the bearer of his orders for the
suppression ofthe court of exchequer.
CORDAY D'ARMANS (M. A, C.) daughter of
John Francis Corday, gentleman, and of Charlotte
Godier, born at St. Saturnin, near Seez, in Nor
mandy, lived at Caen, with her relation Madame
Coutelier de Breteville. She went to Paris on the
12th of July, 1793; the next day desired a raeeting
with Marat, presented herself at his house on the
14th, about seven o'clock in the evening, and wrote
bira a note which gained her entrance into his closet
just as he was corae out of the bath. After a few
moments conversation on the troubles of Calvados,
Marat having said, that the merabers of the conven
tion who were at the head of the confederates of
Caen, should soon ascerid the scaffold, she drew a
poniard from her bosbm, and with a single blow
put an end to his life and his fury. She reraained
calm after this assassination, witbout making any at
terapt to escape : when the arraed force arrived, she

CORDAY D'ARMANS, SOS
put herself under their proteqtion, and was taken to
the Abbaye. It appears that she had no accomplices,
and that the spirit which then animated Calvados,
had alone heated her naturaUy ardent brain. Char
lotte Corday was not a royalist : tutored by the Gi
rondins, sh§ desired a republican form of govern
raent, and abhorred anarchy. It has been believed
that ths death of a lover, occasioned by Marat, had
kindled her hatred of that monster. Prudhomme
even asserts that this lover was the young Belsunce,
denounced by the Friend of the People, and massa
cred at Caen, on the llth of August, 1789: these
facts are at least doubtful. Before Charlotte Corday
assassinated Marat, she had seen al Paris only the
deputies Fauchet and Duperret; they were sus
pected of being accomplices, but the t;rial, as well
as the depositions of the accused, fully exculpated
them. The long interrogatory which she went
through is curious, on account of the courage, the
calraness, and the dignity which she maintained be
fore her judges. Araong different insidious ques
tions, she was asked whether the priest to whora she
confessed at Caen, had or had not taken the oaths ;
she answered, that she had no confessor. From her
prison she wrote to her father and to the deputy
Barbaroux, who was then taking refuge in Caen : in
her letter to him she gave an account of all she had
done in Paris, and was not sparing of pleasantries on
the weakness Fauchet had betrayed when, confronted
with her; while, on the other hand, she commended
the wisdom and firmness of Duperret. In this sort
of testament she treated her action as a step toward
peace, and charged Barbaroux to inform Wimpfen,
wbo comraanded the federalist troops, that Marat's
death was a victory for him. On the 17th she was
led to execution, and ascended the scaffold, covered
like an assassin, with a red garment. When her
conderanation and the confiscation of all her property
to the republic were pronounced, she addressed these
words to Chauveau Lagarde, her defender ; " You

304 COTTIN.
bave defended rae witb delicacy and generosity, the
only way in which I would have been defended ; I
thank you for it, and to give you a proof of the
esteera with whicb you have inspired rae, I cora
mission you to pay the little I owe in the prison,"
She originally desired to have Doulcet de Pontecou-
lant for her defender, but he refused this delicate
office ; and she, before her execution, wrote to him
thus : " Doulcet is a coward for refusing to defend
me when the thing was so easy." A Paris journal
which, in 1797, gave the genealogy of Charlotte
Corday, proved that she was descended from Peter
CorneiUe, Another paper gave the following ac
count of ber death : " In her way to the scaffold she
heard nothing but applause and acclaraation, yet by
a sraile alone discovered what she felt. When she
bad ascended the place of execution her face still
glowed with the hue of pleasure, and even in her
last moraents, the handkerchief which covered her
bosora having been reraoved, her cheeks were suffused
with the interesting blush of modesty." At the tirae
of her death she wanted three raonths of 25 ; she was
beautiful, and gifted with all the graces of her sex.
Her education she had received in a convent, but on
leaving it she retained only the feeling of the duties
incurabent on her sex ; her raind she had herself
forraed by the study of philosophy, particularly the
writings of the abb6 Raynal, to which she was very
partial, and which she frequently quoted, a habit
which in some measure gave her the air of a learned
lady ; yet, notwithstanding this slight weakness, she
was a great character, very rashly sacrificed,
COTTIN (Madame) authoress of several rauch
adraired novels, the first of which was Claire d'Albe,
in 1797; and the year foUowing, Mal vina; then
Araelia Mansfield. In 1805 a second edition of these
works was called for, and Madarae Cottin, who had
hitherto published her writings anonyraously, yielded
to the entreaties of her friends, who urged her ,to
declare herself. At the same tirae she pubUshed

COUTHON, 305
Mathilde, a work longer and still more elaborate
than the preceding.
COUTHON (G.) surnamed Cato during the rejgn
of terror, was born at Orsay, in the departraent of
Puy de Dome, in 1756; was an advocate at Cler
mont, and president of the tribunal in that city. He
was deputed from Puy de Dome to the legislature
and to the con-vention. Before this period he en
joyed in his own country a reputation for gentleness
and integrity, yet he erabraced revolutionary prin
ciples with astonishing eagerness, and, during the
sitting of the convention, shewed himself the raost
ardent partisan of sanguinary raeasures. Frora his
first coraing into the legislative body he raanifested
a violent hatred to raonarchical governraent; and
when Louis XVI. carae to the asserably on the 5tb
of October, 1791, Couthon desired that every raera
ber raight remain standing or seated according to
bis pleasure, and that the words of Sire and Majesty
should be dropped in speaking to the king. On the
7th of October he strenuously inveighed against the
refractory priests and the rainisters, and objected to
inscribing on the verbal process the names of those
who had informed against thera that opinions raight
not be biassed. On the 20th he proposed declaring
that Monsieur had lost his clairas to the regency;
he soon after called tbe public notice to tbe royaUsts
in the carap at Jales ; obtained a hearing at the bar
for those soldiers who were deUvered frora the galleys,
whither they had been sent on account of the affair
at Nancy, On the 7th of January, 1792, he spoke
with great eagerness to deprive the king of the veto
which had been granted hira by the constitution.
On the 29th of May he and Bazire together attacked
the king's constitutional guard, and cripd Out, " the
tirae is come when the assehibly must display an
energetic character. There is a great conspiracy,
the clue to which is in the palace of the TuUeries,"
Prudhorarae relates, that Couthon was bathing at
the waters of St, Araand at the crisis of August the
VC

506 CCJUTHON,
10th, 1792; but that it was in his charaber at Paris
that the duke of Orieans, Danton, Marat, Petion,
Robespierre, and others, asserabled to arrange this
insurrection. At the opening of the session of tlie
national convention on the 21st of September, 1792,
Couthon was the first who, prejudging the question
of the abolition of raonarchy, proposed an oath of
hatred to royalty and every species of tyranny, and
proclairaed the sovereignty of the people. In De
ceraber he prevailed with the convention itself to try-
Louis XVI, In January, 1793, he voted for hi»
death, and eagerly opposed any delay in its execu
tion, Couthon, deforraed and larae, was the only
raeraber of the asserably who was permitted to speak
sitting, and no raember was so seldom iriterruptedy
yet the real period of his influence takes its date frottK
tbe fall of the Girondins, whora he had for a short
tirae apparently joined, in order the more surely to
destroy them. On the 1st of May he declairaed
against a threatening petition from the suburb St,
Antoine, declared it to be counter-revolutionary,
urged the prosecution of its authors, and obtained a
decree that the norainal appeal should take place
when desired by 100 raerabers. On the 37th of
May he began to declare against the Gironde, by at*
tacking the president Iraard, who refused to suffer
Robespierre to speak, and was added to the com
mittee of public safety. On the Slst of May he
strongly objected to Guadet's proposal of accusing
those factious spirits who had given the signal fof
insurrection ; and, on the 2d of June, caUed with
great fury for a decree of arrest against the chiefs of
his party, all of whora he loaded with the raost op
probrious revilings. The applause he on this occa-'
sion obtained, drew on him the attention of Robe
spierre ; he became his tool, and favourite reporter,
whenever any odious raeasures were to be proposed*
He and sorae others offered at this period to go to
Bourdeaux as hostages, to answer for the deputies of
that city who were put under arrest ; but no sooner

COUTHON.. S07
was the triuraph of the Montagne secure than he
desisted from this sort of temporizing. He opposed.
tbe institution of juries, treating it a^ a splendid vi
sion; be obtained a decree, iraporting that the revo
lution of May the Slst had saved the country ; pro
posed to declare Biroteau, and all those who in con
cert with hira endeavoured to establish a plan of
resistance in Lyons, traitors ; accused Buzot and
Barbaroux of having sent Charlotte Corday to as
sassinate Marat, and caused all the deputiesxif Calva
dos to be arrested. On the 21st of August he was
sent to the army ofthe Alps and of Lyons, the siege
of which he brought forward immediately on his
arrival, by summoning 60,000 men frora the neigh
bouring departments. He undertook the defence of
Chateau-Neuf-Randon, one of the coraraissioners to
that army, and accused Dubois Crance and Gauthier
de r Ain of occasioning the delays in the siege which
were coraplained of to the convention. In the raonth
of October he desired the Jacobins to send 40 up
right representatives to fulfil the functions of adrai
nistration in the city after its surrender. He pre
sided at the execution of the rebel chiefs, and began
to put in force the decree which ordered the derao
lition of Lyons; he was carried in an arm chair to
the Place de Bellecour, where two superb fronts were
to be first destroyed, " in order," as he said, " to
humble the pride of the Lyonnese;" his hararaer
gave the first blow, and he said to Chateau-Neuf-
Randon, who then struck, " I condemn thee to be
deraoUshed in the narae of the law." Couthon, on-
his return, gave an account of his revolutionary
operations, and requested for Chalier the honours of
the Pantheon, On the 21st he was chosen presi
dent ; and on the 22d of January, 1794, he proposed
tbat the deputies should join the Jacobins to cele
brate the anniversary of Louis XVI.'s death; he
then consecrated this raaxira : *' Death to tyrants ;¦
peace to cottages." On the 7th of May he ordered'
Robespierre's ¦declaration concerning the institution-

308 COUTHON.
of a festival to the Suprerae Being, to be translated
into all languages ; and in the Jacobin society in
veighed against raaterialisra and atheisra. He urged
tbe society to draw up an accusation against all
kings, which he proposed to lay before the tribunal
of public opinion, " that no tyrant raight find a
heaven to give light to hira, or an earth to bear
hira," and was one of the raerabers eoraraissioned
to draw up this act. In it he accused the Hebertists
and the Dantonists of conspiring against Robespierre,
and attributed to both parties a scherae for delivering
Louis XVI.'s son frora the Teraple, and for placing
the crown on his brow. He caused a declaration to
be raade, that the English governraent had com
mitted treason against huraanity, and that the mi
nister, Pitt, was the eneray of the huraan race. On
the 10th of June he obtained the faraous law of that
day, for hastening the judgraents of the revolutionary
tribunal, and coraplained, that it had hitherto taken
too raany precautions, " It is less necessary," said
he, " to punish than to annihilate our eneraies. In
dulgence is crirainal, and cleraency parricidal; he
wbo wishes to subject the public safety to the pre
judices of the courts of justice and the circuralocution
of pleaders, is a fool or a viUain, desirous, by forms
oflaw, to destroy bis country and huraanity." This
horrible speech, which brought all the citizens, and
even all the convention, under the ax of the commit
tee, met some opposition, whicb Couthon caUed
perfidious, and the whole convention, witbout mur
rauring, signed its death-warrant. A fortnight af
terwards Couthon, in the Jacobin society, con
jured up the spirits of Hebert and Danton, whom,
he said, be saw " scattering division araong the pa
triots, and seeking to depreciate the coraraittees, which
were painted in unlawful secret raeetings, under the
hideous features bf Syllas and Neros. But," added
he, " pure minded raen have-nothing to fear ; those
who tremble have theraselves pronounced their sen
tence." On the 26th of July he wajmly attacked

cubieres. 309
TaUien and Bourdon de I'Oise; on the 27th being
accused by Freron of a wish to ascend the throne, by
trarapling on the corpses of bis colleagues, he only
exclairaed : " J wished to raake rayself a king, III!"
He was ordered for trial, and the arraed force, cora
raanded by Coffinhal, carae to seize hira, and con
veyed hira to the Guildhall : when he perceived they
were going to lay hold on him, he struck himself but
slightly with a dagger which had been given him,
and feigned hiraself dead. On the2Sth of July, 1794,
he was executed, and suffered horribly before he
died ; his singular conforraation, and the dreadful
contraction of his lirabs at that tirae, so incoraraoded
the executioner while fastening hira on the plank of
the guillotine, that he was obliged to lay him on his
side to give hira the fatal blow ; his torture lasted
longer than- that of fourteen other sufferers.
CUBIERES (M. DORAT Palemezeaux, chevalier
DE) a raan of letters, born at Roquemaure, in the de
partment of du Gard, on the 27thHof September, 1752.
While yet very young, he carae lo Paris and over
whelraed the public with works of all kinds, which
are however deficient in vigour and energy. 'He has
written much against priests, and his muse has cele
brated various periods of the revolution. Cubieres
erabraced the cause of the Jacobins, still retaining
that easiness of character which distinguished him ;
and his readiness in bending to all events, in taking
the colour of circurastances, has induced the more
candid to consider him as weak, and the raa,jority to
regard him as dangerous and unprincipled. Attached
as a subaltern to the car of terror under Chauraette
and Robespierre, he coraposed odes in honour of Car
rier, wrote Marat's panegyric, and published several
voluraes of revolutionary poetry. Every body knows
the answer he received from Chauraette, to whose
wife he wanted to dedicate a collection of verses.
"My wife," said the other, " is a woraan of litera
ture; her works are in that drawer." Then opening
it, he shewed the poet some old stockings which his

SIO gubteres.
wife was raending for hira. Cubieres was a member
of the council-general of the coraraune which esta
blished itself on the 10th of August, 1792. Prud
homme, speaking of this, relates, " that in order tobe
en that day appointed one of the elective body, he
declared, in the tribune ofthe section of unity, that
bis mother had comraitted a crirae in raaking him
noble, for his father was not so." When, inspecting
in his turn at the Teraple, he saw the scrupulosity
with wbich Louis XVI. observed the fast of Ember-
week, and perforraed his devotions, he gave an ac
count of these particulars, and inferred that the king
was devout, consequently a monster, as Louis XI.
and Philip II. of Spain had been devout and op
pressors. On the 18th of April, 1794, he delivered
at the office of the coraraune various attestations,
averring that neither his father nor his mother be
longed to the order of nobility, and complaining that
the publishers of his works had prefixed to his narae
the title of chevalier. He offered to resign the place
©f secretary-general to the commune, in conformity
with tlie law which excluded all the nobility from
public offices, a law in which by the ignorance of the
printers he was included. He continued to appear,
though always in a subaltern character, among the
Jacobins, never having been able to equal the trifling
abilities of Dorat, whose narae be took through va
nity, under pretence of a violent admiration of him.
His character is thus suraraed up by Madame Roland :
" Cubieres, true to the double character of insolence
and raeanness, so strongly depicted on his disgusting
face, preached up sans-culottisra, as he forraerly sung
the Graces; raade verses to Marat, as he used to do
to Iris; and bloody without rage, as he had been for
merly in love without tenderness, he prostrates him
self hurably before the idol of the day ; be it Venus
or Tantalus, he cares not, provided he crawl and eat.
An unraeaning flatterer, a fulsorae corapliraenter,
weakly vain, and meanly civil, he astonishes good
sense, and displeases reason more than any beiug

custines. Sll
ever yet seen." In 1805 be was satiriized by several
journalists, on account of a bad tragedy which had
faUen into his hands, and which he attributed to
the great CorneUle. He Ukewise altered Racine's
Phfedra, which WJis perforraed at the theatre de
Moliere.
[ CUSTINES (A. P. Corate de) born at Metz, on
the 4tb of February, } 740. At seven years of age
he was appointed lieutenant in the regiment of St.
Chamans, and followed Marshal Saxe in the carapaign
in the Low Countries, but being cashiered, in 1749,
he resuraed his studies at Paris, and left college to go
into the king's regiraent, and serve in the seven years'
¦war, in the course of which he becarae a captain in
the regiraent of Schoraberg. By the duke de Choi-
seul's interest he obtained a regiraent of dragoons
which bore his name, and which he coraraanded tiU
1780, when the court; having ordered the regiraent of
Saintonge to America, Custines exchanged, led this
body to the assistance of the Americans, and on his
return, was raade major-general. In 1789 he was de
puted from the nobility of the baiUwick of Metz, and
fromthe very firat declared for the popular party,
and took a part in those debates in which the left side
triumphed over theancient principles ofthe raonarchy,
-On the ISth of July he caused patriotic miUtia to be
established, and deraanded a declaration of rights-;
on tbe 23d of October he called in question the right
of the nation to sell the goods of the clergy. On the
16th of May, 1790, he proposed investing the king
with the right of making peace and war; urged the
abolition the princes' apanages, and the substitution
of a pensioui He also supported the scheme of cre
ating assignats. On the 15tb of February he made
a motion for compelUng those who had received pri'
ivate gifts from the court to make restitution, objected
-to every plan for a law against emigration ; voted, on
the 28th of March, for the convocation of a national
xionvention in case the king should fly ; and after
wards suggested ;that the present constituent raembers

312 CUSTINES.
ought not to be eligible to the projected legislative
body. On the 20th of June, at the tirae of Louis
the XVIth's departure, he protested bis devotion to
the asserably, and took an oath of fideUty -to it. In
the debate concerning the disorder of the array he
coraplained ofthe want of discipline araong the troops,
and of the efferainacy of the officers, quoting tbe ex
araple of field-raarshal Lawdon, who killed two sol
diers with his own band, and thus put a stop to a se
dition. Aft«r the session he served in the arraies,
and, in May, 1792, seized the passes of Porentruy,
In June he was appointed coraraander in chief of the
array of the Lower Rhine, and was alraost at the
sarae tirae denounced by the Jacobins, The affair
fell, however, at that tirae, to the ground : on the 2d
of August he was recalled to comraand the carap at
Soissons, of which he coraplained, and was again dis
patched to the Rhine, where he opened the carapaign
by seizing Spire on the 29th of Septeraber, On the
1st of October he wrote to the convention to de
nounce general Kellerraann, whora he accused of
thwarting the execution of his plans, by refusing to
co-operate in thera, either through jealousy or trea
son. He next levied a contribution in the city of ,
Spire, accused the canons of being zealous in the
cause of the eraigrants, and transraitted an intercept
ed letter frora the duke of Bourbon. He then entered
Worms; on the 21st of the sarae raonth he seized
Mayence, and on the 23d Frankfort on the Maine,
where he laid heavy iraposts. A few days after he
published a raanifesto, in which he pressed the king
of Prussia to raake peace, called the Landgrave of
Hesse Cassel " a corporal, a raonster, a tiger," and
declared " that the day of judgraent for the princes
of Gerraany was corae," No sooner was this raani
festo coraraunicated to the governor of Hanau, who
was ready to capitulate, than he broke off all negoci
ation; the troops of Hesse hastened to bis relief, and
Custines was soon driven frora Frankfort by the Prus
sians, and obliged to shut hiraself up in Mayence, which

CUSTINES. 313
he had fortified . Disorder had then attained its cliraax
in the French arraies, and Custines, instead of rerae-
dying it by degrees, and with raoderation, drew on
hiraself the hatred of his troops, by an injudicious
and raisplaced severity. At the very beginning of
the carapaign of 1793 he left Mayence, which was
iraraediately besieged by the allies ; being afterwards,
in the raonth of March, driven frora Worras, he was
obliged to return to Alsace, Coraplaints began to
be raade of hira in all quarters : he accused Beurnon
ville of his ill success, on account of the evacuation
of the posts of the Vosges, for which he had given
orders ; he also coraproraised Kellerraann, and wanted
to resign in April ; but the convention begged hira,
in the narae ofthe country, not to abandon the cora
raand. At this period the Jacobins, suspecting the
existence of a party which was desirous to treat with
the duke of Brunswick, directed their suspicions on
Custines. He was accused by the representatives,
Soubrany, Ruaraps, and Montaut, of corresponding
with the duke. Custines coraplained bitterly of these
accusations, tendered his resignation, and expilained
his conduct by declaring that the letter in question
was one by which he deraanded the deUvery of cap
tain Boos, who, he said, had had the audacity to
pretend to be intrusted with a coraraission frora hira
to procure tbe surrender of Mayence. The conven
tion, satisfied for the tirae with these explanations,
confirraed hira, at the end of May, in the coramand
of the array of the North, of which he had tirae only
to visit the posts. Being attacked with new bitter
ness in the journals of Marat and Lavaux ; he cora
plained of it to the convention, and affecting a great
devotion to the Montagne, which had just triuraphed
over the party of the Gironde ; he transraitted to it
the letters and decrees which had been addressed to
bira by Wimphen and the Girondins ; but Marat and
Billaud-Varennes not ceasing to denounce hira, an
order from the coraraittee of public safety suraraoned
hira to Paris, in July, 1793. He expressed a desire

514 c DACIER,
to be presented to the convention, " in order fo offer
to that body the horaage of his respect and of his subi-
raission to the one and indivisible republic." Bazire
soon after denounced hira as chief of a party which
was .struggling in his favour; pretended that " Long
live Custines I" had been cried out at the Palais-royal,
and proposed his arrest, which was decreed. He was
first confined at the Abbaye, then reraoved to the
Luxembourg, and solicited a trial, that he might, as
he said, have it in his power to confound his calum
niators; on the 28th of July, Barere, after a report of
his conduct, caused a decree of accusation to be pass
ed against hira. On the 15th of August the revolu
tionary tribunal began to arrange his trial. Custines
defended himself during all the debates with great
presence of mind, and three of bis aides de camp had
the courage to come and bear testimony in his fa
vour, but bis death had been resolved on, and, on the
27th of August he was condemned. One of the jury
men, naraed Duraont, published a letter on the in
trigues which had been carried on in the tribunal it-
eelf, to turn the current of opinion against the ac
cused. When he was brought back to hear his sen
tence, be affected on his entrance an air of gravity
and confidence which vanished when he reraarked
the silence of the assembly and the disappearance of
his defender, Trongon Ducoudray : " I still retain my
conscience," cried he ; "I die calra and innocent."
On returning to the register-office, he threw himself
on his knees, and reraained there raore than two hours;
asked for a confessor, whom he prevailed on to stay
the whole night by hira ; wrote to his son to recom
mend to hira the care of his farae, and before he died,
exhibited tokens ofthe greatest weakness.
DACIER (B. J.) born at Valognes, on the 1st of
April, 1742. He was a raeraber of the national in
stitute, and forraerly perpetual secretary of the aca
deray of inscriptions and belles-lettres, but adopted
revolutionary principles, and was appointed a rauni
cipal officer and electorof the corara une of Paris. On

, DAENDELS. ^315
the 25th of July, 1791, he presented to the national
assembly the two raen who had raost conduced to the
arrest of Louis XVI. at Varennes, saying that " the
metropolis laraented that these citizens should not
bave been born within her walls," In April, 1802,
be was norainated tribune, and since then a raeraber
of the legion of honour. His works are Cyropedia,
or the history of Cyrus, translated from the Greek of
Xenophon, an edition of the Memoirs of the Acade-
jray of Inscriptions, in three voluraes, and Panegyrics
on several of the Members,
DAENDELS, a Dutch general; took refuge in
France at the time of the revolution of 1788. Du
mourier employed him as lieutenant-colonel in his
.expedition against HoUand in 1793, and Pichegru in
1794. He then served as general of a brigade in the
division comraanded by Moreau ; he contributed, on
the 26th of April, to the taking of Courtray, and on
the 10th, 1 1th, and 12th of May, to the victories of
Tourhay, Courtray, and Ingel Munster ; after seve
ral vain attempts he seized the isle of Borarael, and
Fort St. Andre, and pursuing the eneray beyond the
Waal, took 60 pieces of cannon, and a raultitude of
prisoners. On the 20th of June he again devoted
hiraself to the service of his native country, in the
rank of lieutenant-general, and towards the conclu
sion of 1797, declared in favour of those innovations
which led to the forraation of the Batavian directory.
On the 22d of January, 1798, the republican party
having gained an accession of strength, restored the
constituted authorities, and included their own parti
sans in the chosen nuraber. Daendels appearing
averse to these raeasures, was raarked out as belong
ing to the aristocratical party, and the Batavian re
public ordered his arrest. He carae to Paris for the
purpose of appeaUng to the directors, whoni he
brought into his views, and by whom he was autho
rized to contrive another revolution. In consequence,
he secretly went to the Hague, and, attended by se-

316 DALLEMAfeNE.
veral companies of Batavian grenadiers, on the 21st of
June he invested the directory at raid-day, set a strict
guard over the raerabers, changed and appointed
anew the administration,- and obtained the approba
tion of the French governraent. In 1799 he cora
raanded the Batavian arraies, when the Anglo-Russi
ans effected a descent in Holland, and displayed
equal intrepidity and intelligence. In 1802 the Ba
tavian governraent called hira to account for a
paraphlet which was attributed to hira, and which
seeraed the forerunner of another 21st of June. He
dissipated the apprehensions of his superiors, and
protested his attachraent to their interests, yet he
could not succeed in clearing hiraself frora the suspi
cions, attached to hira, and he has long been out of
eraploy. DALLEMAGNE, wbo was born at BeUey, in the
departraent of Ain, rose from the condition of a cora
mon soldier to the rank of a general of division, serv
ed with success in the array of Italy, and distin
guished hiraself on raany occasions. On the 7th of
May, 1 796, he' contributed to the passage of the Po,
and on the 10th to that of the Adda. On the 4th of
June he, in conjunction with general Lannes, took
tbe out-post of St. Georges, and obUged the enemy
to retire under Mantua. On the Slst of June, after
an obstinate engageraent, he seized Lonado, and took
or killed 1000 ofthe eneray. He contributed, onthe
4th of Septeraber, to the success of the battle at Ro-
yerodo, and the next day passed the river Larisio,
exposed to the fire of the eneray, who were entrench
ed at Lavis. The insurrection of the troops having,
in 1798, corapelled Massena to leave the array of
Rome, general Dalleraagne assuraed tbe conditional
coraraand, and installed the Roraan senate in the ca
pitol. On his return to France he was appointed,
after the 18th Bruraaire, a raeraber of the general
council for the departraent of Ain. On the 27th of
May, 1802, he was called to the legislative body, of

DAMPIERRE. 317
which he was raade questor the year following, when
he received the title of coraraander of the legion, of
honour. DAMAS (Count Roger) an officer in tbe regi
ment of French royal infantry, went to Russia at tbe
tirae of the war against the Turks, served against
them in 1790, and distinguished hiraself on several
occasions, particularly at the celebrated attack of Is
mail, where he attracted the admiration of the whole
array by his skill and unparalleled bravery, after
whicb he was raised to the rank of colonel by the
erapress. In 1795 the prince of Conde gave hira the
coraraand of tbe legion of Mirabeau, in his array. In
1798 a war having broken out between France and
the king of Naples, M, de Daraas accepted of a cora
raand in the array of that monarch, and caused his
own division to perform prodigies of valour, whilst all
the NeapoUtan troops were either corapletely routed,
or were laying down their arras before the victor, at
whose feet the coraraander in chief hiraself. Mack,
was prostrating hiraself Abandoned by his own side,
and surrounded by French forces, he succeeded in
forcing his way through their posts, reached the sea
shore after a raarch of several days, erabarked bis
troops, and conducted tbem in safety to Sicily. In
May, -1805, such was the situation of public affairs,
that the court of Naples was forced to dismiss M, de
Daraas, who retired into Gerraany,
DAMPIERRE, an officer in the French guards,
afterwards colonel of the 5th dragoon regiraent, and
since a republican general, declared, in 1791, against
the insertion of his name in the list of the raonarchical
society estabUshed by count Clerraont Tonnerre. In
1792 he served under Duraourier, and excited parti
cular notice by bis bravery at the battle of Jeraraape.
During the winter of 1792-3 he coraraanded at Aix-
la-Chapelle, whencci having taken none of the mea
sures be should have taken to maintain himself there,
he was driven away by the Austrians, leaving his
troops dispersed. At the time of Duraourier's defejc^

51S DAMPMARTIN.
tion, he addressed a proclamation to the arttiy of the'
North, and of Ardennes, urging thera to remain faith
ful to tbe convention, and the coraraissioners of the
convention gave bira the comraand in chief. On the
1st of May he attacked the allies at Quifevrain, and
was there beaten. On the 8th he defended the camp
of Famars with courage, but he had his thigh carried
away -by a ball, while attacking the woods of Ruis-
raes and St. Araand, and died two days, afterwards.
On the 10th of May, 1793, the convention decreed
bira the honours of the Pantheon, and on the 25tb
of July ordained that his bust should be placed in
their hall of session. This preraature apothesis was
soon attacked, and Couthon deraanded on the 20tb
of Deceraber following that bis ashes should be taken
away frora the Pantheon. Danton defended his rae
raory, and adduced various traits of popularity in
his favour. Dampierre was protected by the duke of
Orleans, and was closely connected with general Val-
Ience : his air was gloomy, and his make heavy ; but
he united to an extraordinary degree of vivacity the
bravery of a soldier.
DAMPMARTIN (A. H.) formerly a captain of
cavalry, a raember of the acaderay of Nismes, &c.
&c. born at Uzes. In 1791 he addressed to the na
tional asserably coraplaints, in the narae of the
officers ofhis corps. In July 1791 he was appointed
lieutenant-colonel of the regiraent of dragoons of
Lorraine, garrisoned at Nisraes, and raarched with
general Choisy against tbe body of raen headed by
Jourdan Coupet^te, whora he forced to evacuate
Avignon after the raassacres of the Glaciere. In
consequence of the events of the 20th of June, 1792,
the dragoons whora he coraraanded obliged hira to
give up his corapany for having endeavoured to pre
vail on thera to send up an address to the king against
tbe transactions of tbat day. He fled to Holland,
and, in 1793, he pubUshed there an essay on litera
ture, for tbe use of ladies. In 1795 he went to Harti-'
burgh, and the countess of Lichtenau, from whom he

dansre; s\§
obtained a pensiori,- intrusted him with the education
of her son. At Beriiri, where he afterwards resided,
he pubUshed special papers concerning the revolu
tion, and becarae acquainted with a young lady whom
be decoyed frora her faraily, one of the raost illustri
ous in Beriiri, and having bad a child by her, aban
doned her in Paris to the extreraest want. M. Damp*
raartin is also tjhe author of a work on the rivalry of
Rorae and Carthage, and a novel, in four voluraes,
called " Brassmann," pubUshed at Paris, in 1802,
DANDRE (L.J.C) counseUor in the pariiament
of Aix, deputed frora the nobility of that township to
the states-general. He there began by declaring
against the court, and on the 25th of June, 1789,
joined the national assembly, together with forty*
three other nobles, and long sat on the left side. Irt
July he proposed' that the jurj'men should give theif
decisions in public, together with the grounds on
which they had buUt their opinions; he declared
fhat the parUament of Aix adhered to the maxims of
the as.sembly with respect to judicial order; arid he
presided as king's coraraissioner at the deliberations
of the raunicipal council of Toulon, at the tirae of
tbe disturbances on account of Albert de Riom. Iri
February, 1790, be gave up this place in order to
continue a member of the national assembly. Ori
the 16th ofMarch, being returned, he tooktjhe civid
6atb ; on tbe 16th of April he declared against the
removal of Muscard; a subaltern in the regiment of
Vivarais, who was persecuted by the rainister for his
attachraent to the revolution, and he proposed vari*
ous raethods for his security; beside this he bore a
part in a great nuraber of discussions and decrees!
respecting judicial order. When the patriots in the
raonth of Maf seized the forts of Marseilles, Dandfi
censured the condrictdf the raunicipality and the na
tional guard, and voted that a stop should be put t«
tbe demolition already begun by the Marseillois. In
July he censured M. de BouiU§ for having giveri a
passage to thg Austrian troops who were going int^

320 DANDRE.
Holland. On the 1st of August he was chosen pre
sident, and becarae one of the diplomatic coraraittee.
He supported the projects which tended to consoU
date the treaties of France with Spain, and voted for
the arraaraent in favour of that power. On the 7th
of Septeraber he caused tbe adoption of decisive raea
sures against those partisans of anarchy who were
carrying on their operations under tj^e windows of
tbe asserably, and declared that the eneraies of the
revolution were seeking to kindle a civil war. On
the 19th of Deceraber be avowed hiraself the friend of
Pascalis, who was raassacred at Marseilles ; and at
tacked Mirabeau as the instigator of those turaults in
wbich he feU. On the 22d he was chosen president.
On the 1st of January, 1791, he coraraunicated the
speeches he had addressed to the king and queen re
specting the renewal of the revenue, and the answers
he had received frora thera. In February he propos
ed to declare illegal the arrest of tbe princesses at
Arnay le Due, and proposed to have Cazalfes called
to order for his declaration in favour of raonarchy, at
the tirae when a discussion took place of a project
concerning the obligations and residence of the royal
faraUy ; he opposed the reading of the project on
eraigration, on the ground that the coraraittee itself
bad declared that none but unconstitutional measures
could be found relative to this subject, and be only
required the execution of the law for the erasure of
the pensions due to the emigrants. In AprU he op
posed the decree ofthe departraent of Paris for the
liberty of worship, and censured tbe rainister Mont
raorin, who was accused of asserabling sorae foreign
troops near Porentruy, in which affair Dandre saw
nothing but a project to agitate Paris. On the 29th
of April be attacked the plan for perraitting the raili
tary to be present at the raeetings of the popular so
cieties, as tending to transfer tbe constitutional au
thority to those asserablies, all of which he did not
deera friendly to the constitution, although they
assuraed that title. On the 9th of May he was for

DANDRE. 321
the third tirae apppinted president. In the begin
ning of June be refused the post of substitute to the
public accuser, at the crirainal tribunal in Paris. On
the 21st he proposed that the decrees passed by the
assernbly after the king's flight should have the force
of laws, and contributed to the adoption of those
raeasures of security which at this period were
taken. On the 27th he was one of the conimis
sioners charged to receive the declarations of the
king after he had been brought back to the Tuile
ries. A short time after he again called for the pre
vious question upon a project for a law against erai
grants ; he voted against bringing to judgraent Bou
ille and those who had assisted hira in arranging the
king's flight; supported the proposal of .suspending
the functions of the monarch till the corapletion of
the constitution, and proposed to declare him depos
ed if he refused his consent. The repubUcan party
beginning to attack those who were revising the con
stitution, Dandre veheraently protested against these
insinuations, accused those who declairaed against
the decree for suspending the priraary asserablies, of
aspiring to the legislature, and of wishing to forra a
convention to overturn every thing. On the 14th of
August he supported Goupil's proposal of giving the
title of French princes to the raembers of the reign
ing family ; and he proposed restrictions on the li
berty of the press. The duke of Orleans having
offered to renounce the prerogatives attached by the
assembly to the title of prince, Dandre told him
" that he had no right to renounce the throne either
for hiraself, for his children, or for his creditors." On
the aOth he spoke against the systerti of a national
convention for the revision of the constitution, shewed
the dangers with, which it was threatened by the op
posite parties, proposed to fix the period at which it
raight be revived at the distance of thirty years, and
obtained a decree that this revision should not take
place till three successive legislations should have
passed a vote to that purpose. In the beginning of
VOL, I. Y

322 DANICAN.
September he objected to the prosecution of I'abb^
Mauri by the mediating * comraissioners of Avig*
non, against whora he had declaimed ; declared the
inviolability of tbe merabers of tbe national asserably,
and caused it to' be decreed that the king and the
prince-royal should wear the blue ribbon. On the
16th the asserably, at his instigation, deterrained to
prorogue itself on the SOth, The next day he ob
tained the decree arranging the cereraonial to be ob
served towards the king when he should corae to
accept the constitution, and required a respectful
reception for the princes. After the session, Dandr6
having estabUshed a traffic in groceries, was perse
cuted by the people as a monopolizer ; be incurred
great dangers, and in January, 1792, pubUshed a jus
tification. In the raonth of April following he was
accused of a correspondence with sorae emigrants,
and retired to England, where he forraed an intiraacy
with TaJleyrand Perigord. In 1796 he went to Ger
raany ; and his ready versatile talents soon induced
the brothers of Louis XVI. to fix on hira to direct their
correspondence with the interior of France, He had
the courage to go to Paris in 1797> with instructions
and credentials frora thera, and was there on the
18th Fructidor, year 5. Being corapelled to a hasty
flight, be took refuge in Gerraany, where he continu
ed to act for the advantage of the house of Bourbon,
as well with the agents of the interior as with the
English minister Wickham. He appeared, however,
more especiaUy attached to the person of the pre
tender, and like hira refused to go to London in
1800. He was at this period raentioned in several
letters of royalist agents published by the govern*
ment, and particularly in those whicb were seized by
order of the king of Prussia at Bareuth, in April,
1801. Since that time Dandre has Uved unnoticed
in some corner of Germany.
DANICAN (A.) a republican general, descend
ed frora a noble family, but so poor that he be
gan life as a foot soldier in the regiment of Barrois.

DANICAN. 323
He was afte^^yards a gendarrae at LuneviUe, and at
the lirae ofthe revolution was rapidly proraoted, till
he becarae colonel of a hussar regiraent, afterwards
general of a brigade, and be was at different times in
1793 and 1794, eraployed in the Vendee, where he al
ways behaved with huraanity; he even urged the
convention raore than once to take steps for the pun
ishraent of those who had perpetrated the drownings
at Nantes, ahd the other barbarities exercised on the
inhabitants of that ill-fated country. On the 15th of
July, 1793, he was beaten by the royalists near Mar-
tign^ Briaud. In Deceraber he was dispatched to
Laval to oppose the first body of Chouans, and was
obliged to shut himself up in Arigers, to defend that
place against the Vendeans, who besieged it without
success. Danican was publicly accused of having en-
deavoiired to deliver up the place to the royalists, and
was in consequence reraoved. He however appeared
agairi in 1795, as coraraander at Rouen, vvhence he
addressed accusations to the convention directed
against generals Tureau, Grignon, Huchet, and
others, with whora he had served in the Vendee. At
the tirae of the 13th Venderaiaire, Danican carae to
Paris, erabraced the party of the sections, coraraanded
for a short tirae their arraed force, and escaped when
he saw tbe conventional troops obtain the. advantage.
He was tried in his absence, and the railitary council
sitting at the French theatre, conderaned hira to death
on the 9th of Venderaiaire. He had taken refuge
abroad, but in June, ,1797, returned to Paris, where
he did notlong reraain, but quitting France, published
several poUtical paraphlets against the revolutionary
party, particulariy the " Miscreants unraasked."
The French journals have raore than once declared .
bim to be intriguing in Germany, and seeking to
raake hiraself useful to the pretender, frora whora he
has obtained the cross of St. Louis. In 1799 he
fought in Switzerland in an eraigrant corps, and was
' then accused of having been concerned in the assassir
nation of the French rainisters at Rastadt, which ac-

32^4 DANTOrN.
cusation is wholly unfounded ; he publicly declared
bis ignorance of the transaction. He went to Pied
mont in 1801, and together with Willot raade sorae
attempts to disturb the South of France, He next
went to Berne, and on the entrance ofthe French into
Switzeriand, again entered into Gerraany, whence he
crossed over to England, and in 1805 was still there.
DANTON (J. G.) an advocate to the council,
was born at Arcis-sur-Aube, on the 26th of October,
1759, and beheaded the 5th of April, 1794. His
height was colossal, his raake athletic, his features
strongly raarked, coarse and displeasing; his voice
shook the doraes of the balls, his elocution was vehe
raent and his images gigantic. These qnalities con
tributed to give him influence in the districts towards
the beginning of the revolution ; and he ever tena
ciously adhered to his original intention, whicb was
the sarae with Robespierre's, to obtain the dictator
ship. He was successively the friend of Mirabeau,
of Marat, and of Robespierre, whose victira he be
came. In 1790, he called on the national assembly,
in the name of the forty-eight sections of Paris, to
require Louis XVI. to give up his rainisters, who
had lost the confidence of the nation. In February,
1791, he was elected raeraber for the departraent of
Paris. After the arrest of Louis XVI. at Varennes,
he preisided at the raeeting in the field of Mars, when
the king's deposition was deraanded. In consequence
of this he was forced to reraain some tirae concealed ;
but he re-appeared with raore boldness than ever. He
proposed to the Jacobins to corapel the payraent
of the national debt by the wealthier part of the
coraraunity, and in case of their refusal, to take the
sarae steps against thera as against the nobles and the
priests. An atterapt was raade to arrest him in the
meetings of July, of which he was appointed elec
tor, but Daniiens, the officer charged with the exe
cution of this order, was hiraself arrested as a violator
of the majesty of tbe people. In Noveraber, Danton
was appointed deputy-attorney for the coraraune of

DANTON. 325
Paris. His power in the raetropolis increased greatly;
in 1792 he was one of those who organized the
events of June the 20th, and prepared those of August
the 10th, by appearing on the Sth, at the bar of the
asserably, to declare that ifthe king's deposition were
not decreed, the section of Cordeliers would rise and
trample on the governraent. Louis XVI. Iiaving been
reraoved frora the throne on the 10th, Danton becarae
a meraber of tbe provisional executive council, ob
tained the appointraent ofadrainistrator of justice, and
usurped the noraination of agents to the army, and to
the departments, which gave hira opportunities of en
gaging raany in bis interests. Gold poured on the
minister frora all sides, and by hira was abundantly
distributed to reward atrocities and purchase adher
ents. Prudhorame gives the following account of his
elevation to the ministry : "On the llth of August,
at three o'clock in the raorning, Fabre and Camille
Desmoulins went to his bed-side to inforra him that
he was the adrainistrator of justice; -"tbi^ is not aU,
added Fabre, * you raust raake rae keeper of the seal:'
* and rae,' said CaraiUe, ' one of your secretaries.*
* But,' repUed Danton, wbo was but half awake, ' are
you quite sure that I ara appointed rainister ?' ' Yes,'
answered the two candidates, ' and we will not leave
you without the promise of these two places.' ' Very
well,' said Danton, ' be it so ;' and all vvas arranged
according to the desire of the two patriots." No
sooner was he admitted into the ministry, than he
caused the gates of Paris to be shut, and declared
against doraiciliary searches, and the sending of arraed
raen tb the frontiers. He explained to the legislative
body the necessity of producing a sensation in the
heart of Paris, and through Paris in the departraents,
in favour of the revolution, which had been recently
brought about, and he powerfully contributed to all
the raeasures tending to this effect, Mercier, in his
New Picture of Paris, .accuses Danton of having pre
pared the massacres of Septeraber, and Prudhorarae
devotes twenty pages of his History of Criraes to con-

326 DANTON.
versations and papers, which prove with what fright
ful unconcern he arranged every thing for those Jior-
rible days. Danton raade use of proscriptions to de
stroy, by raeans of terror, all idea of resistance
araong the royalists ; and himself, a strange raixture
of indolence and energy, displayed, in the very raidst
of these assassinations, the raost lofty spirit, the most
undaunted bravery. On the 3d of Septeraber the en-
trance of the Prussians into Charapagne spread con
sternation through the raetropolis, and disturbed the
merabers of the government, AU the rainisters, tbe
distinguished deputies, and Robespierre hiraself, who
^was then apprehensive of Brissot, asserabled at the
house of Danton, who alone retaining his courage,
seized in sorae sort all power, dictated the measures
of defence which were then taken, and prevented the
asserably from reraoving to the other side of the
Loire, At this tirae began that inveterate hatred
.j| which Robespierre nourished against him, who never
'" forgave- thcascendency Danton bad then exercised,
. and cunning at last triumphed over hardihood. Danton
was no less generally accused of tbe massacres at
Versailles than of those at Paris. Alguier,^ then pre
sident of the departraent of Seine and Oise, went to
his house to request him to arrange a raethod for sav
ing the prisoners at Orleans, and received for an
swer : " What is it to you ? do you fulfil your duties,
and do not raeddle in this .business ; the people call
for vengeance." The department of Paris elected
hira to the convention, where he proposed, at the very
first raeeting, that all property should be secured by
a decree : he had a law passed, declaring all citizens
adraissible to the office of judge, and he reproached
the old raagistracy with its servility and attachraent to
monarchy. On the 25th of Septeraber the Girondins
gave warning that the departraent of Paris, to which
he belonged, was brooding on a scheme for a dicta
torship. This accusation took its rise from tbe papers
of Marat; the charge was repulsed with vehemence by ^
Danton, who condemned Mapat, representing him as

DANTON. ' 327
the would-be king of the republican party, and by his
means the punishraent of death was denounced
against all who should atterapt to scatter dis
sension or estabUsh tyranny in France. About the end
of October he becarae one of the revolutionary com
niittee ; was president of the Jacobins when Duraou
rier appeared before thera, with a proraise of de
livering the people frora tyranny, and told him, that
he too desired to see the pike and the red cap tri
umph over crowns and sceptres. When called to
account for the secret expenses of rainistry, he said,
that in revolutionary tiraes there could be no reckoning
in detail. He voted that such eraigrants as should
return, should be put to death; he undertook the
defence of public worship, shewed the danger of ren
dering liberty odious by a too hasty application of
philosophical ideas, and required the convention to
declare, that it wished not to destroy any thing-, but to
perfect every thing. At the tirae of Louis XVIth's
trial, Prudhomme- having represented to hira thjjLib«i
convention was ttx bl«MM» fi^j? ^tt^j^^i-g--**? wy that
prince, because the raerabers could not be at once ac
cusers, judges, and juryraen, he answered : " True,
neither will we try Louis XVI. we wUl kill him." On
bisTTeturn from a raission to Holland, where he, with
Lacroix of Eure and Loire, had occasioned the raost
violent turaults, he voted for the king's death, brought
on the war with Spain, and strove to appease the con
tention of the Jacobins and Girondins. Marat cen
sured his proceedings in HoUand, and Barbaroux ac
cused hira of having wasted its pubhc funds, 'but
Danton exculpated hiraself, and called on Carabon
andXebrun to bear testimony in his favour. In the
mean tirae the contest between the Girondins and the
Montagnards becarae every day raore serious, and
Danton appeared to dread the effects of their dissen
sions. "The raetal is red hot," said he, " but the
statue of liberty is not yet raelted : watch the furnace,
or you will aU be burnt." He nevertheless deckired
against Isnard, when he threatened to destroy Paris

328 DANTON.
as the mother of the revolution ; be opposed the
COmraittee of twelve, and speaking of the deputies
v^ho had voted for the appeal to the people, he
exclairaed; " no raore shaU there be a truce between
the Montagne and the base wretches who wished
to save the tyrant." If he was not one of the chiefs
of the revolution of May the Slst, 1793, he firraly
adhered to it; and yet called for the vengeance of
the laws against Henriot, who, on the 2d of June,
had insulted the national representation. On the
25th of July he was chosen president; and on
tbe first of August proposed to erect the committee
^f public safety into a provisional government ; he
afterwards provided for the establishraent of the re
volutionary tribunal, and the seizure of suspected per
sons, coraplaining that none but insignificant raen had
hitherto been seized. He voted to invest the corarais
sioners of the priraary asserablies with the powers ne-^
cessary to raake an inventory in the departraents, of
— ^eir arms, provisions, and horses, and to levy men
for recruits / i,^ nhtainfid a derree ordaining public
education and national establishments where the chil
dren should be gratuitously taught, fed, and lodged.
While praising the address presented by Barere to in
flarae the public mind, he gave it as his opinion, that
all was not said in it. " If tyrants," added he, " en
dangered our liberty, we would surpass thera in daring;
we would lay waste the French territories before they
could pass over thera, and the rich, those vile ego
tists, sliould be the first prey to the popular fury." He
then called for a plan to raise an array capable of
crushing the eneray. On the 3d of Septeraber he
supported the law for fixing the price of corn, in order
to prevent tbe people frora forcing frora the rich and
powerful what the law ought to grant thera ; he voted
for the forraation of a revolutionary array, to be fol
lowed by a tribunal, which should pass iraraediate
judgraent on conspirators and raonopoUzers ; and ob
tained a decree for paying forty sous to every citizen
who should be present at the assemblies of the sec-

DANTON. 229
tions. On the 6th of Septeraber be was lagain elected
a raeraber of the committee of public safety, and on
the 9th declared his continued resolve not to accept
this office. On the 26th of Noveniber, the festivals
called those of Reason, at which the Hebertists pre
sided, induced hira to declaira once more against the
unseasonable attacks raade on the rainisters of divine
worship, required the cessation of anti-religions raas-
querades, in the convention raoved for the orga
nization of public instruction, and the national
festivals, which he terraed the bread of reason,
and even proposed to consecrate a day to the Su
preme Being ; " for," said he, " we did not strive
to annihilate superstition for the sake of establish
ing the reign of atheisra." By these words he ac
cused Hebert a,nd Chauraette, who were raarked
supporters of raaterialisra, and he leagued with Ro
bespierre to bring them to the scaffold, but this league
lasted not long, the sraothered enraity subsisting be
twixt thera was already beginning to attract theu'^''
tice of every body. JV^hen Danton- on ^J^^ o^ ol Sep
tember, was beginning to suggest to the Jacobins,
f tbat they ought to be independent of all authority,
and distrust those vvho wanted to hurry the people be
yond the liraits of the revolution," he was received
with raurmurs ; ^astonished at the disapprobation he
met with, and reraerabering the accusations that had
been directed against him already, he insisted on jus
tifying himself in the sight of the people. " I defy my
enemies," said he, " to bring the proo^of any crirae
against rae ; you shall try me in the presence of the
people ; I shall no raore tear tbe page of ray history
than you wiU tear the pages of yours." Robespierre,
who was not yet prepared to attack hira, declared
him innocent of those proj.ects of royalty attributed
to him by the aristocrats. On the 5th of January,
1794, when accusations were directed against Philip
peaux in the Jacobin society, he declaimed against
the separatists : " Let us," said he, " have something
to be done by the guiUotine pf public opinion; let us

330 DANTON.
render our private hatred subservient to the general
interest, and let us grant to aristocrats only the pri
ority of the poniard.'' He afterwards defended Ca
raiUe Desmoulins, called on hira not to be alarraed at
the soraewhat severe lessons of Robespierre, and warn
ed the society to beware, lest in judging Desmoulins,
a severe attack should be made on the liberty of the
press. When Fabred'Eglantine was arrested, be pro
posed that he should be heard at the bar, and tried be
fore all the people, and that the convention should re
flect on means to do justice to all the victiras of ar
bitrary arrest, without irapeding the course of revolu
tionary governraent. At the sarae tirae he voted for
the exclusion of the nobles frora every eraployment,
and raoved that every revolutionary coraraittee should
be corapelled to send to the coraraittee of general
safety a table of its raembers and its measures. After
the death of Hebert, the hatred whicb subsisted be
tween Robespierre and Danton was converted into
- ^n^n war. Danton was desirous of overturning the
despotisiir ,,u;^ii 'Rnhp.cipiprrp pYpirp.ised' over the com
mittee, and Robespierre with raore address sought to
destroy Danton, in order to free bimself from a danger
ous rival. An attempt wasat first raade to reconcile thera,
andthey were brought to a dinner together, when Dan
ton said to his antagonist, " It is just to restrain the
royalists, but we ought not in our justice to confound
the innocent with the guilty, and our power sboul'd
extend no farther than to strike for the good ofthe re
public." Robespierre, jvith a frown, answered., " Who
told you that any innocent person had been executed .?"
Frora this instant all hopes of reconciliation was done
away, and Danton on going out, said, " I raust shew
myself; there is not a raoraent to be lost," But the
measures of his rival were already taken; Saint Just
lodged an inforraation against hira with the coraraittee
of public safety, and he was arrested in the night of
March the Slst, 1794, with those who were called
his accoraplices. When imprisoned in the Lux*
embourg, he affected a forced gaiety, and own-

DANTON, 331
cd to Lacroix, tbat he bad been forewarned of
his arrest, but had not been able to credit it.
" What," answered his colleague, " you were fore-
Warned and yet suffered yourself to be taken ; your
indolence and self-indulgence have indeed ruined
3'OU ! how often have you been cautioned against
this event!" On his reraoval to the Conciergerie,
his air becarae glooray and ferocious, he appeared
raore particularly hurailiated at having been the dupe
of Robespierre, and all he said shewed a strange
raixture of repentance and pride. At the tirae of
his exaraination he answered with calraness, *' I am
Danton, well known in the revolution; ray horae
will shortly be annihiiation, but ray narae will Uve
in the Pantheon of history." The revolutionary
tribunal condeTnned hira to death on tbe 5th of
April, 1794, " as an accoraplice in a conspiracy
tending (who could suppose it \) to restore raonar*
chy," It appears tbat a party of Cordeliers had
resolved to save their chief at the raoraent of ex
ecution, but this design failed frora the rapidity of
the steps taken at his trial. His friends also accused
a certain general, \^ho had till then been his crea
ture, of having thwarted those raeasures for resist
ance which he raight easily have organized. It was
said of him, that Robespierre had overreached him,
and, indeed, Danton was greatly his superior ih
courage, in political and revolutionary resources ;
was equal to him in popularity, and inferior only in
cunning and hypocrisy. In the discussions of his
cause the judges raade use of every device to keep
back his defence. The president of the tribunal
reproached hira with his boldness: "Individual
boldness," said he, " is doubtless reprehensible; but
national boldness, of which I have given so raany
exaraples, is allowable and even necessary, and I
glory in possessing it." When desired to cease fi-om
recrimination, and to address the jury, he answered,
" An accused raan, who, like me, knows words and
things, answers the jury but does riot address it."

332 DAUBENTON.
He then veheraently insisted that the witnesses should
be heard : " There are," he said, " a few wretches
who would sacrifice us to their ambition, but they
shall not long enjoy the fruit of their ill-gotten and
criminal advantage," The decree which excluded
bira frora the debates, transported hira with unspeak
able rage; be was like a roaring lion, the names
alone of Saint Just, of Robespierre, of Billaud, whom
he called infaraous tyrants, passed his lips. On his
return to the Conciergerie he exclairaed, " It is the
anniversary of the day on which I caused the insti
tution of the revolutionary tribunal, for which I
iraplore pardon of God and raen I ! I leave every
thing in dreadful confusion : there is not one araong
thera who understands any thing of governraent.
After all, they are such brethren as Cain ; Brissot
would have had rae guiUotined even as Robespierre
has rae guillotined," When soraewhat recovered frora
his first paroxysras, he ascended tbe fatal cart with
resolution and without resistance : his head was
raised, and his looks bespoke pride ; he appeared to
coraraand the crowd who surrounded hira at the
foot of the scaffold. One thought, one feeUng turn
ed towards bis faraily, and affected him a moraent.
" Oh, my wife, ray best beloved," cried he, " I
shall see thee then no raore !" Suddenly breaking
short, however, he exclairaed, " Danton, no weak
ness !" and iraraediately ascended the scaffold.
Though poor and greatly involved before the revo
lution, at the tirae of his death he left a considerable
fortune, great part of which had been acquired du
ring his embassy to Holland.
DAUBENTON (J. L. M.) He was born at Mont-
bar in May, 1716, and was studying raedicine when
Buffon, his townsraan, chose hira in 1743 for his
fellow labourer. He undertook the anatomical part
of the Natural History, and executed it witli equal
perspicuity and accuracy. The cabinet of natural
bistory at Paris, which he afterwards managed, be
canie, by the augmentation and methodical arrange-

Daunou. ssS
ment of all the natural productions^ one of the most
valuable establishraents of the raetropolis. His dis
coveries in anatoray, his, experiraents on the natu
ralization of different species, the iraproveraent of
wool, and the treatraent of aniraal diseases, have
greatly enriched the papers of the Acaderay of
Sciences, into which he was admitted in 1744. Mi
neralogy and the philosophy of vegetable substances
also were indebted to him, for he pubUshed a method
of classing rainerals. During the reign of terror
Daubenton wanted a certificate of civisra, and he
was presented to his section as a shepherd who di
rected his whole attention to the propagation of
Spanish sheep in France. After the 18th of Bru
raaire he was appointed raember of the preservative
senate. An apoplexy carried him off frora the pur
suit of science on the Slst of Deceraber, 1799, at
the age of 83.
DAUNOU (P. C. T.) was born at Boulogne,
raember of the Oratorical Society in 1791, grand
vicar to the constitutional bishop of Pas-de-Calais,
and, in the month of Septeraber, 1792, sent by
that department to the national convention. When
the trial of Louis XVI. began, heproposed to remove
the cause to a criminal tribunal of deputies, or to
the high national court. When the king's sentence
was to be passed, he voted for his confinement
during the war, and his banishraent on the restora
tion of peace. This opinion involved hira in the
proscription of the Girondins, and he was one of the
73 deputies who were seized for having entered their
protest against the raeasures of May the Slst, 1793.
He was re-adraitted to the convfention in Deceraber,
1794, and elected secretary on the 21st of tbe sarae
raonth. He made the republic pay for tbe printing
of Condorcet's posthumous work on the Progress of
the Huraan Mind. On the 22d of April, 1795, he
becarae one of the coraraissioners appointed to or
ganize the laws of the constitution of 1793, and he
contributed to substitute in its roora that of the year

334 DAUNOU.
1795, of which he was almost always reporter. On
the 3d of August he was chosen president, and on
the IOth deUvered a speech in coraraeraoration ofthe
downfal of the throne. In Septeraber he becarae
one of the coraraittee of public safety, and on the
3d of October laid open the raachinations of the
sections of Paris against the convention ; urged sorae
raeasures to repress insurrection, but opposed
MeauUe's scherae of doing away the elective body as
the nurse of the rebellion of October the 10th, 1795.
When a raember ofthe council of 500 he was chosen
chief president. In 1796 he declared warraly for the
maintenance of the law passed on the 3d of Bru
maire: be was one of the seven merabei"s eorarais
sioned to exaraine the papers brought in evidence
against Drouet and Babeuf; he gave in the plan
for renewing the legislative body ; proposed punishi-
ments for calurany, and on this account irapugned
the liberty of the press. On the 21st of March,
1 797, be was appointed secretary, and left tbe coun
cil on the 20th of May. The following year the
directory intrusted hira with the organization of the
Roraan republic. In March, 1798, be was re
elected one of the council of 500 ; was appointed its
president on the 20th of August, and delivered a
speech on the anniversary of Septeraber the Sd, 1797.
A deputation frora tbe institute having corae to ren
der the annual account of the labours of the society,
Daunou returned an answer, in which the following
phrase was particularly noted : " there is no philo
sophy without patriotisra ; there is no genius but in
a republican soul ; and the sacred love of liberty is
one of the noblest characteristics of talent as well as
of virtue." On the 23d of September, 1798, he
delivered the solemn discourse celebrating the foun
dation of the republic. He was one of those who
co-operated in the revolution of the 18th of Bruraaire,
and a raeraber of the society eoraraissioned to forra a
new constitution, which served as a basis for that
which Bonaparte presented to the nation. Daunou

DAVID. 335
declined the office of counseUor of state offered him
by the first consul, and was content with that of
tribune. In January, ISOO, he was elected presi
dent of tbe tribunal. After the victory of Marengo
he celebrated tbe triuraphs of the French arraies,
and required that the raeraory of Dessaix should be
honoured. InJanuary, 1801, he opposed the plan
for a law to create special tribunals, as unconstitu
tional. Daunou resigned the tribunate in 1802, at
the tirae of the first renewal of that body, which the
preservative senate effected, and resuraed his office
of librarian to tbe Pantheon. As a raeraber of the
institute, Daunou bas occasionally appeared at the
bar of the legislative body to give an account of the
labours of the society. He presided there and de
livered the opening speech on the 10th of August,
1796. In 1797 he published a work, entitled " On
Boileau's Influence over French Literature;" and, in
1798, a panegyric on General Hoche. He was un
questionably one of the best orators of the latter le
gislatures, and attracted attention by the soundness
of his logic, and the perspicuity of his style. In the
raonth of Deceraber he succeeded Caraus as keeper
of the archives of the legislative body.
DAVID (J. P.) a native of Dieppe, and a ser
geant of grenadiers. Having been taken prisoner by
the English, he desired to be enroUed in one of the
Frerich regiraents in the English service, and was
present at the invasion of Quiberon. After having
examined the local circumstances and position of
the royaUsts, he deserted, gave the republicans an
account of the forces and situation of the eraigrants,
and headed the coluran which retook fort Penthievre.
He was raade an officer on the field of battle: the
asserably decreed that he had deserved weU of his
country, and he was presented with a suit,of arraour.
DAVID (J. L.) a celebrated painter, elector of
Paris in 1792, afterwards deputy to the coraraittee
of general safety under the reign of terror ; was one
of the warraest friends of Robespierre. He voted for

336 l^AVID.
tbe deatb of Louis XVI. : he caused to be presented
to the legislative body on the 25th of September,
1790, a picture representing the king entering the
national asserably on tbe 4th of February. He had
also begun a large picture, the subject of which was
the oath taken in 17S9 in the tennis-court, and
through the windows of the edifice was seen at a
distance the castle of Versailles covered with clouds, .
whence issued prophetic lightnings : this picture was
never finished; the design appeared in the exhibition
of 1791. He contrived the mountain, on which the
tyrant gave a public festival, in the field of Mars.
He had ordered several eminences to be made on fhis
mountain, less high than the sumrait,' which could
contain only about 250 persoris, and this circura
stance occasioned a scene equally ridiculous and
characteristic, when the deputies, perceiving how
little roora the top afforded, rushed forward together
and j'ostled each other to attain the highest place.
In Septeraber, 1793, David proposed in a raeeting
of the Jaqpbins, to raise a raonument in the square
of the Pont-Neuf, representing the people under the
figure of a giant, to be formed of the remains of the
statues ofthe kings. In January, 1794, he presided
in the convention. After the fall of Robespierre, he
was several times accused, as being one of his accom
plices, and as having said to him the evening before
his faU, in the meeting of the Jacobins, " If you
drink hemlock I will drink it too." He succeeded
for a long tirae in avoiding inforraations, and when, on
the 2d of August, 1794, he was arrested, he declared
hiraself innocent, and desired to reraain at his own
house to finish a picture. His pupils, backed by
Chenier and Bailleul, obtained his liberty in conse
quence of a decree passed on the 27tb of Deceraber,
iraporting that his conduct afforded no ground for
exaraination. But after the insurrection of May the
20tb, 1795, he was pointed out as a terrorist, and
again iraprisoned in the Luxerabourg, whence he
was released on the 21st of. August, and procured

DEBRY, 337
leave to remain in his own house with guards j the
aranesty of Brumaire the 4th put an end to his con
fineraent. He bas been accused of the raost shock
ing cruelty to artists during the tirae he belonged to
the coraraittee of . general safety, and Mercier, in
his New Picture of Paris, relates, that he one day
exclairaed in a section, " If tbe artists were fired on
with case shot there would be no danger of kilUng a
patriot," He was appointed a raember of the na
tional institute to superintend the school of painting;
but though a great painter he is looked on as an
ignorant man. In 1800 the consuls raade hira the
national artist, when he painted for the Hospital of
InvaUds a picture of General Bonaparte, which does
not answer to his reputation. In 1805 he was ap
pointed to paint tbe eraperor's coronation, and went
to visit his holiness Pope Pius VII, He is unques
tionably the first painter of the present French school,
and tbis consideration, which was urged by Boissy
d'Anglas, bad sorae weight in obtaining his par
don after July the 27th, 1794, The execution of
his pictures is in the purest style, his colours are
skilfully disposed, and all the raechanical part of
the art is carried to perfection ; but the coraposition
is heavy and gigantic, and correctness is displayed
at the expense of genius. The innovation he has
ventured on, by requiring payraent at his house for
a sight of his picture of the Sabines, has brought on
him a charge of covetousness. A sweUing which he
has in his cheek renders his features hideous, and im
pedes his utterance to such a degree that he cannot
pronounce ten successive words in the same tone.
David is a raeraber of tbe legion of honour. His
daughter, in 1805, raarried a colonel of infantry.
DEBRY (Jean) a raeraber of the directory for the
departraent of Aisne, was deputed by that depart
raent to the legislative asserably. In Noveraber,
1791, he declared against the refractory and turhn
lent priests. On the 1st of January, 1792, he voted
for the accusation of the French eraigrant princes j
VOL. I. Z

538 DEBRY,
on the I6tli he obtained a decree, importing that
Louis Stanislaus Xavier, the king's brother, had
forfeited his right to the crown, by failing to return
within the time appointed by the constitution, and
he afterwards urged the necessity of bringing an ac
cusation against the rainister Uplessart. At the crisis
of June the 20th, 1792, he hindered the asserably
from taking raeasures to prevent tbe seizure of the
castle of the Tuileries by the inhabitants of the sub
urbs. On the SOth he presented a proposal for in
vesting the national asserably with the right of de
claring the country in danger. On the Sth of August
he accused generals Luckner and Lafayette ; and he
required that they should be tried. He had a great
share in the events of the 10th of August, which
overturned the throne. On the 26th he proposed to
forra the body of tyrannicides appointed to fight,
man to man, the kings at war with France, and the
generals who coraraanded their arraies. On the 1st
of October he obtained a decree that four eraigrants,
taken by the array of Beurnonville, should be tried
by the crirainal tribunal of Marne, On the Sth he
supported Gossuin's motion, which proposed to grant
100,000 livres to whosoever should bring the head of
duke Albert of Saxe-Tescheii; and proposed the
sarae recorapence for those who should bring the
heads of Francis II, Frederic WiUiara Brunswick,
and all the red deer Uke thera. On the 10th of
Noveraber he proposed to decree the punishraent of
death against those raunicipal officers who should
grant certificates of residence to eraigrants, and by
bis raeans the trial of Louis XVI. was appointed to
begin on the day foUowing. InJanuary, 1793, he
proposed to postpone passing sentence on this prince
till after the constitution was accepted by the people,
or, till a general peace; he voted however for his
deatb at the last special appeal. On the 21st of
January be was elected raember of the coraraittee of
general safety, and was sent to the departraent du
Nord. On the 21st of March he procured a decree

DEBRY. 339
for establishing in every raunicipality coraraittees of
superintendence, which gave birth to revolutionary
committees ; he wa^ elected president, and after
wards raeraber of the first coraraittee of public safety ;
a short time after he gave in his resignation, and
made no apparent opposition to the events of May
the Slst; since that tirae he has never appeared in
the rostrura except to ask the honours of the Pan
theon for J. J. Rousseau. After the fall of Robe
spierre, on the 1st of August, 1794, he was raade a
mdraber of the committee of general safety ; but he
resigned on being reproached with entertaining the
opinions of the federalists whom that committee was
still pledged to prosecute. He presented a report of
the best methods for faciUtating the course of the
revolutionary governraent; he was sent to the southern
departraents, and there thundered against the Jaco
bins in proclaraations. He wrote to the convention,
that the wretches had unsuccessfuUy made an attack
on his Ufe at Avignon. On the 5th of July, 1795,
he becarae one of the corainittee of public safety,
and shared in the discussions of the new constitu-^
tional act ; be at first favoured the attacks raade on
the terrorists by the Parisian youth, but afterwards
declared against their measures, and obtained a decree
substituting the Marseillois hyran in the place of the call
to the people, and ordering that it should be played
every day on the parade. On the 18th of August he
declared for new raeasures of police against the erai
grants, and called for rigorous conduct towards the
journalists who were of an opposite way of thinking
to his; and after the events of the 13th of Vende
raiaire, he added his suffrage to those, by raeans of
which the chiefs of the insurrection were transferred
to the cognizance of the railitary council of war. In
the month of October he was removed to the council
of five hundred, where he maintained the law of the
Sd of Brumaire, which excluded the relations of emi
grants from all offices. On the 14th of March, 1796,
in conjunction with Louvet, he proposed a la(w to
z 2

340 DEBRY.
check the Uberty of the press, that is to say, he de
claimed against sucb journaUsts as were bold enough
to attack the directory. On the 21st he was chosen
secretary ; in November he delivered the panegyric
on General Bonaparte and the array of Italy. On
the 21st of Deceraber he was appointed president ;
and in February, 1797, opposed the accusation of
the Orleans' faction by Duraolard. He afterwards
obtained the restoration of the power to seize the
body and goods of the debtor in a civil action ; gave
inforraation of the conspiracy of Brottier and Ville-
heurnois, and seconded the proposal of subjecting
tbe electors to the republican oath. On the 10th of
July he opposed a project in favour of the fugitives
of Toulon, and on the 22d defended popular meet
ings. On the 5th of August he opposed tbe forma
tion of a new guard, with which the legislative body
sought to surround themselves, to prevent the at
tacks of the executive power, and there paved tbe
way for the 18th of Fructidor, to the events of which
he contributed with all his power. After this revo
lution he proposed that the excluded deputies should
be declared incapable of being re-elected, and he
justified tbe cession of tbe republic of Venice and
the operations of the directory in Italy, which had
before been attacked by the conquered party. In
the beginning of 1798 be gave in a document on the
necessity of enforcing the republican institutions.
" If," cried be, " we must have a superstition, let
us have the superstition of liberty, let us carry it to
fanaticisra; let the constitution and the repubUc
obtain all homage, and bestow all reward." He
called for measures to repress those ruffian outrages
which were comraitted by raain force on the high
roads. He proposed the formation of schools of
Mars, backed the scherae of an eighth adrainistra
tion, and desired that a festival might be celebrated
to the sovereignty of the people. On the 21st of
May, 1798, Jean Debry was appointed minister
plenipotentiary to Rastadt with Bonnier and Rober-

DEBRY. 341
jot. On the 28th of April, 1798, the French envoys
were attacked by banditti in the uniforra of the
hussar regiraent of Szecklers who were to escort '
thera. Roberjot and Bonnier perished, and Debry
was wounded. In 1799 he was again elected' one of
the council of five hundred, where he appeared with
his arra in a sling, and expressed his regret for the
loss of his colleagues, and his indignation against
the authors of that crirae. He thanked the legis
lative body for the interest they had been pleatied
to testify for bira, and was appointed president. At
the raeeting ofthe 19th of June, consecrated to the
celebration of the raeraory of Bonnier and Roberjot,
the president addressed hira in these words : " You
Uve, and as posterity will sound your praises, we
will be content with avenging you." Jean Debry
answered, " I swear on the torab of ray unhappy
colleagues, to share their fate sooner than be unfaith
ful to this republic, deprived of which we had better
die." He afterwards vowed implacable hatred to the
house of Austria, and ended by a cry for vengeance.
On the 20th of August he delivered the funeral
oration of the representative Lecarlier, coraplained
of the raanner in which bodies were interred, and
proposed that the cereraonies of the civil state should
be again examined into. After the revolution of the
ISth Brumaire, he. was reraoved to the tribunate,
where, in 1800, he celebrated the victory of Marengo,
passed an eulogiura on the victorious first consul and
on Desaix, to honour whose raeraory it was by his
raeans decreed that the asserably should at one raeet
ing wear mourning. In July he uttered a panegyric
on tbe brave Latour d' Auvergne, and at the con
clusion of the peace again ascended the rostrura, to
assure the armies and the peace-bestowing hero of
tbe national gratitude. In January, 1801, he gave
bis opinion in favour ofthe establishment of criminal
and special tribunals, to subsist so long as one roy
alist adverse to governraent should be harboured in

342 DEFERMONT DES CHAPELIERES.
the bosora of the republic. On the 29th of April
following he was named prefect of the department of
Doubs, and still fulfilled the functions of that office.
(1806) He was also an officer in the legion of honour.
DECAEN, a French general, born at Creully,
near Caen, of parents who kept an inn, was eraployed
in the array of Rhine and Moselle, distinguished hira
self in July, 1796, underthe coramand of Moreau ;
gained a series of advantages over the enemies, and
was raentioned with distinction for his braver}'- at the
battle of Ettingen : in August foUowing he obtained
new advantages on the raountains of Albe, and ob
tained notice in another action on the 6th of Septera
ber. In February, 1798, he was cashiered, but was
restored on tbe first of April foUowing and promoted
to the rank of general of division on the l6th of May,
1800. On the 24th of June, 1802, the first consul
conferred on him the title of captain-general of the
French settlements in India, and the decoration of
grand officer of the legion of honour, a short time after
which he embarked at Brest.
DEFERMONT DES CHAPELIERES (T.) A
lawyer in the court of Bretagne, was deputed by the
tiers-etat of the township of Rennes, to the states-ge
neral, where he turned almost the whole of his atten
tion to financial considerations. On the 22d of Oc
tober, 1789, he opposed the scheme of rendering the
payraent ofa tax equal to three days labour a necessary
quaUfication for eligibility, on the ground that it would
lead to an aristocracy of wealth. On the 19th of
Noveraber, he declared in favour of numerous courts
of justice, contending that a limited number of ma
gistrates was contrary to the interests of the people;
on the llth of January, 1790, he denounced the par
liament of Rennes for its disobedierice to the laws ;
on the 3d of February be renewed this denunciation,
proposed the formation of a provisional tribunal, and
the cessation of the salaries of those magistrates who
rebeUed against the law : on the 4th of March he de-

DEFERMONT DES CHAPELIERES. S4S
sired that all the forraer courts of justice should be abo
lished; on the Slst of July he proposed to add to Ma
rat and CaraiUe DesraouUns, who were accused as
inflammatory writers, the authors of the Acts of the
Apostles and of the Paris Gazette. He made various
reports relative to the finances, the contributions, and
the navy, and was successively member of the different
coraraittees who superintended these parts of the na
tional oeconomy. On the ISth of January, 1791, he
declairaed against one of the pope's briefs, which
was contrary to the civic oath. At the tirae of Louis
the XVIth's flight he caused Rocharabeau to be ad
ded to the railitary coraraittee, and the recal of all the
absent deputies to be decreed. On the 19th of July
be was norainated president ; on the 24th of Septera
ber he voted that raen of colour, born free, should be
admitted to enjoy the rights of citizenship. He was
deputed by the departraent of Isle and Vilaine, to the
convention, of whicb be was elected secretary on the
5th of Noveraber, 1792, and president on the 1st of
Deceraber, On the llth he had a seat placed at the
bar to receive Louis XVI. and on the ISth he inter
rogated that raonarch. Julien de la Drorae inveighed
against him for partiality in the debates relative to the
trial, and accused hira of having had conferences with
M. de Malesherbes and the defenders of Louis XVI.
to protect the cause of tyranny. He vindicated hira
self frora these charges, declared that it was true the
defenders of Louis had come to his house to inquire
of him what steps were necessary for appearing at the
bar, and that he had given them tickets of entrance.
He voted for the confinement and banishraent of
Louis, On the 25th of May 4ie proposed to summon
the raagistracy of Paris before the convention, which
was threatened by the sections of that city, and: he
opposed the decree for annulling the coraraission of
twelve; on the Slst be did actually sumraon before
the asserably tbe coraraissioners of the coraraune and
the other raagistrates of Paris; he defended Langui-
nais, who was accused of having brought about the

844 DE&ERMONT DES CHAPELIERES.
counter revolution at Rennes, and on the llth of June
ventured to speak in favour of the arrested deputies.
On the 16th of July he was arraigned by Levasseil
for carrying on a correspondence hostUe to the Slst of
May, and a decree ordained bis appearance at the bar.
On the 17th, in consequence of his non-appearance,
an order was issued for his arrest, but having evaded
it by flight, he was declared a traitor to his country,
and his goods were confiscated. He wandered long,
but at last contrived to escape, and was one of those
who signed the protest against the Slst of May. Ori
the Sth of March, 1795, he was again called to the
convention, when he insisted on the prosecution of the
ringleaders of the revolt on the 10th of May, and on
his accusation the asserably decreed tbe arrest of the
representative Esnue Lavall^e and general Rossignol,
for their conduct in the Vendue. In the narae of the
coraraittee of public safety, of wbich he was a raeraber
on the Slst of July, he obtained tbe adoption of a de
cree in favor of the blacks of St, Domingo, who had
fought there for Uberty, He afterwards declared hira
self an eneray to the sectionaries of Vendemiaire, op
posed the scheme of an union with HoUand ; point
ed out the successes of the royalists in the west,
voted forthe exclusion of the principal terrorists frora
the law of aranesty, and was brought into notice by
the royalist correspondence of Leraaitre, in which he
was raarked as favourable to the restoration of mo
narchy. On being re-elected to the council of five
bundred, of which he was appointed secretary, he de
fended the system of banks, was nominated president
on the 21st of May, 1796, made an exterapore speech
in favour of raandats, the still-born children of assig
nats, and brought into use the custora of paying a
toll for tbe repair of the roads. On the Slst of Ja
nuary, 1797, it was by his raeans declared that
Malo and Ramel, tbe accusers of Lavilleheurnois, a
royalist agent, had deserved well of tbeir country. On
the 9tb of February be defended the directory from an
accusation of having brought before a council of war

DEFORGUES. 345
two dishonest contractors ; on the 25th of March he
proposed the restoration of duties on, and licences for
the sale of tobacco. During the terra of his session
he particularly applied bimself to finance, and pre
sented plans on tbe subject, almost always conformable
to the views of the directory : he left the council in
May, 1797, and was appointed commissioner of the
treasury. After the 18th Bruraaire he was called
to the council of state, and in 1800 gave in the scherae
of a law for the establishraent of the charitable contri
bution, and another respecting the security to be re
quired frora those who were intrusted with the national
receipts. When he presented the budget of the year
9, he praised the wisdora of the adrainistration, and
the raoderation of its deraands. In the beginning of
ISOI he delivered a panegyric on bis colleague Du
fresne, late director of the public treasury. He, being
the orator of government, defended before the legisla
tive body, on the 21st of March, the proposal for a
law relative to the public debt and the national do
mains, and refuted the objections raised by the mem
bers of the tribunate. On the SOth of Noveraber he
presented for the approbation of the sarae body, the
treaty concluded with Portugal; on the 14th of June,
1802, he was appointed director-general of the liqui
dation of the national debt, and in October, 1804,
was chosen by the electoral college of Mayenne, can
didate for the preservative senate. He is, (1806) a
grand officer of the legion of honour,
DEFORGUES, rainister of the French republic for
foreign affairs, was at first a raeraber of the municipa
lity which estabUshed itself at Paris on the 10th of
August, 1792; he afterwards raade a figure in the
coraraittee of superintendence or public safety of that
coraraune, to which have been attributed the raassa
cres in the prisons at the beginning of Septeraber : he
was one of those who signed the faraous address sent
by the raunicipality of Paris to all those in France,
ending with these reraarkable words, " We will marCb
to meet the foe, but we wUl not leave these miscreants

346 DEGOUGES,
behind us," &c, &c. By the influence of Herault Se
chelles, he was raade rainister for foreign affairs, He
bert declared to the Cordeliers that he was a raan
acquainted with business, and inclining to the rao
derate side, in consequence of which he was appre
hended on the 6th of AprU, 1794, and was succeeded
by Herraan, He however escaped the rage of party,
and recovered his liberty on the 27th of July, 1794, In
1799 he was sent ambassador to Holland, but was re
called after the revolution of the ISth Brumaire. He
then became commissioner-general of police at
Nantes, whicb office he lost in consequence of the
rivalry subsisting between him and the prefect Letour
neur de la Manche. In December, 1804, he was ap
pointed French consul at New Orleans, for which
place be departed shortly after his nomination.
DEGOUGES (M. O. DE) the widow of M. d'Au-
bry, born at Montauban, in 1755, began her career
with a little piece called the " Marriage of Cherubin,"
and afterwards brought out the " Generous Man," a
play, and " MoUere's Visit to Ninon, or tbe Age of
Great Men," an episodical piece, together with seve
ral others little worthy of attention. She seeraed
wholly devoted to the arts ; " but," says one of her
historians, " ber passion changed at the tirae of the
revolution, and renouncing the profession of an au
thoress she plunged into the eddy of political in
trigues." Her writings, with which she at stated pe
riods hung the walls of Paris, breathed the raost ar
dent enthusiasm; her hero was the Duke of Orleans,
whose virtues and popularity she was constantly ex
tolling. Ever active in the pursuit of her patriotic
views, she was now in the antichambers of the minis
ters, now in the mobs, and almost always at the meet
ings of the Jacobins, or those of the national assem
bly. To her the popular female societies owe their
rise ; she had an arabition to vie with the raost cele
brated orators of the constitutional asserably in the
rostrum : she had an exclusive adrairation of Mira
beau, whom she panegyrized after his death, in ; an

DEJOLI. 347
episodical drama, entitled, "Mirabeau in the Elysian
Fields.^' She also presented herself to the constitu
tional asserably at the head of a deputation of wo
men ; but her revolutionary zeal cooled with the
events that brought on the republic ; and on'the 14th
of Deceraber, 1792, she proposed herself as the de
fender of Louis the XVIth, in a raeraorial addressed
to the president ofthe convention. She accompanied
this offer with sorae political reflections on the trial
of the king, whom she proposed to banish. She had
the courage to declare afterwards against the faction
of Marat and Robespierre ; she devoted her pen to
contend against terrorism, and her paraphlet, enti
tled, " The Three Urns, or the Safety of the Coun
try," raade so rauch noise, that she was apprehended
on the 5th of July, 1793, when she was dragged first
to the Abbaye, and aftervvards to the Conciergerie.
On the 2d of November she appeared before the re
volutionary tribunal ; at the moraent when sentence
of condemnation was going to be pronounced, she
cried out with vehemence : " ray enemies shall not
have the glory of seeing my blood flow ; I am preg
nant, and I shall give a citizen to the republic." "This
was inquired into by persons appointed for the pur
pose, who attested that her declaration was false;
and on the 4th of November, 1793, she was led to
the scaffold. At. the moment when she bowed her
head to receive the fatal stroke, sbe gazed on the peo
ple, and energetically exclaimed : " Children of the
country, you will avenge my death !" She had a son
who served in the French troops under the name of
D' Aubry, but was broke in the beginning of 1793,
DEJOLI (N/) an advocate at the time of the revolu
tion, declared in its favour, and in 1789 became Mayor's
lieutenant in the city-court, and afterwards secretary
register in the commune of Paris ; he held that of
fice when he was caUed to the king's council on the
29th of June, 1792, in quality of minister of justice;
in the place of M. Duranthon. On the 5th of July
he delivered a message in w-Mch the king expressed a

348 DELABORCH.
desire to be present in the assembly on the 14th
of July to receive the oath of tbe national guards.
He was eoraraissioned to give an account of the
measures which were taken relative to the events
that occurred at the camp under Brissack, as
well as of the prosecution of those writers who had
preached the debasement of dignities in consequence
of a number of Mallet Dupan's publication ; and on
the 10th of July declared that it was no longer in the
power of rainisters to save the kingdora frora the
anarchy which threatened to swallow it up, and he
gave notice that hiraself and all his colleagues bad ten
dered their resignation to the king. Notwithstanding
this public step, he kept the port-folio sorae tirae
longer, and a few days after gave an account of the
obstacles which retarded the decision of the council
with respect to the suspension of Petion and Manuel.
On the 12th of July the asserably called on bira to
give a written account of tbe prosecution carried on
by tbe court against those who had instigated the pro
ceedings of June the 20th, On the 9th of August
he again censured the raeasures of the Jacobins, cora
plained that nothing was established on this subject,
and gave warning that the danger of the monarchy
was at its height. In fact, it was overthrown the
following day, and Dejoli was superseded by Danton
and put under arrest. On the 19th of December,
1793, be was suraraoned before the revolutionary tri
bunal on the raotion of PhiUppeaux ; it is probable
that be was not tried, for a rainister of Louis XVI,
would not bave found favour before tbis tribunal. He
recovered his liberty after the 29th of July, 1794,
quitted the political life, and is at this day (1806)
araong the raen of business of the metropolis.
DELABORDE (H. F.) a French general, born at
Dijon, in 1764, ran his acaderaical career in that
city with honour. He was a subaltern officer in the
55th regiraent of infantry, when his forraer college
friends appointed bira lieutenant in the first battalion
of the Cote d'Or. After the fight of Grisnelle, in

DELAMARRE. 349
June, 1792, he succeeded the colonel of the first bat
talion of the sarae departraent, who had been . kiUed
in that affair. He distinguished hiraself on the 17th
of May, 1793, near Rhuisabern. He was going with
the sarae battaUon to tbe array of the Eastern Pyren
nees, when general Cartaux detained hira to fight with
the Marseillois who had risen against the convention.
He defeated him at the village of Lepin, near Aix,
and this success raised hira to the rank of brigadier-
general. He for sorae tirae held the office of chief of
the staff in the array which besieged Toulon, and he
had been norainated to the governraent of Corsica
when Dugoraraier detained hira, and intrusted to him
the coraraand ofthe first division of that array, at the
head of whicb he carried the entrenched carap of the
English. When afterwards eraployed in the Southern
Pyrennees he directed another attack against sorae
Spanish redoubts, which were taken. A short tirae
after be obtained a still raore iraportant advantage at
Roncesvalles by the skill and celerity of his raotions.
Peace being raade with Spain, Delaborde joined the
array of the Rhine, and on the 18th of Bruraaire,
year 4, he distinguished hiraself near Phrirae. In
July, 1796, he directed that division of Moreau's
array which passed the Rhine at Neuf-Brisac, and he
took possession of the Brisgau while Moreau pene
trated into Bavaria. He succeeded in raaintaining a
severe discipline araong his troops, for which he re
ceived the thanks of the inhabitants. In 1799 he
again coraraanded a division of the array of the Rhine,
and in November unsuccessfully blockaded Philips-
bourg. In 1804 he was nominated commander of
tbe legion of honour, and in 1805 headed the 13th
military division at Rennes.
DELAMARRE (I'Abbe) an emigrant, long attach
ed to the interests of the house of Bourbon, was seve
ral tiraes stated in the Paris journals, and particularly
in tbe papers seized at Bareuth, to be carrying on a
correspondence with the royalists of the interior.
Having been accused at London in 1805, by his own

350 DELAUNEY,
party," be there published a raeraorial, in which he
divulged facts, the publication of which displeased
the English rainistry, who by virtue of the alien act
transported hira to the north of Gerraany, whence he
was forbidden to return to England.
DELAMBRE (J.B, J.) a raeraber of the insti-
tute, has published, araong other papers on the raa
theraaticai and physical sciences, analytical raethods
for determining an arch of the meridian, preceded by
a memorial on the same subject, by A, M. Legen
dre, one volume, in quarto, with plates. Paris, 1800.
M. Delambre is considered as the raost learned astro
nomer in France. He had a violent fit of illness in
1804, which threatened his life, and the institute ap
pointed a deputation to congratulate him on his
recovery. DELAUNEY (B. R.) governor of the Bastile.
His name is Jourdan ; and thougb he took the title
of marquis, he was little more than one bf tbe vulgar :
he descended frora an untitled officer of justice be
longing to St. Sauveur-le-Vicomte, He was raas
sacred by the people, on the 14th of July, 1789,
when the Bastile was seized, and his bead was car
ried through Paris with those of Berthier and Foulon.
If he did not deserve to die by the hands of the peo
ple, he deserved to die by those of justice, for not
having defended that fortress, but all was then weak
ness on the part of government. Jurailbac, tbe son-in-
law of Delauney, and reversionary governor, escaped
a few rainutes previous to tbe attack of the castle, so
much more anxious was every one at this period to
establish his personal security, than to fulfil his ap
pointed duties. M. d'Agay, his other son-in-law, in
tendant of Picardy, nearly fell a victira to popular
fury: as a raagistrate, upright, firra, and enlightened,
he had shewn hiraself averse to the innovations which
were preparing. Some days previous to the 2d of
Septeraber, 1792, the widow and children of the go
verrior of the BastUe, who were in prison, obtained
their freedom by the intercession of the duke of Or-

DELILLE, 351
leans; a fact Uttle known, and which proves that
prince to have been no stranger to those slaughterous
plans which were at that period carried into exe
cution, DELILLE (J,) natural son of a raan well known
in the law at Clerraont Ferrand, was born at Aigue-
perse, a little town of Liraagne, 1725, and carae very
young to Paris, where he was educated at the serai
nary of La Marche, on a pension of 100 crowns,
which he received frora his raother. He erabraced
the ecclesiastical profession, and obtained the chair
of professor of rhetoric in the college at Araiens. On
his return to Paris he filled the sarae post in the col
lege of La Marche. Sorae fugitive poetry, an epistle
on travel, crowned by the acaderay of Marseilles, and
above all, his epistle to M. Laurent, gained him re
putation in the literary world ; and a translation of
Virgil's Georgics added the highest lustre to his
farae. He was corapUraented on it by raost of the
great raen of the last century, particularly by Vol
taire, who without knowing DeliUe, iraraediately
wrote to the acaderay, calUng on the raerabers to
receive into their fraternity " a man whose talents
had extended the regions of poetry and the glory of
the nation." Nevertheless the translator of Virgil..
was not admitted into the academy till the year 1774;
he afterwards laboured for several years at the poera
of" The Gardens," and though raore censures have
been passed on this work than on the version of the
Georgics, it is considered as one of the fairest raonu
raents of French poetry, and has been translated into
all languages. In 1784 DeliUe accorapanied M. de
Choiseul to Constantinople ; he viewed with a poet's
enthusiasra the ruins of Greece, and gave an aniraated
description of thera, which found its way into the
journals of the tirae. He had acquired nuraerous
friends at court who interested theraselves in his ad
vanceraent, so that he was first appointed canon of
Moissac in Rouergne; and afterwards the count
d'Artois procured his nomination to the abbey of St.

352 DELILLE.
Severin in Poitou. The revolution deprived him of
his preferraent, and left hira destitute of every thing
but his professorship in the college of France, which
he bad obtained sonie years before. During the
reign of terror he continued at Paris, and was ex
posed to the greatest danger.s. The coraraittee of
public safety was desirous of raaking use of his pen,
and he relieved himself from this dUeraraa by produc
ing an ode on the iraraortaUty of the soul, which
suited all circurastances and all parties, This work
was pubUshed in 1802. It was not tiU the year 1795
that Delille resolved on quitting France, which con
tinued to echo with tbe din of arms and the cries of
factions : in search of rest and security he went suc
cessively to St. Diez, to Switzerland, to Germany, and
at last to London, where a new edition of his " Gar
dens," was honoured witb the subscriptions of all the
most distinguished personages of England. His
" Rural PhUosopher," after having encountered se
veral obstructions thrown in its way by tbe directory,
was published in 1800, during his absence. Tbis
poera was read with eagerness by every adrairer of
poetry, and attacked with fury by a sraall nuraber of
critics, who were aniraated by the most glaring party
spirit. This hatred was still further excited two years
afterwards by the publication of the poera of Pity, in
whicb the author had the courage to attack vices and
criraes still recent ; hatred was no longer kept within
bounds, and the bitterest sarcasras and the raost dis
graceful paraphlets were produced against hira. De
liUe had been several raonths returned to Paris, and
in tbe midst of tbese indecent attacks was labouring
at his translation of the JEneid, which was published
in 1804, and afforded his eneraies a new opportunity
of exercising tbeir resentment. They were not raore
lenient to hira the foUowing year, when tbey spoke of
his translation of Paradise Lost ; and these two works,
wbich do honour to the 19th century, have been vili
fied by a sraall nuraber of critics with as rauch aspe
rity as was the former translation of the Georgicsj

DELISLE DE SALES. S&3
by Cleraent. The public are, expecting his poem on
Imagination, whicii has long been announced, and
that on the " Three Kingdoras of Nature." DeliUe
married in 1802, during his abode in London, Ma
deraoiselle Vaudcharap, who was long the corapanion
of his travels, and whora he has often styled his An
tigone. Though frequently solicited to enter the
national institute, he refused till the year 1804, when
the other raembersof the ancient academy joined that
body. The emperor Napoleon having expressed a
wish to see this celebrated raan, Delille went one day
to the house of the princess Eliza, in the beginning
ofthe year 1805, and this great poet received the
most flattering attentions frora the whole court, and
especially frora the erapress.
DELISLE DE SALES (J.) born at Lyons, a
member of the national institute, and author of seve
ral esteemed works, araong which raay, be cited the
Philosophy of Nature, which has gone through seve
ral editions, followed by the Philosophy of Happi
ness, a History of Men, and a History of the Prirai
tive World, which form a very volurainous coUection :
and a great nuraber of papers inserted in the proceed
ings ofthe Institute. He displayed a generous firra-,
ness in the defence of Carnot, Bartheleray, and Pas
toret, wbo were expelled frora the Institute, after their
prriscnption in September, 1797, and published vari
ous writings in their favour, whieh have done hira the
greatest honour with such raen as are not blinded by
party spirit. In the beginning of 1802 he published
a work relative to the situation in whicb France stood
with regard to religion, directed against the eneraies
of reUgion under the strange and alraost blaspheraous
title of Meraorial in favour of God ! ! A short tirae
afterwards he published another work on the political
situation of Europe, which excited the notice of the
police, and was prohibited ; his panegyric on Male
sherbes raet the sarae fate. Delisle de Sales published
likewise two volumes of Supplement to the abbe Mil-
lot's Elements of History.
VOLL 2 A

354 DELMAS;
DELMAS, a French general, born at Tulles ; he
Sprang frora a noble, but poor family, and embracing
the profession of arras in very early life, he becarae,
in 1791, chief of tbe 1st battalion ofthe Corrftze. He
distinguished hiraself in tbe army of the North, by
some brilliant actions, and obtained the rank of bri
gadier-general. In 1793 he served in tbe army of
the Rhine, and was second in comraand at Landau,
when tbat city was blockaded. The deputy Dentzel,
Who was also shut up there, desired, on tbe 4th of
October, the sarae year, thedisraissal of Delmas, which
deraand was seconded by the Jacobins of Landau.
These solicitations failed, and the object of their
spleen was promoted to the rank of general of divi
sion. He returned to the array of the North, and
served with great credit in HoUand. When eora
raissioned to attack Creve-Cceur he opened the
trenches at the distance of eighty fathoras frora the
place, and witb coraraon field-pieces forced it to
capitulate. He displayed the sarae boldness shortly
iafterwards, before Bois-le-Duc, one of tbe advanced
works of which he carried by leaping over the pali
sadoes on horseback, at the head of a body of hussars.
He took 175 pieces of cannon in these two fortresses.
In 1796 he was eraployed' in the army of the Rhine,
under Moreau, and again distinguished hiraself at
Frankenthal, on the 15th of June, and parficularly
on the 6th and 9th of July, in the battles at Rastadt,
where he displayed no less skill than bravery. In
1797 he joined the array of Italy, and fought there
with the sarae success. His division distinguished
itself also araong those who presented addresses
against tbe Clichiens. In the unfortunate campaign
of 1799, when Schferer coraraanded, he, though
wounded, valiantly defended the array in its retreat.
In 1800 he coraraanded the first division of the army
of the Rhine. On the 29th of April he took 200 raen
from the enemy. He shortly after fell into disgrace,
and was sent by government under guard to Poren
truy, the native place of his wife, whose father is a
butcher in that town, named Wetter.

DELMAS. 355
DELMAS (J. F. B.) formerly a miUtia officer^
adjutant of tbe national guard of Toulouse, and de
puty from Haute-Garonne to the legislature, where
he held a raiddle eourse between tbe raoderatists and
the terrorists ; he procured several decrees for railitary
organization, was elected secretary on the 25th of
January, 1792, and after the 10th of August was sent
to the array of the North, to announce the deposition
of Louis XVI. But no sooner was he becorae a
meniber of the convention, than he presided in the
Jacobin society, thundered in tbeir rostrura against
the Marais, and voted for the death of Louis. In
March, 1794, he presided in the asserably, and in
•AprU was chosen a raeraber ofthe coraraittee of pub
Uc safety. On tbe 26th of July, 1794, he was one
of the six raerabers wbo were joined with Barras, in
the direction of the arraed force against Robespierre's
partisans. On the 1st of Septeraber be resuraed his
place in the coraraittee of public safety, and after
wards was president of the Jacobin society, where be
declared hiraself wholly adverse to all eneraies of the
Montagnards, threatened the Therraidorians with the
national club, wbich bad crushed Lafayette and the
Girondins, and gave in a plan for the regulation of
popular raeetings. But be soon abandoned this cause
to follow the new views of the convention, and in
May, 1793, was intrusted witb the directiori of the
arraed force against the terrorists. He was appointed
a raeraber of the council of elders, who chose him
for their secretary and president, and on his quitting
it, in May, 1797, he was rfe-elected. Though Del
mas did nbt bear a very striking part, bis being ap
pointed one of the coraraittee of public safety by the
faction of the Montagne and by that of the Therrai
dorians, added to tbe trust which was reposed in him
when he for three days coraraanded the Parisian
army, prove that he enjoyed no small share of consi
deration in the convention. But he had by this time
shewn several symptoras of alienation since his second
election to the council of elders ; he had run into in-

356 DEMEUNIER.
coherent digressions against Pitt while voting against
lotteries; he had also inveighed against the journalists,
and against the tribunal of cassation, and with all this
had raingled a porapous eulogiura on Sieyes and the
directory. At last, 1798, a fit of decided raadness
terminated his political career.
DEMBARERE, of a noble faraily, an officerof
artillery, was eraployed in 1753, in La Vendue. The
skilful arrangeraents in the action at Doue where
Talraont and d'Auticharap were defeated, were ow
ing to hira. In 1793 he was raised to the rank of
general of division. General Derabar^re was ap
pointed to coraraand the right wing of the array, in
the expedition which the directory planned in 1798,
against England, and which did not take place. Af
ter the 18th Bruraaire, year 8, (9th of Noveraber,
1799,) he was eraployed as inspector-general of the
engineers. The elective college of Hautes Pyrennees, '
the department where be was born, having presented
bim, in March, 1804, as a candidate to the preserva
tive senate, he was called to it on the 1st of February,
1805, and was decorated with the title of commander
of the legion of honour.
DEMEUNIER (J. N.) born at Hoseroy in
Franche-Corat6, on the 15th of March, 1751, went
to settle at Paris, where he raade hiraself known by
sorae literary productions, which gained hira the
place of royal censor. Being appointed deputy of
the tiers-etat of Paris to the states-general, he pressed
the assembly, on the Sd of August, to decree a de
claration of the rights of man, and he presented a
project for it, couched in tolerably moderate terms.
He was, the same day, heard to assert that the burn
ings of chateaux were either contrived or promoted
bythe owners theraselves. On the 14th of Septera
ber be was chosen secretary and raeraber of the con
stituent coraraittee: on the 29th he solicited a decree
on the responsibility of rainisters : on the 9th of Oc
tober, he endeavoured to excuse the events of the
5th and 6th of that raonth, by declaring that the

DEMEUNIER. 357
court had really intended to take flight. He spoke
in all the debates which took place on the formation
ofthe departraents, districts, municipalities, &c. On
the 9th of November he urged the prosecution and
dismission of the merabers of the vacation court of the
parUament of Rouen. In Deceraber he presided in
the asserably. In February, 1790, he pleaded for
the preservation of sorae religious houses, for the in
dividuals who should wish to reraain in them: he
afterwards supported the project ofa patriotic contri
bution. After a report on the inviolability of depu
ties, he procured a decree that the assembly should
pronounce whether there was or was not cause for
accusation of any of its raembers, before any prose
cution could be begun against him. On the 4th of
August he warmly defended the rainister St. Priest,
who was accused of high treason by the committee
of research of the commune of Paris, and declared
that the assembly was surrounded by factious per
sons, who wished for its dissolution. On the ISth of
September he attacked the system of compelling the
acceptance of assignats, declared against the unde
fined freedora of conrimerce, and caused the establish
ment of duties on iraports. On the 3d of January,
1791, at the time of the debate on the oath to be
taken by ecclesiastics, he opposed the proposal made
by Charles Lameth, of declaring vacant aU benefices
the incumbents of which had not immediately taken
this oath. He protested against the insertion of his
narae in the list of merabers of the monarchical club.
At the period of the first troubles of Avignon he
voted for sending civil coraraissioners thither. On
the 21st of June, at the tirae of the king's flight, he
took part in the measures which were determined on
in that conjuncture, and, on the 22d, he framed, in
the narae ofthe constituent committee, an address to
the French, in reply to the paper which LouisXVI.
bad left, on his departure from Paris. In the course
of July, he was appointed raeraber ofthe committee,
which, under pretence of quieting the troubles of

3SB DEMEUNIER.
Avignon, ended by uniting that country to Franc*.
He continued to work in the constituent coraraittee,
frequently raade reports' in its narae, proposed, on the
14th of July, to declare the king's powers suspended
till the corapletion of the constitution, and forfeited,
in case he rejected it. He presented various projects
on the public force, on the seditious raobs, and on
the political rights of the raerabers of the royal fami
ly : on occasion of this last, Voidel accused him of
having entered into an agreeraent with the court ; he
spoke upon the revision, and gave this opinion, which
was remarkable then : " That it would not be neces
sary to change the constitution, even if the uation
should wish for a republican forra of government."
After the session of the constituting asserably, De-
roeunier was called to the direction of the depart
ment of Paris, and gave in his resignation after the
reinstalment of Petion in the office of raayor. He
escaped the revolutionary storms, and in 1797 was
placed on the list of candidates for the directory, to
gether with Bartheleray. After the revolution of the
ISth Bruraaire, he was appointed to the tribunate,
and chosen secretary at the first meeting. On the
2d of January, 1800, he occupied the chair of that
assembly, and, on the 10th of February, celebrated
there the unanimity of the votes given by the French
people, in favour of the new constitution, and thence
concluded, that tbey renounced the vain theories.
brought forward by factious persons. At the be-.
ginning of 1801, the body, of which be forraed a
part, presented hira as a candidate to the senate, of
which he becarae ameraber on the 18th of Jandary-,
1S02, and afterwards coraraander of the legion of
honour. On the Sth of October, 1805, he raade a
report in tbe narae of a coraraittee on the union of
the state of Genoa with France. Dferaeunier trans-
lated several voyages, especiaUy thbse of the cele
brated Captain Cook, and wrote a book on the cos.
tume and the raanners of different nations. There are
also the foUowing works by him : Independent Ame-

DESAIX. 359
rica, or the different constitutions of its thirteen
Provinces; an Essay on the Original Genius of Ho
raer; a translation of the History of the Conquests
of the British Settleraents in India ; and a translation
of Brydone's Travels in Sicily and Malta.
DENOT (F.F.) a cook, born at Paris, and resid
ing in the rue St. Denis, shared the surname of cut
throat with Jourdan, for having cut those of M. M.
Foulon and Berthier. He was among the number of
the enraged madraen who, in the raonth of October,
wanted to assassinate Marie- Antoinette, during the
night, at VersaiUes, and who coraraitted unheard of
horrors on tbe bodies of the guards whora they had
slaughtered. DESAIX (L. C. A.) born on tbe 17tb of August,
176s, at the chateau de Vegou, near Riora, of a noble
faraily, went through his studies at the college of
Effiat, and in 1784 entered the foot regiraent of Brit
tany as sub-lieutenant. Duringthe carapaign in Alsace
in 1793, he displayed considerable talent, and, in De
ceraber particularly contributed to the taking of the
lines at Haguenau, which were first entered by the
left wing, where he served. After, sorae other advan
tages gained on the Rhine in 1794, he joined the
array of the North, under Pichegru, and served there
sorae tirae with great credit. On being recalled to
the army of tbe Rhine, he was eraployed, in 1796,
under Moreau, whose successes he shared, and fre
quently ensured. After having assisted on the 15th.
of June to drive the Austrians frora the left bank of
the Rhine, he passed the river on the 24th, and at
the head of the second division, dispersed the irape
rial array on the 25th ; on the 27th carried Offen-
bourg frora tbe troops of Cond6, after a long and
bloody corabat, went next day to Rastadt to prevent
the Austrian array from joining the troops of the
Brisgaw, conquered the advanced guard on the sarae
day, as well as on the 29th, and powerfully contri
buted to the success of the two iraportant battles
which Moreau gained' on the 5th aud 9th' of July,

360 DESAIX.
near Rastadt. In the battle ofthe 9tb, Desaix com-
manrled the left wing of the French, and faced the
archduke Charles, whora, after a bloody corabat, he
forced to retreat by the skilful raoveraents which he
ordered his corps de reserve to raake. The engage
raent in this wing lasted frora 9 o'clock in the morn
ing till 10 at night. The Austrians having again
vigorously attacked the army of Moreau on the llth
of August, entirely routed his centre and his right
wing: Desaix alone sustained the fight on the
left, and succeeded in rendering the affair doubtful,
after a fight of seventeen hours, which cost both sides
much blood ; and, on the day foUowing, the Germans
effected their retreat. Desaix continued to serve with
the same valour during the remainder of the cam
paign ; the esteem and entire confidence of the sol
diery became the recompence of his talents, and
Moreau, in November, intrusted to him the cora
mand ofthe head of the bridge at Kehl, which was
no less gallantly defended than vigorously attacked.
Desaix was sUghtly wounded there, and on the 23d had
bis horse killed under hira as he was giving orders for
a sally. He received another wound on the 20th of
April, 1797, in recrossing the Rhine near this same
fort, at the head of the first column. As soon as the
peace had been signed at Campo Forraio, he was no
minated second in command in the army of England,
and took the post of commander in chief during the
absence of Bonaparte. This armaraent having been
directed against. Egypt, Desaix accorapanied Bona
parte on that expedition, contributed to his original
successes, and was afterwards charged with the con
quest and iraportant government of Upper Egypt,
where he had to raaintain an unceasing combat with
Murat Bey, who had retired thither, with the wreck
of the Mamelukes, and who, always beaten, but al
ways reinforced by malecontents and Arabs, was
constantly, and in every sense of the word, harassing
his conqueror. In this new species of warfare Desaix
displayed the talents of which he had already given so

DESAIX. S61
many^roofs, witb anindefatigablefirraness and activity.
He had to withstand the heat ofthe cliraate, the want
of vvater, and frequently of provisions; he was igno
rant of the situation of towns and posts, and he vvas
opposed by a whole people animated by the strongest
passions of raan, revenge, and a desire to retain their
own form of worship. By dint of skill and valour the
Arabian and Egyptianchiefs disappeared, Elphi Bey
was repulsed, the ch6rif Han fell at Benout, and Murad
took refuge in the desolate country of Bribe, above
the cataracts of the Nile. Bonaparte was returning
to Europe, and Desaix signed a treaty at El-arish
with the Turks and English, by which he was ena
bled to take shipping and return also. Accompanied
by an English officer, who was commissioned to see
to the observance of the treaty, he arrived at Leg
horn, whither he brought the grand visier's orders,
and was at first declared a prisoner of war by admiral
Keith, who however set him free a few days after
wards, and Desaix, on coming to France, learned
that Bonaparte, who had been declared first consul, had
set out to reconquer Italy: he went to join him, and
obtained the comraand pf two divisions. One third
of the French army was incapacitated, when the
body under Desaix's orders arrived at Marengo.
Notwithstanding a forced march of ten leagues, not
withstanding the thunder of the enemy's artillery, he
forms columns of battalions, and turning to the right
on St. Stefano, he wholly cuts off the left vving ofthe
Austrian army. At this decisive and glorious mo
ment a death-commissioned ball struck Desaix, who
fell, on the 25th Prairial, year 8, and had time to
utter only these words : " Go tell the first consul that
Idle regretting that I have not done enough to trans
rait ray name to posterity." On the eve ofthe battle
he said to his aides-de-camp, " It is a long time
since I have fought in Europe ; the buUets have for
gotten us ; something will befal us." His body was
carried post to Milan, embalmed there, and placed
in the hospital of Mount St. Bernard, where a monu^.

362 DESAULT.
ment has been raised to his glory. Desaix united to
valour the most unimpeachable probity, a virtue
which gained hira the surnarae of " The just Sultan,
from the inhabitants of Cairo." A raonuraent has
also been erected to his honour in what was forraerly
the Platje Dauphine at Paris.
DESAULT (P.J.) born at Magny Vernois, near
Macon, on the 6th of February, 1744, and youngest
of a numerous faraily, was at first designed for the
ecclesiastical profession, but his inclinations leading
hira to the study of natural phUosophy, his father sent
hira to study surgery in the railitary hospital at 'Be
fort. He reraained tiiere three years, and went to
Paris to finish his ediication. Too great application
to study brought hira to the brink of the grave ; but
on his recovery he, in 1766, began a course of ana
toray, and advanced frora one success to another.
The coUege of surgery adraitted hira araong its raera
bers, though his fortune did not permit him to pay
the sura required by the statutes. Several celebrated
cures soon gained hira reputation, and he was suc
cessively appointed head surgeon of the coUege
hospital, and assistant surgeon at the hospital of St.
Sulpice. The place of head surgeon at La Charity
being vacant, he was chosen to fill it, and in 1785
was raade head surgeon at the public hospital. It
was there he established his school of practical sur
gery, whicb was thronged with strangers, anxious to
behold his wonderful operations. Being accused of
incivisra by the coraraune, he was apprehended by
the revolutionary coraraittee of his section, and .set at
liberty by order of the coraraittee of public safety.
He was eoraraissioned, in 1795, to open the body of
Louis XVIth's son, and to make known the causes
of his death ; but a short time afterwards he hiraself
died, which event occasioned various conjectures.
Desault has written few works, but his farae rests on
a basis sufficiently araple, for he has invariably done
gopd, and has forraed a great nuraber of celebrated
surgeons. He had prepared many materials, which

DESGENETTES. S63
feave been put into the hands of bis worthy pupil,
the younger Bichat, and have formed the basis of his
first lessons.
DESEZE, a lawyer at Paris, was in 1789 the kind
defender of M. deBesenval; in April, 1790, the king
of Poland sent him a golden medal, as a testiraony of
his esteem, and at the same time of his gratitude for the
courage he had shewn in undertaking the cause of
that worthy officer, who was related to his majesty.
Deseze fulfilled the sarae duty for Louis XVI. in
1792 and 3, in conjunction with messieurs Tronchet
and De Malesherbes, and he it was who read the
king's defence before the convention, when his trial
was begun by that assembly. Though his intrepi
dity on this occasion has been extolled, he has been
thought to be unequal to his subject, and to have
pleaded as a lawyer, when he should have spoken as
a profound statesman and an enthusiast. Yet was
there one splendid burst, when darting his eyes round
the whole assembly, he exclaimed : " I seek here for
judges, and every where accusers alone raeet ray
eyes," He lived through the reign of terror, and
continued, though often in vain, the defender of per
secuted innocence. In 1806 he was still reckoned
among the most celebrated professors of civil law in
Paris, DESGENETTES, a physician, •iand a member of
aeveral academies and literary societies, attended the
French army comraanded by general Bonaparte to
Egypt, and at his return was nominated chief physi-.
cian to the hospital of Val-de-Grace: in 1805 he vva&
sent by the French governraent to Spain, that he
might study the nature of the Contagious disease
which in 1804 ravaged Cadiz, Malaga, and Alicant,
His works are, a Description of the Discharge froms
the Ly^mphatic Vessels; Observations on the Manner
in which,, Medicine is taught in the Hospitals o£
Tuscany; General Refliactions on the Utility of
Artificial Anatomy.

364 DESMOULINS.
DESILLES, a gentleman of Brittany, an officer in
the regiraent of royal infantry, was at Nancy on the
Slst of August, 1790, when M. de BouiUe carae upon
that town, at the head of sorae troops, to bring to
order the garrison which had revolted. Seeing that
the rautineers were advancing to the gate called Stain-
ville to fire on a column of the general's army, and to
cut off all hope of accomraodation, Desilles threw
himself on the cannon, prevented the fire, and several
tiraes pulled the matches frora the hands of the gun
ners; but at last he became the victim ofhis spirit;
the rebels fired on hira, he received several balls, and
six weeks afterwards died of his wounds. This self-
sacrifice was at first celebrated in the asserably, on
the theatre, and in paintings ; but the triuraph of the
Jacobins afterwards gave another turn to the ideas
respecting this event, and transferred the interest to
tbe garrison of Nancy, Several individuals of his
family, particularly his father and his two sisters,
were involved in 1792 in the conspiracy of La Rou
arie ; the first was obliged to go over to England, ,
where he died; the two others were brought before
the revolutionary tribunal in 1793, when one was
acquitted, and the other conderaned to death,
DESMOULINS (B. Camille) a lawyer, born at
Guise, in Picardy, in 1762, was a son of the lieu
tenant-general ofYhe bailiwick of Guise. The chap
ter of Laon appointed bira purser to the college of
Louis-le-Grand, where he was educated with Robes
pierre and several other young raen, who afterwards
made a figure in the revolution with hira. His ap
pearance was vulgar, his coraplexion swarthy, and
his looks unprepossessing. He raade his first appear
ance at the bar to plead against his own father, whora
he wanted to corapel to raake hira an allowance
greater than his means would permit ; and he never
forgave him for having one day told him he would
corae to the scaffold. Ift the very beginning of the
revolution he forraed an intiraate connection with his

DESMOULINS. 365
old friend, Robespierre, and at the sarae tirae
also had raidnight conferences with the duke of
Orleans at Mousseaux, which, joined to all the
other circumstances of his conduct, afford reason
to conclude, that he was at first only that prince's
agent. Prudhomme even asserts, that he was
for a short tirae flattered by a hope of marryirig
Paraela, the reputed pupil of Madarae de GenUs;
and that Lafayette, invited hira several tiraes to din
ner, and even gave hira his bust. Be tbat as it raay,
be originally chose the Palais Royal as the raost
usual theatre of his civic vocation. He was con
stantly there, surrounded by a crowd of orators, who
with hira prepared for the taking of the Bastile, On
the 12th of July, 1789, (two days previous to that
event) he harangued a large raob which had collected
in the gardens, with a brace of pistols in his hands :
frora tirae to tirae he exclairaed with great vehe
raence, " to arras, to arms ;" he ended by proposing
to take a cockade as a raark of distinction, and a
green one was adopted, which was soon superseded
by a tri-coloured one, because green was the count
d'Artois' colour. After this first success he conti
nued the office he had undertaken of heating the,
public raind at tiraes by speeches, at others by
writings, and be assumed the appellation of attorney-
general of the lamp-post. This narae brought to
raind the first popular executions which had succeed
ed the taking of the Bastile, He published also at
the sarae tirae the Revolutions of France and of
Brabant, a journal in which the principles of Ja-
cobinisra were preached up with the veheraence
which characterized the author, In 1790 an in
forraation against hira was laid before the consti
tutional asserably, on account of the violent invec
tives against the king contained in his journal, but
he was warraly defended by all tbe Jacobins, On
the 1 1th of Deceraber he in his turn inforraed against
tbe departraent of Paris for having presented an ad
dress to the king, urging hira not to sanction the

366 DESMOULINS.
decree passed against tbe refractory priests. He
was again involved in the prosecution comraenced at
the Chatelet against the instigators of the transac
tions of the 5tli and 6th of October, 1789: he was
afterwards one of the founders of the society of Cor
deliers, became at that tirae intiraately connected
with Danton, and reraained constantly attached to
him. After the flight of Louis XVI. to Varennes,
he was one of those who gathered together the crowds
in the Champ de Mars, where a petition was fraraed,
urging a declaration that the king bad abdicated.
This step and the raanner in which he wrote against
the law of July the 26tb in the sarae year, which
rendered the royal person inviolable, brought on him
a decree of arrest, and he was obliged to keep hira
self for sorae time concealed. He afterwards played
an erainent part in the insurrection of June the 20tb,
1792, which prepared the downfal of the raonarchy;
and still raore in that of August the 10th, which com
pleted it. At this tirae he was appointed secretary to
Danton, the rainister of justice, and with him orga
nized the massacres in the prisons at the beginning of
September. Prudhorarae, in his History of Crimes,
details an entire conversation which he held on this
subject with Danton and DesraouUns, the latter of
whora said to hira, " the innocent will not be con
founded with the guilty; all those who are clairaed
by their actions shall be restored." On the 4th, the
day after this horrible execution, DesraouUns again
said to hira: " Well! every thing was conducted
wjth the greatest regularity ! tbe people even freed
many aristocrats." These expressions of deliberate
atrocity leave no doubt concerning the share he had
in these raassacres, which he predicted on the SOth
of August, saying, in a coffee-house, to Fabre, " We
have taken decisive raeasures wbich will save France."
In the sarae raonth he was deputed by Paris to the
national convention, in whicii he irapugned the
raeraory of Mirabeau, whora, frora Potion's account,
he represented as having sold himself to the court.

DESMOULINS. 367
On the 16th of December he defended the duke of
Orleans, whom some ofthe raerabers of the assembly
wished to banish. On the 16th of January, 1793,
he voted for the death of Louis XVI. On the Sth
of May, in a dei3ate on the raeans of arresting the
progress of the Vendeans who becarae raore and
more forraidable, Caraillus asserted that society con
sisted of two classes of raen, gentleraen and sans
culottes, that it was necessary to take tbe purses of
the forraer, and to put arras into the bands of tbe
latter, that this was the only raethod of saving the
republic. Though connected with the Montagnard
leaders, Caraillus retained a sort of independence, of
which he gave a striking proof by pubUshing a de
fence of general Dillon, whose plan of railitary ope
rations he accused Delraas of having appropriated to
hiraself: he continued to testify a Uvely concern in
his affairs, and. to reject as a calurany the conspiracy
in favour of Louis the XVIth's son, which Cambon
attributed to him. These steps began to injure his
popularity, but his attachment to Danton proved bis
ruin. Robespierre, at the head of the governing
coraraittees, was making rapid strides towards ty
ranny; Danton, assisted by the chiefe of the Cor
deliers, tried to oppose these comraittees, and Ca
millus was coramissioned to shake their estiraation
by raeans of his journal of the Old Cordelier. He
there inveighed against terror, and even inserted the
word cleraency ; which word was his sentence of
death. But before the leaders began a direct attack,
they turned against hira the weapons he had tried
against thera. His writings becarae a subject of
yiolent disputes araong the Jacobins, and araong the
Cordeliers; the Hebertists inveighed against him.
These attacks deprived him of* bis influence in the
two patriotic societies ; in the forraer he called to
his support the testiraony of Robespierre, asserting,
tbat he had subraitted the nurabers of Old Cordelier
to hira before publication; but Robespierre eluded
the appeal, and proposed to retain CamiUus in the

, 368 DESMOULINS.
society, and to burn his journal : " To burn is not
to answer," cried Desmoulins eageriy. At last all
hope of reconciUation between Danton and Robe
spierre being lost, St. Just, whom Camillus had also
rallied in his journal, and of whora he had said, that
be carried his head like the holy sacrament, then
kept the promise he had given, to make him carry
his otherwise, and presented a report, in consequence
of which Caraillus was arrested in the night of the
Slst of May, 1794, with those who were called his
accoraplices. During his imprisonment he gave
hiraself up alternately to transports of rage, and to
a deep and glooray despair; his favourite studies
then became Young, Hervey, &c. &c. On the 1st
of April he was examined by the commissioners of
the revolutionary tribunal; and when he was asked
how old he was, he thus-Wasphemously replied, " as
old as the sans-culotte Jesus Christ was when he
died!" thatis, SS, an age fatal to the revolutionary
chiefs. On the 4th he was brought before the tri
bunal to be tried, and defended himself with tolerable
calraness : but when he was ordered to retire and
leave the judges to deliberate, he fell into a fury,
and loaded thera with curses. Force alone could
convey hira back to his prison, where, in the most
violent agitation, he awaited the decision of the jury,
which conderaned him to death, as " having abused
the revolutionary system, and wished to restore mo
narchy." On the 5th he was led, not without dif
ficulty, to execution ; he made tbe raost violent
efforts to avoid getting into tbe cart. His shirt was
in tatters, and his shoulders bare ; his eyes glared,
his raouth foamed at the moment when he was
bound, and on seeing the scaffold he cried out, " This
then is the reward reserved for the first apostle of
liberty ! The monsters who assassinate me vyill not
survive rae long," His wife, whora he adored, and
by whora he was tenderly beloved, beautiful, cou
rageous, and sensible, begged to share his fate, aud
ten days afterwards Robespierre sent her to execu-

DESOTTEUX-CORMATIN. S69
tion. During her trial she displayed astonishing
calmness, and died with much more firmness than
her husband. She uttered the sarae prediction as he
did to the judges, saying, " You will feel all the
torraents of the remorse which guilt brings wifh it,
till an infamous death snatches you from existence."
She was a natural daughter of the abbe Terray, and
by this marriage Camillus had -gained 6000 livres
per annum. He had married her since the revolu
tion, and the grateful friendship he retained for the
abbe Berardier, his former instructor, having led
him to request his perforraance of the marriage cere
mony, of which Robespierre and St. Just were the
two witnesses; this circurastance was urged as a
proof that he did not choose to be raarried by a
priest who had taken the oaths.
DESOTTEUX-CORMATIN (P.M. F.) was the
son of a surgeon in a village of Burgundy. His
uncle, surgeon-raajor of the king's regiraent, having
cured the baron de Vioraenil of a dangerous disease,
entreated that officer, who was going to America,
to take the young Desotteux with him as his aid-de
camp, and he was by this under-hand method sraug-
gled into the army as sub-lieutenant. On his ar
rival in America he attached himself to the Lameths,
whose confidence he gained : he returned to France
at the peace, and in the revolution joined the same
party with his protectors ; he even made a figure
among the women who went to Versailles on the 5th
of October, 1789, and in the dress of their sex was
one of those who most, urged them to disorder.
When employed at Metz as staff-officer under the
orders of the marquis de Bouille, (a post which, if
his enemies are to be credited, was bestowed on him
by the FeuiUans only that he might be a spy on that
general) he thought he perceived that the royalist
party was likely to gain the advantage; he then
eagerly joined it, and strove to favour the escape of
the royal faraily. He got into a dilemma in con
sequence of the failure of this enterprise, upon which
vnr T Q B

370 DESOTTEUX-CORMATIN.
he emigrated, was ill received at Coblentz, returned
to Paris, and obtained a lieutenant's coraraission in
the king's constitutional guard. After the 10th of
August, 1792, he again emigrated, crossed over to
England, and obtained letters of recoraraendation
frora M. de Bouille, and a coraraission frora the count
d'Artois to serve in Bretagne. In July, 1794, he
landed near St. ^alo, and joined Puisaye, vvho raade
hira his raajor-general. During the coraraander's
absence, at the juncture when the Chouans con
cluded a truce with the republicans, Desotteux con
trived to bring about the exclusion of M. de Boishar-
dy, who had been at first charged with the negoci
ations, and to be appointed in his place. At this
period he took the name of Cormatin, which is that
of his wife, and setting hiraself up as coramander-in-
chief he, without any one's permission, placed him
self at the head of the royalist party. At the same
time he took the title of baron to give himself more
consequence. After long conferences, in which each
party endeavoured to deceive the other, general
Hoche gave orders for his arrest. Dubois-Dubais
had a military council established on the 14th of
October, 1795, to try hira, but he appealed frora it
and claimed the laws of amnesty and the constitu
tional forms. Some secret obstacle seeraed -to stand
in the way of his trial : it was said that he possessed
an important paper which iraplicated raany deputies
of great influence, and that promises and threats
were made use of to obtain it frora hira. In De
ceraber he declared publicly, that after the 27th of
July, 1794, the coraraittee of public safety bad
treated with hira and the other chiefs, and had en
gaged to put into their hands the two children of
Louis XVI. The deputies concerned were eager to
deny these assertions. It is very reraarkable, that
after having been reraoved to various prisons, he was
acquitted by the tribunal of Coutances, in Decera
ber, 1796, but was nevertheless conderaned to exile
as an eraigrant. Not even this punishraent was in-

DESPORTES. 371
flicted on hira ; he was raerely confined in the'fort
of Cherbourg, where he reraained sorae years; he
was reraoved thence to the castle of Hara, and after
wards obtained perfect freedom under the consulate
of Bonaparte : he now lives in Burgundy.
DESPORTES (F.) was originally eraployed, in
1792, as French rainister to the duke of Deux-Ponts,
whence Carra had hira recaUed in Deceraber 1792.
He went directly to the republic of Geneva, where,
in August 1796, he assisted in appeasing a popular
turault. He sent sorae assistance to the two grand
daughters of CorneiUe, to serve them, as he said, till
the directory should be informed of the distressed
situation of the precious offspring of the French So
phocles. In April 1798, he demanded satisfaction
of the Genevese governraent, for an insult offered to
the tri-coloured flag ; and announced that the town
of Geneva had with one voice voted for its union with
the French republic, as well as for the insult offered
to its flag. However, these votes found opponentSj
the partisans of Genevese independence put thera
selves in motion, and the French agent was threatened;
but he signified to the syndics, that he saw in these
comraotions only the work of wretches covered with
crimes, who obstructed the avenues to his residence,
and, by their cries of death, prevented the good citi
zens from holding communication with him : he an
nounced that he should take all the means which the
dignity of his character made it his duty to employ,
in order to secure the triumph of the party that
favoured the union, which was at last completed and
ratified by France on the 18th of May, 1798. After
the organization of the consular government, he be
came, in 1800, secretary-general for the adrainistra
tion of the interior, and afterwards accompanied
Lucien Bonaparte into Spain, and was his secretary
at the time ofthe treaty of Badajos with Portugal, in
1802 : on the 23d of July of the same year, he was
appointed prefect of the Haut-Rhin, and was still in
- 2 B 2

372 DESSAlX.
that station" in 1806. His brother is governor of the
civil house of reception at Paris.
DESSAIX (J. M.) general of brigade, coraraan
dant of the legion of honour, born at Thonon in
Savoy, 17th of February, 1764; son of a celebrated
physician at Chablais, took the degree of doctor of
physic at Turin, and came to Paris to perfect him
self in his profession. In 17S9 he entered into the
Parisian national guard; and, in 1791, returned to
his country, which he endeavoured, but in vain, to
revolutionize. Dessaix, being prosecuted, went to
seek an asylum in France. In the month of August
1792, he presented to the legislative asserably a plan
for the organization of a foreign corps, under the
name of the Legion of Rustics, obtained the cora
mand of it, and assisted the French array in taking
pcssession of Savoy. In the raonth of June 1793, he
was eraployed against the Marseillois (who were ad
vancing to join the Lyonese insurgents against the
convention), and defeated thera on the Durance ; he
was afterwards eraployed at the siege of Toulon,
where he received a wound. The representatives then
offered him the rank of general of brigade, which he
refused, preferring the command of a body which
was beginning to make itself illu.strious. The next
year he was sent to the frontiers of Spain, and com
manded with distinction the van-guard of the, division
of Mont-Libre and that of the valley of Ara. He
went to the army of Italy; and, next to the corps of
grenadiers, his was the first that passed the bridge of
Lodi. The enemy threatening to make a powerful
diversion on Verona, he rushed on the centre of their
army with a body of grenadiers, to stop their march
and give the French colurans tirae to corae up. He
was raade prisoner with all his troop, and carried into
Hungary, where he reraained seven raonths. After
his exchange, he returned to Italy ; and, in March
1798, was appointed deputy of Mont Blanc to the
council of five hundred. He there declared for the

DESSALINES. 373
•republican party, and published his opinions in a
journal forming a sequel to that of the Freeraen : he
put his narae to it. After the 18th of Brumaire, year
S (9th of November, 1799,) he was excluded as hos
tile to this revolution. In 1800 he returned to his
corps (the 27th light one), served in the Gallo-Bata
vian army, and commanded the town of Frankfort,
the senate of whicii place expressed to him their sati,s-
faction with the conduct he had observed. He after
wards comraanded the town of Breda, and joined the
Hanover expedition, where he was promoted to the
rank of general of brigade in September 1803.
DESSALINES (a black general), born on the Gold
Coast in Africa, was transported to St. Domingo, and
there became the slave of a free black, called Dessa
lines, whose name he took. He is of a middle height,
and a fine figure; but his look is hard, and even fero
cious. He signalized himself in the first insurrection
in 1791. His activity and courage raised him to the
rank of aid-de-camp to the black general Jean Fran-
"fois; but at tbe time of the dissensions which took
place between that chief and Toussaint-Louverture,
he attached hiraself to the latter, became his first
lieutenant, and, in that character, was charged with
conducting the war against the mulatto Rigaud in
the south of the colony : he carried it on with such
vigour, that he soon vanquished that rebel. When,
in October 1801, Moyse endeavoured to shake off
the yoke of Toussaint, Dessalines assisted Christophe
to quell this tumult. When the French army arrived
at St. Domingo, he followed the fortune of Toussaint,
fought and submitted with him. After his submission,
general Leclerc employed him in the quarter of St.
Mark, and gave hirn public testimonies of satisfaction
'at the zeal with which he laboured to disarm the
blacks; but sometime before the death of that gene
ral, Dessalines returned to the negro party, and con
trived to expel the French from St. Domingo. At the
beginning of 1805, he endeavoured to drive them also
frora the Spanish part of the island ; but he was un-

374 DIDOT.
successful at the siege of Santo-Domingo, whence he
was repulsed with loss by general Ferrand. If we
raay believe the journals, this ferocious negro, wish
ing for soraething like a legitiraate title to what he
enjoyed, caused hiraself, in 1804, to be proclaimed
eraperor of Hayti, by the narae of James the 1st,
and since that time he has reigned in this colony
which was once so rich.
DHERON, a tailor at Nantes, inspector of the
military provisions, was in the Marat corapany or
ganized hy Carrier, and appeared one day in the
popular society of Nantes with the ear of a Vendean
fastened to his hat. He was a forced witness in the
affair of Carrier, and accused that deputy of having
given orders for shooting the constituted authorities
of the departraent of Vendee, who wished to share
the provisions of that part of the country with the
coraraittees of Nantes. Being in his turn called to
account for his revolutionary conduct, and having
been found unable to justify hiraself from the accu
sations directed against hira, he was brought to trial,
convicted of having put to death children of twelve
or fourteen years of age, and of having worn ears of
Vendeans in public ; but he was acquitted, as not
having coraraitted these criraes with counter-revolu
tionary intentions.
DIDOT (Pierre) a printer at Paris, eldest son
of the celebrated Arabrose Didot, His works are,
Cleoraenes, or an abridged Picture of the Passions,
extracted from a raanuscript found at the Convent of
Caloyers of Mount Athos, 1785, The Soranambu-
list. Posthumous Works in Prose and Verse, araongst
which is the general History of a very singular Island,
discovered in the East Indies 1786, Speciraens of
new Fables, followed by raiscellaneous Poeras, and
an Epistle on the Progress of Printing, 1786. The
Count de Tersane, a History nearly true, 1787. The
Young Ladies' Friend, foUowed by an Epistle to
unmarried People, 1789. Translation in Verse of
the first Book of Horace's Odes, foUowed by some

DIETRICH. 375
miscellaneous Poems, 1796. Pierre Didot enriched
the typographic art with editions which are superb
for the beauty of the letter-press, and the correctness
of the text. It is to hira that we partly owe stereo
type editions.
DIDOT the younger (brother to the preceding),
also brought out raagnificent editions, and amongst
others, one of " Jerusalera Delivered." His son pub
lished several editions of the Travels of the Younger
Anacharsis ; that in seven voluraes quarto, vvith a
folio atlas, is one of the finest ever seen.
DIETRICH (F. baron DE), principal secretary to
the count d'Artois, as colonel-general of the Swiss
and Grisons, at the beginning of the revolution was
norainated first constitutional raayor of Strasbourg,
and gained celebrity by the excess of his deraocratic
zeal. He declared hiraself a friend to the society for
propagating revolutionary principles, and one Le-
veque averred, that he had received frora him fifty
louis on account, in part of a sum he was to obtain
from hira for going to assassinate the king of Prussia.
But his principles soon changed; and as early as
1790 Salles accused hira to the constitutional assera
bly, of participating in raeasures, taken against the
revolution in Alsace. After that time be continued
to shew more and more hostility to the Jacobin party,
and his enemies united to ruin him. An address
which he had signed, to urge the punishment of
those who had excited the tumults on the 20th of
June, 1792, served as a pretext to bring an accusa
tion against him. A decree ofthe 15th of August
sumraoned hira to the bar ; Dietrich fled, and took
refuge at Bale, whence he wrote to the asse.iibly,
stating that his sole reason for leaving his country
was to escape from the severity which appeared to
threaten him. He was then enrolled in the Ust of
eraigrants, whereupon he thought fit to return, and
in November, 1792, became a voluntary prisoner at
the Abbaye. On the 20th of the same raonth, Rulh
procured a decree of accusation to be passed against

376 DILLON.
him, and had him brought before the tribunal of
Doubs : having appealed to another tribunal, on ac
count of the prejudices which prevailed against hira
at Besanfon, he was carried back to the prisons of
the Abbaye, and summoned before the revolutionary
tribunal, which condemned him to death on the 29th
of Septeraber, ] 793 : he was forty-five years of age,
and a native of Strasbourg. His son had no small
difficulty, in 1795, in getting his name erased from
the list of emigrants, and in obtaining the restoration
ofhis family property. In 1796 he presented to the
legislative body a description ofthe French mines, by
the before-mentioned Frederic Dietrich.
DILLON (the count Arthur de), a general ofii
eer in the French service, was deputed from Mar
tinique to the states-general, and embraced the revo
lutionary party ; he voted, however, more than once
on the other side. In 1790 he spoke in favour ofthe
ministers, who were accused on account of the
Austrian request of a passage for the troops over the
French territory. He frequently contradicted thS"
opinions of his colleagues with regard to the colonies;
on the 30th of November he defended Damas, gover
nor of St. Domingo; and in February, 1791, accused
Jobal Pagny, commissioner of Tobago, and obtained
his dismissal. He inveighed against people of colour,
and opposed their admission to the bar ; on the 2d
of May he broke into strong invectives against the
friends of the blacks, which caused that society to
denounce him in form the next day, but this denun
ciation ended in nothing. In 1792 he took the com
raand of the army of the North. After the 10th of
August, he made his troops again take the oath of
fidelity to the law and the king, which drew on him
several denunciations; but he contrived to justify
himself to those commissioners who were sent to
cashier him. Towards the end of the sarae raonth
the assembly, on the motion of Duhem, took his con
duct again into consideration, and decreed that he
bad lost the confidence of the nation ; but this de-

DILLON. 377
cree was once raore suspended, and he continued to
be employed in the arraies of the North, only he was
put under the orders of Duraourier, whom he before
comraanded, and went to Charapagne, where he
comraanded the advanced guard in front of St. Me-
nehoult. When the Prussians retreated, he wrote a
letter to the landgrave of Hesse Cassel, which, though
filled with very patriotic sentiraents, served as a pre
tence for charging him with a correspondence with
the enemies of the state. Dumourier justified him,
and explained the motives of this letter, which did
not, he said, " prevent its author frora pursuing raost
vigorously the troops of the prince to whom it was
addressed." Dillon afterwards besieged Verdun, and
wrote to the convention to press for an examination
into his conduct. An order for his arrest was made
out in the beginning of 1793; but Carra obtained its
repeal on the 6th of February. In June he requested
permission to go to the West Indies, where he had
been formerly employed, but he could not obtain it.
In July he was apprehended, and confined in the
Luxembourg by order of the committee of public
safety, and on the information of Laflotte, who
brought forward again the old accusation of corres
pondence with foreign enemies. Caraillus Desraou
Uns stood up for him strenuously, defended him in
the convention and in the Jacobin society ; corres
ponded with him; accused his enemies of taking
advantage ofhis plans and knowledge of tactics; and
thus accelerated his own ruin without saving Dillon,
whom Cambon at last caused to be brought before
the revolutionary tribunal on the 5th of April, 1794.
He was condemned to death as a conspirator, and as
having formed a scheme during his imprisonment for
slaughtering the coraraittee of public safety and the
convention, in order to save Danton and that very
CaraiUus, whose trial was then coming on. He was
forty-three years of age, and born at Berwick in
England. Robespierre's Picture of the Prisons relates.

378 DOLOMIEU.
that be drank a great deal during bis confinement,
and gamed when he was not drunk.
DOLOMIEU (D. G. S. T. Gratet de) born the'
24tb of June, 1750, meraber of the ci-devant acade
my of sciences, and of the Institute, inspector of tbe
mines, and commander of the order of Malta ; made
bis first caravans at the age of 18. Being insulted
by one of his companions, who was on board the
sarae ship, he fought, killed him, and on his return
to Malta, was conderaned to death by the chapter of
the order. The grand-raaster granted hira his par
don, but as it was necessary that it should be con
firraed by the pope, and as his hoUness thought he
had reasons to complain of the knights, he remained
inflexible, and Doloraieu was confined for nine raonths
in tbe dungeons ofthe island. He afterwards resuraed
bis studies, and accompanied the regiraent of cara
bineers in which he was an officer. At Metz he
took his first lessons in chemistry and natural history.
His progress becarae so rapid that the Acaderay of
Sciences granted hira the title of correspondent, which
favour attached hira entirely to natural philosophy ;
he quitted tbe service, and alraost immediately began
bis travels through Sicily. About the 14th of July,
1789, he returned to France, decidedly embraced the
revolutionary party, and refusing any public eraploy
ment, published several works, which increased his
reputation. He was very intiraate with the duke de
Rocbefoucault, and had the affliction of seeing hira
assassinated before his eyes. He was in his turn
proscribed, and wandered frora place to place, but
being at last, in calraer tiraes, called to the school of
raines, he raade new advances in the career of science,
and was about to publish the results, when Bonaparte
took hira with hira in his expedition to Egypt. He
contributed greatly to the surrender of Malta, by the
connections that he still had there. ' After the defeat
of Aboukir, when obliged to land in Calabria, he was
seized by order of the king of Naples, and thrown
into a dungeon at Messina. In vain was his release

DOULCET. 379
demanded by the French government, the king of
Spain, the Royal Society of London, and all the
learned raen of Europe; the peace of 1800 alone
could strike off his fetters. He then resuraed his
wonted occupations, visited the Hautes-Alpes, and
after his return to the bosOra of his faraily, died there
in November, 1801, at the age of 52. He had been
appointed raeraber of the conservative senate imme
diately after his return. He left, almost complete,
an interesting work on mineralogy, composed during
his captivity. The black of his lamp, diluted with
water, served him for ink; his pen was a fragraent of
bone, shaped with great labour on the floor of his
prison, and the principal part of his work was written
on the margins and between the lines of some books
that had been left him. His other principal works
are a Voyage to the Lipari Isles, as a supplement to
the History of Volcanoes, published in 1781 ; an Es
say on the Earthquakes of Calabria; a Particular
Description of jEtna and its Erruptions ; a Disserta
tion on the Origin of Basalt ; and a Mineralogical
Dictionary. DOULCET (G.) marquis de Pontecoulant, son of
the major-general ofthe king's body-guards, and sub
lieutenant in the same corps from the age of eighteen,
became president of the department of Calvados in
1790, and, in 1792, was appointed one of its deputies
to the convention. On the 29th of September he
withstood there the proposal of inviting the ministers
Roland and Servan to continue their functions. He
was commissary at the army of the North, at the
time of the siege of Lille ; defended the minister
Pache, who was accused of negligence in supplying
the armies wjth provisions, and proposed that J. B.
Louvet should be sent for two days to the Abbaye,
for having published, without subraitting it to the
assembly, an edition of the decree for the expulsion
ofthe Bourbons. On the 15th of January, 1793, he
declared Louis XVI. guHty of high-treason, voted
for bis banislmient at a peace, and his confineraent

380 DOULCET.
tUl that period. He caused it to be decreed that the
executive council should take a distinguished revenge
for the assassination of Basseville at Rome. On the
15th of AprU, the sections deraanded his expulsion
as an accoraplice with Brissot. On the ISth he was
appointed secretary, and opposed the renewing of
the revolutionary tribunal. On the 16th of May he
denounced the coraraune of Paris for the arrest of the
editor of the journal, entitled, " The True Friend of
the People ;" and voted for the printing of the address
frora the section of Arcis, which demanded the sup
pression of all correspondence among the popular
societies; on the Slst of May he protested against
any deliberation, because the convention was not
free. Couthon demanded that he should be put un
der arrest in his own house, but this was not decreed.
On the 6th of June, Doulcet urged the reading a
letter frora Vergniaud, declared that it would be op
pressive not to read the letters of the arrested depu
ties ; proposed a report concerning thera, and declared
hiraself resolved to defend the denounced, and accuse
the denunciators ; he voted for the inviolability of
letters and the circulation of journals ; opposed the
decree of accusation against Buzot, and signed the
protest against the Slst of May. On the SOth of
October a decree of accusation was passed against
hira, he was outlawed, and obliged to fly ; he owed
bis safety to Madame Lejay, a bookseller, who kept
bira concealed in her house, and whom he married
after this signal service. It was during his struggle
with the Montague, and after the Slst of May, that
Doulcet refused to defend Charlotte Corday, on
which account she wrote him a note in which she
treated him as a coward. In December, 1794, Doul
cet re-entered the convention with the other pro
scribed persons. In March, 1795, he spolce warmly
for the restitution of the property of those who had
been condemned : in May he undertook the defence
of Robert Lindet, a meraber of the coraraittee of pub
lic safety, and opposed the proscription of the repre-

DOULCET. 381
sentatives who were denounced as accoraplices with
Robespierre. In July he set himself up against a
petition frora the section of the Th6atre-Fran9ois, and
asked whether the governing powers were still lodged
in the coraraittees, or whether they had been trans
ferred to the sections of Paris ; he exhorted the con
vention to resurae the energy it had shewn in Prairial,
and said that it was necessary to put a stop to the
vengeance of individuals. He was chosen president
on the 4th of July, 1795, and imposed sUence on the
tribunes who were expressing their indignation against
J. Lebon. On the 3d of September he caused the
decree of accusation against general Montesquiou to
be reversed, and his name to be erased frora the Ust
of eraigrants. Being re-elected to the council of 500,
he opposed the decree for arresting several deputies
on account of the events of Venderaiaire, and de
raanded that the constitutional forras should be fol
lowed with regard to them ; he voted in favour of
Treillard's project, which conferred on the directory
the right of filling up vacant offices. In December
he moved for the creation of an administration of po
lice, to watch the manoeuvres of the terrorists and
the royalists. On the 15th of February, 1796, he ur
gently demanded that the sequestration should be
removed from the property of eraigrants. On the
19th ofMarch, he warmly defended the Jiberty of the
press, and expressed his astonishraent that this Uberty
for which, and by which the revolution had been
effected, should be threatened with fetters. Being
chosen president on the 21st, he celebrated the victo
ries of the array of Italy, and recoraraended that a
project should be forraed for the honours to be paid to
the brave who had fallen in the last battles. After
the discovery of Babeuf's conspiracy, he expressed
his unwillingness that the raeasures of safety rendered
necessary by circurastances, should assurae a charac
ter of re-action. He attacked the various articles of
tbe law of the 3d of Bruraaire, year 4, (25tb of Octo
ber, 1795,) which he considered as a plagiarism from

382 DOULCET.
that ofthe 17th of Septeraber, concerning suspected
persons, and pleaded for the repeal of it. He de
manded that Lesage-Senault should be called to order
for having said that " the spirit of royalty was every
where, even in the constituted authorities ;" and that
Lehardy should be censured for having raentioned
Mailhe, as having formed a part of Robespierre's fac
tion. " It is now tirae," cried be, " to put an end
to the scandalous dissensions which have long disho
noured the tribune." On the second of March,
1797, on occasion of a coraplaint frora one of the
municipalities of MarseiUes against the royalists, he
said that " it was a system contrived by villains to
prevent the holding of the priraary assemblies," and
declared that " even if the directory, deceived and
circumvented, should perrait itself to suspend them,
the sovereign people would, by their own right, as
semble themselves on the 1st of Gerrainal to proceed
to thera." He opposed the directory when it de
nounced the sentence to the court of cassation in fa
vour of the persons accused of the conspiracy of La
villeheurnois, attacked it again on the subject of the
colonies, represented its agents as the scourges of
St. Domingo; he ascribed the decree which acquitted
Sonthonax to the constraint under which the conven
tion laboured. On the 23d of June he joined in
Duraolard's censures of the policy adopted hy the di
rectory in regard to Italy ; separated frora this dicus-
sion the conduct of Bonaparte, whora he praised as a
general, throwing the whole blame on the directory;
asked how it happened that Genoa and Venice,
which had been neuter or adverse when the coalition
resisted France, had wished for war at the crisis when
the eraperor desired peace; caused Pichegru and
Willot to be added to the list of inspectors^ and on
the 26th of July supported the raotion for printing
the account which the forraer had given of the raarch
of the troops, at the sarae tirae praising his raodera
tion. Shortly after he expressed his dread of the
arrival of many men used to blood and plunder, who

DROUET. 383
had been collected in the suburbs, and who named
such of the representatives as they raeant to kill.
" But," said he, " there can be no turaults in wbich
the governraent is not a party, and were it perfidious
enough to leave us a mark for the poniard, we would
not suffer ourselves to be besieged as in Prairial, but
rallying around us the good citizens, we would
mount our horses and defend liberty and the consti
tution." He added, " that a well organized conspiracy
ought to be sent for from Bale to destroy sucb of the
representatives as should have most bravely struggled
for the independence of the legislative body." He
was included in the list drawn up on the 4th of Sep
tember, 1797, of sucb as were to be banished, but
notwithstanding Villetard's expostulations, Philippe
Duraont, and Gauthier du Calvados caused his narae
to be struck off. Since this tirae he has not again ap
peared inthe council, but being appointed, in March,
1800, prefect of the Dyle, he has on several occasions
shewn hiraself a skilful governor ; he abolished raen-
dicity at Brussels, renewed the foundation of the
daughters of charity, and, in 1803, received the first
consul on his visit to that city. On the 1st of Febru
ary, 1805, he was suramoned to take a seat in the
conservative senate, and was appointed coraraander
of the legion of honour. Madarae Doulcet, his aunt,
formerly abbess of La Trinite, at Caen, in the course
of the revolution, did important serviees to the vic
tims of faction, and above all to those who belonged
to the royalist party. She has withdrawn into seclu
sion with sorae ladies of her faraily, and lives on a
pension of a thousand francs, which she owes to the
beneficence of his iraperial raajesty.
DROUET (J. B.) a post-raaster at Saint Mene-
hould, who, narrow-minded and ignorant, owed to
chance alone the part he played in the revolution,
for having recognized Louis XVI. when he was
passing through St. Menehould to go to Montmedy,
he got before hira by a cross-road, and caused him
to be stopped at Varennes on the 21st of June. On

384 DROUET.
the 18th of August the asserably, to reward bis zeal,
decreed hira a grant of 30,000 livres, which he re
fused, soliciting rather a comraission in the gen
darmerie, as he had been for some tirae a dragoon
in the regiraent of Cond6. In Septeraber, 1792, he
was deputed frora Marne to the convention, where
he voted for the death of Louis XVI. his sole claim
to this election being his stopping the king at Va
rennes ; for his voice, his appearance, his gestures,
are coarse and displeasing, the very words be utters
bear the raarks of restless ferocity. Nevertheless the
violence of his teraper not suffering him to refrain
from speaking on subjects with which he was un
acquainted, his ignorance and vulgar expressions
perpetually exposed him to sarcasras from the legis
lative body, which irritated him to the highest de
gree. He strove to supply all defects by a constant
display, throughout the whole of his political career,
of great audacity, extravagance and revolutionary
fanaticism. Being a violent Montagnard he took an
active share in the Slst of May, attacked Lanjui
nais in the tribune, and eagerly persecuted the Gi
rondins. On the 20th of July, 1793, he proposed to
condemn to death as spies all the English who should
be found in France. On the 5th of September he
supported the scheme of creating a revolutionary
army, and spoke with such violence as to excite the
murmurs of the assembly. - He also declared, that
raoderation and philosophical principles were in
sufficient, and added: "If it is necessary to the
people's happiness to be robbers, let us be robbers."
He afterwards proposed declaring to the suspected
persons, that if liberty was in danger they should be
massacred. On the 9th he was sent to the array of
tbe North, and in October, the sarae year, being
shut up in Maubeuge when it was heraraed round by
the prince of Cobourg, he endeavoured to escape
with sorae dragoons to hasten the succours of which
the city stood in need. He was taken, however, by
the Austrians, and for sorae time confined at Brus-

DROUET. 385
sels, where, according to several reports made to the
convention, the Austrians kept hira chained in an
iron cage, purposing to let hira die of hunger, which
would have been the case had he not been relieved
by a railler naraed Gerard. He was afterwards re
moved to Spitzberg, a fortress in Moravia, and on
the 6th of July, 1794, juraped through a window of
his prison in order to escape, but he broke one of
his feet and was taken back to bis charaber, where
he had left a very insolent letter for the enemy. In
November 1795, he, Caraus, Beurnonville, and some
others, were exchanged at Bale for the daughter of
Louis XVI. and he then resumed his place in the
council of five hundred. The species of moderation
which then reigned in France displeased hira, and
he scrupled not to own, that had he been in his
native country during the reign of terror, he would
have followed the exaraple /of Robespierre and Marat;
arid regretting the terraination of that revolutionary
reign, he connected himself with Babeuf, and became
one of the heads of the Jacobin society organized by
his associate. He was in consequence arrested in
the night between the 10th and llth of May, 1796,
and shut up in the Abbaye.^ The council of the
ancients decreed that he should be tried before the
high national court ; but in tbe night of August the
18th be contrived to escape, and on the 20th pub
lished the particulars ofhis liberation, which had, he
said, been effected by raeans of a tunnel in a chira
ney. It appears certain that in the night between
the 9th and 10th of Septeraber be was present at the
attack raade on the carap at Gr^neUe, where the
terrorists were again routed, and he owed his safety
solely to a raUk- woraan whora be bribed to conceal
hira under the straw of her cart. Be that as it raay,
he retired to Switzerland shortly after his escape
frora the Abbaye, and he afterwards found raeans to
take shipping for the East Indies. His voyage ter
minated at the Canaries, which the English were
attacking at the moment of his landing j the fight

386 DUBOIS.
becarae general, and on this occasion Drouet gave
proofs of valour. On the 26th of May, 1797, the
bigh court of Vendorae acquitted hira of any share
'in Babeuf's conspiracy, be returned to France and
was employed by the directory as coraraissioner in
bis own departraent. After the 18th Bruraaire the
consuls appointed him sub-prefect at Saint Mene
hould, an office which he sliU continued to hold in
.1806. In 1805 the electoral college of Marne chose
him a candidate to the legislative body.
DUBOIS (L'Abbe) was, in 1789, eoraraissioned by
the Orlean's party to poison the corate d'Artois and
bis family at Turin. The facts which Prudhorarae,
in his History of the Criraes of the Revolution, relates
concerning this atterapt, which was noticed at the
time in raost of the public prints, are as follow : A
month after the count d'Artois' flight to the court of
the king of Sardinia, a certain abbe Dubois, who
was said to be one of the most intiraate and farailiar
companions of Ducrest and Liraon, the former late
chancellor to the duke of Orleans, arid the other bis
steward, set out for Turin with 100,000 francs about
him. He was eoraraissioned to go and poison the
corate d'Artois and Jiis children; but reflecting by
the way on the part he had undertaken, he was
shocked at hiraself, dropped sorae hints of the pro
jected assassination, and in a short tirae he felt all
the syraptoras of a raortal poison. At the point of
death he wished to disburthen his conscience, he
asked for a confessor, and after having revealed to
him his whole secret, be suraraoned the raagistrates
of the place, and dictated to thera tbe foUowirig de
position : " M. M. Liraon and Ducrest had given
rae 100,000 francs to poison the count d'Artois and
his children, proraising to give rae 200,000 crowns
raore after the execution. The raere thought of
such ap act raade rae shudder when I reflected on it
more deliberately, and I could not help letting sorae
thing of it transpire in this very inn, to a man with
whom I travelled part of the way from Paris to Turin,

DUBOIS-CRANCE. 387
He was no doubt an eraissary eoraraissioned to over
look ray conduct, for I think be is connected with
M. M. Liraon, Ducrest, and Laclos. As soon as he
saw rae hesitate whether I should coramit the crime I
had undertaken, be proposed to me to sup, because,
be said, he vyas to depart early the next niorning.
Hardly was the raeal finished when he disappeared;
I have not since seen hira, but I then fell into con
vulsions, which will shortly destroy me. It was
doubtless the will of God to punish me for having
made rayself the instruraent of a crirae, but I die
content as it was not completed. Let a watch be
kept over Louis XVI. and his son." Hardly had he
ceased speaking when he expired in convulsions,
caused by the poison which corroded his intestines,
A legal and well attested copy of this deposition was
imraediately dispatched to M. de Montraorin, then
minister for foreign affairs, who officially, but se
cretly, coraraunicated it to the French arabassador
at the Sardinian court.
DUBOIS-CRANCE (E. L. A.) born at Chalons
sur Marne, of an ancient faraily of burgesses, entered
into the king's rausqueteers, and became lieutenant
of the raarshals of France. If we are to believe his
eneraies, he was excluded from the musqueteers for
having introduced himself among them with false
titles of nobUity. He vvas deputy from the tiers-
etat of the bailiwick of Vitry to tlje states-general,
and was chosen secretary on the 23d of Noveraber,
1789. He spoke in favour of the plan presented by
the war-rainister for the organization of the array,
and proposed that of the national railitia. He op
posed the ancient systera of recruiting, and said that
he did " not think it right that a man who had be
come a soldier, in many cases to avoid civil punish
ment, and who had sold his liberty, should be put
on a footing with the citizen who took arras to de
fend his:" this opinion brought on him a violent
attack frora the members of the noblesse, vvho said
that he insulted the railitary. On the 28th of Feb-
.2-r. 2

388 - DUBOIS-CRANCE.
ruary, 1790, he demanded that tbe king should be
declared supreme chief of the army, and protested
against the new title of King of the French which
was given him. From this tiriae to the end of the
session, he was often in the tribune^ discussing va
rious railitary plans. On the 4th of May, 1791, he
contributed to the terraination of the question re
lating to the union of the county to France, by
causing the raeeting to be abruptly dissolved. Soon
after he brought on the question of the liberty of the
negroes, and proposed that every black should be
corae free on entering France. He was appointed
major-gener|^ after the session, but refused to serve
under Lafayette, and preferred entering tbe na
tional guards as a grenadier. In Septeraber, 1792,
be was chosen to represent the departraent of Ar
dennes in the national convention ; and on the 24th
was appointed to go and reraove general Montes
quiou, against whora he proposed a decree of ac
cusation. In Noveraber he yvas sent to Duraourier,
to inquire into his complaints against the war-rai
nistry. At the tirae of Louis XVI.'s trial he strongly
opposed the appeal to the people, and voted for his
death. On the 25th of January, 1793, he pre
sented his first report on the organization of the
arraies, caused tbe regular troops to be blended with
the volunteers, and procured the adoption of a new
method of proraotion, by which raany ignorant su
baltern officers becarae colonels in three raonths by
seniority. On the 21st of February he was chosen
president, and on the 26th of March entered into
the coraraittee of public safety. On the Slst of
May he contributed to the fall of the Girondins, and
was sent to the array of the Alps, which he led
agairist Lyon, the siege of which he began with
KeUermann; but bis contests with Couthon did not
^permit him to finish it. On the 6th of October
Barere accused him of the protraction of this siege,
procured his recal, and afterwards a decree of arrest
against hira. This affair produced no consequences.

DUBOIS-CRANCE. 389
and, on the 13th of Noveraber, Dubois-Cranc6 ob
tained a decree that the faraily of the chevalier de
la Barre should receive an equivalent for the pro
perty that had befen taken frora thera. He accused
the commissary Villemanzy, who was employed at
the array of the Rhine, of being tbe agent of the
Laraeths, and proposed an examination into his con
duct. On the 28th of December he vehemently at
tacked the million, dork at the Jacobin club, and
proposed to thera to ask each candidate " what he
had done to be hanged in case ofa counter revolu
tion." A letter which he Boon afterwards wrote to
them, on their facility in admitting the agents of the
executive power, was the coramencement of his
dissension with the Montague'; and Robespierre and
Couthon caused him to be struck off the list of the
society. He contributed to the revolution of the
9th of Therraidor, year 2, (27tb of July, 1794,) and
proposed that the renewal of the coraraittee of public
safety should take place every raonth by quarters.
On the 1st of Augtisf, 1794, he .accused John Debry
of federalisra, and defended Sonthonax and Polverel.
Returning to the' Jacobin club, he there gave an
account of his conduct, attacked Robespierre, de
nounced Maignet, and deraanded the Uberty ofthe
press and the enlargeraent of the persons confined.
Beirig denounced in his turn by Duhera, and accused
by bira of connivance with Tallien and FreirOn to
ruin the patriots, hethundered against the terrorists,
arid procured froiri the convention a decree for the
purifying of the Jacobin club. On the 5th of De
cember he entered again into the committee of pub
lic safety; on the 28th of March, 1795, proposed
the annulment of the confiscations announced since
the 14th of July, 1789, with the exception of those
of emigrants, and opposed their return. He contri
buted to the defeat of the revolters of Prairial, who
wanted to re-establish the system of 1793. On the
28th of May he voted for the arrest of Robert Lindet,

390 DUBOIS-CRANCE.
whora be accused " of being the original author of
the calamities of Lyon, because having been sent to'
that cfty by the coraraittee of public safety after the
Slst of May, he had represented the situation of the
town in false colours to government." In June he
opposed alike the royalists and the terrorists; on the
4th of August, in a long speech against royalism, be
denounced the Daily Journal : " Read this paper,"
said he, " scarcely does it find twenty deputies
worthy of its esteera. Do not be put off vvith an
alarm of terrorism, which is said to be ready to
break out again : there are men to whom you are all
terrorists, for you have all declared the king guilty
of treason, and voted for a repubUc." On the 4th of
October, the day before the battle of the 13th of
Vendemiaire, he caused the terrorists to be welcom
ed by the convention, obtained a decree for printing
and dispersing their speech, and said, that " it was
the first answer to the factious, till a second should
be given thera with rausket-shots." After this vic
tory he was appointed a member of the committee
of five, and was one of the framers of the law of the
Sd of Brumaire. When re-elected tb the council of
500, he spoke there in favour of taxes in kind, which
he had before proposed in May preceding, and de
manded the prohibition of trade in gold and silver.
Towards the end of 1796 he again denounced differ
ent journals as devoted to royalism, and in March,
1797, took the part ofthe directory against the court
of cassation, in the affair of Lavilleheurnois, On the
20th of May he went out of the council, and was
re-elected into it by the dividing assembly of Landes ;
but his nomination was annulled as illegal. In Oc
tober,* 1798, the directory appointed him inspector-
general of the infantry, and the next year raised hira
to the adrainistration of the war-department, in the
place of Bernadotte. The revolution of the ISth of
Brumaire, year S, (9th of November, 1799,) which
he wished to oppose, deprived hira of his place j from

DUCREST. 391
that tirae he reraained uneraployed, and died in the
beginning of 1805, at an estate to which bp had
retired. •
DUCHATELET (A.) , colonel of the chasseurs,
erabraced the revolutionary party, and brought out,
under his own narae, an essay that had been written
by Paine. He lost the calf of one of his legs at the
assault on Gand; contended with Bournonville for
tbe war-rainistry, and was afterwards confined in
1793 at La Force, where he poisoned hiraself.
DUCLOS (L. C.) ir years of age, was conderan
ed to deatb by tbe tribunal of Rouen in 1797, for
having assassinated another child in a wood, through
a spirit of revenge. This was not the first crirae
of this precocious villain, who had long announced
a cruel disposition ; he raade it his sport to mutilate
the limbs of his companions, and he was seen to put
burning coals into the shirt of a little child. This
raonster had a raost interesting appearance; his
face, bis voice, his manners, expressed gentleness.
During the trial he shewed the firmness and presence
of mind of a man. However, in consideration of his
youth, the punishment of death was comrauted
for 20 years' iraprisonraent, and 6 hours wearing the-
iron collar.
DUCREST (the marquis) chanceUor to the duke
of Orleans, and one of his raost faithful agents du
ring the revolution, several tiraes atterapted at that
period to gain the confidence of Louis XVI. and to
obtain the place of lord-treasurer. . Th6~ royaUsts
bave accused hira of atterapts of every kind for pro
curing for the duke of Orleans a power which he
hoped to share. Long retired frora public life, he
eraployed himself in ship-building, which he asserted
that he had carried to a high degree of perfection;
the papers have announced various experiraents in
tbis way, which he has had executed at Copen
hagen. After the revolution of tlie 18th of Bruraaire,
year 8, (9th of Noveraber, 1799,) he offered his ser-

392 DUFOUR.
vices to the consular government, which refused
them. ,He is brotber to madarae de Genlis.
DUFOUR (G. J.) born on the 15tb of March,
1758, at St. Seine in Burgundy; his raother was a
niece of Fischer, a celebrated contractor in the reign
of Louis XV. He entered into the service in the
regiraent of Nivernois, where he becarae harbinger;
then he went into the naval adrainistration at Roche
fort ; in the beginning of tbe revolution he was
created raajor of the national guard of that town, and
soon set out for the frontier,'at' the head of a battalion
of volunteers of Charente. Hewas in the garrison
of Verdun when that town surrendered to the Prus
sians; and was one of the ofliicers who refused to sign
the capitulation. He afterwards assisted with his
battalion in the taking of Namur, and the conquest
9f Belgiura, and was wounded at the battle of Ner
winde. He was appointed general of brigade in Flo
real, was eraployed under Turreau 'against the Ven
dee, gained several advantages over Charette in le
Bocage, and was wounded at Montai'gu. .In Messi
dor, year 2 (June, 1794,) he went to the array of
the MoseUe, and, on the 21st of Thermidor, took
possession of Treves and la Montagne- Verte. , Some
time after he went to the army of the Rhine,^ and
was taken prisoner by the Austrians on the 24th of
Septeraber, 1795, after having received several
wounds. He was afterwards exchanged for general
Provera, and took his post with the array of the
Rhine; he assisted in the invasion of Bavaria by Mo
reau, and afterwards in the defence of the entrance
to the bridge of Huningeri, which was resto;red to
the Iraperialists on the 4th of February, 1797. In
1799 he vvas considered as attached to the deraa
gogue party : he was even placed on the list of can
didates for the directory, at the time of the fall of
Merlin, Lareveillere, and Treilhard. Afljcr the
revolution of the ISth of Brumaire, year 8 (9th of
November, 1799,) he Was einployed, in 1800, > in

dugommiEr, 393
the coraraand of the 21st raiUtary divisiori, which he
still held in 1805,
DUGOMMIER, a French general, was born at
Martinique in 1736, and possessed there, before the
revolutiouj property to the araount of two milUons
of livres. He entered into tbe service at the age. of
thirteen, obtained the cross of St, Louis, and having
raet with sorae injustice, abandoned the raiUtary
career, and retired to his plantation. In 1789' he
"Was appointed colonel of the national guards of the
island, and defended Fort St. Peter against M. de
Behague, Sorae time after he was sent to France,
there to solicit succours for the patriots, who were
then in distress. He arrived in 1792, and refused to
be deputy frora the colonies to the convention. In
Septeraber, 1793, he was eraployed as general of
brigade, and then as coraraander in chief of the array
of Italy, where he gained several advantages over the
Austro-Sardinians, and almost always with inferior
forces, especially on the 18th and 19th of October
at Gillette, and on the 22d at Hutel. He. was after
wards intrusted with the siege of Toulon, behaved
with the greatest bravery before the place, and took
possession of it after five days and five nights of fight
ing and fatigue. In 1794 he was appointed cora
raander in chief of the array of the Pyrennees Orien
tales, and soon gained over the Spaniards advantages
equally rapid and decisive. On the 27th and 29th
of April he defeated thera at Oms, and drove tliem
from Ceret; on the SOth ofthe same raonth, and on
the 1st of May, he gained the battle of Alberdes, and
carried the post of Montesquieu, an advantage which
threw into his hands nearly 200 cannons and 2000
prisoners; on the 4th he blocked up ColUoure, after
two engageraents at Cape Beam and Puis-de-las-
Doines, He was wounded before this' town on the
16th, arid made himself master of it ¦ on the 26th,
after having entered the forts of St. Elm© and Port
Vendre; on the 13th 6f August, at St. Laurent de
la Monga, he defifed the Spanish army, nearly 50,000

394 DUHEM.
strong; and on the 17th of September took posses
sion of BeUegarde, the last French town occupied by
the eneray. He carried their carap again on the 22d
and 2Sd of the sarae raonth at Costouges ; but he did
not survive his victories, for, on the 17th of Novera
ber, 1794, he was killed by a borab in the battle of
St. Sebastian, just as he was beginning to rout the
left wing ofthe Spaniards; he expired on the field of
battle at the age of sixty. He left three sons : two
were adjutants-general in his array, and one of them
died in the prisons of England; the third perished in
going to America. The convention decreed, that
the name of Dugoraraier should be inscribed on a
coluran in the Pantheon. He had known how to
appreciate the raerit of general Bonaparte, who served
under hira at the siege of Toulon ; and he one day
presented hira to the representatives, saying to thera,
" he is an officer of the greatest raerit, and if you
do not advance bira, he will know how to raise
himself" DUHEM (P.J.) was born in 1760, at Lille; his
father was a weaver, v^ho died insolvent. Duhem
went through his studies, and becarae a tutor in the
college of Arichin at Douai. He afterwards becarae
a phj'sician, settled in the village of Quesnoy, and
was then eraployed in the hospital of the town. At
the tirae of the revolution he was appointed justice
of peace. Becoraing a deputy to the legislature, be
declaimed there with vehemence on the ISth of No
vember, 1791, against priests. On the Slst of March
and 1st of April, 1792, he spoke with so much
warmth against the minister Narbonne, and the de
cree which acquitted him, that he was called to
order, and was near being sent to the Abbaye. On
the 25th of June he was insulted by some gentle
men and sorae of the king's guards, on account of the
principles which he every day raanifested. On the
1,3th of July he voted for reraoving the suspension
of Petion and Manuel, On the 24th he called Louis
XVI. the greatest of traitors. Being appointed cora-

DUHEM, 395
missary to Lille after his entrance into the national
convention, he denounced general Moreton Chabril-
lant, for having left at St. Araand considerable raa
gazines, which were taken by the enemy. In the
month of Deceraber he assisted in the trial of Louis
XVI. ; voted that the king should not be perraitted
to choose counsel ; shewed hiraself violent against
tbe right side and the partisans of the appeal to the
people, and opposed the adjournment of the trial;
on the 15th of January, 1793, he voted for his death.
On the 21st he entered into the committee of gene
ral security ; supported, for the second time, the
decree against Arthur Dillon ; proposed the organi
zation of a revolutionary tribunal without a jury;
and denounced the circulation, at Brussels, of raedals
bearing the effigy of Louis XVI. with the title of
martyr. On the 18th of March he demanded the
outlawry of the emigrants and the banished priests
who had returned. A violent enemy ofthe Girondins,
be organized a body of Jacobins and federates, to
go, at the close bf day, and break the presses of Gar-
nery and Gorsas, who printed ,the writings of the
deputies of 4;hat party. He attacked Vergniaud with
violence, and contributed to the triumph of the Mon
tagne on the Slst of May. In July following, he
was sent to Lille with Lesage-Senault, and there re
moved generals Lavalette and Dufresse, who were
protected by Robespierre. This stroke of authority
occasioned his recal ; on his return, he complained
that disaffection was spreading in the army, under
the appearance of jacobinisra, and caused new cora
missaries to be sent to it. On the 25th of September
he was denounced to the Jacobins as an enemy to
the committee of public safety, and Robespierre pro
cured his exclusion from the society, A short time
after, Duhera, in revenge, caused his protege Lava
lette to be summoned before the revolutionary tri
bunal. From this time till after the 9th Therraidor,
year 2 (27th of July, 1794,) he kept himself out of
the public view. After that day he caused it to be

396^ DULAU.
decreed, that the revolutionary tribunal should judge
conforraably to the laws prior to that of the 22d of
Prairial, of which he procured the repeal ; then, with
his usual violence, he attacked the Therraidorian
party-; and; on the 14th of August, 1794» opposed
the liberation of the duk-es of Auraont and Valeri-
tinois. When recalled to the Jacobin club, with
those who had before been driveri frora it, he dis
played there the sarae resistance to the systera of
clemency which was about to be adopted, and often
declairaed against the royalists and the aristocrats,
who, he said, were protected by Tallien, Dubois-
Crance; and Freron. On the 10th of October, he
demanded the execution of the law against eraigrants
taken in arms; and announced the arrival ofa num
ber of young men to assist the Therraidorians. On
the 26th of December he had a warra altercation with
Clausel, and said that he would assassinate hira if
the convention did not do hira justice. A short tirae
afterwards he was sent to the Abbaye, for having re
proached the asserably with raaking aristocracy tri
umpb. In three days he came out, and returned in
triuraph to take his place among -the Montagnards.
When accused by Legendre of conspiring with the
Jacobins ofthe South, he declared that he had never
done the least harra to any one : and soon after he
opposed the restitution of property to the relations of
the persons conderaned; spoke in favour of the pur
chasers of national doraains , and told the asserably
that it was assassinating the country. Ori the 12th of
Germinal, a decree of arrest was passed against him
as one of the authors of that revolt, and he was taken
to the castle of Ham, whence he was released by the
aranesty of the 4th of Bruraaire, year 4 (26th of Oc
tober, 1795). After this tirae, Duhera • quitted the
poUtical career, and returned to his profession of rae
dicine. He was stiU, in 1806, eraployed in a railitary
hospital. I
DULAU (J. M.) archbishop of Aries, and deputy
frora the clergy of the seneschalate. of that town to

DUMAS. 397
the states-general, was iraprisoned at the Carraes
during tlfe legislation, and raassacred there on the 3d
of Septeraber, 1792. When the assassins arrived to
slaughter tbe priests confined in tbis house, all the
victiras, . at the voice of this venerable archbishop,
threw theraselves on their knees, and received -ibis
blessing. He continued to pray aloud for tlie assas
sins till the raoment when they put himto death hira
self He had been, in 1 787? a raeraber of the assera
bly of notables.
DUMAS (M.) counseUor of state, general of divi-
• sion, and coramander of the legion of honour, was
first an officer in the foot regiment of Languedoc,
then a meraber ofthe council of war, and afterwards
served with the rank of colonel in America. Atthe
beginning of the revolution he was eraployed under
Lafayette in the Parisian national guard. The pro
ceedings of the Chatelet proved hira, in 1790, to have
participated in the events of the 5th and 6th of Octo
ber, 1789; in the sarae year he was sent to Mon
tauban to restore quiet there; in May, 1791, he
went as conamiaaai-y, to Alsace. At the tirae of
Louis XVI.'s arrest at Varennes, he was sent with
full powers to demand the troops, in order to bring
the king back to Paris: at this period he was ap
pointed major-general, and then eraployed in Lor
raine. He was appointed, in Septeraber, deputy
from Seirie etOise to the legislature, and becarae one
ofthe principal chiefs of the club of Feuillans; he
professed raoderate principles, and urged the punish
raent of Jourdan the cut-throat, and other destroyers.
On the 20th of October he opposed the raeasures
solicited against eraigration, and accused the pro
posers of these schemes bf leading the people astray
by becoming their flatterers. On the 29th of Decera
ber he opposed sending to foreign powers the de
claration of Condorcet, touching the poUtical prin
ci pies' of regenerated France. In January and April,
1792, he used all bis endeavours to put off the decla
ration of war on the eraperor. In February be pre
sided in, the assembly, voted against the amnesty

398 DUMAS.
deraanded for the events of Avignon^ declared
against the systera of liberty for the*' negroes,
brought forward raeans of securing discipline without
injuring the basis of liberty, and recurred several
tiraes to this subject. On the llth of Maybe elo
quently defended the generals who had been defeated
in the Low Countries, and whorii it was proposed to
render responsible for their failures. On the 28th
he maintained that the legislative power had no right
to interfere with the king's guards ; on the 20th of
June he inveighed with veheraence against the out
rages done on that day to the king's person ; on the
2d of July he defended liira again : on the Sd he
spoke on the sarae subject, and, in spite of interrup
tion, dwelt on the fault that had been coraraitted in
declaring war, and on those which were daily cora
raitted in the raanner of raaking it. Presiding in the
asserably on the llth of July, when a deputation
came to protest against the veto, he sharply reproved
the orator. A few days afterwards he denounced
Dumourier, as having seized a comraand which
neither the king uor the general in chief, Luckner, had
given him. On the 27th ofthe same month, he ac
cused all the administration, coraposed of Roland,
Claviere, and Duraourier, of having endangered the
safety of the state, by ordering the attack on Bel
giura ; he afterwards became director of the plans of
campaigns. On the 6th of April, 1793, it was recora
raended to the executive power to watch hira, and a
decree ordered that he should be kept in view. He
disappeared, and reraained in obscurity during the
whole revolutionary governraent; and, in 1795, he
was accused of having taken refuge in Switzerland
with the wreck of the constituent party, in order
to replace Monsieur on the throne with an English
constitution. In Septeraber of the sarae year, he
was elected to the council of ancients, and there con
tributed to sorae railitary decrees. On the 3d of No
vember, 1796, he made a report there on councils
of war to be established in the array, and thence took
occasion to bestow a tribute of praise on the masterly

DUMAS. 399
retreat oLgeneral Moreau. He afterwards published
a work, entitled, Result of the Last Carapaign, in
wbich his aira was to induce the directory to raake
peace with the eraperor, keeping only Luxerabourg,
Tournay, Anvers, and Maestricht, to cover the fron
tier. On the 28th of July, 1797, he spoke forcibly
against tbe approaoii of the troops whora the direc
tory was bringing up towards the capital; on the 5th
^of Septeraber he was sente^jfeed by the victorious
triuravirate to transportation. He escaped frora Paris
on the 4th, having assuraed the air of inspecting the
posts, like a general officer on duty, and retired into
Gerraany. In 1799 he published at Haraburgh,
under the narae of Suraraary of the Military Events,
a very well-written journal, in which be displayed
great knowledge ofthe art of war. After the 18th of
Brumaire, he returned to France, and was charged
with organizing the volunteer hussars of Paris. In
1800 he went to the camp at Dijon, was eraployed
as head of the staff in the second army of reserve, and
in that capacity made the campaign of 1801 in Swit
zerland. On the 20th of July he was nominated
counsellor of state, and was attached to the war de
partment. In August, 1802, he presented the pro
ject for forming the legion of honour. Subsequently
to this period he has been raised to the rank of a
general of division, made head of the staff in the
camp at Bruges,, decorated with the title of coraraand
er of the legion of honour, and created charaberlain
of prince Joseph's household. At the end of 1805
be was eraployed in the army of Gerraany, and to
hira was generally attributed a very well-written letter
concerning the operations of that carapaign, which
was inserted in the public journals. He is also said
to bave revised the Meraoirs which Rarael pubUshed
concerning his exile. END OF VOL. I.

J. M'CREERY, Printer,
BIack-Boise.CoHct, ileet.Street, LoBdoo.

TSLel