3~oaiao ian5 C.. ••, • c!,‘ r. ,----NARIA911:1111111-  AUG Building FROM ROMAN CI T Y) Settlement To the HISTORY,t P 1 R E, Containing of of "IR: U STU THE ream the THE the perfeft the EM BY S CAS Space of 72,7 Delign'd as well for the Underflanding of the Roman Authors, as the Roman Affairs. The Ninth Edition, carefully revii'd, and much improv'd. By LAV RE NC E Epli il RD, A. M. Of Chrift-College-in Cambridge. LONDON: Printed for R. and J. B ONWICKE, J. WA ir ti 0 El R. WILKIN, J. TONSON T. WARD, and B. BARKER. M DCC XXIV. 11 *-4+- 12b_ To the Right Honourable Sir John Sommers, Knt• Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of ENGLAND; And One of His M AJ E S T Y's Moil Honourable Privy-Council. May it pleafe your LordJhip, Aving undertaken to coiled a short Account of the Ro- man Affairs, I here prefume to prefent it to your Lorchhip and were the Per- formance in any degree anfwer- able to the Noblenefs of the Subjea, and the Greatnefs of your The Eple Dedicatory. your Lordfhip's Skill in this, as well as in all the politer Parts of Learning, I might juffly hope to find it in fome meafure ac- ceptable. But how mean foever the Performance is, I have Hill fume fair Profped of the De- fin and I was almoft affur'd, from your Lordihip's generous Inclinations, to promote the bell and mon ufeful Parts of Learning, that fuch a Defign, cou'd not, by any other Means, be fo acceptable to the Publick, as by having the Advantage of your Lordfhip's Name be- fore it. My Lord, I cannot pretend to any fuch Knowledge of the Law as to underfrand what is the fureft Method of attaining to Per- The Epitile Dedicatory. Perfedion in it. But as I am inform'd, fome lay their Foun- dation in the ancient Hilories of the Saxons, Danes, and Nor- mans: Others, I am told, only by the Way of Inflitutes, Re- ports, and Statutes, arrive to a confiderable Fame and Pradice. But fome there are, whofe ge- nerous Induffry carries 'em yet further, who think it neceffary to fpend fome time in the Ro- man Hijtory, Claffical Authors, civil Law, and the Pleadings of Cicero. And, I need not go about to acquaint the World, that your Lordfhip's ExcePency in all thefe, together with Your great natural Endowments, and anfwerable Improvements, did not only give your Lordihy very The Epiftle Dedicatory. very high Advantages over O- thers, at Your firs Appearance, but in a very short time rais'd You to the higheff Dignity in the Law, and the utmoft Fa- vour of the greateft Prince in the World. I (peak not this, My Lord, to much to celebrate the fingu- lar Prudence and Jullice of his Majefly , in advancing your Lordihip to his molt Honoura- able Station, as to phew the World what peculiar Reafon I had to offer this humble Ad- drefs, and how ambitious I was of appearing, My Lord, Tour Lordfbip's Mop- bumble, obedient, and devoted Servant, Laurence Echard. THE REFACE, HERE are requir'd fo many Qualifications and Accomplifh-ments in an Hiflorian, and fo much Care and Nicenels in writing an Hijlory, that force have reckon'd it One of the mole difficult Labours that Human Nature is capable of And this feems the more probable, from the fmall Number of good Hiflories that ever yet appear'd in the World. Even the principal Writers of the Roman Hi Tory, who are doubtlefs as excellent as any in the World, have not been free from Faults, or at leaft from Criticks, who have been very ready to make their feveral Remarks upon 'em. Polyhius, fay they, is a very good Author, but is too much addided to Preaching. l)ionyfius Hal. is a very great Cri-tick, but too morofe, and may rather be plac'd among the Writers of Antiquities than Hiflory. Diodortis Siculus fpends too much Time in Fables, and is not free from Trifling, and has but Little of the Roman Affairs. Dios, Callitts they a look The Preface. look upon to be fickle, partial, a great Flatterer, and as great a Reviler. Appian is very well for Military Difcipline, but is often out in the Roman Affairs. Ccefar only wrote of fome of his own Matters, and was fo Modeft and Juft as not to call his Book Hiflory, but Commentaries. Neither will Plutarch nor Suetonius go for Hiflorians, they being only Biographers. Livy, fay they, is indeed a great Man, but he is a little too verbofe and circumflantial, and too much given to Prodigies and Patavinity. Salluft is blam'd for his Preface, which, they fay, is not only large enough for the Hiftory of the World, but might as well Eland before any other Book whatfoever. And fomething they have to fay of all the reit, which I need not trouble the Reader withal. But notwithflanding thefe feveral Cenfures, molt of thefe Authors are very extraordinary in their kind, and generally are excellent Petterns to imitate, if it be done with Judgment. But how extraordinary foever they are, they are either all Fragments, or elfe fo unfinifh'd, that a compleat Body of the Roman Hiflory for fix or (even hundred Years, can never be gotten out of any one of 'em. So that he, who expels to have any tolerable Account of the Roman Affairs, for fo long a time, from old Writers, muff, betides his underftanding the Latin and Greek Tongues, put himfelf to a confiderable Expence both of Money and Time ; except he will content himfelf with that little he can learn from The Preface. from Florus, and fuch other immethodical and impeded Epitomies. This Confideration is fuf-ficient to vindicate my Defign, in this following Collet-lion; and I know none which is of it felf more ufeful for Young Scholars or Gentlemen, or perhaps more entertaining. There never was any thing of this kind in our Language before, nor any thing relating to the Roman Affairs, but either what has been intermix'd with much more other Hiftory, or what has con-tain'd but a few Years of this Part. Of thefe I find none of any Note befides Raleigh, Rofir, Howel, the Author of the Hifiory of the Tzvo Triumvirates, and Pedro Alexia, A uthor of the Imperial .Fliflory the two laft of which are Tranflations. Sir Walter Raleigh's Account of the Romans, begins at the Building of the City, but contains but. 586 Years, ending at the fecond Macedonian War : And tho' it cannot be deny'd but the laff hundred Years is written with very much Spirit and Judgment, and all of it with as much Skill and Clearnefs ; yet, befides the Inconveniency of being fo intermix'd with other Matters, all before the firft Punick War, bear no manner of Proportion with the reft, as to Length. Refs carries on Sir Walter's Defign, but after fuch a difproportionate Manner, either for Length or Vigour, that I need not fay any more of him. Hozvel is much more exa& both for Method and Proportion in the Roman Hifiory than Sir Walter, and does not only a 2 con- iv The Preface. continue it as far as this goes, but above ;co Years further; which he has done with wonderful Pains and Induftry. Yet notwithftanding all his Method, he has not juftly proportion'd his Matter ; his 57 Years Period, after the Ex-pultion of the Kings, is too long for the reit of his Hittory ; many memorable Mtions between that and the firft Triumvirate, are too fhort ; the firft Triumvirate it felf is too long in his fecond Edition, and too fhort in the firm; and the fecond Triumvirate is too thud in both. Betides, he is often too flat and infipid to affet us thoroughly, and the Adions of the btavett Men are related too coldly and unconcernedly to move us as they ought; which, together with his frequent want of Tranfitions and Words of Connedion, and his often mixing of Critical Learning, makes him far lefs pleafant than otherwife he might be. And what HI adds to thefe Imperfections; is the Obfcurity of his Stile, which proceeds fometimes from his unlucky or unnatural mifplacing of his Words, and fometimes from his affeding a Shortnefs, without throughly confidering and pre-obfer-ving the Dangers that attend that ufeful way of Writing. His Colledions indeed are admirable, both for their Ufefulnefs and Exatinefs ; his Decifions very juft and faithful; and his Learning very uncommon and curious. In (bort, we may fay, that no Man ever more truly and carefully brought together the principal Matters of all the Roman Hiftorians, than he; and that he was an incomparable ColleSar and Compiler, tho' The Preface. tho' at the fame time, he was but an indifferent Hiflorian. I fear I have been too long upon this laf}, but ftill I muff beg the Reader's Leave to confider the two remaining. The Hylory of the two Triumvirates is a Tranfiation from the French, and contains only 3 o Years, but of the bufieft Time of the Commonwealth. It is a Hiftory very ingenioufly writ, handfomely put together, and faithfully colleted ; and is far more plea-fant and palatable than Hovel's. Yet as few Years as it contains, it is manifeftly too tedious in many Places, which is occafioned fometimes from the natural Verbofenefs of theFrench Temper, and fometitnes from the Author's defcend,. ing too particularly to the leffer and more pri-vateA&iops of Mankind ; which makes him fall from the Ma jelly of an Hiflorian to that of a Biographer. And, notwithftanding his being fo very particular, he has wholly left out all Ce-far's Wars with the Gauls, which gain'd him fo much Glory and Reputation, and was the Original of all his future Greatnefs. Pedro Mexia is a Tranflation from the Spanifb, and contains the Lives of all the Roman and German Etnpe-rors to his ownTime, which plainly thews him a Biographer ; tho' betides, he has many excellent Marks of a Hhlorian, He begins almoft at the latter end of this Hiftory, and in effe& contains not much more than 33 Years of it, and in that short Space he is extremely imperfea in one of the moil principal A&ions of the Roman Hi- a 3 story, The Preface. Rory, namely, the Settlement of the Roman Empire by Augufius. After all this, I fuppofe it will be expected, that my own Piece is every way faultlefs, and has all the Perfedions that can be &fired from a Book of this Size or Proportion ; but I will not be fo foolifhly vain as to pretend to that; I can only fay, That I have in fore meafure endeavour'd to avoid the Defects and Faults of thofe Writers whom I have here taken notice of, and likewife to imitate their Excellencies, efpe-daily thofe of the Antients, as far as the Com-pafs I have taken wou'd admit of, which has been a fevere Curb to me. But to come clofer to the Matter, it will be convenient to let the Reader know, in fhort, what he is to expet from this Book. It is an entire,tho' fhort, Account of the Roman Affairs for 727 Years, in which Compafs of Time, the molt memorable Things were aged, and the molt famous of the Glaffical Authors flourifhed. It is colleded with the utmoft Fidelity from almoft all the Roman Hiflorians whatfoever, but more efpecially from thefe feven moil noted, Dionyfius, Hal. Livy, Plutarch, Polybirts, Dion Callus, Appian, and Coefar. I found it very inconvenient to croud the Margent of every Page with thefe and many other Names, as many do 3 but when it is needful, I quote 'em in the Body of the Book; particularly, when any uncommon Story is related, or any doubtful Point is to be decided. I have likewife been oblig'd to fame of our modern Wri- The Preface. vii Writers, but to none fo much as Bowel, and the Hi/lory of the two Triumvirates, both whole accurate Colledions have often fav'd me much Trouble, tho' I examin'd the Originals from whence they had 'em. Upon that Account I have copy'd 'em in many Places, and that too almoft verbally, whenever I found it both for the Eafe of my felf, and the Advantage of my Book : For I am never cautious in Borrowing, as long as I acknowledge it, and can benefit my Reader, whofe Good I always fludy before my own Commendation. The Method of the Whole I have endeavour'd to make as eafy and as natural as I cou'd, dividing and diftinguifhing the Books, Chtpters, and Sections, with all the Skill and Judgment I had; fo that I hope it will he all of it clearly comprehended, and the principal Matters as eafily remembeed. Nothing is more neceffary than convenient Reffing-places for a Reader to take Breath at ; and the want of this or the like Method will appear apparently in any Man's reading over Livy : for tho' the Regal State may there be clearly enough comprehended, by reafon of the Nature of the Subjed, yet the vaft Variety of the Matter that follows, will not be malter'd and retained without toiling and fweating For it is a great Inconvenience when the Reader muff feparate and diftinguifh the Matter, where the Author has not done it. Then to make it Rill more clear, I have all the way intermix'd fo a 4 much viij The Preface. much Chronology and Geography, as is necefrary to illuftrate the Story. As for the Stile, I have made it as plain and intelligible as I cou'd ; and as I have no ways affected Flourifhes and the French Finery, fo for the molt part I have avoided all Meannefs of Words or Expreffions, endeavouring in fotne Meafure to preferve the Gravity which belongs to Hiflory, and which ought not to be omitted in a Collegion: Yet I mutt acknowledge, that I have beflow'd too little Pains in the perfeding of the Stile in form Places ; at leaft not fo much as I fhou'd have done, had it been a Tranflation of any ancient Author ; I mean as to the Niceties of our Tongue, and the Perfedion of Periods. The Speeches are generally the molt carefully done, tho' I cou'd fcarce take any verbally, by reafon of the little Compafs I was al-Iow'd : And upon that account I was forced in force Places to follow their Senfe at a diftance, which fome,that are over-nice,wi II fcarcely allow to a faithful Hiflorian. And this little Compafs likewife hinder'd me from having all the Tranfi-tions I cou'd have defired, tho' thole of the principal Beauties belonging to theWay and Manner of writing Hiftorical Matters. To come to the Ufe of this Book : It will be particularly ufeful to young Students and G en-tlemen, by giving 'em an Infight into the principal of the Roman Cullom:, Laws, and Magi-firatei5 I mean fuch of 'em as cannot be fo clearly 'Ile Preface. ly learned from Rofinus, and Books of mere Antiquities. It is the hiftorical Account of all the various Occafions and Circumftances that can belt clear force of thefe things. The Tribune: of the People may ferve for one Inftance of this; for noMan can thoroughly underftand theNature of thofe Magifirates, without reading theHiftory of their Creation, and likewife of their chief Adions afterwards. And Hill that this Book might be as compleat as I cou'd make it, I have at the molt convenient Places intermixed the Hiffory of the Roman Learning, and given a fhort Account of all the principal Authors, as far as this Hiftory reaches : But (till I have taken care to join all this to the reit in fuch a manner, as both might make but one entireBody. But to thew more noble Ufes of this Book, and that I may incite all Gentlemen to be welt acquainted with the Roman Higory, of which this is an Introdu8ion, I fhall give 'em the Senfe of what a very ingenious Man fays upon this Subject. It is the Story of the Fate and Fortunes of a City that rais'd itfelf to an univerfal Empire, and became the Metropolis of the whole World; and all from a Troop of vagabond Shepherds, pack'd together upon the Banks of Tiber. It is a long Train of the Adventures of a People, fcandalous as it were in their Origin, coming of an Extradion in a manner infamous, born and nurfed up in Plunderings and Murders, and train'd up in Villanies ; who became Wife, Frugal, Juft, paffionately fiudious of Glory, till they ix The Preface. they infinitely over-top'd the reit of Mankind A People, whole Prudence in their Counfels, whofe Maturity of Deliberations, whofe Diligence in Execution, whofe profound Secrefy in the moff important Affairs, and whofe noble Refolution in unavoidable Dangers, and the greateft Extremities, ought to be remember'd to all Ages. It is a Hiftory of a State that grew fo mighty from fo fmall Beginnings, of its Pro-grefs, its ftrange Changes, the Revolutions of its Power and Greatnefs, its amazing Exaltations and the miraculous and almoft unconceiveable Pitch of Glory it arriv'd at ; and all by its patient enduring of Hardfhips, by its Perfeverance in Labours, by its exact Obfervation of Laws, by the inviolable Severity of its Difcipline in the Duties of Peace and War, and by training up a well-regulated and couragious Soldiery, encouraged and elevated with the fole Profpeet of aggrandizing the Roman Name. It was a Nation that was virtuous thro' a true Principle of • Honour; whofeValour was more theProduet of the Head than Heart ; a Nation that courted or avoided Danger, from a Refult of Prudence, and knew as well when to expofe itfelf, as when to retreat, by the Dictates of Reafon ; and obtain'd the Sovereignty over the reit of theWorld, more by the Reputation of its Virtue than the Force of its Arms. AN A N ADVERTISEMENT OF THE Second Edition of this Book. IN the Preface of this Hy7ory 1 acknowledg'd that I had not beflow'd fufficientPains in the perfeging the Stile in fame Places ; which proceeded not only from a want of Time, but alfo from the great Care I had upon me efper-feSing the Matter, and proportioning its feveral Parts to that fmall Compafs to which I was over-ftriHly confined. The principal Fault, befides a little Abruptnefs in fome few Periods, was the having Expreffions in feveral Places fomewhat too low and vulgar for Hiftory, which requires the utmoji Purity as well as the greatefl Strength. This Fault is in a great Meafure correded in this Edition; which I alert with the greater Freedom, becaufe I have been much allifled by Per-fons of the greatefl judgment in thefe Matters, whofeNames I ought not to mention without their particular Leave. In examining the Stile, I likewift found the Matter in many Places defelive, and capable of great Improvements with no great Enlargements; 2 for xij ADVERTISEMENT. for which Reafon I have made feveral confide-rable Additions in moll Parts of this Hillory, efpecialY in the lall Book, and particularly in the third and fourth Chapters, where feveral material ARions were manifeffly too fhort and lamely related. I am truly fenfible that 1 have dif-obliged thofe Perfons who have bought the firfl Edition, in not putting thefe Additions in diflina Places, whereby they might have had 'em without buying the whole ; but I hope they will the more readily pardon me, (ince thefe Additions are of that nature, that in many Places it wou' d be as difficult to feparate 'em from the Body of the Book, as to feparate the Alterations made in the Stile. I undertook this Edition the more willingly, becaufe the Number of the firil was fo fmall, and therefore the left Injury done to the World; but I here promile never to make any further Additions to it for the future, nor any CorreSions except thofe of the Prefr of which there are fome few occafioned by my di (lance from the Town, which I defire the Reader to correa as he reads the Book. T H E THE CONTENTS. BOOK I. The Regal State ofRom E. From the Building of the City, to the Overthrow of that kind of Government. Containing the Space of 245 ream THE INTR ODUCTION: Of the Original of Rome, and its inhabitants. C H A P. I. From the Building of the City, to the Death of Romulus, the firfl King of Rome : Containing the Space of 37 Tears. C H A P. II. From the Death of Romulus, to the Death of Numa Pompilius, the fecond King of Rome : Containing 44 Tears. CHAP From the Death of Numa, to the Death of Tullius Hoftilius, the third King of Rome : Containing 33 rears. C HA P. IV From the Death of Hoftilius, to the Death of Ancus Marcius, the fourth King of Rome : Containing 24 Tears C H A P. V. From the Death of Ancus Marcius, to the Death ofTarwlinius Prifcus, the fifth King of Rome C,,ntaining 38 rears. CH A P. VI. From the Death of Tarquinius Prifcus, to the TheCONTE NTS. theDeath of Servius Tullius,tbe /ixtb King of Rome : Containing 44 rears. C H A P. VII. From the Death of Servius Tullius, to the Banifhment of Tarquinius Superbus, the feventh King of Rome ; which mid the Diffolution of the Regal State : Containing 25 Tears. BOOK II. The Confular State of R o M E, From the Beginning of that Government, to the Ruin of it by the firft Triumvirate. Containing the Space of 449 Tears. CH A P. I. From the Banifhment of the lafl King, to the firfl Diaator ; which was the firfl Inter- mi.gion of the Confular Power : Containing zo Tears. CH A P. II. From the Creation of the firfl Di&ator, to the great Retrenchment of the Confular Power by the Tribunes of the People : Containing 5 Tears. C H A P. III. From the Creation of the Tribunes of the People, to the fecond Intermiffion of the Confular Power by the Decemviri : Containing 42 Tears. C HA P. IV. From the Creation of the Decemviri, to the third Intermiffion of the Confular Power by the Military Tribunes : Containing 8 Tears. C H A P. V. From the Creation of the Military Tribunes, to the burning of Rome by the Gauls ; which almell ruin' d the RomanNation: Containing 54. Tears. CHAP. VI. From the burning of Rome by the Gauls, so the Wars with the Samnites ; when the Romans began The CONTENTS. xv began much to extend their Conquefis : Containing 46 Tears. CH A P. VII. From the firfi Wars with the Samnites, to the Wars with Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, the firfi Foreigner they had to deal with ; wherein the Romans began to learn the Arts of War : Containing 63 Tears. CH A P. VIII. From the beginning of the Wars with. Pyrrhus, to the firfi Punick or Carthaginian War; when the Romans firfi Jet foot out of Italy : Containing 16 Tears. C H A P. IX. From the beginning of the firfi Punick War, to the beginning of the fecond ; the Romans now growing powerful by Sea, as well as by Land : Containing 17 Tears. C H A P. X. From the beginning of the fecond Punick War, to the finishing of it by Scipio Africanus ; when the Romans became perfeEl in the Arts of War : Containing 17 Tears. C H A P. XI. From the end of the fecond Punick War, to the end of the third,andthe DefiruElion of Carthage; when Rome got clear of all her Rival States: Containing 55 Tears. C H A P. XI I. From the DefiruElion of Carthage, to the end of the Sedition of the Gracchi ; which much (hook the Government, and was the firfi Step to the Ruin of the Confular State : Containing 23 Tears. C H A P. XIII. From the end of the Sedition of the Gracchi, to the end of the firfi Civil War in Italy ; and to theperpetual Diaatorfhip of Sylla ; which was the fecond great Step to the Ruin of the Confular State : Containing 41 Tears. C H A P. XIV. From the perpetual DiEiatorfhip of Syl-la, to the fill Triumvirate, namely, Cxfar, Pompey and Craffus ; which proved the Ruin of the Confular State, and was the firfi Step to the fitting up of the Imperial : Containing 22 Tears. BOOK xvj TheCONTENTS. BOOK. HI. The Mix'd State of R o M From the Beginning of the fiat Triumvirate, to the perfet Settlement of the omaii Empire. Containing the Space of 33 rears. CH AP. I. From the Beginning ofthe firfi Triumvi-rate,to the Death of Craffus,one of the Combination ; which broke and divided that Party: Containing 7 Tears. C 14 A P. II. From the Death of Craffus, to the Death of Pompey ; which made way for Cxfar's abfolute Authority, and was the fecond Step to the Imperial State : Containing above 5 Tears. C H A P. III. From the Death of Pompey, to the Death of Czfar, which finifhed the firfl Triumvirate, but flill kept down the Confular State : Containing 4 rears. CH A P. IV. From the Death of Cxfar, to the Defeats and Deaths of Brutus and Caffius, by the fecend Tri-umvirate,Oatavius, Anthony, and Lepidus; which ruin'd the Remains of the Commonwealth : Containing above 2 Tears. CHAP. V. From the Deaths of Brutus and Caffius, to the Banifhment of Lepidus, which vary'd the Courfe of the Triumvirate's Power : Containing 6 Tears. C H A P. VI. From the Bani/hment of Lepidus, to the Death of Anthony ; which made way for Odaviues abfolute Authority, and was the 141 Step to the Imperial State : Containing 6 Tears. C H A P. VII. From the Death of Anthony, to the per-fen Settlement of the Empire by 06tavius; which ended all Diflurbances, and brought Rome to its utmoft Glory : Containing 3 Tears. THE 7H8 Roman Hiftory. BOOK I. The legal State of R 0 M E, from the Building of the City, to the Over- throw of that kind of Government. containing the Space of 245 Tears, The INTRODUCTION, OftheOriginalofR o M E, and itsInhabitants, I. — N relating fuch great and remarkable 4951 — Affairs as thole of the Romans, it will be neceffary to give fame Account ' -el 1 of the Original of that People: And, -- to make the Account as clear and intelligible as I can, it may not be amifs firm to ob-ferve, That that Country which was anciently call'd Italy, of which Rome was afterwards the chief City, did not contain above one half of what now goes by that Name. But as fmall as it was, it con-tain'd many diftinet Nations and People; the Principal of which were the Aborigines, Sabines, Hetru.. rians or Tufcanr, Umbri, Samnites, Campani, Apulii, Calabri, Lucanii, and Brutii ; and others of inferior Note, which were often dependent on thefe  2 The Zo:inan 1-10ory. Book 1. thefe. As for the reit of what is now call'd Italy, that was principally poffefs'd by the Gauls, who had driven out the lietrurians, and fettled themfelves in thefe Parts; being diftinguifh'd into feveral Names, as the Senones, the lnfubres, &c. This Part went by the Name of Gallia Cis-Alpina and Togata, to diilinguifh it from that Gaul which is now call'd France, and was almoft the fame with the relent Lombardy : The chief Inhabitants of it, betides the feveral Nations of the Gauls, were the Ligures and the Veneti. Of all the formention'd People, the Aborigines, afterwards call'd by the Name of Latines, were of principal Note, not upon the Account of any particular Excellency, but as being better known, and much more enquir'd after by all Hifiorians. Thefe were of the Pofterity of the Oenotrians, a Grecian People of Arcadia, who had driven out the Seculi, the firft Inhabitants of thefe Parts of Italy. They old la- poffefs'd the Country of Latium, a fmall Country /Awn. along the River Tiber,about 3o Miles in Length,and i6 in Breadth,containing near a fourth Part of that little Province in the Pope's Dominions, now call'd Campagna di-Roma. We find thefe govern'd by their own Kings nigh 200 Years before the DeftruEtion of Troy, and above i 300 before Uri 1 ; the firft Kings we hear of in Italy, or in all Europe, except Greece. Thefe Kings kept their Courts at Laurentum, a City about five Miles off the Mouth of the River Tiber, and were Governors of a mix'd People : For firft, force Pelafgians out of Theffaly fettled among Toon after Saturn from Crete, who fled from his Son Jupiter, which occafion'd their changing of their Names to Latines d latendo, from his lying hid there; next, Evander from Arcadia, then Hercule: from Greece, with their feveral Followers. But the laft who fettled in this Country, according to Dionyfius, were fome Relicks of the Trojans, under the ConduCt of their Prince Zneas , who had left Thee.,gal State. 3 left his native Country, and his enrag d Enemies, to feek out foreign Habitations. Thefe were about 1200 in all, tho' Tome will allow but half that number; and arriv'd in thefe Parts three Years after the Deftruetion of Troy, and above 40o before the Mulcting of Rome, A. M. 2824. "Eneas, at his fiat landing was very civilly enterrain'd by Latinus, the King then reigning, as a Perfon of great Renown, who not only treated him honourably, but gave him his only Daughter Lavinia in Marriage. This occalion'd a War between him and Turnus, a Prince of the Ru-tuli, their near Neighbours, who had formerly made Pretenfions to her ; but thefe Wars Toon ended in Turnus's Death, which did not only free ziEneas from a Rival, but fecur'd his Kingdom, which Latinus gave him for his Daughter's Portion after his De-ceafe. ./Eneas thus fettled, Toon after built the City of Lavinium, in honour of his Wife, about five or fix Miles Eaf} of Laurentum, where he kept his Court ; and the more to oblige his SubjeEis,caus'd. both them and his own Country-men to be call'd by the common Name of Latini : But ingaging in a bloody War with Mez,entius, a King of the Hetrurians, he was slain, after a fhort Reign of four Years. His SubjeEts, in honour to his Memory, dedicated a Chapel to him, under the Title of upiter Indiges. Jupitir Upon the Death of rEneas, his Son Afcanius fue- ind'se`• ceeded him in the Throne; but Lavinia, being left with Child by him, out of fear fled to the Woods, and was there deliver'd of a Son,who from the Place of his Birth had the Name of Si/vius, Thirty Years after the building of Lavinium,Arcanius left it to his Mother-in- Law, and founded Alba-Longa, about i 2 Miles North of it, which he made his Seat. effca-nius had a Son cail'd lulus, from whom came the famous Family of the Yu/ii : This Sou, after his-Mother's Death, contended with Sylvius for the Kingdom; but the People judging that to belong to La- B z tinus's 4 The Boman Hiflory. Book tinus's Race, gave the Kingdom to Silvius, and the Priefthood to lulus, in whole Family it thenceforth continu'd. Alter Silvius fucceeded 13 Kings of the fame Race for nigh 400 Years, who all had their Seats at Alba, and many of them likewife had the Name of Silvius : Thefe Kings were as following Aneas Silvius, who reign'd 31 Years; Latinus, who reign'd sit, Alba 39, Capetus I. 26; Capys 28, Cape-tus II. t 3, Tiberinus 8, Agrippa z4,Alladius i9, Aven-tinus 37, Procas 23, Arnulms 42, and Numitor, who was the laft King of Alba. Except the two laft, we have but little remarkable concerning thefeKings, only Tiberinus gave Name to the River Tiber, by being drown'd in it, it being before call d Albula ; and 4ventinus gave Name to Mount Aventine, one of the feven Hills of Rome. Thefe were call'd the Kings of Alba, or of old Latium, which fcarce contain'd the fixth part of what was call'd Latium in Auguflus's Reign ; which then comprehended not only the old Latini, but alfo the Rutuli, Aqui, Hernici, Volci, and Arunci. This Kingdom, tho' very (mall, according to the Umenflons before given of it, was very fruitful, populous, and full of Towns, and Alba it felf was a great and flourifhing City, and had been the Mother of thirty Latine Towns, when it was defiroyed by 7jullus Hoflilius the third King of Rome. A. M. II. But to come clofe to the Roman Story ; Amu- 32.09. lius and Numitor, the two laft of thefe Kings, were Brothers ; and it was agreed between them, that Numitor the Eldeft should have the Kingdom, and Amulius the Treafure and Gold that was brought from Troy. But Money having the Advantage of meer Authority, Amulius foon got his Brother out of his Kingdom ; and, to fecure it to himfelf againft the Pretenfions of his Pofterity, caus'd his Son Lau-fus to be murther'd in a pretended Hunting, and his Daughter Tiber. Aventine. New Latium. The gegal State. Daughter of Rhea to be made a Pefial Virgin. In the fourth Year of her Priefthood, going to fetch Wa- ter, fhe was met and ravifh'd by fame Lover, or probably by Amulius himfelfoather,as was fuppos'd, to ferve his other Defigns, than to gratify his Luff. But for the Honour of the Caufe, the Fad was laid upon Mars, in whole Grove it was committed, who came to her, as they will have it, in a mon dread- ful manner, with Thunder and Lightning. Rhea proving with Child, was deliver'd of two Boys, and thereupon was condemn'd to Death, or perpe- tual.Imprifonment, and her Children were thrown into the River. But the Wind and Stream were both fo favourable, that at the Fall of the Water, they were left fafe upon dry Ground, and there happily found by Faufiulus, Amulius's Herds-man, and fuckl'd by his Wife Laurentia, who, for her in- famous Life, was call'd Lupa; and this probably might occafion the famous Story of their being nourifh'd by a Wolf : The Names of thefe Twins were Romulus and Remus. The Children, grown up, prov'd aEtive and cou- ragious, fuitable to the Greatnels of their Birth ; but the Meannefs of their Education gave 'em oc- cafion of falling out with Tome of Numitor's Herds- men; in which Conten Remus was taken Prifoner, and brought before theKing. Upon which Fauflulus difcover'd to Romulus all the Particulars of his Birth, and hard Ufage from Amulius; begging him to be affinant in the Refcue of Remus. Romulus Toon drew together a great number of Herds-men and inferior People, who hated Amulius, whom he divided into Companies, confining of an hundred Men each; every Captain carrying a fmall Bundle of Grafs and Shrubs ty'd to a Pole. The Latines call fuck Bundles Manipuli ; from whence it is, that in their Armies they call their Captains Manipulares. Remus gaining manipti, upon the Citizens within, and Romulus making At— lares. B 2 acks, 5 6 The onzetrz Hillory. Book I. A. M. tacks from without, Amulius not knowing what Expedient to think of for his Security, in that Amazement and Diftraetion' was taken and (lain ; the Brothers fettling their Grand-father Numitor in his Throne, after he had been depos'd forty two Years. 3251. The Affairs of Alba fucceeding thus profperoufly, the young Men, ambitious of Glory, were defi-rous of founding a City in the Place where they were brought up ; which Defign was approv'd of by their Grand-father, who appointed 'em Land, with fuch of his Subje&s as he knew were of his Brother's FaCtion ; and likewife gave free liberty to all others who were willing to fettle themfelves in this new Colony. Moll of the Trojans came in, (of which there remained fifty Families in Cafar's time, as Dionyfius informs us) and alfo all the Inhabitants about the Palatine-Hill, where the City was built, which was about 14 Miles North-Weft of Alba, upon the River Tiber. For the more fpeedy carrying on tLs Wolk, the People were divided into two Parts, who were to work by way of Emulation : But what was defign'd for a confiderable Advantage, prov'd a greater Inconveniency ; for it gave birth to two Factions, whereof one preferr'd Romulus, and the other Remus; which fwell'd 'em with the ambitious Defires of Pre-eminence. This Toon appear'd in their Difagreemen about the Place of Building, Romulus contending for the Palatine, where they were brought up, and Remus for the Aventine-Hill. Upon which, the Matter was brought before their Grand-father Numitor, who advis'd 'em both to go apart, and obferve the Flying of Birds ; and the molt fortunate of the two fhould be counted the Founder of the Colony. They both took their Stations upon their own Hills, and Remus firif had a Flight of fix Vultures; but Romulus having, or pretendin, to have, double the- number, both were The ckegal State. were fainted by the Title of King. This widen'd the Breach, and the Contention grew fo hot as to come to a Battel, wherein Remus was worfied and fiain, with feveral others, particularly Fauflulus and his Brother Pliflinus. But it is likewife faid, that before the Battel, Remus gave his Brother many great Pro- vocations, pareicularly by leaping over his Wall, to ridicule him for the Lownefs of it. Romulus, now fole Commander, and 18 Years of Age, began the Foundation of Rome in the fourth Year of the fixth Olympiad, according to Varro's Account, which was in the Year of the World 3252, the fixth Year of 7otham King of 7udah, and the feventh of Pekah King of lfrael, 431 Years after the Defiruetion of Troy, Ito after the Building of Carthage, 214 before the Beginning of the Perfian Empire, and 752 before Chrift : And having got Augurs, and fuch fort of People from Hetruria, he let about it with much Ceremony, on the 2iflDay of April, according to Plutarch, which Day the Romans anni-verfarily kept holy, calling it their Country's Birthday. He took in the Mount Palatine only, and with a Heifer and a young Bul'ock plow'd up a Furrow where the Wall was defign'd ; which Cullom was afterwards obferv'd by the Romans, both in the Building and Razing of Cities; and where-ever a Gate was to be made, the Plow was lifted up, which occa-fion'd it to be call'd Porta, a portando aratrum: All within this Line was call'd Pomerium, from Poll-Mu- Pomiri-rum, or Pone Mania. The City was almoft fquare, um. containing at firit about i000 Houfes, and was nigh a Mile in Compafs, with four Gates, namely, Roma-nula, 3anualis, Mucionis, and Carmentalis ; and a fmall Territory belong'd to it of 7 or 8 Miles long. Thus we fee Rome in its Original, a fmall incon-fiderable beggarly Place, with Dominions fiill of lets Note; which yet from this mean and contemptible Beginning, became Miftrefs of the World ; being B 4 firfi 7 The Pomo" Riflory. Book 1. firft founded and fupported by its Kings, then ftrengthen'd and enlarg'd by its Confuls, and at laft brought to its utmoft Perfeation by its Emperors. As for the Arts and Contrivances, the Policy and Cunning, the Strength and Valour, and the gradual Proceedings, with the extraordinary Fortune, which contributed to make the .Romans Mafters of fuch vaft and powerful Dominions, thefe are the Subje& of this following Riflory. „flit CHAP. I. From the Building of the City, to the Death ofitomulus) the firfl King of Rome. Containing the Space of 37 rears. I.Omulus having thus founded the City of Rome, by his Grand-father's Advice, left the Choice of the Government to the People, who immediately made him King, according to Dionyfius ; and he receiving it as a Gift from them, his Power became the more plaufible and indifputable. The Number of the Colony confined of about 3000 Foot, and 300 Horfe ; and the firft Method he made ufe of to increale this Number, was his building a Temple to the Afylean God, which he made a Sanauary to all Malefactors and difcontented Per-fons, who thereupon came in great Numbers from all the neighbouring Parts. He divided the People into three Parts, which were call'd Tribes, that is to fay Thirds ; and each Tribe was divided into ten Cu-rig, which were much the fame as our Parifhes, as the Tribes were like our Wards; each Curia having its proper Temple and Sacrifices; and a PH& call'd Curio over it, and over all an Arch-Prieft call'd Curio Maximus. Each Curia was likewife by Romulus fubr divided t/. C. I. Xing. Tribes. Curia. Chap. I. The Pegal State. 9 divided into ten Decuria, over which were appoint- Decuria. ed &Rind Officers. According to the Number of the Curia, he divided the Lands into 3o Parts, re-ferving one Portion for publick Ufes, and another for Religious Ceremonies. In all Matters of Importance for many Years, the People gave their Votes according to the Curia, and to what the major Part of the Curie agreed, was reckon'd the Refolution of the whole Affembly, each tingle Man having a Vote ; and this made that Affembly cali'd Comitia Curiata. Comitia Romulus made alfo another Diffindion of the Peo- curiata. ple, according to their Honour and Dignity, which was into Patritians and Plebeians: The former, as be-Patritians. ing elder and more nobly defcended, were to take Plebeians. care about the Religious Rites, bear Offices of Ma-gittracy, adminifter Juilice, and be affillant to the King in his Government : The latter to Till the Fields, feed Cattel, and follow Trades ; but not to have any Share in the Government, to avoid the In-conveniencies of a Popular Power. To bind the Principal each to the other, he recommended certain of the Plebeians to the Proteetion of the Patriti-ans, liberty being given to the Plebeians to chufe their own Patrons. The Duty of thefe Patrons was to ad- Patrons. vile their Clients in Points of Law, to manage their clients. Suits, to take care of 'em Abfent and Pre(ent,as their own Children ; and by all Ways and Methods to fecure their Peace arid Happinefs. On the other Side, the Duty of the Clients was to help their Patrons with Money upon many Occafions, to ranfom them or their Sons if taken Prifoners, and to bear the Charges of their Magiftracy, and other honourable Imployments. They were never to accufe each other, or take contrary Sides; for if they did, any one might lawfully kill them without Examination. So th,t this Patronage was an Obligation as effedual as any Confanguinity or Alliance ; and it was the Glory of the Nobility to have a great Number-of Clients,  10 `11;e cPoman2 Ilif tory . Book I. Clients, and to treat 'em civilly. This Patronage had admirable Effelas towards the firm Union of the People, for above boo Years after, till Caius Gracchus broke the Peace of the City : And becaufe the Plebeians in the City received fuch Advantage from this Confiitution, in Imitation thereof, afterwards all Colonies, Confederate and Conquer'd Cities, had their Patron', to whom frequently the Senate would remit fuch Controverfies as were brought before 'em, and ratifie their Judgment. After this, Romulus chofe 10 o Men out of the Pa-tritians, to affift him in the Government. This Num- Senate. ber he called a Senate, either from their Age or Vir- tue, or, a finendo, becaufe nothing was tranfa&ed without their Permiffion. Such of the Fathers as he enroll'd or enter'd into this Venerable Affembly, he Paires call'd Patres Confcripti, as Dionyfius rightly obferves ; confcro. and, to make up this Number, he chofe Three out of each Tribe, and as many out of each Curia ; over all which he plac'd a particular Magittrate, to whom he committed the Government of the City when he was abfent in the Wars ; and this Magi- Pr ffet7-us firate was call'd Prafeilus Urbis. After this, he im- Urbis. mediately proceeded to fettle the Authorities of King, Senate and People. The King's Office at home, was, To take care of the Religious Rites ; to preferve the Laws and 011107715 ; to decide the chief Crudes between Man and Man, and refer the left Matters to the Sentite, into which he had an Infpedion ; to call the Senate, affem-ble the People, fii'f giving his own Opinion, then ratifying what was approv'd of by the major part. Abroad, and in the Wars, He had abfolute Authority. The Senate's Office was, To debate and refolve about fuch things as the King propos'd, which were decreed by the Majority of Voices. To the People he committed threeThings ; To create Magifirates , make Laws, and refolve upon any War that was propos'd by the King ; yet fill in fuch a manner as the Authority of the Senate always interpos'd. The Chap. I. The qe.cgal State. 1 The next thing that Romulus did, was to take care of a Guard for his Perfon ; and therefore he order'd the Curia to chute him out 300 lufty young Men, ten out of each ; and thefe were called Celeres, a ce- Celeres. leritate, from their AL ivity and Readinefs to aft-ill the King upon all Occafions. They were command- ed by a Tribune or Colonel, call'd Tribunus Celerum, Tribunes three Centurions, and other Inferior Officers. This cei,rura. Company, with their Spears, defended the King in the City, and in Battels were the foremoft Leaders, charging firs, and retreating laft. Betides thefe, he had for his Attendance 12 LiElors or Sergeants, who Lit!ors. punith'd Offenders, and executed his Commands ; thefe always going before him in Publick, with their Bundles of Rods, call'd Fafces, and their Axes, fignifying different Punithments, according to Mens different Crimes Thus Romulus, with all the Indu- firy and Prudence imaginable, took care to fettle the State, being very exaa in juilice, and forbid- ding all fordid Arts and Trades, efpecially filch as were fubfervient to Luxury, which being left wholly to Slaves and Strangers, the Romans for many Yean fcorn'd to be concern'd in 'em. This is the Form of the Common-wealth, as Romulus firft eftabliih'd it, which in general was fo excellent, that it was ad- mir'd by Dionyfius above all the Conflitutions, even of his own Country-men the Grecians ; and by its Healthfulnefs and robuft Conflitution, had all the manifeft Signs of a thriving and long-liv'd State. II. Romulus, finding he was encompafs'd with fe- IL C. veral powerful Nations, who, with envious Eyes be- 4. held the extraordinary Growth of this City, and ob-ferving how much it was fill'd by Fugitives, who had noWives, he bethought himfelf of Means to contra& Alliance with his Neighbours, and to procure Wives for his Subje&s, which was his fecond Device to increafe the City : Therefore by Advice of his Grand- Theo.man Hifiory. Book r. Grand-father Numitor, and the Confent of the Senate, he proclaim'd a Solemn Feaft and Publick Games, in Honour of Neptune, thro' all the Country thereabouts. This immediately occafion'd a great Concourfe of all forts of People, who came flocking in, with their Wives and Children, from feveral Neighbouring Places, to behold thefe pompous Shows, together with the new City. In the midi} of this Solemnity, upon a Signal given, the Romans, with their drawn Swords, feiz'd on fuch Virgins as they cou'd moil conveniently catch, and by main Force carry'd 'em to their Houfes. The Number of thefe amounted to 683, for whom Romulus chofe fo many Husbands, and marry'd 'em after their own Country Rites, making 'em fign a Covenant or Agreement, with the Ceremonies of Fire and Water ; which Cullom continued among the Romans for many Ages. This A& was highly relented by moll of their Neighbours, efpecially the Sabines, who were principally concerned ; but their Backwardnefs in their Preparations made the Cities Cenina, Antemna, and Cruflumium, begin the War flit.. The two former (t'iree or four Miles North of Rome, and inhabited by the Aborigines) Romulus foon fubdu'd, with the Death of their King Acron, whom he flew in a Engle Combat ; and afterwards the latter, a Colony of Alba, a little way within the Country of the Sa-bines. The Lands were divided between fome of the Romans, and the old Inhabitants, of whom 3000 were made free of Rome, without lofing their former Elates ; fo that the Foot-men of the City were now much increafed. For this Viaory Romulus &II triumphed, and bringing home the Spoils of King Opima Acron, which the Romans named Opima Spolia, or .sPolia• Royal Spoils, he defigned a Spot of Ground upon yupiter Mount Capitoline for a Temple to yupiter Feretrius, Feretrius. fo called either dfirendo to bear, or rather from ferire to Chap. I. The rkegal State. 1 3 to firike ; and this was the Place where the Capitol afterwards Rood. The Valour of Romulus and his good Condu& in this War, together with his Clemency to the Conquer'd, had lo great EffeEts, that not only many eminent Men went over to him with their Families, (amongfi: whom was Cee/ius, who gave Name to a Hill in the City) but fome whole Nations committed themlelves to his Pro-te&ion, and received Colonies from Rome. U. C. This notable Succefs was a great Difappointment to the Sabines, who refolving to corral their former Carelefness by double Diligence, affembled them-fel ves at Cures theirMetropolis, proclaimed War againft Rome, and made choice of Tatius their King for General. On the other fide, Romulus made all poffible Provifion for Refiftance, fortifying the Capitoline and Aventine Hills, and receiving Auxiliary-Troops both from Hetruria and his Grand-father Numitor. The Sabines, to have the fairer Pretence, firft demanded Refiitution of the Virgins, and to have the Authors of the Injury deliver'd up to them ; but receiving no fatisfa&ory Anfwer, both Armies drew out into the Field, the Sabines being 25000 Foot and moo Horfe, and the Romans 20000 Foot and Soo Horfe ; a great number for a new-built City. Tatius encamped between the Capitoline and,Quirinal,but found 'em too well fortified to be attack d ; but one Tar-peia, Daughter to Tarpeius , Governor of the Capitoline, called to his Men from above, and agreed to betray the Place into their Hands, which was in a short time effeEted. What the required of 'em, as a Reward for this, was what they wore on their left Arms, meaning their Bracelets; but they threw their Targets upon her, which they wore on their left Arms, and preffed her to death. From hence this Hill was called Tarpeius, till the building of the Capitol, which made it lofe the Name, except that part of it which was called the Tarpeian Rock, from 6. whence 14 koman Iltfi-ory Book I. whence they threw Malefaalors down headlong. The Sabines, now Mailers of the Capitoline, had the Advantage of continuing the War at their pleafure ; and for a long time only light Skirmiihes pail between both Parties, with little or no Advantage to either fide But the Tedioufnefs and Charge of the War fo wearied out both Romans and Sab//2H, that they very much deiir'd a Peace, but neither fide would floop to fue for it. Thus they contiiiu'd for a very confider:461e time, till both refolving to do their utmoft, they came to a general Bagel, which was renew'd feveral Days with alma equal &iced's. In the UR Conteil, the Romans were much worfied in the beginning, and fled to the Palatium ; but rallying and renewing the Fight with Succeisagainft the Sabines, the Women who were ftolen and married to the Romans, and the Caufe of this War, thro' the Perfuafions of Herfilia, one of the principal among 'em, ran desperately into the midil of the Darts and dead Bodies, with their Children in their Arms, and their Hair about their Ears, making fuch lamentable Shrieks arid Oat-cries, that both Arthies immediately defiled. Thefe became Mediators, and made Peace between the Fathers and Sons-in-law, after the War had 'ailed fix Years. The Articles were, U. C. Firft, That Romulus and Tatius fhould reign jointly in 12. Rome, with equal Power and Prerogative : Secondly, That the City from Romulus fhould /fill be called Rome, but the Citizens Quirites, from Cures the native Place of Tatius : Thirdly, That now the two Nations fhould become one, and as many of the Sabines as were willing, fhould be made Free of Rome. The City being now much increas'd by the number of the Sabines, Mount Capitoline was taken in? built upon, and laid out for their Habitation. Romulus chofe out zoo of the moil Noble of the Sabines, and added 'em to the Senate, fo that it now confided legions. of zoo Palouse The Legions (fo called ab eligendo, becaufc Chap I. The Tvegal State. 5 becaufe they were choice fele & Men) which before contain'd 3000 Men, were now increas'd ado to 4000, whence a Legion was call'd Quadrata; yet afterwards a Legion compriz'd as many Men as was found convenient for the Service of the Common- V. C. wealth. Several new Feafts were inflituted upon the Account of this Union, as Matronalia, Carmen-tala, &C. and a particular RefpeCt was had to thole Women who procured this happy Reconciliation, and feveral Privileges were allowed 'em, particularly they were exempted from all Work unlefs Spinning and making of Cloth. Now the Tribes were called by diftinEt Names ; the firfi .Ramnenfis, from Romulus ; the fecond Tatienfes, from T;ztius ; and the third' Luceres, from the Lucus or Grove where the Afylum flood For five Years the two Kings reigned quietly and peaceably together; but in the fixth, Ta-tius proteaing fome of his Friends who had robb'd and plunder'd the Lavinians, and killing the Em-bandors who were fent to demand SatisfaEion, was (lain by the Lavinians at his going to facrifice there. Romulus, like a generous Prince, made Sa-tisfaCtion to the injur'd Perfons, and bury'd Tatius in Rome very honourably. 18. III. Romulus, once more fole Monarch of Rome, march'd againfi Fidena, and fubdu'd it, a Town five Miles off Rome, that had feiz'd on Provifions coming thither in Time of Famine ; and Toon after, he took Cameria, an Alban Colony not far diflant ; into both which he fent a fuflicient Number of Romans to inhabit 'em, according to his ufual Then he punifh'd the Cruflumini, who had kill'd their Planters which he had plac'd among 'em ; and over all thefe he obtain'd a fecond Triumph. The Anion of Romulus againft the Fidenates was extremely relented by the Veientes their Neighbours, who immediately by an Embaffy requir'd the Ro- mans t 6 The % oman Rifiwy, Book I. mans to withdraw their Garrifon, and reflore the Inhabitants to all their former Privileges. Thefe Veientes were one of the twelve Nations of Hetruria, a powerful People, inhabiting a firong City, and of extraordinary Largenefs, fituated upon a craggy Rock about r z Miles North of Rome. Their Demands being rejected, they began their .A&.s of Ho-frility, and both Armies met at Fidena; where, atter two (harp Engagements, Romulus became Conqueror. The Veientes were now forc'd to betake themfelves to Intreaties, and fo enter'd into a League with the Romans for 'co Years, upon thefe U. C. Articles ; To quit a feventh Part of their Dominions, 21. with their Salt-pits nigh the River, and to give up fifty Wages of the moll considerable Families. Romulus for this, triumph'd a third Time, leading with him their Gneral, an aged Man, who had fo badly perform'd his Duty, that he was afterwards perfo-nated by an old Man in ail Triumphs. This was the 'act War manag'd by Romulus, who after that cmploy'd moil of his Time in fettling the Government, and placing it upon the furefi Foundations. He made many good and profitable Laws, moil of which were unwritten : Particularly he made One concerning Marriages, where the Authority of the Husband was fo well and conveniently fettled, that for 52oYears a Divorce was not known in Rome. He gave Fathers abfolute Power over their Sons, to fell, imprifon, fcourge, or kill 'em, tho' in never fo great an Office, and that as long as they liv'd. He appointed no Punifhment for real Parricide, but call'd all Murder by that Name ; thinking, the latter a deteftable Crime, but the other impofli-ble : And indeed it was a Crime never known in Rome for Coo Years. For the Peoples way of living, he enjoin'd two Courfes of Life, Warfare and Husbandry, equally dividing the Lands, Slaves, and Money, taken from the Enemy ; he appointed a Market Chap. I. The esal State. 17 Market once in nine Days, which from thence was call'd Nundina. When any Town was taken, he fuf- Nundimc fer'd no Prifoner of Man's Age to be (lain or fold, or their Lands left untill'd, but order'd a Colony from Rome to cultivate them, and fome of the Strangers to be admitted to the Freedom and Privileges of the City ; and this was his third Contrivance to encreafe the City. As to Controverfies that Might arife upon any Injuries, he immediately decided 'em, or referr'd 'em to others, inflicting fpeedy Pu-nithments according to the Nature of the Crime. Finding Publick Spectacles to have a great Influence upon the People, he fet up his I.dpment-Seat in the molt confpicuous Place in the Forum, where his Guard of 300 Celeyes, and his 12 Lit ors with their Rods and Axes, in view of all the People, fcourg-ing or executing Malefactors, occafion'd an extraordinary Awe and Refpeat. In the latter end of his Reign, whether fwell'd with the Imagination of his former Succeffes and prefent Security, or carry'd away with fome pleating Notions of Arbitrary Government, he began to grow very Tyrannical, inlarging his Prerogative beyond thofe Bounds he had formerly fet to it, and making ufe of the Senate only to ratify his Commands. Tho' he was extremely belov'd by the Common People, yet thefe ACtions gain'd him the Hatred of the Nobility and Senate, and brought him to an untimely Death; he being torn in pieces, as is generally believ'd, in the SenateHoufe, the Senators carrying his Body out by piece-meal under their Gowns, to prevent Difcovery. The Senators took an occafion, from the Secrecy of the Fa&, and the Concealment of the Body, to perfwade the Multitude that he was taken up among the Gods; and guligsProculm, one of the Chief of the Nobility, did almoft put all out of doubt, by (wearing folemnly, That Romulgi appear'd to him, and told him, It Ct 8 The Woman Book I. was the Pleafure of the Immortal Gods to have him con- tinue among Mankind, till he had founded a City whofe Empire and Glory far furpids all others. He bad him farewel, and tell his ,Subjeils, that by their firiEi Ex-ercife of temperance and Fortitude, iio human Power giou'd e'er withfland the Roman Armr ; and he you'd always be a propitious God to 'em, under the Name of Qprin us. The Day in which he was faid to be taken up, was kept after that as a great Holy-day; and a Temple was built in Honour of him on one of the leven Hills, from him call'd by the Name of Quirinalis. He reign'd 37 Years, in which fpace he very much advanc'd the State of the City, leaving in it 46000 Foot and moo Horfe ; a happy Increafe for fo short a time. After his Grand-father Numitor's deceafe, the Kingdom of Alba fell to him, which he govern'd by Deputies ; and the more to pleafe that People, he allow'd 'em the Privileges of a Free-State, which probably occafion'd the Senate to bear his ncroachments the worfe. So now the Roman Dominions confified of a confiderable Part of the Sabines Country, a (mall Part of Hetruria, and a mix'd Part of Latium. CHAP. II. From the Death of Romulus, to the Death of Numa Pompilius, the Second King of Rome. Containing the Space of 44 rears. I. .R.Omulus being dead, or, as Tome are pleas'd to believe, taken up, the City was greatly divided about the EleEtion of another King ; but lea thefe Difcords fhou'd occafion Anarchy and Centurion in the Common-wealth, the Senate agreed to gyirinus. II C. 38. Chap. IT. The (Renal State. 9 to divide themfelves into Decuries or Tens, and that Decury which was chofen by Lou, fhould exercife the Regal Authority for 50 Days, each Man governing in his turn. five Days, the Authority then falling to another Decury; and this they call'd an Inter-regnum. Inter-rex. This Government continu d a whole Year, till the People at fait began to murmur, Paying, It was a Trick of Tome few, who intended to get the Power into their own hands, and that fcr one pretended Tyrant, they had now got 200 real ones; therefore they refolv'd that a King fhould be chofen. In the Election great Contefts arofe between the Romans and Sabines, each believing it reafonable to have one of their own Country; till at length they came to this Conclu- fion, That the Party which eleEed fhou'd chufe one out of the Body of the other, fo by that means the elated Prince might be oblig'd to favour both Par- ties, one for their Votes, and the other for their Al- liance. It falling to the Romans to chufe, the Patri- tians fix'd upon Numa Pompilius, a Sabine, a Perfon of about 4o Years of Age, who by the Confent of the People was eleEted King. Numa then refided at Cures, being a Perfon of the greateft Virtue, Knowledge, and Abilities of that time, and had withdrawn him- felf from the Noifes andTroubles of theWorld; there- fore Ambaffadors, one a Roman, and the other a Sabine, were difpatch'd to him to offer him the Kingdom. The Ambafidors finding him with his Father and Kinfman Marcius, by their Speakers, Proculuc and Valefus, told him the Occafion of their coming : To whom the eleEed King made this philofophical and modal Anfwer : Since every alteration of a Man's Life is generally hazardous in the Attempt, as well as dange- rott5 in the Confequence, it wou'd be the highefl indifcre- tion for one, who, in his own Opinion, is fufficiently happy, to endeavour, or admit of any Change ; tho' there were no- thing more in it, than the preferring a turbulent and un- certain Life, before a conflant Ztiet and certain Security. C a For 0 Hifloq. Book I. For my part, Romans, I mull freely tell you, That I am not only difcourag'd, but even deterr'd from accepting your generous Offers, even by what is commonly reported of your farnon4 Romulus, who was not only fufpeEied of contriving Tatius's Death, but we 6 likewde fuppos'd to fall himfelf by the Rage of the Senate. And if Romulus himftlf fprung, as they fay, from Divine Race, miraculougy pre-ferv' d, and as miraculotilly brought up, labour'd under fuch vall Inconveniences; how fuccefiful can I hope to be, begotten by a mere Mortal, and brought up the ordinary way, when 1 come to ftruggle with fuch infuperable Difficulties? Betides, you much miflake your Perfon, as well as forget your interefi and Glory, when you think 1 can be any ways ferviceable to you : For my Temper naturally leads me to Peace, to Books, and the Worfhip of the Gods; but you, Romans, require a vigorom and aElive King, who may diligently chertA that Warlike Humour which your late Succefs has excited : And therefore fuch a Prince as fhould come to inculcate Peace, Yu/lice, and Religion into the Mnds of a Martial Nation, mull of neceffity appear not only orange and ridiculous to the World, but alfo mean and defpicable to his Subjeas. The Romans were much furpriz'd at this Anfwer, but ftill were very urgent with him to accept of the Kingdom ; in which they were not a little ailifted by his Father and Marcius, who return'd him this Reply Tho' you remain contented with your prefent Fortune, and court neither Riches nor Power; yet you may rea-fonably imagine, that fuch large Talents ofYuflice, Moderation, and Piety, were never given you by the Gods to lie ufelefs and conceard : And you are fenlible thefe are Ver-tues that can never have a greater Influence upon Mankind, than when they fo publickly appear in the Per fon of a King. Tatius, tho' a Foreigner, was highly efleem'd by the Romans, and the Memory of Romulus was ft pre-cionz to 'em, that after his Deceafe, they voted him divine Honours : And if the AfeUions of the People fiou'd break out into a furious Defire of War, what can better manage the Chap. H. The legal State. the Reins of that Pailion, than filch a moderating Hand as yours? And who katiws but that the People, being ever viiiorionz, may be Ja welt v.,with the Spoils and Trophies they have gain d, and gladly entertain a mild and peaceful Prince, who being a Lover of yuffice and Equity, may fettle the City in a fi, 1)ig and ii2fUperable'Union. and in a jure and lafling Hapiinejs Tilde Reafoi's and Per-fuafions, together with the Ambaffador's Ent eaties, at WI prevail'41 upon Numa to accept of the Kingdom ; and after a folemn Sacrifice, he went for Rome. He was met by the Way by the Senate and People, who with a general Coident it-welled him with the Regal Authority ; and fo univerfal was the Joy, that they feeMd not fo much to receive a King, as the Addition of a new Kingdom. II. Nu;na being a Perfon of extraordinary Wif- U. C. dom and Policy, as well as Devotion, thought it 40, molt convenient to mile and firengthen that City by whol Come Laws, and Religious Cufloms, which had been founded upon War and Bloodihed; judg- ing it as neceflary to employ a People well at home, as to exercife 'em abroad. The firfi thing he did was to disband the Royal Guard of the 3 oo Celeres, lea the Maintenance of fuck a Force might feem to argue a Diffidence of them that chofe him, lay- ing, ihat he wou' d not rule over that People, of whom he conceiv'd the leall Difirufl. Next, he built a Temple to (anti , which was always to (land open in time of 31-anus, War, and to be Phut in time of Peace, as it continu'd all his Reign; which, as fome obferve, never hap- ned but four times from his Reign to that of Tiberius Cafar. To the two Flamens or High-Priens of Yupi- ter and Mars, he added a third of Q_uirinns or R071114- 1g5 ; and to this Prince alfo is afcrib'd the bringing in of the Pontifices, whereof he himfelf was one, and Ponti,77ces. officiated accordingly. He alfo ordain'd the Vilial Vefial Virgins, being four in number, to whom he gave gins. C 3 very 21 2 The Doman Book L very great Privileges ; particularly, when they went abroad, they had the Fafces carry'd before 'em, and in their Walks, if they met with a Malefa6tor lead-in to Execution, they had the Power of freeing him from Death, upon Oath given that the Meeting was meetly accidental. He alfo inftituted the Orders of the Salii and the Feciales, Priefts devoted to Mars; the former were to carry thole facred Shields call'd Ancilia, and the latter to judge of the Equity of War and proclaim it with much Ceremony. This Prince, tho' naturally averfe to all Wars, yet confider'd that Peace and Security might too much (often and degenerate the Minds of the Multitude ; therefore he us'd his utmoft Endeavours to imprint on their Minds the Notions of Religion and Virtue, and the due Reverence of God : And to gain the more Credit and Obedience to his Conftitutions, he pretended he had often and immediate Con verfe with the Goddefs Egeria, and wou'd be often telling them that firange Vifions and Apparitions were feen, and Prophetick Voices heard ; which Stories had great and remarkable Effeas upon a People fo fuper-flitioufly inclied. Yet his Religion was of a refin'd Nature, being much like that of Pythagoras afterwards; and as he taught, That the Principal of all Things was not to be pirceiv' d by Senre, nor was liable to Motion, but was Invilible, Immortal, and to be apprehend- .ed by the Underflanding alone; fo Numa forbad the Ro- mans to ufe the Image of any God which reprefent-ed him under the Form of a Man, or any other living Creature : And this was ftrialy obferv'd in all their Temples and facred Places, for 17o Years at the lull; they holding it a great Crime to liken fuch fuperior Beings to Things fo much below 'em. For the Encouragement of Agriculture, he divided thole Lands which Romulus had gain'd in War among the poorer fort, canting his SubjeEs to apply them-felves to Husbandry, and by fuch kind of Employ- ments solii. Feciales. Chap. II. The regal State. ments to cultivate their Minds as well as the Earth : Then he divided all the Lands into feveral Parcels, to which he gave the Name of Pagi, or Boroughs ; Paglis• and over every one of thefe he ordairi'd a Chief, or Arbitrator in Judicial Caufes. And that he might take away all Diftination of Roman and Sabine,which threaten'd the State with endlefs Fa&ions and dan- gerous Divilions, he divided all the Inhabitants ac- cording to their feveral Trades and Occupations, ma- king every Art a particular Company and Society, and appointing to every one their refpe&ive Courts and Privileges; and this was his Mafter-piece in Politicks. He much abated the Rigour of that Law made by Romulas, concerning the Power of Fathers over their Children, making it unlawful for 'em to fell their Sons after Marriage, becaufe it was very unjuft that a' Woman who had marry'd a Free-man fhou'd be conftrain' to live with a Slave. He alfo prefcrib'd Rules concerning Mourning; a Child of 3 Years, and fo upwards to to, was to be mourn'd for fo many Months as it was Years old ; and the longeft time of Mourning for any Perfon, was not to ex- ceed the Term of to Months: Which alfo was the Time appointed for Widows, before which, they cou'd not, without great Indecency, marry again; but in cafe Circumftances were fuch as not to ad- mit of fo long a Term, they were firft to facrifice a Cow with a Calf for Expiation of their Fault. One of the principal things done by this Prince was the Reformation of the Year. which, in Romu- lm's time was much out of Order, fome Months having more than 35 Days, and fome fewer than zo. Nurna finding the Solar Year to exceed the Lu- nar by It Days, doubled thefe i z Days, and every other Year inferred a Month after February, confia ing, of 22 Days, which was by the Romans call'd Mercedonius, becaufe it was the ufual time for paving mercedo- of Wages. He likewife chang'd the Order of the nius. C 4 Months, 23 24 Book I, The Months. Months, making 5anuary and February the firm and fecond Months, which were the two laff in Romu-las Days. 3anuary had its Name from yams, the molt ancient God or King in Italy. February was fo call'd from the Expiations which us'd to 1;ie in it, fig-nify'd by the Word Februa. March, fo !call'd from Mars, the fuppos'd Father of Romulus, which, upon that account, had been plac'd firif. ✓April from Aphrodite or Venus, becaufe of the Superflitious Wor-fhip which was perform'd in it, when the Women were crown'd with Myrtile. May, fo nam'd from Masa, the Mother of Mercury, to whom this Month was made Sacred. yune, from yuno, or, as fome will have it, from 7uventus, becaufe the Seafon is warm, and, as it were, guvemi/e. The reft had their ames from their Order, as, Quintals, Sex-tills, September, OElober, November, and December ; only Quintals and ,S'extdis were afterwards turn'd into Yu/y and Augull, by the Emperors yulins Cafar and AuguflPi6. Numa was marry'd to Tatia, King 7'atitds Daughter, by whom he had one Daughter named .Pompilia; and after a Reign of 43 Years, being above 8o Years old, he dy'd, and was bury'd with great Honour and Solemnity. He forbad his Body to be burnt, as it was ufual in thofe days, but was bury'd in a Stone Coffin, under the Hill Faniculum ; and the Books of his Ceremonies were laid by him in another, being 12, written in Latin, and as many in Greek: Thefe were taken up about 400 Years after; and becaufe it was thought a piece of Impiety to communicate fuch Myfteries to the Multitude, were burnt by Order of the Senate. He kept the State in fuch a conftant Peace, by his prudent Management, as did very much contribute to the Strength and Security of the City, and he much irnprov'd and polith'd the rough Genius of the Roman People. CHAP Chap. III. The tgal State. 2 5. w-i;ycz- O CHAP. III. From the Death ofNuma,to the Death ofTut-lus Hoitilius, the Third King of Ronne. Containing the Space of 3 3 Tears. L,1 Pon the Death of Numa, the Government U. C. 4. once more devolv'd upon the Senate, and af- 8 2. ter feveralInterreges,rullusHoftilim was createdKing by the univerfal Confent of all People. He wasGrand- fon to the famous Hoftilius, who, in Romulgs's Days, had behav'd himfelf very valiantly againft the Sa- bines in the Citadel, and had marry'd the Daughter of Herfilia. He was of a bold and fiery Temper, and one who often fought and greedily embrac'd all Oc- cafions of War ; led to it partly by his own proper Inclination, and partly by the Glory and Renown of his Grand-father. As he thought the Love of his Subjects the moll neceicary thing to carry on the Defigns of a Warlike Prince; fo in the beginning of his Reign he purchas'd the good Opinion of the poorer fort, by dividing to them, Man by Man, that Portion of Land which his Predeceffors, the two former Kings, had kept to bear their Charges, fay- ing, That his own Inheritance was fufficient for his own Expences.That none ofthefe might want room,he en- larg'd the City, and took in the Hill Calim, where he alfo had his Palace ; and all Inch as had now got- ten Ground, and wanted Habitations, built upon it; fo the City encreas'd in Bulk every day. It was not long before this Prince had a fair Op- v. C. portunity of War offer'd him ; for Cluilius Governor 84. or DiElator of Alba, envying the Growth of Rome, had procur'd Tome Perfon to rob and pillage in the 2 6 Hiflory. Book 1. the Roman Territories, knowing they wou'd revenge the injury; which, when they did, he perfuaded the Albans, that they had receiv'd a great Afrront, and caus'd 'em to take up Arms : But that there might be fome Appearance of Reafon, and for the greater Formality, Ambaffadors were fent to Rome to demand Reftitution. Hofidius prefently perceiv'd the Defign, and well knowing that they who firft refus'dOatisfadion, would bear the greateft blame, by nobly treating the •Ambafradors, cunningly de-lay'd giving Anfwer, till he could fend to demand Reftitution at Alba. His Ambaffadors receiv'd a (harp Repulfe from Cluilius at Alba, upon notice whereof, Hoftilias gave Audience to the Alban Am-baffadors, telling them, How he had receiv'd fuch an Anfwer from Alba as argu'd the League broken ; whereupon he proclaim'd a juft and neceffary War againft the Albans, which he would carry on to the utmoft. Eoth Parties made all poffible Preparations, and drew out their Forces about five Miles from Rome, to a Place afterwards call'd Cluilius Ditch ; where, when they expe&ed to have decided the Quarrel, Cluilius was found dead in his Tent; bit whether by a natural or violent Death, is uncertain. In his Place was chofen Metius Fuffetius, a Perfon who had no other Qualifications to recommend him to his Office, betides his turbulent Spirit, and his being as great an Incendiary as his Predeceffo. r. At the fame time the Fdenates and T/eientes, who in Romulus's Days had fubmitted to the Romans, and in Numa's Reign were preparing and feeking for an Opportunity to !hake off their Yoke, had now drawn their Forces together at Fidena, with defign to fall upon both Romans and Albans, after they had weaken'd themfelves in Battel. The News of thefe Preparations at firft put the Armies to a Band, and made 'em both decline fighting for a while ; till at laft Fuffetius fearing thefe People, and Hofliiius de- firing Chap. III. The _Taal State. firing to punifh 'em, came both to a fort of an Accommodation ; agreeing, That for the Safety of both Nations, the Zuni el Mould be decided by a Combat of three Pe;lons on each fide, and the Conquering Party jhould obtain the Pre-eminence and Command over the other. Thefe Propofals v..ere no fooner ratify'd, but many valiant Perfons, ambitious of the Honour of fer-ving their Country, offer'd themfelves to be the Combatants, but could not be accepted of, others being before agreed upon : For it happen'd that one Seg-vinius of Alba had formerly two Daughters, one marry'd to Curiatius an Alban, and the other to Hora-tius a Roman, who being both with Child at the fame time, were deliver'd of three Sons at a Birth. Now, to thefe two Ternions of Brothers were this great Combat committed, as being of equal Years, Strength, and Courage ; and all Matters of Con-fanguinity and private Affedions difpens'd withal. Now was the Fate of Rome to be decided by fix Perfons only, which rais'd all Peoples Hopes and Fears to a more than ordinary pitch : The Lifts were prepar'd between the two Armies, Judges were appointed, and the Combat perform'd with extraordinary Pomp and Solemnity, and with as much Courage and Refolution on both fides. The Curiatii were in a fhort time all wounded ; but two of the Ho-ratii were flain downright, and the third, unhurt, left to oppofe three Adverfaries. At this the Albans gave a great Shout ; but he, not the 'call daunted, cunningly retreated as tho' he had wholly fled, and drawing them out feverally, fo as to have but one againft him at once, he flew them all, and Rome became Conqueror. At his return to the City, his Sifter met him with many provoking and reproach, ful Words, for imbruing his Hands in the Blood of his Coufin- Germans, whereof one was contra6ied to her ; upon which Horatius, elevated with the Honour of his Conquefl, and tranfported with the Love 27 23 The12onian Hiftory. Book I. Love of his Country, flew her upon the Spot. For which Faet, when he was accus'd, Hoftilius avoided giving Judgment himfelf, but hereupon created Dwitnviri• thofe Officers call'd Duumviri, for Capital Punifh-ments, and they condemn'd him : But there lying an Appeal from thefe Officers to the People, they gave him his Life at the Requeft of his Father, who efteem'd it as a great and heroick A&, and gave his Daughter ignominious Burial, for a dreadful Exs, ample to all who preferr'd private RefpeE before the Pub-lick Good. .Hollilius dealt very gently with the Albans, but, notwithflanding, for the Advantages gain'd over them, had a Triumph. U. C. II. The Fidenates and Veientes, finding that they 85. were like to be call'd to an Account for their trea- cherous Praaices, now broke into open Rebellion ; and Fufetius enrag'd at the Event of the late Combat, and hoping to free himfelf from the Roman Power, privately encourag'd 'ern with large Pro-mifes of Affiflance if they flood in need of it. The Romans and Albans now made up one Army, and were advancing towards the Fidenates and Veientes ; but, upon their nigh approach, Fufetius, who had laid all his Defigns before-hand, drew off all the Alban Troops on one fide, with a Refolution of joining with the prevailing Party. The Romans, apprehending the danger of their Separation, and fearing Tome Treachery, were greatly dircourag'd at it ; but Hoflilius,tho fatisfy'd of the Villany, immediately gave it out as publickly as he cou'd, That it was done by his Order, and was all a Stratagem to fur-prize the Enemy: At this unexpealed Report the Fide-nates and their Companions were quite difhearten'd, upon fufpicion of their Friends Infidelity, and, in a short time, were put to the Rout by the Romans ; for which Victory Hofidius triumph'd a fecond time. After the Battel, Fufetius join'd with the Romans again, Chap. III. 77;e Regal State. 29 again, like one that had done nothing amifs; but affembling the whole Body of the Albans, and then laying before them all his treacherous Pra1ices and villainous Defigns, caus'd him to be torn in pieces by Horfes ; having before-hand fent Marcus Horatius to Alba; who utterly demolifh'd that City, and tranfplanted the Inhabitants to Rome. Thus fell the City of Alba, once famous for its R iches and Number of Inhabitants, after it had flourith'd 487 Years. Rome grew much in Strength, Riches and Grandeur out of the Ruins of Alba ; Mount Ceelius being appointed for the Inhabitants that came from thence, and the King allowing them all the Roman Privileges. He chofe the Nobility of the Albans into the Senate, particularly the Tullii,Servilii,Quintii,Ge-ganii,Curiatii, and the Clelii ; and that he might out of thole new People make force Addition to the Strength of every Order, he chofe ten Troops of Horfe out of the Albans. In confidence of this his Strength, after an entire Reduaion of the Fidenates, he declar'd War againft the Sabines, who before had committed feveral Robberies upon the Romans that traded with 'em. He met 'em at the Wood call'd Malitiola Silva, where, efpecially by the help of his Horfe, who broke all their Ranks, after a Tort Engagement, he entirely defeated 'em, forcing 'em to beg Peace; over whom he obtain'd a third Triumph. The Latines were not yet quiet, refilling to pay Obedience to the Romans, which occafion'd fe-veral Contefts ; but this 'War was manag'd with great Moderation, no Battel being fought, no Town taken or plunder'd betides Medallia, which Hofiilius puniffi'd for an Example, becaufe it had received a Roman Colony in Romulus's time. This War lafted moft of the reft of his days, and in the latter end of his Reign, Rome was much in-fdied with Plagues and Famines, and as much frighten'd U. C. 88. The 1 oinan Hifiory. Book 7. the Rules whereof were taken from the Al:quicoll, a very ancient People. Ancus began this War with good Succefs, and fill took Politorium by Storm, a Town of the Latines, 14 or 15 Miles South Eaft of Rome; the Inhabitants of which, according to the ufual Cullom, he tranf-planted to Rome, allowing them the Privileges of Free Citizens. And whereas the old Romans inhabited the Palatine, the Sabines the Capitoline, and the Albans the Calian' he granted the Aventine Hill for the Latines to poffefs ; the number of whom were encreafed, upon the fubduing of Tellene and Ficania, two Latzne Towns nigh Politorium, which he took foon after. He in a little time likewife took Meda-lia, a Place of confiderable Strength, and alfo Poli-torium again ; for the Latines finding it empty, had poffefs'd themfelves of it, which made Ancus entirely demolifh it. The Latines, inrag'd at their Loffes, made greater Preparations for the next Campaign ; but, at feveral times, he ruin'd their Defigns, broke U. C. their united Forces, forc'd 'em to beg Peace, and 117. obtain'd a Triumph over em. Not long after he fubdu'd the Fidenates, Veientes, and the Voifii, who had fallen out with him ; and likewife fuch of the Sabines, who, not having felt the Strength of Rome, had forely repin'd at the exceeding Growth of an u. c. upflart City. Thefe latter he overthrew again, and 120. obtained over them a fecond Triumph. IL Amur did not only perform many great Aas abroad, but alfo did many noble Works at home Firfl, upon the Account of the Succefs of his Arms, he rebuilt the Temple of Yupiter Feretrius after a more (lately and magnificent manner than before. He fortified the Hill Janiculum, on the other fide of the River Tiber, for the greater flrengthning of the City, and to prevent its being a Refuge for Enemies, uniting it to the City with a Wooden Bridge over that Chap4V. The teoal State. 3 3 that River. He likewife made a large Ditch call'd Foffa Qyiritium, which was no fmall Defence againit fuch as came from the Plains. And now, the City having receiv'd a vail Increafe, Peeing that fuch Multitudes of People of all forts cou'd riot but produce many Criminals, he built a large Prifon for Malefa-61ors in the Heart of the City, juft facing the Forum, to be a Terror to their growing Boldnefs. He did not only enlarge the Pomeerium of the City, but like-wife its Dominions; for having taken from the Vei-entes the Malian Foreft, his Territories reach'd to the Sea ; upon which, at the Mouth of the River U. C Tiber, he built a Town call'd Cilia, nigh io Miles 127. South of Rome, to fecure the Advantages of Trade to his Subjeas ; for thither Commodities being brought by Ships, were in idler Vcifels convey'd up the Tiber to this City; and about this Town, many Salt- pits were made. This Prince, as well as his Predeceffors, was very ready and careful to encourage Strangers ; and by reafon of the frequent Advancement of filch, and the great Privileges they receiv'd, many came daily hither, and often fuch as were of good Note. Among thefe, Lucumon an Hetrurian was one, a Perfon of great Accompliihments, as well as large Poffeffions, who came hither from Tarquinia in Hetruria, with his Wife Tanaquil, and feveral Followers. He was Son to Damaratus, a rich Merchant of Corinth, who rkid left his Country upon the Account of the Troubles at that time, and fettled in Tarquinia, where marrying a noble Matron, he had this Son, betides another who died Childlefs. Lucumon finding no Incouragement in his own Country, being the Son of a Foreigner, remov'd to Rome, where by his Ho-fpitality and ounty he foon became known to the King ; having now taken upon him the Name of Lucius, adding that of Tarquinius from the Place of his Birth. He was honourably treated byAnctis, to whom 3a The Ilif'ory. Book I. frighten'd with Prodigies. Then Hofli/ius began to think of bringing in the Religious Ceremonies of Numa, which he had all this Time took little notice of ; ut foon after he died; after a Reign of 3 2 Years ; fome fay by Lightning, with his whole Family, tho' more probably by fome treafonable Pra-etices. In this Reign, the 300 Celeres were again re-affum'd, which had been difus'd in the WI ; and the City was very much increas'd, tho' the Dominions were little different from thofe in Romulus's Days, only they feem'd to have a Purer Footing in fome places than before. (1" El‘ U. C. CHAP. IV. IS . From the Death ofHoftilius, to the Death of Ancus Marcius, the Fourth King of Rome. Containing the Space of 24 rears. I. Fter the Death Of Tullus Hoflilius, the State fell into an Inter-re num as formerly ; and in a fhort time, Ancus Marcius was made King by the Inter-rex and Senate, and was confirm'd fo by the People. He had his Surname Ancus from his crooked Arm, which he could not firetch out in length, as Feflus has it : He was Grandfon toNuma the fecond King of Rome, by Pompilia his Daughter, and Marcius his Kinfman, who was the Son of that Marcius who had perfuaded Numa to accept of the Kingdom, and after Numa's Death had kill'd him- felf he did not fucceed him. This Prince was much of the fame Temper with his Grandfather Numa ; and confidering that much of the Religion, and many of the Ceremonies had been neg-leCted in the laft Reign, he let himfelf to reflore them Chap IV. The regal State. them to their former Ufe. For that Reafon he in-finuated to the People, that the Difeafes, Peitilence, and other innumerable Calamities which had lately befallen the City, together with the difaiterous End of Hofiiiius, proceeded from want of Devotion, and a Neglect of their Gods. He highly commended the Orders atnd Inftitutions of Numa, and would be often (hewing the great Bleffings of the State, and how much it flourifh'd under that happy Reign ; advifing his Subjeas to return to their Husbandry and more peaceable Employments, and to lay afide all forts of Violence, and all Profit that arifes from War and .Bloodfhed. The State thus fettl d, he expeEed, as his Grand- U. C. father had done, to pats his time free from all Wars 116. and Troubles; but he Toon found his Defigns crofs'd, and was compell'd to be a Warrior againft hisWill, and was fcarce ever free from publick Perils and Troubles. He had fcarce began his Reign, and mo- dell'd the Common-wealth, when the Latines contemning him as a fluggifh Prince, and unfit for Military Affairs, made Incurfions into the Roman Territories. Upon which, he was oblig'd to make all neceffary Preparations for a War, proclaiming it according to the Ceremonies appointed by his Grandfather Numa. Firft, an Ambaffador was fent to the Frontiers of the Aggreffor's Country, who in a Woollen Shall), and a peculiar Drefs, and likewife in a folemn Form of Speech, demanded SatisfaCii-on ; which not being granted in 33 Days, after a Confultation with the Senate, the Feciales or Heralds were immediately fent in their proper Habits, with Javelins headed withlton, or all bloody and burnt at the end ; where in the pretence of three young Men at leaft, they in the Name of the Gods and People of Rome, folernnly proclaim'd War with that Country, and then threw their Javelins into their Confines. This Cullom was brought in by Numa, the 3 4 The Bkok I. whom he generoufly offer'd his whole Patrimony for the Publick Good, and by that means obtain'd Freedom for himfeif and Followers, with Lands both for Building and for Suftenance. Ancus in a little time chofe him into the Senate, for he was greatly efteem'd by the King, and as much belov'd by the People ; no Man being more hardy in War, or more prudent in Counfel. ANUS befiow'd moil of his latter time in inrich-ing his Subjects, and improving the City, and at the end of 24Years Reign he died ; a Prince not inferior to any of his Predeceffors, either for the Glory he gain'd in Peace or War. He kft b.,:hind him two Sons, both under Age, which he committed to the Guardianfhip of the forementioned Lucius Tarqui-nius, as the fitteft Perfon he cou'd employ in fuch an Office. The Roman Dominions were now encreas'd beyond what they were in the laft Reign, by a larger Part of Hetruria, taken from the Vuientes, and a much better Footing in Latium. 4,1 CHAP. V. From the Death of Ancus Marcius, to the Death of Tarquinius Priteus, the Fifth King of Rome. Containing the Space of 38 Tears. U. C. I. jj Ncus being dead, the Senate receiv'd Power from 138. .41 the People, to order the Affairs of the Com- mon-wealth, and created certain Inter-reges, as formerly. In this fhort Inter-regnum Tarquin was extremely bufy about the Ele6fion Of a King, having great Hopes of himfelf : Therefore to remove all Obflacles to his Defigns, he fent Ancus's two Sons out a Hunting, the eldefi being then nigh 14 Years of Chap V. The tbrral State. 3 5. of Age, and affembling the People, he made a plan-fable Speech to 'em, wherein he plainly begg d the Kingdom, urging the Examples of Tati 144 and Nunia ; the firfi an Enemy as well as a Stranger, and the fe cond wholly unacquainted with the City ; whereas he hinfelf was fo great a Friend to the City, that he hadfpent all his Riches upon it ; and fo well acquainted with it, that he had been train'd up feveral rears both in Civil and Military Afairs, under their King. Then he cunningly in-finuateei his pall Services, and infiaing more than ordinary upon his Liberality, he obtain'd the Kingdom, being the firft who obtain'd it by his own ambitious feeling. At the beginning of his Reign, the better to gain the Love of the Common People, he chofe out loo of the Plebeians, who for Valour or Wifdom were molt Eminent, and added them to the Senate, which made up the Number 300 ; thole of Romulm's Creation being call'd Patres Conrcripti, thefe were call'd Patres minorum Gentium ; that is; Patres Senators of a lower Rank. He likewife encreas'd the n°ri''m Number of refia,1.- Virgins from four to feven ; but Geith"I'm Plutarch fays there were but two before. His firft War was with the Latines,from whom he u C. everal Towns, among the reit Galatia, a Place 139. e Miles North Eaft of Rome ; over which he ac'd his Nephew Aruns Tarquinius for Governor, the Polihumous Iffue of his Brother, furnam'd Egeriusi from his want of Patrimony, and Collatinus from the Place, which Surname continu'd to his Pofterity. Not withflanding the Latines great Supplies from He- truria, he foon forc'd 'em to beg Peace, and then turn'd his Arms againfl the Sabines, who had again rilen up againfi Rome. Both Armies met upon the flanks of Anio, where the Romans made ufe of a Stratagem, by fending a Party of Men to burn a great heap of Wood that lay by the River-fide, and to throw it in ; which being driven forwards by the Wind, much of the flaming Wood got hold on D 2 the 3 6 The rkinan Book I. the Wood of the Bridge, and let it on Fire. This not only terrify'd the Sabines while they were engaging, but when they were routed, hinder'd their Flight, their Bridge being burnt down ; and therefore many of em, tho' they efcap'd the Sword, pe-rifh'd in the Water; whole floating Arms being carried down the Tiber to Rome, difcover d the Victory there, almoft before the News cou'd be carry'd. Tarquin proceeded to march into the Sabine Territories, where the Sabines, tho with [mall Hopes, met him with an undifciplin'd Army ; and being defeated a fecond time, they were forc'd to beg Peace. Over the Sabines Tarquin obtain'd his firft Triumph. U. C. Soon after the Sabines War was finifb'd, all 1letru- 143. ria (or rather the neighbouring Parts) combin'd againft him, upon the Account of his detaining fome Prifoners of theirs whom he had taken among the Sabines. They had made a Law among them-felves, That whatever Town refus' d to join againfl the Romans,Aou'd not be accounted of their Body ; and they foon after poffefs'd themfelves of Fidence, a Roman Colony. But he was fo fuccefsful againft 'em, as to overthrow 'em in feveral Battels, and upon his preparing for another Campaign, they were humbled, and to purchafe Peace, they own'd him for their Prince ; and, in Tokens of Allegiance, fent him all. the Enfigns of Sovereignty which their Kings were ufually adorn'd with: Thefe were, a Crown of Gold, an Ivory Chair, a Scepter with an Eagle on the Top, a Purple Coat wrought with Gold, and a Purple Gown pink'd, almoft like the Robes of the Pe;fian and Lydian Kings, only it was not four-fquare, but of a femi-circular Figure. From hence alto came the Robes and Coats us'd by the Augurs and Heralds, with many of their Ornaments us'd in Rome after- U. C. wards; the Axes they had before, tho' now they receiv'd 'em again. Over thefe People Tarquin tri.- 153. umphid a fecond time. This War &Wed, which 3 con- Chap. V. The Pa_ al State. 37 continu'd nine Years, he fell a fecond Time upon the Sabinec, who now alone contended with the .Romans for Superiority, over whom he obtain'd a third Triumph ; and providing for another Expedition, they yielded, whom he receiv'd on the fame Terms with the Hetrurians. II. Tarquin was no lets mindful of ftrengthning the City at home, than of enlarging his Dominions abroad ; for when he found leifure, he built the Walls of the City, which before were patch'd up in haRe, with large fquare Stones, each confilling of a Load Weight. Then he took care of the other Publick Buildings of the City, adorning the Forum with lofty Portico's, Galleries, and Shops, being a Prince much delighted with fiately Buildings and noble Sights. He likewife made many Cloaca or c10.1. Common-Sewers, to drain the City, and carry the Filth of it into the Tiber ; a Work of fuch vaft Charge and Labour, that when they were afterwards ftopp'd, the Cenfirs (pent 1000 Talents only to clear 'em ; a Work likewise fo admirable, that Dionyfius thinks, that from the Magnificence of thefe as well as their AqtacluEis and Highways, the Grandeur of the Roman Empire appear'd. In the Circus Maximus, that vaft Place for Games and Exercifes, between the Palatine and Aventine Hills, he caus'd Seats to be rais'd for the SpeCtators, with great Skill and Charge ; and likewife diftinguifh'd all their Places according to their feveral Ranks and Dignities. In the Sabine War he vow'd a Temple to yu- piter,euno, and Minerva, if he got the Vietory ; for that reafon afterwards he, with wonderful Cott, leveled the Rock on the Capitoline, and form'd a Plat for building it, but liv'd not to go on with it any further; and this was the beginning of the Capitol. Tarquin had defign'd after thefe things, to have added three Centuries of the Celeries, to thole three D 3 in- 3 8 The Hiftory. Book 1. inclituted by Romulus, but was forbidden by A1ius Navius to alter the Conititutions of that King ; therefore without creating of new Centuries, he doubled the Number of the former. This N.vius was the molt famous Augur that Rome ever knew ; and Tai quip one time, to try him, ask'd him, If what he had in his Thought might be done; he anfwering in the _Affirmative,7-argqin jeeringly told him ,He thought of cutting a Whetflone with a Razor ; Navius bad him firike hard, and he cut it through. This much en-lianc'd the Reputation of Augury, efpecially of Nee-eviui's Skill therein; but his being fuddenly mifs'd loon after, was a great Prejudice to Tarquin : For the two Sons of Anat.+. Illarcius grudging him their Father's Throne, accus'd him to the People of the Death of this Augur; but his Son-in-law anfwer'd their Obje&ions, and clear'd him of that Scandal. Miffing their Defign, they pretended Repentance, and were eafily receiv'd into Favour But three Years after, they difguis'd feveral of their Companions like Shepherds, and appearing in Court, pretended a Quarrel, and demanded Juilice of the King. Tarquin appearing, they let upon him, and kill'd him; but were loon caught, and receiv'd their ilia Reward. Thus fell Lucius Tarquinius' for difiinaion fur-nam'd Prifius, after the laft Tarquin had obtain'd the Kingdom, in the eighteenth Year of his Age, after he had reign'd 38 Years, and done many and great Services to the Common-wealth. The Roman Greatnefs and Magnificence began to appear much more in this Reign, than in the former; and this King was the firft that ever triumph'd in a Chariot: Likewife the Roman Dominions were much increas'd in this Reign, by a larger Authority in the Sabines Country, and by fore confidera-ble Additions in lietruria and Latium. CHAP Chap. VI. The Pegal State. 39 CHAP. VI. From the Death of Tarquinius Prifcus, to the Death of Servius Tullius, the Sixth King of Rome. Containing the Space of 44 Tears. I.TArquinius Prifeus , being dead, Servius Tullius his Son in law fucceeded him ; which Tullius was Son to Ocrifia, a confiderable Woman, taken Prifoner by Tarquin at Corniculum, a Town in Latium, and given to his Wife Tanaquil ; where fhe was deliver'd of Tullius, furnamed Servius, in remembrance of her Bondage, her Husband being (lain at the taking of the Town. Tullius being an Infant in his Cradle, a Flame of Fire is laid to have ap-pear'd and encompafs'd his Head ; which rais'd great Expeatations in Tanaquil, a Woman much effeem'd for fuch kind of Knowledge. She brought her Husband to fo good an Opinion of him, that he both gave him Education, and in time made him his Son-in-law. When the King grew old, he ma-nag'd his publick Affairs for him both abroad and. at home, with that Valour, Prudence, and Integrity, that he gain'd the higheft Efleem of all People. Tar-quinius having no Sons, but only two Grand-Eons, both Infants, Tanaquil much defied that Tullius ihou'd fucceed him, therefore the kept his Death private for a while, pretending he was only dangeroufly wounded, till Tullius had prevail'd with the People to banifh the Marcii. Being thus fecure of that Fa-&ion, he carry'd out Tarquin, as newly dead, to be bnry'd; and as Tutor or Guardian to the young Children, executed the Office of King ; which Ta-naquil, out of the Window, had told the People was her Husband's Will, when {he feign'd him fttti D 4 alive. U. C. 176. 4° 77,e T,_oinan Hiflory. Book I. alive. The Patritians were much concern'd at this, not 4nowing how to come to an Lle&ion, fence they perceiv d the People wou'd not approve of their Choice, but wou'd be all for Tullius; fo they thought it better to let him reign in an unlawful manner, that they might ever have a jufl Pretence againft him, than by itirring to procure him a legal Title. Tullius difcovering all their Defigns and Pra6lices, immediately affembled the People in the Forum ; where appearing with his Mother, Mother-in-law, the two Children, and all his Kindred, in deep Mourning, and all the utmoft Signs of Sorrow, he ihew'd the People how fad and lamentable his Condition was, thre the Contrivances of the Patritians agairill him, which he had no other wife deferv'd, than by his good ervices to his Country. That they had defigni'd to recal the Maocii, who had beafonably murder'd Tarquin, and to expofe the Poflerity of him whole Memory ought to he fo precious to 'em, as well as himfelf; to the fame Cruelty : But if it was the. Pleafitre of the People, he wou'd freely give up all Pretentions ; and, rather than offend them, undergo the feverefl Hardhips. A great Clamour immediately arofe, mix'd with the Prayers and Tears of thole who befought him to retain the-Government ; and force, who were provided before-. hand, began to cry out, He was to be chofen King, and the Curia: were to be call'd to the Vote; which thing was infiantly refolv'd by the Mu1titude. He thank'd 'em very heartily for being mindful of the Benefits receiv d from him, and promifed to pay their Debts, and divide the publick Lands among fuch as wanted, if they would ele& him King ; and thereupon he appointed a Day for the Affembly. At the Co.. mitia Curiata he was chofen King by the Votes of em all, in spite of all the Oppofition of the Senate, who refus'd at laft to confirm the Choice, as their Cullom was. IL Not Chap. VI. The legal State. 4' II. Not long after his Settlement, according to u. C. his Promife, he divided the Publick lands among the 177. poorer fort; and in the Ct4riata Comitia preferr'd fifty feveral Laws concerning Contrails and Injuries. He very much enlarg'd the City, taking in three Hills to the four former, namely, the Quirinal, the Vi-minal, and the Efquiline ; on the latter of which he dwelt himfelf, and compafs'd the whole Seven with a ftately Wall : Some fay the Walls were never extended further, tho' van Suburbs were afterwards added. After this, he divided the City into four Parts; and innead of three, made four Tribes, which he call'd by the Names of Palatina, Suburana, Collina, and Efquilina. As Romulus, according to their Seats and Communions in Sacrifices, diflinguifh'd the People into Tribes and Curi4e ; fo Tullius, according to their Elates and Riches, diftinguifh'd 'em into fix Ranks call'd Citifies. His principal Defign was to Clafes. know how many were fit to bear Arms, and what Treafure might be fupply'd for Wars and other Ufes. Thefe Claifes were each divided into Centuries ( the Word here fignifying fuch a particular Centuries. Divifion, and not ioo Perfons) which made up 193 in all. The firft confined of fuch as were worth 110000 Ages (each anfwering to ob. q. of our Money) and contain'd 98 Centuries, the Equites or Knights being reckon'd in : The fecond valu'd at 75000 Affes, containing 22 Centuries, taking in Artificers; the third at 50000 Affes, containing likewife 22 Centuries ; the fourth at 25000 Ares, containing 20 Centuries ; the fifth at 110oo Ares' containing 3o Centuries ; and the firth confined of the reft of the poorer Sort and Multitude, excepting Servants and Slaves, which made up but one Century. The conflant Way of levying Men and Money, cenfw, was, for the future, according to thefe Centuries, each Century fuch a quantity ; fo that the middle Rank having 42' Tie12omrtra fliflory. Book t, having fewer Centuries, and yet more Perfons than the richer, went to ars by turns, and paid but little Tribute; and the poorer fort fcarce bore any Share at all. This feem'd very juft to him, that they who were moil concern'd should take molt Pains, and bear the greateft Charge ; the Romans at that time maintaining themfelves in the Wars without any Pay from the Publick. But to the richer fort, who fultaidd moil of the Charge and Danger, the King made a fufficient Recompence, by giving 'ern much the larger Authority in the Government, which he politickly brought about this way : Formerly the Matters of the greateft Concern, namely, The Creation of all Magifirates, making or repealing of Laws, and decreeing of Peace and War, were ail voted in the Comitia Curiata ; where every particular and private Perfon having an equal Vote, the Plebeans being mon numerous, had in a manner the whole Power in their Hands. But Tullius, upon thefe and the like occafions, affembled the People according Comitia to their Centuries,which were cal;'d Comitia Centuriata, centuriata. where the lebeians muft of neceffity be out-voted; having little more than the Shadow of Authority, which they, for many years, were fufficiently fa-tisfy'd withal ; either for that they perceiv'd not the Defign, or rather, becaufe they were thereby freed from the greateft Part of the Charges, Troubles, and Danger of the Publick. After the Cenfus, or Tax, Tullius fire inflituted the 4'.t,tr,rurn. Luflrum to be celebrated, fo call'd a luendo, from U. C paying. On a certain Day, after the Valuation or Cen-a 7. fa, he ordain'd all the Citizens to meet in the Carib-pus Marcius, all in Armour, each Man in his proper Clafi and Century ; where, by folemn Sacrifices, the City was expiated or lufirated. This great Solemnity was call'd Salitaurilia, or rather Suovetaurilia, becaufe a Hog, a Sheep, and an Ox were there facrific'd. There things perform'd, the Luflru?n was finiflfd, which, Chap.-VI. The legal State. 43 which, becaufe of the continual Change of Men's Elates, he order'd ihou'd be reiterated every five Years ; fo that the old and proper Lufirum contain'd five Years compleat, which was as often as this Tax of Valuation, call'd Cenfus, was made; tho' afterwards the yulian Lullrum contain'd but four. Tullius held the Lufirum four times in his Reign, and at the firft were found 84700 Free Citizens; but, to encreafe their Number, he brought in the Cullom of making Slaves free of the Common-wealth, either for their Money or their Deferts, who being Manumitted, he diftributed into the four Tribes of the City. Slaves, as was hinted before, had never any Vote in the Government, and thefe were either made, or born fo; the former fort were taken in War, thence properly call'd Mancipia; and the latter fort came of Pa- A.1411,7cipia. rents, who were fuch, or of the Mother only. Betides the Divifion of the City itfelf, this Prince took an extraordinary Care about the Roman Dominions, dividing the whole Territory into 26 Parts, which he likewife call'd by the Names of Tribes; and thefe he again diftinguifh'd into their feveral Pagi, appointed for 'em their refpettive Officers and Places of Worfhip, as Numa had done when the Dominions were much fmaller. In his way of judging of Controverfies, he gave away much of the Kingly Prerogative; for whereas the former Princes call'd before themfelves all Controverfies, and took Cognizance of Crimes committed againit private Per-fons, as well as the publick, he feparated their Cau-fes, making himfelf Judge only of Inch as refpeated the Common-wealth, referring the Quarrels of particular Perfons to others, to whom he prefcrib'd Laws and Rules to go by ; and if any Controverfy arofe between particular Towns, it was to be decided by the Judgment of others. After he had thus order'd the Commonwealth, he caus'd the Latines to build a Temple to Diana, upon the Aventine Hill, at which 44 The TO.11Zdil Hiflory. Book L which Place they should meet and feaft every Year, and fo preferve themfelves as one Body Politick in Unity and Concord. To all thefe things we may add, that he was the Eft who coin'd Money in Rome, clamping it with the Image of a Sheep, whence it Pecunia. had the Name of Pecunia, whereas the Romans before this time us'd it in a rude Lump or Mats. III. At the fame time that Tullius was fettling and ordering the Affairs of the Common-wealth at home, he was often employ'd in many and confide-rable Wars abroad: For the Hetrurians looking upon him as an obfcure Man, and a private Perfon, re-fus'd to pay him Obedience, and renounc'd the League made with his Predeceffor Tarquin. He had Wars with 'em for zo Years facc,effively, overthrew 'em in many Battels, and triumph'd over 'em three feveral times ; the firft time in the Year 182, the fecond in 186, and the third time in 188. And at laft he fo weaken'd and harrafs'd them, that they were willing to beg Peace of him, which he granted 'em upon the fame Terms that Tarquin before had impofs'd upon 'ern ; only from three of the twelve Nations, namely, the Veintes, the Caretano, and the Tarquini, which had been Principals in the Revolt, he took part of their Lands, and divided 'em among fuch as were lately made free of Rome. At the finishing of there Wars, he built two Temples, both dedicated to Fortune, one to Fortuna Bona, and the other to Fortuna Virilis. In the latter end of his Reign he defign'd to have laid down hisOffice,and reflor'd abfolute Liberty, with the Care of the Commonwealth to the People, and was preparing a Model for that purpofe, but liv'd not to perform it ; for being old, and not far from the natural Period of his Life, he was (lain by his Daughter and Son-in-law, after this manner. 7'ut/ius had two Daughters, whom he marry'd to Tar- Chap. VI. The Zegal State. Tarquin' s Grand fons,Lucius Tarquinius and ArunsTar-quinius . The firft of a proud tyrannical Nature, had a very modefi good Wife; and the laft, of a mild fweet Temper, had a haughty wicked Woman. Lucius inrag'd at Tullius for poffeffing his Grandfather's Throne, and finding his Brother's Wife of a fiery Temper, and rather more cruel than himfeif; agreed with her to change Husbands; both promising to difpatch their Contorts, which they foon affected, and were marry'd together. After this, they refolv'd the utter Ruine of the King, railing what FaCtions they cou'd againft him, alledging his illegal Title, then claim'd the Crown as Heirs to Tarquin. But Tullius by his great Modefly and prudent Management, defeated all their Defigns, and came off with great Honour, both with the Senate and the People; which brought Lucit44 to a feign'd Repentance on his fide, and that produc'd a real Reconciliation on the King's. Lucigs, cover'd with this Difguife, took an Opportunity one Day, when mot of the People were out of the City, to go to the Senate-houf e, with the Robes and Royal Enfigns, as King; and getting together fuch of the Fathers as were his fpecial Friends, he boldly took Poffeffion of the King's Throne. Tuilixs unadvifedly with a few Followers haften'd thither, and going to thruft him out, Lucius threw him down the Stairs. The old Man, hardly recovering his Spirits, was led homewards in great Diforder, when T;illius' s Wife coming to fee the Event, faluted her Husband King, and advis'd him to fend after Tullius, and difpatch him ; which was immediately perform'd. In her Pafl'age home, coming to the place where the Body lay, wearing in Blood, and as yet almoft gafping, her Charioteer Rood fill, ftartl'd and amaz'd at the inhumane Spe&acle, not having room to pafs by it : Whereupon the in a Rage threw her Footflool at his Head, 4,nd in a barbarous manner forc'd him to drive her over 45 46 The Doman Book I. over it; the Place which before was call'd Cyprius Vicus, was after this A& call'd Sceleratus. This was the End of Servius Tullius, a Prince of eminent Juflice and Moderation, after a profperous Reign of 44 Years; but the lefs pity'd upon the account of his undue Admiffion to the Crown, which made moil of the Patritians efpoufe his Succeffor's Part ; efpecially,fince he was about altering the Government, which wou'd have prov'd the Weakning, if not the Ruine of their Authority. He left the Roman Dominions in much the fame Condition as they were in the laft Reign, only he got a larger Footing in Hetruria. CHAP. VII. from the `Death of Servius Tullius, to the Ba-nifhment of Tarquinius Superbus, the Seventh King of Rome, which caus'd theDif-falution of the Regal State. Containing the Space of z5 Tears. U C. I. I Ucius Tarquinius having barbaroufly murder'd 220. L• his Father-in-law, obtain'd the Kingdom by meer Force and Violence ; and by his Tyrannical and Imperious Carriage, Toon got the Surname of Superbus, as that of Prifcus, for diftinEfion fake, was given to his Grand-father. He wou'd not permit the King's Body to be publickly interr'd, left the People fhou'd rife and caufe fome dangerous Difturbances, he alledging, That Romulus dy'd without Burial. He murder'd fuch as he fulpeeted to be of Tullius's Fa-&ion; and fearing the natural Confequences of his Tyranny, he kept a ftronger Guard than ordinary about his Perron. All Controverfies whatfoever he decided himfelf, ailifted by his intimate Friends, and Chap VII. The ge,gal State. and executed, banifh'd, and fin'd all at his own Pieafure. He endeavour'd to eftablith his Tyranny with the more Security, by great Alliances, marrying his Daughter to OUavius Mamillius, the greateft Man among the Lattnes, being defcended from Tele-gonus the Son .of Ulyffes by Circe ; and by his falfe Accufations, and a cunning Device, caus'd 'em to ftone Turnus Hardonius, who had difcover'd to 'em his Bafenefs and Villany. He neither confider'd the Confent of the Senate or People ; but much dimi-nilh'd the Authority o.f the former, by the Murder of many of the higher Rank,whofe Wealth he feiz'd on for his own Ufe, refolving to chufe no more in their Places, that their Power might decreafe in-fenfibly, and in time be worn our. Among thofe whom he murder'd for their Elates, Marcus 3t unius was one ; a molt eminent Man among the Romans, defcended from the Companions of "Eneas, and marry'd to Tarquina, Daughter to Tar-quinius Prifcus, by whom he had Lucius Yunius. This Lucius was nobly educated, and had an admirable Wit and Knowledge, with a profound Judgment and Underftanding ; but after Tarquin had privily murder'd his Father and his eldeft Brother, the better to Pave himfelf, and revenge his Father, he counterfeited himfelf a Fool, and thence had the Surname of Brutus. Tarquin thinking his Folly real, defpis'd the Man ; and having poffefs'd himfelf of his Hate, kept him as an Ideot in his Houle, fuffer-ing him to converfe with his Children, not out of any refpe& as a Kinfman, but to make 'em Sport by his ridiculous Words and A&ions. It happen'd in the time of a great Peftilence, he fent his two Sons, Sextus and Titus, to confult the Oracle, and with them Brutus, as a Companion for their Diverfion. The SonS were well pleas'd with his Company, and latigh'd• very heartily to fee him offer a wooden Staff to Apollo, wherein he had fecretly convey'd Gold. 47 48 The Poznan Book I. Gold. The young Men having executed their Father's Commands, enquir'd of the Oracle, Plihich of them Jhou'd be Prince of Rome ? It was anfwer'd, He who PI .1/mu' d kits his Mother ; which the Sons mil-underitanding, agreed to do it both at their return, and reign jointly together. But Brutus, knowing the meaning of the Oracle, as Toon as they arrived at Italy, pretended to fall down by chance, and kifs'd the Earth, which is the common Mother of all Men. After this, he ever made it his Bufinefs to find Opportunities of ruining the Tyrant, and refloring the Liberties of Rome ; all which he carry'd on by a profound Secrecy, and a wonderful Diffimulation. II. Tarquin being a warlike Prince, firil march'd againft the Sabines, who refus'd to pay him Obedience, and loon reduc'd them to Submiffion ; over U. C. whom he obtain'd a Triumph. Soon after, he be-223. gan a War with the Volfci, a People bordering on Latium, which continu'd with fome little Intermif-fions above 200 Years : From thefe he took Snell-a-Poneetia, a confidcrable City about 26 Mies South-Eaft of Rome, where he found great Spoils and Plunder ; and over them he obtain'd a second Triumph. U. C. Next, he fell upon Gabii, a City of great Note, io 225. or xi Miles Eaft of Rome, which had taken part with Sueb-Pometia : He invefled it, but meeting with great Lifficulties, he caus'd his eldeft Son Sextus to counterfeit Defertion, upon pretence of barbarous Ufage from his Father ; who being honourably receiv'd by the Gabines, by his cunning and infinua-ting Behaviour, got to be their Governor. After tome time he fent to his Father to know what Mea-fures to take ; Tarquin took the Meffenger into the Garden, and, in Imitation of Thralybulus the Mile-fian, cut down the talleft Poppies before his Face, then difmifs'd him without any other Anfwer Sex-tus, knowing the meaning of all that, put to death the Chap. VII. The Pegal State. 49 the molt principal Citizens, and eafily betray'd the Place into his Father's Hands. After this, Tarquin U. C. made a League with the Aqui, a neighbouring 232, People between the Vo/fci and the Sabines , and re- new'd that with the Hetrurians. 1 quin having gain'd great Riches and Spoils from Sueffa Pometia, refolv'd to fet about theTemple his Grandfather had defign'd ; and when he found fome Refpite from War, he employ'd a great number of Workmen about it. At their digging to lay U. C. the Foundation, a i\ilan's Head was found bleeding 240. afrefh, belonging to one Tokts,which gave the Name of CAPITOL to the Building. It was feared upon capitd,, a high Crag or Rock on Mount Capitoline, which from Romulus's Time had been cali'd Mons Tar p eius and before that Satyrnius. It was eight Acres in compafs, 200 Foot long, and as many broad, wanting 15 Foot, its height being equal to its length ; a molt magnificent Building, dedicated to yupiter, in Chief, but containing three Temples within the fame Walls, the middle belonging to yupiter, and the other two to yuno and Minerva, all under the fame Roof. It had a noble Front, looking towards the South, to the grand Forum, the moll frequented Part of the whole City. It had alfo a stately Porch or Gallery, with three Rows of Pillars, each fide having a double Row ; and to this they afcended by Ioo Steps,with large Spaces between several of 'em. To carry on this great Work, rarquin employ'd much of the publick Money and Stock, and likewife the Labour of the common People; but the Building was not finifh'd till two Years after his Banifhment. The Building of the Capitol was not only counted a great Ornament to the City, in refped of Magnificence, but was likewife look'd upon as a very great Bleffing upon the account of Religion : And in the fame Reign another, as great in their Opinion, hap-ned likewife to the Romans, which was tl.is: A cer- tain 5o The Iliftory. Book I. tain firange Woman came to the King, offering to fell him nine Books of the Sybilline Oracles. He re- bil's fufing to buy 'em at her Rate, the departed, and look. burning three of 'em, return'd, demanding as much for the fix remaining. Being laugh'd at for a Madwoman, the again departed, and burning half of 'em, return'd with the other three, hill asking as much as at firfi. iarquin, farpriz'd at the Strangenefs of the Thing, immediately fent for the Augurs to know her Meaning ; who much blam'd him for not buying the Nine, and advis'd him to buy the Three at the fame rate. The Woman, after the Sale and Delivery, ad vifing him to have a fpeeial Care of 'em, vanich'd, and was never after Peen, as Diony fits relates the Story. Tarquin chofe two Men out of the Nobility to keep them, to whom he allow'd two publick Servants ; but afterwards, in the Time of the Common-wealth, they were kept with the greateft Care imaginable, 15 of the moll eminent Perfons of the Nobility being chofen and appointed to keep 'em in a Stone-Cheft, in a Vault under the Capitol; and thefe were exempted from all other Burthens, both Military and Civil ; and for them only it was lawful to look in 'em. Thefe Magi-itrates, from their Number, were afterwards call'd Quindecemviri. Thefe Oracles were confulted by the Senate's Decrees in Times of Seditious, Plagues, and any publick Calamities ; and were kept here till they perifh'd in the Burning of the Capitol. U. C. HI. The People being fo much employ'd for four 244- Years together about the Building of the Capitol, began to make Tome Complaints; but Tarquin, to fa-tisfie 'em, but efpecially to recruit his own Coffers, proclaim'd War againft the Rutili, a People joining to the Latina, the Vo/fii, and the Sea, pretending they had receiv'd and entertain'd fame Roman Exiles; and upon that account he inverted Ardea, their Me- &repo/is, 1,)uinde- Chap. VII. Thee_cg.al State. tropolis, a City i 6 Miles South-Eafl of Rome. While he lay before this Place, his Son Sextus, with Tarqui-nius Collatinus, the Son of Egerius, Prifcus's Nephew, and Tome of the principal Courtiers, were drinking together in the Camp, where there hapned a Dif-courfe concerning their Wives, each Man praifing his own to a very high degree, which occafion'd a kind of a Quarrel. Collatinus told 'ern, It was in vain to talk, when their Eyes might fo loon convince 'em how much his Lucretia excell'd the rell, if they wou'd but immediately put it to a Tryal ; whereat they all cry'd, Come on : And being well heated with Wine, they took horfe without delay, and pofted for Rome, from which Place they rod to Collatia to fee Lucretia, where coming late at Night they found her, not like the reff of their Wives, fpending her Time in Eafe and Idlenefs, but in the midft of her Maids hard at Work. Her Goodnefs and Modeity, as well as her Shape and Beauty, fo charm'd 'em all, that they unanimoufly gave her the Preference. Here Collatinus made a noble Entertainment for his Guells, and the next Day return'd with 'em to the Camp. Sextus, now inflam'd by Lucretia's Beauty, and the More by the Reputation of her fam'd Chattity, was refolv'd to enjoy her upon any Terms ; therefore, within few Days after, he went privately with one Servant to Collatia, where he was kindly entertain'd by her, and, without any Sufpicion, lodg'd in the Houfe. At Midnight he found means to convey hiinfelf into her Bed-Chamber, approached her Bed-fide with his drawn Sword, and rudely laying his Hand on her Breaft, threatned her with prefent Death, the offer'd to fir or (peak. The poor Lady affrighted out of her Sleep, and teeing Death fo nigh, was in the greateff Confufion imaginable ; but Sextus at firft, with all the grate-s and Intreaties, told her the Violence of his Paffion, withal, endea-vour'd to corrupt her with the glittering Promifes E z of 5 2 The Book I. of Empire and a Crown ; but all in vain. At WI he told her, Ifjhe wou'd not yield, he wou'd firfl kill her, then lay his own Slave dead by her fide, and report it was for furprizing her in Adultery with him • by which means he obtain'd his End and in the Morning he departed. Lucretia, inrag'd at this barbarous Ufage, immediately fent for her Father from Rome, and her Husband from the Camp ; defiring them to bring with them fome particular and special Friends, for a moll dreadful Mifchief, and that of the vafiefl Importance, had befall'n her. With her Father Lucretins came Publius Valerius, and with her Husband Lucius, 'Junius Brutus, formerly mention'd ; who finding her in her Chamber, in a molt lamentable and defperate Condition, the told 'em the whole Matter, and re-je&ing all Thoughts of Comfort, the molt folemnly abjur'd em all, with the molt powerful Perfuafion imaginable, to revenge her Caufe to the utmoll, and immediately with her Knife, ftabb'd her felf to the Heart, as the trueft Initance the cou'd give of her real Chaftity. The whole Company were flricken with a Mixture of Sadnefs and Amazement at the Greatnefs as well as the Strangenefs of the A&; but while they were lamenting over the dead Body, Brutus catching at this Opportunity, now threw off his long Difguife, giving them to underfland, how far dile-rent he was from the Perfon they always took him for; and further fhew'd 'ern molt manifeft Tokens of the Greatnefs of his Spirir,and the Depth of his Policy. He told 'em, That Tears and Lamentations cou'd never be heard, whi Jl Vengeance cry'd fo loud; thereupon, in a great Rage, going to the Body, and drawing the bloody Knife from out the Wound, (wore by Mars, and all the Celeflial Powers above, Utterly to exterminate Tarquin with his impious Wife and Progeny, to profecute them and all their Friends with the ut-moil Rage of Fire and Sword, and never after to fuffer the Chap. VII. The legal State. the Tarquins or any other to reign in Rome. Then he deliver d the Knife to the reit, who, all wondering at fo extraordinary a Change in Brutus, fwore as he had done; and turning their effeminate Sorrow to a masculine Fury, they refolv'd to follow his In-firudions, and extirpate Kingly Government. Brutus, as loon as he cou'd, procur d the Gates of the City to be film, that all might be kept fecret from Tarquin, till filch time as the People might be af-fembled, the dead Body expos'd, and a Publick Decree for Tarquin" s Banithment procur'd. The Senate being ailembled, all thew'd their Wil-lingnefs to banifh Tarquin, but at firfi had very different Opinions concerning the new-modelling of the Government, which probably might make it a tedious Bufinefs. _Brutus reprefented to 'em the ab-folute neceffity of a quick Difpatch, and immediately prefcrib'd 'em a Form of Government; (hewing them, That before Tarquin's violating his own and his Predeceifors Oath, Rome had been happy and famords, both for her AEls abroad, and her Conflitutions at home ; and that the Regal Power had at lafl been dangerous, and almofl clefiruElive to the Security of the State, and the Safety of the People; and therefore was not to be trufled in one Man's Hands, but two were to be chofen who fhou'd govern with equal Authority and Command. Then, be-caufe Names alone were ofenfive to many People, he thought that of Kingdom were to be left of, and the other of Common-wealth to be affum'd ; and, infiead of the Title of King and Monarch, fome more modefi and popular was to be invented; as likewift were fome of their Enfigns to be laid aide, and others to be retaii,i d. That the main and only thing to keep there Magifirates in order, was, to prevent their perpetual Power; and if they were Annual, after the manner of Athens, each might learn both how to be .fiibjea, and how to govern. Laftly, That the Name of King might not be wholly lo/l, the Title was to be given to one who Thou d be call'd Rex Sacroram, R,„ sa„, who ram. E 3 53 54 112e Roman Hiflory. Book I. who having this Honour for Life, and Immunity front Warfare,fhou'd only concern himfelf with thole Religious Rites which the King had charge of before. The Particulars of this Speech were all approv'd of by the Senate, who immediately iilu'd out a Decree for the King's Banifhment, in this Form, That the Tar-quinii fhou'd be baniflf d with all their Offspring, and that it fhou'd be capital for any one to fpeak or al for their Return. Brutus having procur'd thus much, the Comitia were immediately affembl'd by him, and the Body of Lucretia, all difmally bloody, brought, and fet there for a pitiful Spe&acle to all the People. There Brutus, to their great Surprize, difcover'd himfelf, telling 'em the Reafons of his long and strange Dif-fimulation, and the great Occafion of their prefent Meeting, withal Ihewing 'em the Senate's Decree. Then he fell to enumerating all the feveral Crimes and Villanies of Tarquin, particularly, That he had poifbn'd his own Brother, firangled his Wife, murder'd his lawful Sovereign, and fill'd Ditches and common Sewers with the Bodies of the Nobility : That he came to the Kingdom an Ufurper, and continu'd in it a Tyrant ; being treacherous to his greatefl Friends, and barbarous to all Mankind : That his three Sons were of a Temper as Infolent and Tyrannical as himfelf, efpecially the eldefi„ of which they now had a fad and doleful Inflance before their Eyes. That fince the King was abfent, and the Patricians all refolv'd, neither Men, Money, nor Foreign Aid fhou'd be wanting to 'em, had they but Courage for the Enterprize. Urging withal, That it was a fhame to think of Commanding the Volfci, Sabines, and Na- tions abroad, and be Slaves to others at home ; and to maintain fo many Wars to ferve the ambitious Ends of a Tyrant, and not undertake one for their own Liberty. And that as for the Army at the Siege, their own Interefis in ll ref pegs wou'd oblige 'em to join in whatever was weed upon in the City. The Chap. VII. The Pall State. The Multitude, tranfported with the Hopes of Liberty, and charm'd with the Perfon and graceful Behaviour of Brutm, with load Acclamations gave their Affent, and immediately call'd for Arms. Lu-cretigs was appointed Inter-rex for holding the Comi-tia, who 'trait adjourdd it to the Campm Marcim, where Magiftrates were eleded in their Armour. There he nominated Brutus and Collatinus to exer-cife the Regal Power, as they before had agreed on among themfelves, and the Centuries conFirm'd 'em by their Suffrages. In the mean time, Tarquin having heard fomething of thefe Transadions, came riding in all hafte to the City, with his Sons, and fome of his molt trufly Friends, to prevent the Mif-chiefs that threaten'd him ; but finding the Gates Taft film, and the Walls full of arrn'd Men, in great Grief he return'd to the Camp. But Brutus forefee-ing his fudden coming, had indufirionfly got before him to the Army another way, and acquainted them with the Decree both of Senate and People, inviting 'em hard to a Revolt. Immediately their Suffrages were call'd over according to their Centuries, and they unanimoufly agreed to do exa6tly as their Friends in the City had done; fo that when Tarquin return'd, they refus'd to admit him. Thus fruftrated of his Hopes, he went to Gabii, or to Care in Fletruria, now Grey-headed, having reign'd Years. Herminius and Horatius, chief Commanders U. C. of the Army, made a Truce with the Enemy for 245, 15 Years, and railing the Siege before Ardea, re- turn'd to Rome with all their Forces. IV. Such was the End of the Regal State of Rome, 245 Years after the Building of the City, in the &ft Year of the 68th Olympiad, A. M. 3596. 31 Years after the Ruine of the Babylonian Empire, and the Petting up of the Perfian, 179 before the Beginning of the Macedonian, and 507 before our Saviour E 4 Chrifl, 55 5 6 7ihe Tv_man Hifiory. Book I. Chrift, occafion'd by a Man who knew neither how to govern according to the Laws, nor yet to reign againft them. The Roman Dominions now con-tain'd molt of Old Latium, with the greateft part of the Sabines Country, a confiderable part of Hetruria, particularly of the Veientes, Caretanes, and 7 arquinii, betides Tome fmall parts of the Volfci and .qui; being much about 4o Miles long, and 3o broad ; a Spot of Ground not fo large by a fourth Part as either the Dukedoms of Modena,Parma, or Mantua, and not much larger than the Territory of the Common-wealth of Luca ; fo that this was rightly term'd by Hiflorians, the Infancy of Rome, efpecially (ince moft of there Parts were both able and ready to revolt upon every little occafion, as the Romans often found afterwards ; fo that it coft 'em many Years trouble, and many hazardous Wars, before they cou'd wholly fubdue 'em, and much enlarge their Dominions. If we look upon the City it Pelf at this time, we may find it increas'd after a far greater Proportion than formerly, and its large Extent, its numerous Inhabitants, and its magnificent Struature, were happy Fore runners of its future Grandeur and Empire. And thefe, together with the wife Inftitu-tion of its Prince, and the great Prudence and Gravity of its Senate, were the main Supporters and Prefervers of it, in the midft of fo many envious Neighbours, and powerful Enemies ; tho' indeed the Inhabitants themfelves were an extream rough and unpoliih'd People, little acquainted with Knowledge and Learning, and far unlike their Suc-ceffors in Skill and Conduct : Their Engagements were more like fo many Tumults than real Battles, where Obftinacy in Fighting generally fupply'd the Place of Difcipline in War ; only they had the good Fortune to deal with Neighbours, who had more Barbarity and ignorance than themfelves. In fhort, Chap. VII. The The1Regal State. fhort, what may truly be affirm'd of the Old Romans, is, they were a People of molt extraordinary Courage and Fierceneis, a People of prodigious Hardi-nels and Aufterity of Life, a People of indefatigable Induflry, and wonderful Lovers of their Country ; and from there main Springs afterwards proceeded many great and noble Actions. Before the Conc',Awl of this firft Book, to make the Roman Hiflory as clear and intelligible as poffi-ble, it may be convenient to give a Hint of the fe-veral Countries the Romans afterwards became Mailers of. Firft Gaul, which was then inhabited by an unciviliz d, tho' a warlike People, was broken and divided into a great Number of petty Governments. Spain and Germany were much in the fame Condition, and Britain not much better, as likewife was Dacia and Elyricum. Greece was in a molt flourishing wealthy Condition, under feveral Monarchs of Renown, and powerful Common-wealths ; but not long after became fubje& to the Macedonian Empire. Afia Minor was almoft in the fame Condition, then fubje&ed to the Perfian, and next to the Macedonian Empires, but at laft partly freed from the latter. Armenia was a confiderable Monarchy. Syria, Chaldeea, Affyria, and Mefopotamia, were all powerful States, but fucceffively fubje& to the Fagan and Maccdonian Empires, the firft of which prov'd a feparate Kingdom. yudea was a fmall but noble Kingdom. iEgypt was alfo a flourishing Kingdom, fubje& to its own Kings. Africa was a powerful and growing Common-wealth, who had Sicily in a great meafure. As for Italy itfelf, that was divided among many petty Nations and People, as was obferv'd in the Beginning. 57 The End of the Firft Book, T H E Roman Hiffory. BOOK II. The Confular State of R 0 M E, from the Beginning of that Government, to theuine of it by the Firft Triumvirate. containing the Space of 449 Tears. CHAP. I. From the Banifhment of the daft King, to the .firfl Dilatory which was the firfl Inter- tniffion of the Confillar Power. Containing the Space of lo rears. HE Stare of Affairs in Rome was now U. C. wholly alter'd, and the Government 245. quite chang'd ; Refloration of Ancient Privileges was thePeoples conflant Dif-courfe, and an odd Mixture of Fury and Cunning ran through the whole Body of the Nation, which caus'd 'em to put down Kingly Government and fet up that of Confuls. Thefe high Offi- confids. cers were two in number, firfl call'd Prators, next judices, and afterwards Confuls, d Confulendo, from Conn- to, 41141 6o The (koinctil Hiftory. Book II. Counfelling or Confulting the Common Good of the People: They were yearly cleated by the People in the Centuriata Comitia, out of the Patricians, being Perfons no lets than 43 Years olds or nigh, and of excellent (Zpaiifications, as long as there was little or no Corruptions. The Confular Power was at E-11 equal to the Regal, till in a fhort time Popli-cola bfought in the Liberty of appealing to the People : Yet, after this, their Authority was very large, for they uere the Heads of the People and Senate, fitperi -cur to all other MagifIrates, govern' d the State, difpos d cil- the Pubhck Revenues, adminller'd yullice, call' d and elifintfi d the Senate, and all General Affemblies, had all the Laws enabled in their Names, led Armies, appointed Officers, treated with all Foreign Princes and Ambaffadors, and tranfabled many other things in their own Names. They had alfo the Royal Ornaments us'd by the Kings, as the Golden Crown, Scepter, Purple Robes, 1/Vhite Robes, the twelve Liblors, with the Axes and Fafces, the Ivory and Curule Chairs; only to prevent the People's jealoufies, the Crowns and Scepters were never us'd but upon extraordinary Days of Triumph; and commonly one was attended by the Ales, and the other by the Rods, changing each Month. The &ft Confitls were L. yunias Brutgs, and 1.7arquinius Collatinus, who had been the AuthorS of this Settlement; and they immediately reviv'd the Laws of Servius Tullius, concerning Publick Meetings and Affemblies, with other things that con-duc'd to the Satisfa&ion of the Common fort, who iook'd upon their ancient Rights as newly recover'd. Before Affairs were perfe6fly fettled in the Common- wealth, fome Ambaffadors from Hetruria ar-riv'd at Rome, in behalf of the late King Tarquin, who was now fo mortify'd, and fo fenfible of his Mifmanagernent, that he made very large Promifes of obferving all regular AdrninifIration for the future, if they wou' d receive him as their lawful King, When Chap. I. The Con fular State. When this Propofal cou'd not be heard, the Am-bafladors only defir'd, That he might have his Goods return'd him, at leaft fuch as were his Grand father Prif-cus's, who had deferv'd no 111 at their hands. But Brutus very violently oppos'd that Demand, as being almoft as dangerous as the other; he efleeming it no good Policy to furnifh an Enemy with Money againft themfelves ; however his Colleague Collative moft readly comply'd with it, but putting it to the Vote, it pafs'd in the negative, the Voices being very nigh equal. The Ambaffadors meeting with no Succefs, according to their InftruEtions, made fe-veral plaufible Excufes for tarrying in Rome longer than ordinary ; and in that time, by that cunning Management and fair Promifes, found means to draw over fome of Collatine's Family to their fides, namely, two of the Aqui/ii, and three of the Vitellii, together with Brutus's two Sons, Titus and Tiberius. Thefe, with fome others, all join'd in a Confpiracy, keeping their private Meetings at the Houfe of the Aquilii, there to confult about, and manage their Defigns,which were to kill both the Confuls, and to endeavour to re-enthrone Tarquin. These Confpirators cou'd not long conceal their Pra&ices, but were difcover'd by a Slave call'd Vin-dicius, who had accidentally hid himfelf in the fame Room, fearing to be found there, and not having time to come out. Now Vindicius, fearing to difco-ver this firange Accident to either of the Confuls, upon the account of fuch a nigh Relation, went di-reEtly to Vakrius, afterwards call'd Poplicola, a great Affiftant in this Revolution, and laid open the whole Plot. Valeria' was much 'larded at the Dif-covery; therefore to proceed warily, he firfi fecur'd the Slave, to have him in readinefs; then fending his Brother Marcus to befet the King's Palace, and watch all the Servants there, he himfelf, with his Friends and Clients,went to the Houfe of theAquitii, where 61. 6 2 The Poinan Iltjtory. Book I. where he feiz'd on feveral Letters writ to Tarquin by thefe Confpirators. The Aquilii being abroad, met 'em at the Gate, where they endeavour'd to recover their Letters by force of Arms; but Valerius,by the help of his Followers, violently dragg'd 'em to the Forum, where he found fome of the King's Servants with other Letters, who had been likewife forc'd thither by his Brother Marcus. The People throng'd on all tides, but the Conful's Sons drew the Eyes of the whole Multitude upon 'em, and feveral Tumults were like to arife, till both the Confuls came, and afcendir g the Tribunal, appeas'd all. Vindicius was immediately fent for by Valerius's Order and coming before the Confuls, he related the whole Story at large, and fora greater Proof againft 'cm, the Letters were read publickly before all, Brutus all the while inwardly burning with Rage and Fury. The accus'd Parties pleaded nothing for them-felves, but all flood wonderfully aflonifh'd, and in a profound Silence ; till at WI fome, to flatter Brutus, propos'd Banifhment as a fufficient Punifhment, and Collatine's Tears with Va/erius's Silence, gave the Pri-foners great hopes of Mercy. But Brutus at WI role up, with a flern Majefty, and a Refolution to do fomething that theta orld fhould wonder at: He call'd aloud to both his Sons, Canfl not thou, 0 Titus, nor thou, Tiberius, make any Defence againfi thefe Crimes now laid to your charge? This Qieftion he put to them three feveraltimes,and receiving no Anfwer,he turn'd himfelf to the LiElors and Executioners, faying, Now 'tis your part to perform the re fl. Nor cou'd all the Sentiments of paternal Pity, nor all the fad pleading Looks of the People, nor yet the lamentable Complaints of the unhappy Youths, move the Firmnefs of his Refolution; but prefently the LiElors feiz'd on the two young Men, and tripping 'em, ty'd their Hands behind 'cm, then tore their Bodies with Scourges, and prefently after beheaded 'em; Brutus all Chap. I. The Confular State. all the time gazing on the cruel Spe&acle with a molt fieady Look and unalter'd Countenance, while the Multitude look'd on with a (range mixture of Pity and Amazement. Brutus, after this Execution, im-mediarcl departed out of the AP mbl J, leaving the reit of the Criminals to the alert:tam]. of his (ollrgr'e. Collatine's Backwardnefs in punifhing the Pr;ioners encourag'd the Aquilii to defire fome time to answer, and to have their Slave Vindicius deliver'd up to 'em, and not to continue in the hands of their Accufers. Collative was ready to do both, and to dismifs the A f-fembly.when Valerius,who bad the Slave in his hands, wou'd neither deliver him, nor fuller the People to break up without cenfuring the Accufed ; but immediately laid hands on the Aquilii, and fent for Brutus,excia.iming againfi Collatine's partial Dealings; vrbercupon the Conful, in a Rage, commanded the Lidors to take away Vindicius, who laying, hold on him by violence, were affaulted by Valerius s Friends, the People all the while crying out for Brutus. Upon his appearing, Silence being made, he told the People, He had already (hewn himfelf a fu5ient Lover of his Country by, his yullice to his Sons, and left the other Delinquents to them, giving leave to every Man to fpeak freely. They immediately put it to the Vote, and condemn'd 'em to be beheaded,which was prefently executed. Callatine finding the People fo enrag'd at him, partly for the fake of his nigh Relation to Tarquin, and partly for his unfortunate Behaviour in this Bufinefs, willing ly refign'd his Place, and departed the City. Valerius was ftrait chofen Conful in his Room, who, to reward Vindicius, made him free, allowing him some Privileges above former Freed-. Men; and from him a perfeCt and full Manumiflion was afterwards call'd Vindiaa. This done, the Con fu/ di- vindifta, vided Yarquin's Goods among the People,demolifh'd his Palace, and laid the Campus Marcius, which he had kept to himfelf, open as before, where hapning to 63 64 The Roman Hiftory. Book II. to be Corn which had been newly cut down, they threw it into the River ; and after that the Trees that grew there, which faftning in the Ground, and flopping the Rubbith that was brought down by the Stream, at WI grew into an Ifland, which they In] da Sa. call'd lnfula Sacra. cra. U. C. II. Tarquin now finding all his Endeavours inef- 246. feetual, drew together a confiderable Army of He-trurians, and advanc'd towards Rome. The Confids likewife drew out theirs to oppofe him, and upon their joining, the two Generals, Aruns the Son of Tarquin, and Brutus the Conful, imprudently fingled out each other, and fighting with more Zeal and Fury than Condud and Difcretion, were both flain. A very bloody Battel follow'd between both Armies, which the Night parted, but with fuch equal Fortune, that neither Party had much reafon to boaft ; but in the Night-time, either from a Voice out of a Grove, as the common Story goes, That the He-trurians had loft one Man more than the Romans, or from Tome other extraordinary Fright, the Enemy abandon'd their Camp, and being fallen upon by the Romans, were nigh 5000 taken Prifoners, having loft 11300 in the Bartel before. For this Viaory i7alerius triumph'd at his return to the City, after a more magnificent manner than any before him ; whole Example was always obferv'd by Poilerity. Soon after, he bury'd his Colleague Brutus with great Honour, he himfelf making a Funeral Oration in his Commendation ; and this Cullom was con-tinu'd in Rome for the future, upon the Death of all great and memorable Perfons. There was fuch an univerfal Concern through all the City for Brutus's Death, that the Women by general Confent mourn'd for him a whole Twelvemonth, which was two Months more than Numa had appointed. Valeria, Chap. I. The Confular State. 6 T/alerius now fole Governor, deferr'd the EleEiion of another Conful, that he might the more eali-ly fettle the Common-wealth himself ; but the People complaining, and fearing anothet Tarquin, he loon let 'em fee their Miftake by his courteous Behaviour and ready Compliance with all their Defires, even to the demolifling his own Houle, which they thought too large and 'lately for him. His courteous and obliging Carriage, and his bowing to the People in the Aftembly, got him the Name of Pop licola. He firft fill'd up the Senate, which wanted 164 Perfons ; then made feveral Laws in favour of the People, -and for the Retrenchment of the Confidar Power. By one, he ailow'd an Appeal from the Con-fuls to the People. By another, he made it Death for any Man to take any Magiftrate's Office without the People's Confent. A third, gave relief to poor Citizens, by taking away the payment of Tribute. Another punith'd Difobedience to Confuls, and appointed a Penalty of five Oxen, and two Sheep; a Sheep being in thole days valu'd at ten Obili ; (each Oho/us x d. i q) and anOx at an hundred. AnotherLaw gave Power to any Man to kill the Perfon unheard, who affe&ed the fupreme Power, if he cou'd demonftrate the Crime. The Taff Law was for the Creation of two Quaflors or Publick Treafurers,who were to take zfi)rs care of the Publick Monies and Contributions, and appointed the Temple of Saturn for the .zzErarium or Treafury. Thefe Officers were fo nam'd I quarendo, becanfe they enquire after the Publick Money, and likewife after Malefa&ors. Some fay Romulus and Numa had their Quaflors, but then they were for Pu-nifhment, fuch as were afterward the Triumviri, for Capital Matters. This Q_uallorfhip was the firft step to the Offices of Magiftracy, and they were likewife to keep the Military Enfigns in theTreafury, to fell Plunder and Booty, lodge and carry out Am-bafradors,and feveral other things of the like Nature, F Their 66 The Hiliory. Book It. Their Number was afterwards very much encreas'd, till in the Time of yulius Ccefar they came to forty, fume being us'd for the Armies, and others for the Provinces. Of which thefe two of the fill Creation were term'd Urbani, the reit Provinciales and Militares. Poplicola having thus fettled Affairs, held an Af-fembly for the Election of another Conful ; where Lucretius, the Father of Lucretia, was chofen, to whom, as being the Elder, Poplicola granted the Fafces, or Bundle of Rods, which refpeet of Age was ever obferv'd by their Succelfors. Lucretius dying a few Days after his Creation, was fucceeded by M. Horatius, in whole time the Capitol was finifh'd, and the Dedication of it fell to Horatius, much againft Poplicola's Will, who was forc'd to be abroad in the Wars at the fame time. This was perform'd with great Pomp and Solemnity, and with as great a Concourfe of People of all forts. In the fame Year was the ail League made between the Romans and Carthaginians, according to Polybius, wherein it was provided that the Romans ihou'd not fail beyond the Fair Promontory, which lay before Carthage towards the North ; but were allow'd to traffick in all that Part of Africa on this fide the Promontory, as alfo in Sardinia, and that Part of Sicily that was then under the Carthaginians. From whence it appears, that the Carthaginians look'd upon Africa and Sardinia as all their own, but Sicily only in part ; but the Romans included in this League only Latium, making no mention of the reft of Italy, which was not then in their Power. In a little time after Horatius's Ele&ion, the time coming for new Confuls to be made, Po-plicola was chofen a fecond time, and with him Lucretius 7riciptinus, in whole time a Cenfus being perform'd, 130000 were cefs'd and valu'd, betides Widows and Orphans. III. Be. Chap. I. Tile Confular State, 67 III. Before Popheads fecond Confuithip was ex- V. C. pir'd, Tarquin after his WI Defeat, had betaken him- 247. felf to the Clufni, one of the twelve Nations of He-truria, and had procur'd Porfena, King of Clufium, and of great Power, to undertake his Carrel. Po-plicola, to appear as magnificent as this King, founded the City Sigliucia, or rather Signia, while he was approaching,which he fortify'd with great Expence, and planted it with a Colony of loo Inhabitants. But Porfena march'd dire&ly to Rome, laid a dole Siege to it, and made a furious Attack upon the Place ; in which Conteft the two Confuls with much difficulty repulfing the Hetrurians, were both wounded and carry'd off. Upon which the Romans were much diihearten'd, and flying in great Diforder, were clofely purfu'd by the Enemy to the Bridge, who wou'd alfo undoubtedly have enter'd the Town with 'em, had not Horatius Coecles, with only Her-;Junius and Lartius, molt valiantly oppos'd 'em. Coe- cies defended the Paffage with a wonderful Bravery, till his own Party found time to break down the Bridge, then caft himfelf arm'd, as he was, into the River, and fwam over to his Friends, having receiv'd a Wound with a Spear in his Pairage over. Poplicola, to reward him this extraordinary piece of Service, gave him feveral great Privileges, and appointed a Statue to be ereCted to his Memory in the Temple of Vulcan. Porfena held the Siege a long time, and reduc'd the City to great Straits ; but Po-plicola, now exercifing his third Confulfhip together with his WI Year's Collegue, drew out his Forces, engag'd the King, overthrew him, and kill'd Soon of his Men. Neverthelefs, the Siege continu'd, till Mutius, a Man of a molt undaunted Courage, refolving to attempt the Life of Porfena, tho' amidit his own Sol- diers, put on a Tufc an Habit, and ding that Lan- F guagc 68 The Zo.man Hiflory. Book II. guage, came into the Camp, where by a Millake he itab'd the King's Secretary, who fat nigh him,in-flead of the King himfelf. Being apprehended, and ready to be examin'd, he, like a Perlon more dread- ful to others than fearful himself, told 'em, That he was a Roman, and knew as well how to fuSe r as to aa. Upon which he couragioufly thruff his Right Hand into the Fire, intending to punifh it for fo great a Miftake, all the while beholding Porfena with a fleady and angry Countenance, who firuck and amaz'd at the Grcatnefs of his Refolution,difmifs'd him with much Appatife, and reach'd him his Sword back from his Throne. Mutim taking it with his Left Hand (whence he had the Name of Scavo-/a) told the King, That the Noblenefs of his Generolity had more vanquifh'd him than all the Terrors of his Threats ; and that in requital he wou' d reveal a Secret to him, which no Torments fhou'd ever have extorted from him : That three hundred Romans in the Camp were now waiting for his Life: That the firft Attempt was appointed for him ; but now he was extreamly fiztisly'd that he had fo happily mifs'd killing a Perfon, whofe Magnanimity better entidd him to the Friendyhip, than the Hatred cf the Roman Nation. Porfena hearing this, was immediately inclin'd to an Accommodation,not out of Fear of the 30o Men, but in admiration of the Roman Courage. Poplicola was well pleas'd with the Propofal, and agreed to make him Arbitrator between Tarquin and the People; but Tarquin refo-lutely refus'd to admit of any Judge; much lefs Porfe;2a, who, as he faid, had promis'd him Aid, and now bafily fallify'd his Word. Porfina, angry at this, immediately made Peace with the Romans upon thefe Articles, That the Romans Jhou'd quit thole Tufcan Lands, which they had taken from the Veientes, reflore all Prifoners, and receive all their Deferters. For the ratifying this Peace the Romans depos'd Twenty Hof Cages, Ten young Men, and as many Vir- Chap I. The Con fular State. 69 Virgins, among which was Veleria, the Daughter of Poplicola. All Atts of Hoflility ceafing, Clalia, a bold Virago, and one of the Hoftages, got from her Keepers, and at the Head of the reit of the Virgins,fwam over the River fiber, amidft the Darts of the Enemies ; and being all got home, they prefented them-felves before Poplicola; but he fearing the dangerous Confequences fuch an Aat might occafion, fent them all back to Porfena ; which 'Tarquin underflanding, laid an Ambuscade for them and their Convoy, but they were rescu'd by Aruns, Porfena's Son. Porfena examining them, was fo much taken with the extraordinary Courage and good Behaviour of Calla, prefented her with one of his own Horfes fumptu-oufly equip'd, and gave her Power of difpofing of a fet number of the Hoftages, which the did with much Discretion, chufing out the youngeft, as being lefs able to bear Injuries and Hardfhips. Then to give a further Teftimony of his great Refpeats to the Romans, befides other Pieces of Magnificence, he commanded all his Soldiers to leave the Camp with only their Arms, delivering to the Romans his Tents well furnifh'd with Provifions and Riches. On the other fide the Romans, to {hew their Gratitude, and to preferve his Memory, ereaed a Statue for him by the Senate-Houle; and another to Clalia, as Limy relates it, which was a Maid on Horfeback, in the Street call'd Via Sacra; giving likewife to Mutius a Field beyond the Tiber, afterwards call'd Muti Pra- ta. Thus ended the fletrurian War, much to Tar- quin's DiffatisfaEtion ; and loon after Herminius and Lartius, who had fo bravely defended the Bridge, were together chofen Confuls. IV. A Year or two after the Sabines began to be very troublefome, making Incurfions into the Roman Territories. M. Valerius being one of the Confuls, by the Infirualions of his Brother Poplicola, obtain'd F 3 great U. C. 249. The'I he12oman Hiflory. Book 11. great Honours, overthrowing 'em twice, the laft time killing i 3000, with little or no lofs to the Romans. Betides his Triumph, he had the additional Honour of a Houle built for him at the Publick Charge. The Year following, when Poplicola was Conful the fourth time, the whole Nation of the Sabines join'd in Confederacy with the Latines a-gainft Rome; but Appius Claufm, an eminent Man among the Sabines for Riches, Valour, and Eloquence, being much againft the War, firfl retarded their Preparations, then after a short time came over to the Romans with 5 000 Families of his Friends and Dependants. Thefe had a confiderable quantity of Land, and large Privileges allow'd 'em, betides their Freedom, efpecially Clauftts himfelf, who was made alfo a Senator ; and the Claufi, afterwards clai~d i. call'd Claudii, became as great a Family as any in Tribes en- Rome. Soon after this, the Tribes of the Roman State creas',/ were encreas'd from Four to One and twenty, and fe"nd one of the Four in the City was call'd Tribm Clau- time. dia, from the foremention'd Appius Claudius; and this remarkable Change happen'd in the 250th Year of this City, but upon what Account, and by whole Means it was effe6ted, Hiftorians are very fluent. The Sabines having made all neceffary Preparations, advanc'd with all the Troops to Fidenx, laying an Ambufeade of aoo Foot; whereof Poplicola having fome notice by Deferters, he divided his Forces into three Parts, and taking the advantage of a Mitt, fell upon the Enemy on fo many fides, that on-lv the nigh Diflance of Fidena, fav'd "em from being all cut off; the Romans obtaining large Plunder, and Poplicok.; a noble Triumph. Not long after, Pop/ick ia having ended his Confulfhip, dy'd ; and the People, as well upon the account of his Poverty, as to 1iew their Refpe& to fo great and ferviceable a Per-i71-n, decreed he iliou'd be bury'd at the Publick Charge, and by a Favour peculiar to that Family alone, Chap. I. The Confular State. 71 alone, within the City. This was perform'd with an equal Mixture of Pomp and Sorrow; the Women, by a general Confent, mourning for him a whole Year, as they had before done for Brutus. In the U. C. fame Year, Pofthumius and Menenius, being Confuls, 25 r. the Sabines once more drawing together a numerous Army, march'd up almoft to the Walls of Rome. As the Confuls advanc'd towards 'em, Pofihumius fell into an Ambufcade, loft many of his Men, and narrowly efcap'd himfelf ; which unfortunate Dif-advantage put the Citizens into fo great a Confier-nation, that they ran back with all (peed to their Walls, expe&ing when the Enemy fhou'd attack the City : But the Enemy making no fuch Attempt, they march'd out again, refolving to redeem their loft Credit ; and Pofihumius, more concern'd than the reit, behav'd himfelf nobly, and, together witli his Collegue, obtain'd a notable ViCtory, which had been finifh'd with the entire Ruine of the Sabines, had not the Night interpos'd. For the Greatnefs of this ViCtory, the Senate decreed Menenius a full Triumph ; but Pofthumius, by reafon of his ill Succefs in the Beginning, had only an inferior one, which the Romans call'd Ovation, fo ovation. nam'd from the Letter 0, as it is faid,which the Soldiers in way of Joy were wont to eccho at their return from Vie tory, whereas in Triumphs they cry'd loTriumphe ! Now an Ovation differ'd from a Triumph, Triumph. properly fo call'd, in thefe Particulars ; namely, that in an Ovation, the General enter'd the City on foot, and not in a Chariot; that he was met only by the Knights and Gentlemen, not by the Senators in their Robes ; that he himfelf had only the Pretexta Toga, the ordinary Habit of Confuls and Prxtors, and not the Robe interwoven with Gold : And laftly, That 'le had not a Scepter in his Hand, but had only Laurel, and a Wreath of Myrtle on his Head. The Year U. C. following, Caffius and Virginiui being Confuls, the 252. F 4 Sabines, 72 The tinan Hiftory. Book, H. Sabines receiv'd another great Overthrow at Cures, 10300 being kill'd, and 4000 taken Prifoners ; which Defeat forc'd 'em to beg Peace, and purchafe it with Corn, Money, and part of their Lands. While Caffius did this good Service again[{ the Sabines, his Colleague Virginius fubdu'd the Camarimeans, who had revolted, and having executed the Ring-leaders, he fold the reit, and demolifh'd the City : And thus ended the Conteft with the Sabines for awhile. V. Tarquin flill refuels and unfatisfy'd, by the Af-fill:Ince of Mamilius Odavius, his Son-in- law, flired up the whole Body of the Latines to declare War oa ia nit Rome; and moreover, had procur'd Fidence to revolt.. But the Senate prudently declin'd making War with all the Latines, well knowing that many of 'em were rather inclin'd to live in Peace; therefore at firft they block'd up Fidende, which had receiv'd fome of Tarquin's Forces. Tarquin meeting with no greatSuccefs,now endeavour'd to accomplifh hisDe-figns a more eafy way, by fomenting Differences and Qiarrels between the rich and poorer Sort of Rome; for the effeaing of which, he happen'd on a very convenient Opportunity for his Purpofe. For about this time the Common People, who were bur-den'd by Ufury, were much diffatisfy'd with the pre-fent State of Affairs, efpecialy with the unreafo-nable Severity of Creditors, who generally feiz'd upon the Body of their Debtors, and us d 'em worfe than Slaves. Tarquin being fenfible of all this, fent certain of his Friends with good Quantities of Gold, giving 'em fome in hand, and promifing more after the King's Refloration, and thereby procur'd a Conspiracy of many poor Citizens, and difcon-tented Slaves. But the whole Matter was loon dif-cover'd to Sulpicius, one of the Confuls, who after lie had return'd a very civil Denial to the Latine Ambaifadors, then prefent about Bufinefs, by a Wile U C. r54. Chap. I. The Confular State. 73 Wile drew the Confpirators into the Forum; where incompaffing 'em about, he put 'em all to the Sword. U C. Thefe dangerous Stirs being thus allay'd for a time, the Confuls of this and the following Year look'd abroad, and in no long time Fidena was yielded to Largius Flavius. The Latines now inrag'd at the Lofs of this Town, began to complain of their principal Men ; which Opportunity Tarquin and Mamilius fo far improv'd, as to procure all the Latin Cities, 24 in number, to declare War againft the Romans ; withal engaging them, that none should forfake the Intereft of the Affociates, nor make any feparate Peace, which they feal'd with dreadful Oaths and Curfes againft them who fhou'd break the Confederacy, who were to be held as Enemies by all the refl. The Latines made extraordinary Preparations, as likewise did the Romans; but the latter cou'd procure no Auxiliaries abroad, therefore were forc'd to rely all upon theirDomeflickStrength, which Neceffity made the better Sort more couragi-ous and valiant. But in levying Men, to the great Surprize of the Confuls and Senate, the poorer Sort and Debtors, which were very numerous, refus'd to lift themfelves, except their Debts were all remitted by a Decree of Senate ; nay, fome began to talk of leaving the City, (ince they cou'd have no happy Life while they were there. 255. The Patritians endeavour'd to appeafe the Multitude by gentle Words, but all in vain ; upon which the.Senate fel into a ferious Debate about this weighty Matter. There were fome for a free Remiffion of all Debts, as the fafeft and fecureft Method at that Junaure ; others urg'd the dangerous Confe-quences of this Condefcenfion, advifing 'em to lift fuch as wou'd give in their Names,and flight the refl. Between there two Extreams, feveral other Methods were propos'd ; but at length this Order prevail'd. That all Suits and Proceffes concerning Debts Aould ceare till 74 The Roman Hiflory, Book II. till this War was finifh'd. This Expedient, tho' in fome meafure ufeful, had not the intended Effe& upon the unruly Minds of the Multitude, therefore the Senate was put upon another. Whereas by the Laws of Poplicola, the Conti'lar Authority was much refirain'd and diminifh'd by the Appeal to the People, fo that no Man cou'd be oblig'd to go into the War againfl his Will ; therefore they found it necef-fary, at this time, as well upon the account of the Wars abroad, as the Troubles at home, to create a particular Magiftrate, from whom fhou'd lie no Appeal, and who for a fet time fhou'd be the fole Governour. This fupream Officer was call'd Dilator. Largius Flavius was the firs that was created by the Senate; and this was the firft Intermiffion of the Confular Power, about ten Years after their firfi Creation, and afterwards prov'd the Ruine of the Popular State, and the bringing in of Monarchy a fecond time. (: • 3) fttti .7, if Dic. i. U. C. CHAP. II. 25 5. From the Creation of the _§r/ Dilator, to the great Retrenchment of the Confular Power by the Tribunes of the People. Containing the Space of 5 Tear. I.NO W was the Confular Power for a while laid afide, and another Officer made, who had more Power than both the Confuls ; fo mim-d a di-Elando, from diEtating or commanding what was to be done. He was alto call'd Magifler Populi, and Frator Maximus, and was always created in the Night-time by the Senate's Order, and Nomination of the Confuls without the People ; and was generally made, either upon fome urgent Occafion of War and Sedition, or in the times of Plagues and Famines, Chap. II. The Confular State. Famines, or for the Celebration of fome particular Game, or whenever elfe there was need of a fudden and extraordinary Command; and this was often- times a means of preferving the Romans Commonwealth from Ruine. His Authority was abfolute; He had Power of Peace and War, to levy Forces, to lead'em out, to disband 'em, and to aa all things according to his Pleafure, without referring them to the Senate ; and upon his Creation,all otherMagiftrates,except the Tribunes of the People, laid down their Offices, and the whole Government was left in his hands. He had 24 Bun- dles of Rods carry'd before him, with as many Axes, and he punifh'd as he pleas'd without any Appeal : Hence this Office came to be fo terrible, that the Edi& of a DiElator- was obferv'd as the Command of a Deity. But then this extraordinary Power was limited both by Time and Place; for the Office was never to continue above fix Months; nor was the Ditiator allow'd to march out of Italy, nor ever on Horfeback without leave, to thew that the Roman Strengh lay in the Infantry. The Dielator upon his Creation, always made choice of another Officer, one that had either been Conful or Prator, to affift bim ; this Officer was call'd Magifler Equitum, who Magfler had chief Command over the Horse-men, as the Equitum. DiElator had over the Roman People. In the Diaator's Abfence, this Mailer of the Horfe executed his Place in the Army; at prefent, he commanded the Horfe, yet fo as to be obedient to the DiElator's Orders, and never to fight either contrary to, or without his Commands. Largius Flavim, one of the Confuls for this Year, being, as was Paid before, made DiElator, chofeSp.Caf-A4 for his Mafler of the Horfe, who had been Conful in the Year 252, and immediately appear'd in Pub-lick with his 24 Axes and Rods before him ; which Toon chang'd the Face of Affairs in the City. Having with thefe and other nfigns of Power terrify!d and 75' 76 The Doman Hiliory. Book II, and fiopp'd the feditious Murmurs of the Multitude, he began the Cerifus, after the Pattern of Servius Tullius, the fixth King, according to the Tribes,taking the Names andAges of fuch as were cefs'd, and of Children. in a short time, the Fear of lofing Freedom and Efiates fo far prevail'd, that 150700 of full Age gave in their Names, which he diftributed into four Parts, taking one for himfelf, ordering a fecond to his Maller cf the Horfe, and the two remaining to two Perfons commiicton'd on purpole, one of which was to continue in the City for the Defence of it. Affairs thus fettl d, he fent fome private Minifters, who dealt privately with feveral Latine Cities, and procur'd 'em to fufpend the War, and make a Truce for one Year, notwithftanding the great Oppofiti-ons made by Tarquin and Mamilius, for whole fakes they undercook the Quarrel. Upon this, Largius return'd home with his Army, and before his fix Months were out, he laid down his Office, and the Consular Power took Place again, no Citizen being punifh'd either by Death or Banifhment, or cruelly us'd in all that time; and this Carriage was imitated by his Succeffors for many Ages; and notwith-fianding the Vaanefs of this Authority, it was very rarely abus'd ; nor was the Common-wealth any ways prejudic'd by it, till Syna's time. Then the Truce between the Romans and Latines was at an end, both Parties prepar'd to take the Field, the former chearfully, and the latter unwilling- ly. The Latines were fo firong, that the Romans thought it convenient to create a Diaator, and ac- ii. cordinp,lyVirginius the Senior Conful nominatedPofi- U. C. hurnius his Colleague, who chofe Ebutius Helva for 7-5 7. his Mafier of the Horfe ; and hafining his Levies, divided his Troops into four Parts, referving one to himleif, ailigning the fecond to Virginius, the third to Ebutius, and the fo irth to Sempronius, who was to defend the City. Upon Intelligence that the La- tines Chap. II. The Confular State. tines had taken the Field, Pollhumins advanc'd with all fpeed to the Lake RegzIlus, 14 Miles Eaft of Rome by Tufculum, where he fortify'd himfelf againft the Enemy, who as yet were not all united, but expe-ded Aid from the Volfii. The Romans divided them-felves into three Parts, and were fo conveniently polled as to cut off all Provifions from the Latine Camp, deigning to flarve 'em ; but the News of the Mar-:h of the Vo/fe.i alter'd their Meafures, making 'em refolve to engage. The Roman Army confined of 24000 Foot, and z000 Horfe, and the Enemy of 40000 Foot, and 3000 Horfe, Tarquin's Son Titus commanding the main Body, his Brother Sextus the Left Wing, and Mamilius the Right : Pyihumius flood againfl Titus, Ebutius againfl Sextus, and Virginius gainn Mamilius, and fo began a Bloody Battle. Floras Pays, that Polibumius call one of the Enfigns among the Enemy, that his Men might be the more eager to fall upon 'em and recover it; and that Ebu-tius commanded the Bridles to be taken off the Hor-fes, that they might charge with the greater Violence and Fury. The Vidory at Ian fell on the Roman fide ; and the Battel was fought with fo much Bravery and Courage, that it was reported, that the Gods themfelves were prefent, particularly Caflor and Pollux mounted on Milk-white Steeds. The Latines loft Mamilius and Sextus, and were fo broken, that fcarce a fourth Part of 'em efcap'd; and from the Place of this ViCtory, Pofthumius obtain'd the Surname of Rhegillenfis ; many others likewife gaining great Honour, particularly Caius Marcius, afterwards call'd Coriolanus. After the Battel was over, tne Polfci arriv'd at the Camp, whereof one Party was for attacking the Romanis now weary ; but another Party, willing to ingratiate themfelves with the Conquerors, prevail'd to fend to the Dilator, to let him underfland, That they came to his affiflance. But Pofthumius convinc'd'em of 77 The°man Book II. of their Falfhood by their own Letters which he had intercepted, and giving leave to the Meffengers to return, whom the Multitude would have pull'd in pieces, resolv'd to fall on them the next day ; but in the Night they abandon'd their Camp and fled, The Latines, now in a very bad Condition, fent in the humbleft manner imaginable to beg Peace of the Romans ; and their Ambaffadors with fo many Tears and fubmiffive Intreaties laid all the Blame on the Nobility, that the Motion of Largigs prevail'd in their Behalf for the former League to be renew'd. Thus ended all the Wars made upon the Tarquin account, which had been carry'd on for 13 Years. As for Tarquin himfelf, the only Perfon left of all his Family, now abandon'd by the Latines, Iletrurians, Sabines, with the reft of the neighbouring People, who all refus'd to harbour him, he went into Campania to Ariflodemm, Prince of Cuma,where he fhort-ly after dy'd, being about 90 Years of Age, and the laft King that Rome ever faw. U. C. II. Upon the finifhing of this War, Pofihumigs laid 258. down his Office, and Appigs Claudim the Sabine, and Serviligs Prifcros were made Confuls for the Year following ; and now the Courts of juftice were again open'd, and Proceffes againft Debtors revived. This caus'd great Difturbances among the Common People, the Plebeians alledging their Inability of paying their Debts upon the account of their Loffes by the Enemies Incurfions, and their want of Tillage ; which Plea their Creditors likewife made ufe of, fliewing that thefe Loffes were fuch as made the remitting of their Debts impoffible ; which occafion'd many Tumults and Quarrels. The Confuls endea-vour'd to divert thefe threatning Mifchiefs, by making War againft the PO/Pi, who had lately affifted the Latines ; but none of the Plebeians wou'd themfelves, making grievous Complaints againft the irr Chap. H. The Confular State. intolerable Severity of their Creditors, and declaring, That they had ventur'd their Lives to preferve the Liberty of the State abroad, and in requital were made Slaves by their Countrymen at home. Now Servilius was willing to comply in fome meafure with the Poor, but Appius very hotly oppos'd it as the molt dangerous Remedy in the World; and the Difagreement of the Confuls added much to the Common Calamity. However, the Senate at Taft was forc'd to have re-courfe to the Popularity of Servilius, who with fair Words and Promifes perfuaded the People into the Field ; where, when he had by his good Services de-ferv'd a Triumph, the Honour was deny'd him by the Infinuation of his Collegue Appius, who repre-fented to the Senate, That by bearing and complying with the Multitude, he had impair' d the Dignity of his Order. The People now expeating the Performances of Servilius's Promifes, where wholly difappointed by Appius's Contrivances, which doubled their Rage, and made 'em carry all things by open Force, refcu-ing their Companions out of the Hands of the Ser-jeants, holding fecret Cabals, denying ever to touch a Weapon, till their Burdens were remov'd. Thefe dangerous Stirs put the Senate to a great fland. Appius fill urg'd, That nothing ought to be granted to the Rabble ; and the better to quell the Diflurban-ces, procur'd a DiElator to be created,which moil fup-pos'd wou'd be himfelf: But the prefent Conful made DiE1. choice of M. Valerius a popular Man, fuppofing that U. C. the Terror of the Office alone wou'd perform the 259, Work, and that a Perfon of a mild and moderate Temper wou'd belt manage it. Va/erius chofe Servi- lius, the late Conful, for his Mailer of the Horfe; and he minding the Pleafure of the People more than his own Authority, told 'em, That if they wou'd freely follow him, not only what they juilly requir'd concerning their Debts, but other Rewards Jhou'd be granted'em ; by which means he procut'd ten Legions to be lifted. With 79 8o The (roman Hiflog. Book 11. With thefe he march'd againft the T/olfci, Aqui, and Sabines, who were all up in Arms; and having re-duc'd 'em, he divided fome Lands i.ie had taken trorn the T/olfci, among the Soldiers. At his Return he re-queited the Senate, that his and their Pro Ilifes might be made good, but was check'd for his too great Compliance with the Multitude ; and becaule he was an old Man above feventy, unfit, as he Paid, to contend, and unwilling to the -7 his utmoft Authority, he immediately laid down his Office. This more inflam'd the Common People, who now had their private Confultations, daigning to feparate themfelves from the Patritians ; which when the Senate perceiv'd, Order was given to the Confuls not to disband the Army, pretending that the Sabines. and 1Equi had new Defigns againft Rome. Now the Soldiers being ftri&ly bound by their Oath, call'd Sacramentum, at their firft Lifting, cou'd not forfake their Standards; but the Confuls having their Camps nigh each other, by the Advice of one Sicinius Bel-lulus, they all removed to one of them ; and then taking away the Enfigns and Standards from the Confuls, they retir'd to a Mountain, afterwards call'd Mons Sacer, three Miles North of Rome by the River Anio, now call'd Taverone. Upon this News, the whole City was in a ftrange Confternation and Tumult ; infomuch that the Pa-tritians fear'd left Civil Wars fhou'd enfue, for the Plebeians growing extream high, many of 'em left the Town and flock'd to the Army, tho' the other hin-deed it as much as poffible. The Fathers had great Contefts among themfelves, fome pleading for the Multitude, others urging nothing but downright Force ; till the former fort prevail'd to fend a Mel-fage to the Armies, defiring 'em, to return home, and declare their Demands; withal promifing 'em, to forget their Crimes, and to reward their good Services. But this Meifage was receiv'd with difdainful Words,and violent Chap. II. The Confttlar State. violent Complaints, intermix'd with threatning Language; which the more feniibly affii6ted the Fathers, as not knowing which way to procure a Reconcilia- tion, fince they cou'd no longer keep the People in the City from going over to the Army. Now was the time for eluting of new Confuls at hand, but the Stirs were fo violent, that no Candidate] (16 cal- Candi- led, becaufe they fued for the Place in White Gar- dates-ments) wou'd hand for the Office, nor any accept of it ; till at laft the Confuls, by their foie Authority, U. C. appointed Pofihumius Cominius, and Sp. Caffius, who 260. had been Confuls before, and were equally in Favour with the Nobility and Commons. The Confuls immediately call'd the Senate, and confulted 'em about the Return of the Commons : Agrippa Menenius, a very difcreet Perfon and a great Orator in thole Da ys,urg'd the great Neceffity of a Com-pofure, and a Compliance with the People, fince the Ro= man Dominions cou'd neither be encreas'd, nor yet preferv'd without the inferior Sort. Valerius, the laft DiElator, fe-conded him,and upbraided the Senate for not believing him when he foretold thefe Diflempers ; that now they ought to heal the Wound before it was gone too far ; that there werefeveral Rea Eons the Roman People had to ftparate themfelves from the better fort ; all which had great and plaufible Appearances of yuflice. But Appius, according to his ufual Manner, violently declaim'd gainit the Infolence of the Mob, and the Imprudence of the Senate in any fort of Compliances ; that if they Iranted thefe things when Enemies which they refus'd when Friends, they wou'd not refl here, but require a Communication of all Honours, and what not ? So that at lafi the whole Power of the State wou'd come into the Hands of the Rabble. This Speech fo pleas'd and tranfported fome of the younger Sort of his Party, that nothing cou'd be deter-min'd by Reafon of the Heats on both fides.This put the Confuls upon difmiffing the Senate for that time, admonifhing the younger Sort, to carry themfelves more modefily 8 82, The Domani 1-10-ory. Book II. modefily for the future, or elfe they wou'd prefer a Law to limit a certain Age for Senators; exhorting likewife the graver fort to Concord, letting them know, That they had a way to end the Controverfy, by referring the Matter to the People, who had a Right to judge of it, as a Cafe of Peace and War. Upon which, the Senate broke up. At the next Meeting,theSenate almoft unanimously agreed to treat with the People, tho' Appius oppos'd it what he cou'd ; andMenenius with nine others were commiffion'd with full Power to compofe the Differences. At their firm arrival at the Camp, their Propo-fals cou'd not be heard thro' the Inftigations of two cunning and turbulent Fellows, Sicinius and Lucius Yunius, who out of conceit had likewife affeaed the Name of Brutus ; but by degrees they were fo far ap-peas'd as to liften to the Commiffioners. Menenius finding theRage andViolence of thePeople too great to hearken much toRhetorick,bethought himfelf of a more effedual way, and fuch as was more likely to make Impreffion ; therefore laying afide his former way of Speeches, and Oratory, after a short ProMife or two of difcharging all Difabled Debtors, he in a plain and familiar way began thus: Once upon a time, theMembers andParts of Man'sBody fell out with theBelly, alledging, that they were all forc'd to toil and moil to provide Neceffaries for the Belly, whilfl it liv' d idle and lazy in the midfi of the Body, and did noting but enjoy its Plea-jure. Whereupon they refolv'd that theHands fhould not lift the Meat to the Mouth, nor the Mouth receive, nor yet the Teeth chew it; by which means while they endeavour'd to famiA theBelly,they them/elves and the wholeBody were all fiarv'd for want of the Nourilhment they receiv'd from it. This Story, and his home Application of it, had fo great an Die& upon the People, that they unanimously cry'd out, He (hall lead 'em home without delay. TheMultitude were fo well fatisfi'd,that they were ready to depart with no other Security than the bare Words of the Commiffloners ; but Junius Brutus,be- fore Chap. II. The Cos Pular State. foremention'd, kept 'em from that, alledging, That tho' they were gratefully to acknowledge the kind Offers of the Senate, yet fome Perfons of revengeful Tempers might notwithfianding referve their Anger for a more convenient Opportunity; and that therefore it was necebrary for the Security of the Commons, to have certain Officers created yearly out of their own Body, whofe Power jhou'd be togive Relief to fuch Plebeians as were injur'd, and Mer none to be defrauded of their Rights. This was greatly approv'd of by the Multitude,and clofely intifted on and urg'd to Menenius and his Fellow-Commiffioners ; who thought it not proper to yield to a matter of that great Confequence without leave from the Senate, but demanded time to know their Pleafures. Upon the Debate of this Matter in the Senate-houfe, lerius thought .the Favour was to be granted to the Commons; but Appius molt violently oppos'd it, invoking the Gods, and truly foretelling, what vafi Troubles and Calamities the granting it wou'd certainly bring upon the Common-wealth : Yet the Majority wea-ry'd out with the prefent Misfortunes, and deiiring Peace, gave it in favour of the People, and Commif-fioners were immediately difpatch'd to 'em with the kefolution of the Houle. The Commons, by the Advice of Menenius, firft fent to have a Religious Confirmation of this Privilege from the Senate, and afterwards in the Affembly of the Curie, or Curiata Comitia, eleaed Y. Brutus and Sicinius Bellulus, to whom they afterwards join'd C. and P. Licinius, and Icilius Ruga, which made five in all. Thefe Officers were call'd Tribunes of the People, ei- Tribuni ther becaufe they were elthed by the Tribes, or be- Pleb" caufe they were firft made out of the 'Tribunes or Colonels of the Soldiers. They were firft Five in number ; 3 7 Years after, Five more were added, and this number of Ten fo continu'd ; and they were always eleEted by the Plebeians ,and ever out of their Body,ex-cept once, and moft commonly of the lower fort, till by a Law made afterwards, they were otder'd to be G 2 created 8 3 84 Theo.inan Iliflory. Book II • created out of fuch of the Plebeians as were Senators. They had the Power of interpofing, and the Design of that Power was to relieve the Oppreffed,and to be Shield to keep off all Evil and Mifchief. They null d all fuch Decrees and Commands of the Senate and Con-fuls as they reckon'd unjuft, and of all other Magi-firates, except the DiRators; and to Phew their rea-diness to phneEt the meaneft, their Doors flood open Night and Day to their Complaints. They at firft. had their Seats plac'd before the Doors of the Se-nate-house, tho' afterwards they enter'd in, where examining the Decrees of the Fathers, they either inteipos'cl by the Words Veto or Vetamus folemnly pronouned, or elle fign'd 'em with the Letter T, which made 'em pals. They procur'd themfelves to be accounted SacrofanEi, fo as by a Law made they were free from all manner of Compulfion, and were inviolable either by Word or Deed, and fevere Penalties laid on Inch as broke it ; and left the People fhou'd afterwards repeal this Law, they made all the Citizens take the mot folemn Oath imaginable to pre serve it entire and untouch'd. As for the En fign s of their Office, they had no Toga Pretexta, Litlors or Cu-rule Chair, but only a fort of a Beadle, call'd Viater, wear before 'em. The want of these Attendants, their not entring at the beginning of the Year, and their not laying down their Offices upon the Creation of a DiElator, made fome hold 'em to be no Magifirates, but rather a Girt) and Reftraint to all others. Not-withfi and ing the difproporrionate Greatnefs of thefe Tribunes Power, it was confiderably limited by thefe two things, which they fcarcey perceiv'd at the beginning : The firft was their Confinement to the City-Walls, out of which they had no Authority ; neither was it lawful for 'em to be abfent from the City a Day, Dion lays not an Hour : The fecond was their Number, for any one of the Ten had a Negative Vote, and this was the only effeEtual Means to moderate the Power which they afterwards ailum'd ; the P a- tritians Chap III. The Confular State. tritians generally prevailing with one of the Ten to be of their fide, which was fufficient to hinder the Defigns of all the refl. This was the firfl great Retrenchment of the Cn-fular Power, befides what had been caus'd by Poplicola before : And now the Common wealth was turn'd from an Ariflocracy to a Democracy, or at leaf" to a Mixture of both. The Awe which this .acrofanCi Magifiracy had upon moll People, gave 'cm occafi-on afterwards to enlarge their Power and Authority, and to become moil extravagantly imperious,af-fembling and difmifling the Senate, impr.foning the Confuls, and the like, as (hall be more particularly (hewn afterwards : So that they often prov'd the Caufe of many dangerous Sedit:ons and Tumults, and were the greateft Diflurbers of the Peace of the Common-wealth, infomuch that they were by some Authors call'd Pefies Reipublicv. This remarkable Innovation on the Government hapned in the 26oth Year of the City, 46 after the Ruin of the Babyloni- an, and the Beginning of the Perfian Empire, and in the third Year of the j lit Olympiad. '103-1',431744..At gae;biA,v3 CHAP. III. From the Creation of the Tribunes of the People, to the fecond Interrniffion of the Confu-lar Power by the Decenaviri. Containing. the Space of 4 z Tears. LTHE Commons haying got a Confirmation of u. C. the Office of Tribune from the Senate, ob- 260. tain'd further, that they might yearly chufe two out of their own Body, to affift there Officers. Thefe were firft calla Minifiers and A ffRants of the Tribunes, but afterwards "Ediles,ab tEdibus curandis,becaufe one A-diles. part of their Office was to take Care of the Repairing G 3 the $5 8 6 The Roman 1-liflory. Book IL the Fublick Buildings, Aqueduas and Common-Sewers, efpecially the Temple of Ceres, where all the Plebifcita or Ordinances of the Commons were kept, of which they had an Overfight. Betides the Care of the Publick Buildings, they were by the Permiffion of the Tribunes to determine fome particular Contro-verfies ; to look after fuch as held more Land than the Laws allow'd 'ern ; to accufe fuch Matrons as liv'd fcandaloufly ; to punith exceffive Ufurers, and Extortioners; to reftrainTipling and Gaming-houfes, to fine Persons for leud and uncivil Words or A&i-ons ; to cone& falfe Weights and Meafures ; to provide Bread Corn and Oil in the Time of Famine, and to fee that the fame was not hoarded up, nor the Markets foreftall'd ; as alfo to take care that ne-ceffary Provifions were fent to the Armies, and the like. About 127 Years after, were added two more out of the Patritians, call'd iEdiles Curules, who ihall be fpoken of in their proper Place. After theCommons had obtain'd thefe Officers,and what elle theydefir'd,they readily lifted themfelvesto go againfl theVolfci, under Pofihumius the Conful. He Toon took Longula and Poluflia from 'em,then invested Corioli, a ftrong City, and the Metropolis of theNati-on;but the Antiates marching to its Relief,he left part of his Army under 71 Largius, and with the other ad-vaned to give the Enemy Battels.Largius,in the mean time,attempting to form the Town, the Befieg'd re-ceiv'd him with fo much Courage and Vigour, that the Romans were driven back to their Trenches in great Diforder ; but Caius Marcius, a valiant Patritian formerly mention'd, with a fmall Party, molt coura-gioufly flood the Enemies Shock,and with a wonderful B ravery forc'd 'em back into the Town,whom he follow'd fo dole at their Heels, that he went in with 'ern : By which the Befieg'd were fo terrify'd,that not confidering their own Numbers,they fled to the con- trary Part of the City, fuffering him to let the ref of the Chap. III. 'The Cmirular State. 87 the Army into the Town, which they Toon poirefs'd themfelves of. Which done, Marcius wou'd not permit the Soldiers to flay for Plunder, but hafined 'em to join the Conful with all (peed ; and whilft the Armies were approaching, defied leave ofPofihamius to engage in the main Body with his Party, where the chief Strength of the Enemy lay ; and having obtain'd that Poft, he behav'd himielf with that admirable Courage and Condu&, that the Enemy were fooa ,overthrown. The Conful gave him extraordinary Commendations, owning him to be the chief Caufe of the Vi&ory, and °freed him a large Share of the Booty before the Divifion among the Soldiers. But he modeftly refus'd all but one tingle Horfe, which gain'd him greater Honour among the Soldiers, and caus'd PcJihumius to bellow the Surname of Coriclanus upon him, for his incomparable Valour {hewn at Co-rioli. The Polfei by this Overthrow welz- forc'd to Submiflion, and made their Peace. This fame Year was the League of Confederacy renew'd with the La tines, and likewife a third Feria or Holy-day appointed by the Senate for the Union of the Nobility and Commons, the firs} being for the Conqueft of Hetru-via in the fifth King's Reign, and the fecond for the Banifhment of Tarquin. This Year alfo dy'd Menen.i-us, whom the People out of Gratitude bury'd at the Publick Charge, becaufe he dy'd poor, and Money was beflow'd on his Children. Now likewife was the Cenfus perform'd, and t t0000 Heads were cefs'd. U. C H. The Year following, there was a great Famine in the City, occafion'd chiefly by the want of Tillage during the late Separation. This put the Senate upon fending to Sicily, and feveral Parts of Italy, to buy Corn; but, notwithftanding this Care, the common fort, now extreamly pinch'd with Want, grew very turbulent, laying all the Blame upon the Patritians. This advantage theVolfci endeavour'd to improve,but G 4 were 8 8 The tman Ilifiory. Book II. were diverted by a grievous Plague, which fo rag'd among 'em, that Velitra, a noble City of that Country, being exhaufted of its Inhabitants, they begg'd of the Romans to fend a Colony thither. Which occa-fion'd many of the Romans, tho' unwillingly, to be fent thither, and alto to Norba, a Latin Town. Upon which the reit were fo enrag'd, imagining it a De-fign to deftroy 'em, that they call'd the Tribunes into the Comitium, where they and the Confuls had a violent Conteft ; which occafion'd a Law to be made, That no Man fhou'd dare to interrupt the Tribunes, when they (poke to the People. This Bill bred greater Animo-fities between the Senate and People ; but the Con-fuls, to divert 'em, and to eafe their Wants, offer'd to lead 'em into the Enemies Country ; but few, or none wou'd lift themfelves ; fo that Marcius Coriola-nus with Tome Patritians, and a few of their Clients, made Incurfions, and return'd home laden with Booty ; the Knowledge of which put the poorer Sort into a frefh Murmuring againft the Tribunes, who had dinaded them from the Expedition. So that now the City was almoft all in a Flame and Confufion, but more from the Infirmity of the Government, than the Difpofition of the People. Thefe Tumults and Difturbances were confidera-bly appeas'd by the happy Arrival of greatQuantities of Corn from Sicily, which was bought at a cheap Rate, and half given in by Gelon of Sicily. Now the Patritians confidering at what Rates to difpofe of the Corn, Coriolanus, incens'd at the Behaviour of the Commons, counfell'd 'em to keep it up at a high Rate, and to /hew no Favour, nor give any Incouragement to the liziolence of the Tribunes and the Rabble; but wholly to take away the Tramnefhip, as the only way to remedy the Dif-orders of the State. Upon notice of this, the Multitude in a mad Fury wou'd have fall'n upon the Senate,but were fiopt by the Tribunes, who laid all the Blame upon Corio/anus, and fent the azEdiles to apprehend him, and Chap. III The Confular State. 89 and bring him before the People. The "Ethics going to execute their Office, were repuls'd and beaten by the young Patritians, who were gatheed about Curio-/anus. This put all in a greater Flame than ever, and the wholeCity tumultuoufly affembled together, where the Tribunes decreed, that Coriolanus ihou'd immediately be call down headlong from the Tar-peian Rock. The iEdiles ftrait feiz'd on him, and the Patritians again refcu'd him, and there 'was nothing but Tumults and Uproars in all Places : But the Senate, by felling of Corn at low Rates, and by good Words and Entreaties, fo far appeas'd 'em, that the Tribunes nuil'd their formerDecree,and fet him aDay to anfwer for himfelf before the People. The Con-fuls finding their Authority was like to be much weaken'd, after long Debates and much Difficulty, procur'd the Tribunes to file out this Decree from the Senate, which was granted ; and the third Market-day after was appointed for his Trial. Coriolanus demanded of the Tribunes what they wou'd lay to his Charge; who, after fome Confultation, told him, They intended to accufe him of aiming at Sovereignty and Tyranny ; whereupon he chearfully put himfelf upon Trial, not refufing. the severeft Punifhment, if they cou'd prove that againfi him. When the appointed Day was come,allPerlons were fill'd with greatExpeaations,and a vafiConcourfe of Country-People early in the Morning had plac'd themfelves in the Forum, and theTribunes affembrel the People, feparating the Tribes from one another with Cords, and ordering them to give their Votes according to their Tribes, and not according to their Centuries; which Innovation the Patritians much complain'd of, but after fome debate admitted it. Minucius, the Conful,began firfl,Declaring the greatWorth of tbePerfon to be try'd, fignifying that theSenate becamePetitioners in his behalf, and degring the Tribunes that they wou'd keep wholly to their firflimpeachment,namely,his aiming at Sove-ieiguty ; which they promis'd to do. Socinius, one of the 90 Theoman Htflory. Book H. the Tribunes, enviously urg'd all that he cou'd imagine wou'd make for his purpofe, putting the worft Con-firation upon all his Actions : But when Coriolanuis came to fpeak,his Affairs Toon feem'd to be in a more favourable Condition; for his graceful relating all his great Services to the State, his fhe wing his Scars re-ceiv'd all over his Body, and the Cries and Lamentations of fuch as he had fay.d in the Wars, made filch a powerful Impreffion upon the People, that they generally cry'd out, He was to he releas'd. But Decius, another of the Tribunes, a cunning and fpiteful Fellow, Rood up, alledging, That he wou'd wave all Words and Expreffions, and infifi on his A[ions, which wou'd make good the Charge of Tyranny :'There was a certainLaw,that ?X Booty and Plunder gain'd in Warihou'd be appropriated to the Publick Ufe, and be given into the hand of the Qyx-for, untouch'd by the General. Now, whereas that Law had ever been look' dupon as invidab/e,Coriol an us had waft* broke it : For in the late Incurfion into theTerritories of Antium,where he had got great plenty of Slaves,Catteliand Provifions,he neither deliver'd theft things to the Quxflor, nor paid any Money into the Treafitry, but divided theBoo-ty among his Friends, which was a manifefi Argument that be defign'd to enflave his Country ; it being the conflant Pra-Clice of all that affeCi Tyranny, by fuch means to procure themfelves Infiruments for their Pulpofe. Coriolanus was frangely furpriz'd at fo unexpeded a Charge; and theConfuls andPatritians being likewife utterly to leek for an Anfwer, the Tribunes immediately nam'd perpetual Banifhment, and gather'd the Votes of the Tribes, where only nine of the one and twenty clear'd him, fo he flood condemn'd by the Majority. This was the firft Sentence pafs'd by the People upon any Patyitian, and henceforth the Tribunes ufually fet aDay to whomfoever they pleas'd ; whereby the Power of the Commons was very much enlarg'd, and the In-tereft of the Patritians more and more diminifh'd. Coriolanus, accompanied home with the Sighs and Tears Chap. III. The con fular State. U. C. Tears of a great many, took his Leave of his Mother, Wife, and Children, who all made lamentable Complaints ; but he, like a true Roman, with fmall Appearance of Concern, bad them bear all chearfully, and departed the City without any th;rg to bear his Charges, attended only by a few of his Clients. Thus he went to Antium, and apply'd himfelf to Tullus At-tius, a Man of great Note among the Volfci,of a magnanimous Spirit, and a violent Enemy of the Romans, where throwing himfelf at his Feet,he begg'd of him to revenge hisCountry'sLoffes by hisDeath,or his ownWrongs by Rome's DefiruElion' which by her unnatural Carriage towards him, had now forfeited all that Duty and Service jhe might have jufily expefied at his hands.Tullus moll readily efpous'd his Quarrel,and by his Ad vicefent many of the Volfci to Rome,upon pretence of teeing fome fo-lemn Games at that time celebrated, but with defign to make a Breach between the two Nations. Thefe Volfci procur'd a Perfon to go to the Confuls, and ac-cufe the Strangers of having fome dangerous Defign againft the City, which immediately occafion'd an Order from the Confuls,That all Strangers fhould depart by Sun let. This Order Tullus reprefented to his Country-men as a Breach o( the Peace, and fo aggravated the Matter, that he procur'd 'em to fend to Rome, to demand all the Towns and Territories which the Romans had taken from 'ern. -The Senate receiv'd this MetTage with great Scorn, telling them, That if the Volfci were the firfl that took up Arms, the Romans wou'd be the 141 thatlhou'd lay 'em down. Upon which Anfwer the Volfci made all neceffary Preparations for War. 268. Coriolanus, together with Tullus, was made General of the l7olfci, and accordingly invaded the Roman Territories, ravaging and laying walk all fuch Lands as belong'd to the Plebeians, but not fuffering thofe of the Nobility to be injured in any part. This rais'd new Commotions between the Nobility and Commons; the former upbraiding the latter with Ingratitude to f0 The Zoman I i ory. Book II. fo confiderable and deferving a Perron ; and the latter charging the other with Treachery to their Country, and faying,/t was by the,', Procurement that he invaded their Domintons.Cortolant.4 returning with his Men richly laden with Booty, was fent out Toon after with the fole Command of half the For c;:s, and taking Cir-caum, a Roman Colony, he then fell upon the Latines, who immediately fent to Rome for Succour ; but the Commons Averfenefs to the Wars, and the approaching End of the prefent Confuls Office, render'd their Meffage of no Efftht. But Coriolanus Rill proceeded with great Succefs, taking 7olerium, Lavici, Pes, and Bola, all by Storm, plundering them, and making the Inhabitants Prifoners of War. Such as yielded he treated mildly, others he put to the Sword ; and the Volfci now fo admir'd his extraordinary Courage and Condth, that they left their Towns bare, flocking in great Numbes to him, and owning him for their fole Commander. At Rome there was nothing but Confufion and Derp-air, and all the Peoples Satif-faEtion was by venting their Rage k-sainfl. one another ; but Toon after, when News was brought that Lavinium was invelled, the Commons all cry'd our, That Coriolanus was to be reflor'd, and his Banifhment repeard. The Senate utterly refus'd to affent to this, either out of defire to oppore the People in all things, or out of Scorn to have his Reiloration afcribed to the Commons, or elle out of a jufi Indignation a-gainft Corioltznus, who was now become an open Enemy to all his Country in general. Coriolanus underflanding the Diffentions of the City, immediately role up from before Lavinium, and advancing towards Rome,encamp'd at Clulius's Ditch, five Miles from the City. This ffruck the Romans with inch a Terror, that now both Senate and People unanimoufly agreed to fend Ambaffadors to him with Propofals of Refforation. The Ambaffadors behav'd themfelves with all poffible Refpe& ; not- withfianding Chap. III. The Confular State. withftanding which, and their being Patritians, and his choieeit Friends, he receiv'd 'em with all the Sternnefs and Severity of a mot injur'd Perfon ; and in a Council of War made Anfwer, That if they hop'd for Peace, they mull immediately riflore all the Towns and Territories taken from the Volfci ; and make 'em Free of the City as the Latines were ; and for that he wou'd give 'em thirty Days to confider of it. And this he fpoke as he was General of the Volfci, and not as he was a Roman ungratefully us'd, and bar baroufly treated by his own Country-men. This Space of Time he employ'd in fubdu-ing feven great and firong Towns ; and at the End of it, another Embaffy was difpatch'd to him,declaring, That they were fill Romans, and that neither Confiraint nor Fear Mould influence their Souls to /loop to any thing tbaiz is bafe, but deli; e him to draw of his Troops, and confult in common.. And that if he thought the Volfci were to be gratify' d, they wou'd yield to him, providal they wou'd lay down their Arms. Coriolanus,a little more moderate, re-ply'd, That now he behav'd himfelf not as a General of the Vol fci , but as a Roman Citizen, and defir' d, that having a Refped to Interell and Moderation, they wou'd return in three Days with a Grant of his former Demands, or elfe he mu/1 proceed in his Eaerprize. The Senate being reduc'd to this Enremity, their Courages began to fail 'ern, and, as their lafi Remedy, order'd all the Pontifices,Priefts, Governours of Religious Houfes, and Augurs, all in their proper Ornaments and Habits,to go in folemn Procefflon, and humbly to beg for an Accommodation. But this Pompous Train, with all their earneft Prayers and Supplications, did not in the leaf} move Coriolanus ; he ftill infifting, That they fhou'd either accept of. his Propofals, or elfe they mufi expeE the utmoll `everity or War and Bloodfhed. Upon the Return of the Priefts, the whole City was full of Tumults, Trembling, and Amazernent,the Men running in Diforder to the Walls, and the Wo-null in Conflation to the Temples,efpecially to that of gupiter 93 94 The roman Hiftory. Book II. Jupiter in the Capitol. Among which, was Valeria, Poplicola's Sifter,who put them in mind of going to Ve-tuna, Coriolanus's Mother, with his Wife Volumnia, to get them to intercede for their Country. Veturia was very ready to undertake fo pious a Work, tho' with little hopes of fucceeding ; and thereupon fet forward accompany'd with many of thefe Ladies,her Daughter-in- law, and her two Grand-children. Corio/anus difcovering this mournful Company, fully refolv'd to give 'ern a Denial; but perceiving his Mother among 'em, immediately defcended from his Tribunal, and went to meet her; courteoufly receiving her with his Wife and Children,and carefully lifining to her Petition, which The urg'd with all the Skill and Rhetorick The cou'd,from the confederation of the impendingRuin of his Country,and of the certain Infamy which he wou'd incur if villorious,and the unavoidable Difhonour he wou'd receive, if he were fuccefslefs in his Attempts. But this not prevailing, the put him in mind, How much the Sacred Ties of Nature and Religion, together with her moll tender Education ofhim in her Widowhood, had engag'd him to Obedience, or at leaf! to a Compliance : Declaring likewife, That he fhou'd not fir one Foot towards the treading down of his Country, without firf trampling upon the dead Body of her who brought him into the World. And in conelnfion, with his Wife and Children, call her felf at his Feet, embracing and kiffing 'em, which with the lamentable Sighs ard Tears of the fair Train, fo far mov'd his great Spirit, that lifting 'em up, and embracing ,em, he cry'd, 0 Mother, you have gain'd the ViEloy, moll fortunate for my Country, but mofl deflruElive to my fell; and accordingly drew off the Vb/fci into their own Country Tullus, who now envy'd his Glory, repre-fented this A& to tl,e Volfci as the higheit piece of Treafon againfl and procur'd him to be cut in pieces, fcarce allowing him to fpeak for himfelf, as Dionyfius relates it. This was againit the Content of the greaten part of the Volfci,who bury'd him honour- rabl y, Chap. III. The Confular State. ably, adorning his Tomb with Arms and Trophies as a great General, and a famous Warriour, and the Roman Women themfelves were permitted to mourn for him ten Months, all acknowledging him to be the moil Valiant and mot} Couragious Man in,this Age. III. Great and many Publick Rejoicings were made at Rome for Coriolanus's Retreat, and the Senate 266. decreed to grant the Women what Honours they wou'd demand,but they only defir'd to have a Chap-pel dedicated to Women's Fortune, built in the fame Place where they had deliver'd their Country,which was done at the Publick Charge. The Confuls foon after took the Field with a confiderable Army, but had no occafion to ufe it ; for the Volfci and JEqui joining Forces, had fuch violent Contefts about a General, as they almoft ruin'd each other. The Year following the new Confuls, Aquilius and Sicinius, overthrew one the Hernici, and the other the Volfci, among whom fell Tullus their General. The next Year, the Confuls, Virginius and Caffius took theField, the dEqui falling to the former, as the Volfci and Her-nici did to the latter : But the Vo/jci immediately begg'd Peace, having loft their belt Men in the laft Bartel ; as loon after did the Hernici, who now re-fus'd any longer to contend with the Romans for Su- periority. Caffius having receiv'd Money and Provifi-ons from 'em, as Perfons who own'd themfelves con-quer'd,made a Truce,but referr'd the Articles to the Senate. But the Fathers; after refolving to accept of their Alliance, left the Conditions of the League to Caffius's Difcretion ; who now affeating Sovereignty, and defiring Popularity, granted 'em equal Privileges with the Latines, which together with his Triumph lately obtain'd without performing any thing for it, procnr'd him much Envy and Hatred. Caffius now grown infolent by his three Conful fhips, u C. and his two Triumphs, was refolv'd to pug' on his 268. Defign 2 95 96 The roman Iliflory. Book II. Defign of Sovereignty ; and the more to gain the Favour of the People, propos'd the Divifion of fome late conquer'd Lands among the meaner Sort, together with fuch Publick Grounds, which thro' the Negle& of the Magiftrates had been feiz'd on by the Rich. Then he recounted to the People his many Services to the State under his three Confulihips, in-finuating, That his extraordinary Care and wife Management in thole Times, had 'hewn him no lefs than tole Governour ; and that fence he had already taken Charge of the Common-wealth, it was but PO and reafonable he jhou'd continue to do it. This Speech, tho' fo ftrongly favouring of Tyranny, wou'd have been far more ferviceable to him, had he not brought in the Latines and the Hernici as Sharers in thefe Lands, which he did to gain their Favours, tho' with the weakning his Intereft with the Common People. This Propo- fal concerning the Lands, met with many Oppofiti- ons in the Senate, created Fears and Jealoufies a- mong fome, and caus'd various Difcourfes among others : But the Commons Forwardnefs, and the Difturbances that were like to follow, caus'd the Se- nate, after many Debates, to publifh their Rejolution for dividing the Lands among the Commons, withal ex- cluding all new Allies and Affociates, as having no Reafon to expeE a Share of what was gain'd before their Times. Lex Agra- This was the Famous Agrarian Law, which after- ria. wards occafion'd fuch Mischiefs and Diflurbances ; but at prefent the Promife of it appeas'd the People, and ruin d Caffius's Defigns : For the Year after his Confulfhip,the Quallors fet a Day for him to anfwer to the Charge of aiming at Tyranny, before the People ; where he was accus'd of a Multitude of Crimes of that Nature; and notwithftanding his premeditated Orations, his many Services, and the Interceffi-on of all his Friends and Clients in Mourning, he was condemn'd to be thrown down the Tarpeian Rock, and was ftrait executed according y. Soon Chap III. the Conjillar State. 97 Soon after his Death, the Commons were very urgent for the Execution of the Egrarian Law, which Caffius had let on foot ; but the Senate being refoled to divert it as much as poifible, caus'd the Confuls to prepare for an Expedition. The Plebeians, enrag'd at their Difappointment, and the Lois of a erfon whom they expected to have been fo ferviceable to 'em, refus'd to lilt themfelves, the Tribunes always protecting 'em from Punifhment ; but the Name of a Diaator, and their fufpeating Appius to be the Man, loon (righted 'em into a Compliance ; fo Cornelius, one of the Confuls, wafted the Territories of the Vei-entes, as Fabius, the other did thole of the £qui. Not long after, the Commons refilling to lift themfelves, the Confuls found means to fit in the Campus Martins, out of the City, where the Tribunes had no Authority ; and there they feverely punith'd and fin'd fuck as did not appear, to the great Mortification of the Popular Faetion. A third time the Confuls gain'd their Defigns, by getting over one of the Tribunes to their aide ; a Way they were often forc'd to make ufe of afterwards. In the mean time, they had feveral Wars abroad with the Vidfci and iEqui, and Toon after the Veientes ; there being many Ravages on both fides, with Tome Battels, but of no great Note or Confe-quence. At home were greater Contells and Qyar-rels between the Confuls and Tribunes concerning this Agrarian Law, the former always declining the Execution of it, and the latter as conflantly urging it, but with no other Fife& than the blowing up of Dif-fentions,and the increafing of Factions. And this was the troublelome and unhappy State of Rome for about five Years together,as may be ken at large in Dionyfius. U e, IV. In the midst of thefe Troubles, when Fabius and Virginius were Confuls, two Years after Xerxes's Expedition into Greece, the Veientes, by the Aillitance of other of the Hetrurians, march'd with a powerful 274. H Army 9 g The Hiflory. Book II. Army againft the Romans. Virginius oppos'd 'em with another, but was fo overpower'ci by 'em, that he had loft his Army, had not Fabius come from the fEqui with timely Succour, and bro...ght him off. Upon tne Roman Retreat,the Veientes made Incurfions alma to the Walls of Rome,co the great Injury and Dilhonour of the City; and what added more to their Inconveniences, was the Lownefs of the Treafury, and the Difcontents of the People about the Agrarian Law. This reduc'd the Senate to very great L.), cremities, till at laft the whole Family of the 1 abii, a noble Stock, generoufly offer'd their Service to ne a conftant Guard to the Frontiers, without any Charge to the Publick,which was,gratefully accepted by the Senate. They were in number 306, which, with their Clients and Friends, made up 4000, all commanded by Marcus, the laft Year's Conful ; and to them was afterwards fent another Company, and Fabius the pre-fent Conful.Thtfe brave Adventurers fortify'd them-felves in a Cattle, which they cal 'd Cremera, as standing upon a River of the fame Name, nigh the Frontiers of the Veientes,from which they made great Incurfions, and extremely annov'd the Enemy. The following Year, the Veientes, Volfci, and Aqui, all agreeing upon an Invafion, great Preparations were made by the Senate ; izEmilius, one Conful,li_d an Army againft the Veientes, with whom was join'd Babius, as Pro-Conful. Servilius, the other Conful, led apother againft the Vo/fii ; and Furius,a third, againft the Aqui. The latter loon finifh'd his Work ; Ser-vilius was forc'd to draw out the War at length, but 1E,ni/ius engag'd the Veientes and their Allies, and overthrew 'em ; then falling upon their Camp,forc'd 'em to beg Peace ; the Conditions of which being left to his DiEretion by the Senate, he made a League with 'em uponTerms fo little advantageous to the Romans, that they gain'd him much Hatred, and loft him the Honour of a Triumph ; which fo enrag'd Chap. III. The Con Pular State. 9.9 enrag'd him, that he immediately disbanded his Troops, endeavouring fill more to incenfe the Commons againit the Senate. U. C. The Year following, when Horatius and Menenius wereConfuls,eleven Cities ofHetfuria declar'd againft the Veientes for making Peace without their Confent, and laced 'em to break it. Their Pretence againft Rome was, that the Fabii were not drawn oil from Cremera,upon which they advaLc'd towards em with a powerful Army ; whereupon Menenius was order'd againft Hetruria, and Horatius againft the Volfci. The Veientes not daring to attack this valiant Body of the Fabii in their Fortrefs, drew 'em out by a Stratagem, caufing feveral Herds of Cattel,and Flocks of Sheep, to be driven to the neighbouring Places, and laying feveral greatParties inAmbufcade. TheDefign took, and the Fabian Adventurers were all unfortunately cut off ; tho' at firfl by forming themfelves into a Wedge,they gain'd the top of a Hill, and there, tho' wholly encompafs'd,made an incredible Slaughter of the Enemy. Livy Pays, that none of this Family was left, but only one young Lad,from whom afterwards fprung Fabius Maximm: but Dionvfius much queflions this Tradition. The Veientes, now Mailers of Cre-mera, advanc'd boldly towards the Roman Army, which lay encamp'd not far off, and might have reliev'd the Fabii : Then taking Advantage of Mene-nius's Unskilfulnefs, they poifefs'd themfelves of a Hill nigh his Camp ; from whence they ftraighten'd him fo,that he was forc'd to fight upon very unequal Terms, and his Army was much worfled. The Romans quitted their Camp, and fled in fuch Diforder, that had the Veientes been mindful of any thing but Plunder, they might have deftrov'd 'em all. The next Day they enter'd the Roman Territories, and poffefs'd themfelves of the Hill yanieutus,two Miles from Rome,to the great Damage and Difgrace of the City : But Horatim, the other Conful, returning from 276. H 2 the 100 The Woman iliflory. Book IL the 1/olfci, overthrew 'em twice, and much eas'd the People, but cou'd not wholly diflodge the Enemy. The Year following, Servilius and Virginius, two experienced Warriors,were madeConfuls,which gave great Hopes to the People, who were now extremely iiraiten'd for want of Corn and Trade, which was the more felt by reafon of the Populoufnefs of the City ; for at the next Cenfe, there appear'd to be I l0000 Men of ripe Age, and three times as many Women, Children, Slaves, Merchants, and Artificers. The People were ready upon every Opportunity to feize on the Stores of the Rich; and the Confuls endea-vour'd to appeafe 'cm by buying what Corn they cou'd, and caufing fuck as had Corn to expofe it to Sale, till their Levies and Troops were compleated. When they had rais'd a fufficient Number of Men, one Night they drew out their Troops from the City, towards the Enemy, and paffing the River before Day,unexpe&edly fell upon em, entirely routed 'em, and clear'd the Hill, they retiring in great Diforder to their own Territories. This Campaign ended, Menenius, the lail Year's Conful, was call'd to an Account, and feverely fin'd for fuffering the Fabii to be cut of whom the People fo gratefully effeem'd, that they plac'd the Day of their Defeat among the Nefafii, or unlucky Days, whereon no Work of great confequence was to be undertaken. The War was fill carry'd on, and within two Years after, the Vei-entes were fo overpower'd, having been overthrown in Battel, together with their Confederates the Sa-bines, and now clofely hemed in, that they begg'd Peace of the Romans : And having purchas'd Leave to fend to the Senate, with a whole Year's Pay for the Confuls Army, and Money for two Months Pro-vifion, they obtain'd a Truce for forty Years. Thus ended the War with the Veientes after (even Years Contefts on both fides. V. The Chap III • The Confular State. 1 01 V. The following Year, "Emi/ius and Vopifcus being U. C. Confuls, the old Stirs about the Agrarian Law were 280. reviv'd by Genutius, one of the Tribunes, who boldly fet a Day to Manlius and Furius, the laft Year's Con-fuls to anfwer before the People why they did not divide the Lands. This Quarrel ha.d like to have been fatal to theCity,had notGenutius's fudden Death prevented it ; after which, the Sedition =got have been quite appeas'd,had the Confuls born their Suc-cels with Moderation. But, making new Levies,they offer d to force one Vo/eyo, a turbulent Fellow, and formerly an Officer, to lift himfelf for a common Soldier, and upon his refuting, they order'd him to be ftripp`'d and fcourg'd. But Volero fled to the Tribunes, who proteated him, and violently exclaim'd againft the Tyranny of the Confuls. This diverted the People from the Thoughts of Lands, and rais'd new Quarrels concerning Privileges and Liberty. And the Year after, Volero getting to be one of the Tribunes himfelf, the more to retrench the Consular Power, propos'd a Law for holding the Affemblies of Tribes inflead of that of the Curia, call'd Comitia Cu-riata ; which was fo contriv'd as to take in greater Numbers,and to give the Commons much more Privilege and Power than formerly. This Propofal was much urg'd by the Plebeians, but fo ftrongly op-pos'd by the P atritians, that Volero cou'd not accom-pin his Defign before the Time was expir'd. The next Year Volero, by his mighty Promifes,pro- cur'd himfelf to be made Tribune a fecond time ; and the Senate,to balance him,got Appius C/audius,theSon of Appius;now abfent, to be made Conful,tho' againft hisWill,and with him QuintiusCapitolinus,who hapned to be of a contrary Temper. Appius in a Publick Af-tenthly oppos'd the Commons Defigns fo hotly and violently, and fo fharpIy reprimanded them for their rude Actions and feditiousPrthices,that the Tribunes faucily commanded him to depart the Affembly H3 and  oZ 772e oman Hftory. Book II. and upon his Refufal, to be fent to Prifon. This Piece of Boldnefs was fo furprizing to the Fathers, that all were ready to rife up in Arms, and the Li-Elors were beaten back that went to lay Hands on him ; he being defended by a Company of flout young Men, an unfeemly Conteft enfu'd, which beginning with Railings and Joillings, proceeded to Blows and throwing of Stones. But Quintius, the other Conful, by his Intreaties, and throwing him-felf into the middle, and, by the help of the graver Senators, prevented the Tumult from proceeding to any further Inconveniences, 'Which was ended fhortly after by the Night. But all Difturbances did not end here ; for within a few Days after, the Tribunes and the People feiz'd on the Capitol, and there fortify'd themfelves againft the Patritians. This might have been of the moft dangerous Con-fequence, had not Quintius, by his mild Intreaties U. C. and fair Promifes, perfuaded the Tribunes to refer this 282. Law to the Senate's Difcretion ; which, after many long Debates, permitted it to be put to the Comitia, and fo it was pafs'd. Comitia This was call'd the Comitia Tributa, where all the Tributa. Free Roman voted according to their Tribes : Whereas in the Comitia Curiata, none cou'd vote but Inhabitants of Rome ; in the Comitia Centuriata, the rich Men had the Advantage, by reafon of their Number of Centuries; but in this Comitia Tributa, there was no refpeat of either of thefe Qualifications, but all Free Romans in or without the City, Poor or Rich, might have Voices. Another Difference between this and the Curiata Comitia, was the Place of Affembly ; that being ry'd to the Comitium in the Forum Roma-num, and that with the fuperflitious Obfervations of Birds call'd Aufpicia ; but this Tributa was ty'd to no fet Place, being affembled in a great many feveral, without any Obfervation of Birds. But the moft material Difference between thefe two Comitia's, was this; Chap. III. The Confular State. 0; this ; in this Curiata Inch things were treated of, and confirm'd by the Suffrages of the Curia, as the Senate had firfi decreed; but in the Tributa, all things were manag'd without any confulting of the Senate, and were wholly derermin'd by the Votes of the Tribes ga-ther'd apart. The Matters that were manag'd here, were chiefly, The chufing of inferior Mag orates, as the Tribunes Xdiles, Prietts, (9.c. making of thofe Laws call'd Plebifcita, or whatfoever fhould concern the Commons ; as alfo the Puniihment of Mifdemeanours; but not as to Lite and Death ; and the making Peace, but not War. This new Law gave the Commons hill more Power and Authority, and made 'em fill more bold and infolent, to the danger of many a Patritian, and to the Ruin of Appius, whofe ill Succefs againft the I/olfci this fame Year, and his violent oppofing the Agrarian Law the next, made the Tribunes fet him a Day to anfwer for his Life before the People, which he prevented by killing himfelf. VI. Still the Romans had War with the "Equi , Sa- U. C. bines, and Vo/fii, and had generally the Advantage. 284. From the Volfci was taken Antium,a confiderable City on the Sea,,28 Miles South Eafl of Rome, which they made a Roman Colony. For nine Years together,none of thefe got any confiderable Advantage over the Romans; tho' in the midft of thefe Wars,there happen'd a moil grievous Plague in Rome, which (wept away an innumerable Company of the Slaves, a foarth Part of the Senators, both the Confuls, and moft of the Tribunes. The ./Equi and Volfci were at laft much weaken'd,theirTerritories greatly wafted, and Lucretius and Veturim,the Confuls,obtain'd one a Triumph, and the other anOvation over 'em.The Year after this, and of the City 2 9 )_,Volumnius andCamerinas,the Con-fuls, having no Aftion abroad, employ'd themfelves at home againft the exorbitant Power of the Tribunes, who were now got to that height of Boldnefs as to H 4 affert, 1 04 die iiiflory. Book II. 7'hat the Citizens ought all to have equal Pmer In the Government; they likewife made great Com- plaints, that the Roman Laws were yet unwritten, and thereupon propos'd a Law to have ten Men chofen in a lawful Atfemb'y, to publifh Laws, both concerning all Private and Publick Bufinefs. The young Patritians furioufly oppos'd their Defigns, cafling the meaner fort like Slaves out of the Forum. Among thefe, Cafo Quintius, the Son of Q_uintittis Cin- cinnatus, was Principal, a Perfon of great Courage, whom the Tribunes refolv'd to make an Example to all young Men, and therefore fet him a Day to an-fwer for his Life before the People, which caus'd new Stirs and Commotions. Calo being admitted to Bail, fled into Hetruria; whereupon his Father fold almoft all his Hate to reimburfe the Sureties, and then retreating to a Email Farm, and a little Cottage beyond the Tiber, Iiv'd retied from the World, la-bouriouily working for his Living. The Tribunes were much deceiv'd in their Expe6a-tions, and the young Patritians fo hotly oppos'd 'em, that they could a& nothing of consequenee this Con-fulfhip. The next Year the fame Tribunes being cho-fen again, they caus'd various Rumours to be fpread abroad, That many of the Senators and Patritians had form'd a P1 t, and confpir'd to murther the Tribunes, and ruin all the Authority of the Plebeians, This Contrivance was defign'd to fright the Senate into a Compliance, but had no other Effeas than the caufing great Tumults and Diflurbances among the Commons. There Troubles were fo great as to give occafion to Herdo- U. C. vin, a Sabine, with 4000 Men, to feize on the Capitol, calling in the Slaves to their Liberty, which put 2.93. the whole City into a great Conflernation, all being in a Confufion. Valerius and Claudiu.r were then Con-fuls, and the Tribunes perfuaded the Multitude not to fight, except the Patritians wou'd engage by Oath to create Ten Men for making of Laws, and idler the Commons to have equal Privileges with them. Clau- diia Chap. III. the Con PularState. digs woa'd have wholly flighted their Affinance, but Valerius finding fuch prefling neceffity for 'em, pro-mis'd upon Oath to endeavour to satisfie the Defire of the Commons when the War was ended. Whereupon Claudius was appointed to look to the City, and Valerim valiantly attack'd the Capitol on all fides, and took it'by Storm, but with the Lois of los Life ; the Slaves being punifh'd according to their Dcierts,and the reit made Pfiloners of War. This War finisfi'd, the Tribunes requir'd Claudim to make good the Promife of his deceas'd Collegae; but he alledg'd, He cou'd do nothing himfelf; and appointed the Comitia for the chufing a new Conful. The Fathers, the better to fupport their Intereft, refolv'd upon Quintius Cincinnatus, Father to Cafo, lately tied ; and immediately fent for him to the City. The Meffengers found him hard at Plow, only in his Trufs, and a Cap on his Head ; but being told of their coming, by a Viator that ran before,he prefent-ed himfelf in a better Habit. Being falived by the Name of Conful, invefted with Purp.e„ honour'd by the Fafces and other Enfigns of Magiftracy, he was de-iir'd to begin his Journey ; but after a little Paufe he anf\ver'd with Tears, Then for this Year my poor little Field mu fl go unfown, and we Ihall be in danger of Want. After this, taking his Leave of his Wife, he departed for the City. There Quintius, partly by Cunning, and partly by Threats, reflrain'd the Tribunes from preferring the Law, and carry'd himfelf fo as to be a Terror to the Multitude whenever they refus'd to lift themselves, and their greaten Encourager when their Behaviour was filch as deferv'd it. He per-form'd his Office with that Prudence and Jultice, and likewife with that Civility and Courtefy, that the Commons were now of Opinion, that they flood in no need of new Laws : Then having finiih'd his Confulihip, he, to the Concern of the whole Senate, betook himfelf to his little Cot- tage, log o6 The Pomaiz Hiftory Book tage, and his former laborious courfe of Life. The Year following, the "Equi furpriz'd Tufitdum, but were worfted by the Romans, together with their Friends the Volfci, and were fore'.; to beg Peace : And in this Year there were found z i9 -.(30 Free Citizens, according to Eutroplus. In the next Confulthip, the "Equi and Viilfci were drawn to revolt by Gracchils Claim's, a ruling Man among 'em, who by his Induftry fo hemm'd in and block'd up the Roman Army,that it was in great danger of being loft. This put the City into a great Confternation,fo that they were glad to have recourfe to a Diaator, and Quintius Cincinnatus was immediately refolv'd upon. The Meirengers found him fweating and labouring as before ; but he feeing Dia. iv. himielf made Diaator by the 24 Axes, the Purple, U. C. the Hodes, and other Royal En/igns, was fo far 295. from being pleas'd with the Honour, that he faid with great Concern, This rear's Crop will alfo be loll, and my poor Family mull be liarzid. At his entring the City, he encouraged the People what he cou'd, and chofe Tarquinius for his Mailer of the Horfe ; then drawing out his Troops, he fell upon Clalius, and forc'd him into his Intrenchments, and befieging him awhile, brought his whole Army to his Mercy, who were forc'd to yield at Difcretion. They were all made Prifoners of War ; and in token of Servitude, Quintius made 'em pais under the yugum,which was two Spears fet up, with a third cads, like a Gallows ; and likewife made 'em deliver up Corbia. He order'd the choiceft Plunder for Rome, and the reit to be given to his Soldiers, then returned to the City with'a more magnificent Triumph than any before him, having defeated a powerful Army, and plunder'd and fortify'd a City of the Enemy, within fourteen Days after his Creation. He immediately refigned his Office, and when the Senate and his private Friends wou'd have enrich'd him with Publick Lands, Plunder, and Contributions, he ut- terly Chap. III. The Con filar State. terly refus'd all, betaking himfelf again to his Cot- tage, and his old course of Life; which is one great Inflance of the Abflinence of the Romans at that time. The Year following the 5abines, with the ./E-qui, retook Corbio, againft whom, when Levies were to be made, the Tribunes, who were all created a fourth time, withifood them again. Whereupon the Fathers, with weeping Eyes, made ufe of Intreaties, offering to go in their own Persons, if they refus'd ; which fo fenfibly mot'd the People, That they pro-mis'd all manner of Obedience, if they wou'd permit the Number of their Tribunes to be increai'd to Ien: Which Tribunes the Senate, after fome Debates, granted ; reafona- increas%1 bly fuppofing, that their Number would prove the U. C. moll probable means to divide 'em ; but then with 296. this Provifo, as Livy lays, That they Aould never chide the fame Tribunes twice. This done, Levies were made, and a fuccefsful War was carried on againft the Sabiizes and aqui. VII. The Dornectick Troubles feem'd for a while to be allay'd ; but in a Year's time, the Tribunes uniting all together, mAe farther Incroachment:, than ever, and ventur'd fo far as to Alembic the Senate by their own proper Authority; moreo-er ttclu ring Mount Aventine for the People to buiid on, which being a Mile and halfin compafs, was nor yet fully inhabited, but Common, and full of Wood.. The Senate, after moll violent Qharrels on both fides, out of hopes it miht be a means to fupprefs the Agrarian Seditions, granted thofe Pars that were Cl r% mon to the People, who (pent the remainil.g part of the Year in Building, to the conficleral-,le Increare of the City. This Grant fatisfy'd the Commons but for a fhort time ; for the next Year their former Complaints were renew'd, and carry'd on with all the violent Hea's and Animofities that cou'd be imagin'd, often proceeding to Blows; till at laft the Tribunes having thrown 107 U. C. 297- o8 71e Book II thrown off all Refpe& and Reverence, irAfolently let a Day to the Con fills themleives to answer before the People. But this appear'd fo odious to many, that they were prevail'd upon to let fuch a Matter fall, as being moll dangerous both to themselves, and the whole State of Rome. But at the same time they made a firm Refolution to prefer the Agrarian Law,which they agreed to do in the next Aflembly, and for that Reafon they appointed a Day apart for the Comitia. At this Allembly were gather'd together great Numbers of all Ranks and Qialities; where the Tribunes having fpoken very largely on that Subje&, levet-al of the Plebeians related what good Services they had done the Commonwealth, and how little Reward they had for their Pains; among which was Siccius Denatus, a Man of admirable Shape and Courage, 58 Years of Age, and well furnifh'd with Military Eloquence for a feditious Attempt,who told 'em,He had ferv' d his Country in the Wars forty Years,had been an Officer thirty, firfl a Centurion, then a Tribune ; had fought one hundred and twenty Battels, in which, by the Force of his tingle Arm, he had' faild many Patri-tians Lives, recover'd .feveral Standards, perfo. rm'd many great and dangerous Exploits, gain d 14 Civick Crowns, 3 Mural Crowns, and 8 Golden Crowns ; be/Ides 83 Golden Chains, 6o Golden Bracelets, r 8 pure Spears, and 2 3 Horfe-Trappings, whereof 9 were for killing Enemies challeng'd to jingle Combats : Moreover he had receiv'd 45 Woundr, all before, and none behind, particularly twelve in that Day the Capitol was recover'd : Yet notwith-flanding he had fought fo many Tears, firy d in fo many Expeditions, receiv'd fo many Wounds, help'd to gain fo many large Territories for his Country, and had fpar'd no Coll or Labour, nor refus'd any Danger or Difficulty ; yet neither he,nor any of his Fellow-lharers in his Dangers,had l'eceiv'd the lea fl Portion of thole Lands they had gain'd by their Swords, but that they were porefi'd by others who had .sot the leafs Title or Merit to /hew for 'en,I3 and to fitch too, whole Chap. IV. The Confular State. 109 whole private Attempts, and finifier Ends, better entitled 'em to a difgracejul Punijhment, than to any Publick Re- ward. Trick Particulars he urg'd at large, withal accufing the Patritians of many Defigns again(} the Privileges of the People, and the Publick Peace of the City ; which he did with fuch Rhetorick and Cunning, that the Commons were almoft iranfport-ed with the Man. Yet mill the Patritians, by their wonderful Prudence and cautious Management, tho' with extreme Hazard to themfelves, fo far defeated their Defigns, that the Law could not be pafs'd. Thefe Difturbances were a little diverted by the Enemies March as far as Tujculum, againft whom Sic-cius went a Volunteer, where the Confuis put him upon a moil defperate Attempt, which gain'd him the higheft Honour, inftead of procuring his Ruin, as they imagin'd it would have done. A notable ViEtory was gain'd over the J.P._.'qui by his means, and he reveng'd himfelf upon the Confuls, by preventing their Triumph this Year, and by getting 'em fin'd the next, when he himielf was made one of the Tribunes. Upon which a Law pafs'd in the Centu-riata Comitia, That, all Magi fixates fhould have Power to punifh fuch as violated their 4uthority, (which before was only the Privilege of the Confuls) but not by any Fine exceeding two Oxen, or thirty Sheep ; which Law was long observ'd by the Romans. This new Law pleas'd the People, and all now being a little more moderate, the whole Body of Rome began to confider of Ways and Methods to fettle the Government more firmly, and to prevent all dangerous Feuds for the future ; thereupon it was agreed, That Ambaffadors fhou'd be fent to the Greek Cities in Italy, and to Athens, to bring fuch Laws from thence as were molt excellent, and moil convenient for the Good of the Commonwealth. For this great Defign, Pojihumius, Sulpitius, and Manlius,were fix'd upon,and Galleys affign'd for their ufe, U. C. 299. I i o The 220711a12 Hiftory. Book IL ufe, fuitable to the Majefty of the Roman People. The Year folio wing,there happen'd a.great Famine,and a molt grievous Plague, to the great Damage of the City : And toe Year after, the A mbaffadors return'd out of G; eece with their Laws ; prefently after which the Tribunes requir'd, thatLaw makers might be appointed ; and after many grave and prudent Debates, and fome Oppofition, it was granted. The Method that they all agreed upon,was,7'hat Ten Men out of the chief of theSenate,jhou'd be eleEled, whofe Power continuing for a rear,Aou'd be the fame with that of Kings andConfuls, and that without any Appeal; that all other Magifiracies fhou'd lay down their Authorities till they might be renew'd according to the Laws. This was agreed on by the Senate,and confirm'd by the People • and the Confuls eleEt immediately r,gning their fi Office, were made part of the Decemvirate ; and alfo the Tribunes, ./Ediles, Quaflors, &c. were divefted of all Power and Authority. This was a moft remarkable Change of Government, as great as that from Kings to Confuls, and was the fe-cond fort of In termiffion of the Confular Power,which happen'd in the fecond Year of the 82d Olympiad,3o2 Years after the Building of the City, 57 after the Banithment of Tarquin, 3o after A'erxes's Expedition into Greece, and 45o before our Saviour's Nativity. ark, 0, 41-7 CHAP. IV. From the Creation of the Decemviri, to the Third Intermiffion of the Confular Power by the Military Tribunes. Containing the Space of 8 rears. U C. I."-F HE Ten Perfons chofen by the CenturiataComi- 3oz. tia for this high0flice,were Appius and Genu- Dc,cm7.4ri.tius) the late Confuls elect Pofihumius) Sulpitius, and Man- Chap. IV • The Confillar State. t t Madius, the three Ambafradors ; Sextui and Romaigs, former Confials; with yuhus, vetuyipbs, and Horatias, all Senators. Thefe being invested with alrucit ab-folute Power, agreed. that only one of them at one time fhou'd have the Palos and other Confular Enfigns, to which they were.to fucceed by turns, for a certain limited time, till the Year came about. And he whole turn it was for the time being, affembled the Senate, confirm'd the Decrees, and did all other things that belong'd to a chief Magiftrate to do ; the reft, to avoid Envy and Sufpicion, differ'd little in Habit from private Perfons, having only an Ac-cenfus, or a fort of Beadle going before 'em. Thefe great Men for a time manag'd all things with fuch juftice and Moderation, that the Commonwealth feem'd moll happy under 'em ; andkpius above the reft grew exceeding popular, carrying away the chief Praife from the whole College, having indeed greater, and more fecret Defigns than the reft. At length, having made a Model out of fuch Laws as were brought from Greece and their own Country's Cufloms, they expos'd 'em to the View of all Men, in ten Tables, that any one might make Exceptions. When all were approv'd of, a Senatus Confultum pafs'd nemine contradicente, for the ratifying of thefe Laws ; and the Queftion being put to the People in the Centuriata Comitia, they were mofi religioufly and ceremonioufly confirm'd in the Prefence of the Pon-tifices, Augurs, and Priells ; then they were engraves in Brafs, (some fay Ivory) and plac'd for publick View in the moD confpicuons Parts of the Forum. The Year being almoft expir'd,the Decemviri mov'd the Senate for a continuance of this Office ; and after great Debate, it was refolv'd by them, to have the fame kind of Magiftracy for the following Year, be-caufe fomething feem'd yet wanting to the new Model; but efpecially becaufe this Office fufpended the 7ribunelhip; which had been an intolerable Burden to the I 2 Man I-IJ7c;y. Book II. the State. A C'omitia was appointed on purpole,where the moil Ancient and Honourable of theFathers flood for this Office, fearing if it fell into the Hands of turbulent Persons, it might prove very dangerous to the Peace of the Commonwealth. Ilypius nad now gain'd the Hearts of the People, and his Behaviour and Adions were extoli'd to the Skies, therefore they labour'd earnefily to retain him in his Place ; but he cunningly defir'd to be excus'd the undertaking fuch atroublefome and ungrateful Work. But at IA, overcome as it were by the Intrearics of the People, he plac'd hi mfelf among theCandidates ;where by a crafty Infinuation of his own Services, and a malicious Ac-cufation of the other Patritians, as ow;ng him a Spite for his publick Spirit, he not only made way for him-felf, but for his Friends too. He procur'd to be chofen with himfelf, Fabius, a former Conful ; COY-. nelius, Servilius, Minutius, Antonius and Rabulius, all Fatritians ; and Petilius, Duellius, and OppittJ, all Plebeians ; whom he took in, the more to ingratiate him-felf with the Rabble, laying, It um veiy jufl that the Commons fhou'd have a Share in that Magifiracy which was to govern and command all. On the fii-fiDay after their Creation,they all made their Appearance with Regal Enfigns,which exceedingly terrify'd the People, efpecially the Axes now added again to the Rods, which Poplicola had laid afide, to prevent the Difiatisfaaion of the Common Sort. The firft thing the Deceniviri did, was their promifing each other by Oath, To be of one Mind ; to retain the Power in their own Hands ; to be of equal Authority among themfelves ; and to admit none into their Number ; never to make ufi, of Senatus Con ful-turns and Plebifcitums, but in cafe of Necellity, aEling moil things by vertue of their own Power. There things they obferv'd with great exaa-nefs; nothing valuing the Roman Senate and People; and exercifing their Authority with all Licentioufnefs By which means it Chap. IV Confidar State. 3 lit came to pals, that they being both Legiflators and Judges, many Citizens were unjuftly put to Death, and others illegally depriv'd of their Eftates : whole Caufes they all formerly judg'd, that they might make the greater Shew and Pretence of Juftice. Ac- cufers were fuborn'd out of their Dependents, each one affording all Affiftance herein to his Collegue ; and fuch Private Perfons as had Suits depending, had no other way to fecure their Caufes, but by joining themfelves with the Jidges Party, fo that in a fhort time moft of the Citizens were alfo corrupted. And fuch as were molt offended at the Extravagancy of the Decemviri's Anions, withdrew themfelves, wait- ing for a new Creation of Magifirates. One very memorable thing was done by 'em this U. C. Year; which was, their adding two Tables of Law to 3 o3. the ten that were made the Year before; whereof one forbad all Marriages between the Patritians and Plebeians. Thefe two, together with the other ten,a1- ways went by the Name of the Laws of the Twelve The Tables, being much talk'd of by many Authors, and Twelvo, extremely commended by Cicero, as containing Mat- Tables, ters of the greateft Policy, and excelling the Libraries of all the Philofophers. They were divided into three Parts,whereof the first contain'd what belong'd to the Religion of the Romans ; the fecond, what concerti'd the Publick ; and the third, the Rights of private Per- ions. Thefe Laws being eflablifh'd, it neceifarily 101- lOw'd, that Difputations and Controversies won'd a- rife, which requir'd the Interpretation and. 1),17i..rtni-- nation of the Learned. Now this Interpret.:Hon, or this unwritten Law fram'd by the Learned, call'd by the common Name of YUS CiTile, or C:v.71 Law. fins ciae4 Befides,CertainCafes were corn pos'd our of the ft:Laws almoft at the fame time; which Cafes, left the Peo- ple fhou'd make 'em at their Pleafure, were to be cer- tain and folemn ; and this part of Law was call'd ifiliones Yuri', or Cafes at Law : So that alma at. the Acctionel fa me Ytiris 4 The q(?7111111 fliflory. Book 11. fame time arofe thefe three forts of Law ; namely, the Laws of the Twelve Tables, call'd barely Le,ges, the Civil Law, and the Cafes at Law. The reit of the Roman Laws that were either before or after thefe, according to Pomponius, were of thefe forts; namely, a Plebifcitum, made by the Commons without the Authority of the Fathers; or an Edit of a Magi- ,}us Hone- {Irate, call'd fl us Honorarium ; or an Ordinance of rarium* the Senate by their Pole Authority, call d Senatui Con- cScna ,onirmitum. fultum ; or, tally, that call'd Principalis Confiitutio, pr;ncipaiis which was enaEed by the Prince or the Emperor. confiitutio. But to rerurn to the Decemviri, who now neither regarded the Approbation of Senate nor People ; but in a meer Arbitrary Way continu'd themselves in Power for the Year following, which was the third of the Decemvirate. They fo manag'd the Affairs, that in a fhort time even the mon confiderable of the Citizens, Patritians and others, were either murther'd or forc'd to quit the City. At the fame time the Sabines and ./Equi began to invade the Roman and La-tine Territories, which did not a little flartle the De-cemviri, becaufe they found no means of Refiflance without firft airembling the Senate, which had been laid afide for Tome confiderable time. At this pref- junEture a Senate was at laft call'd, where Ap-pius in a premeditated Oration propounding the Bu-finefs of the War : Upon which, Va/eritis, the Grand-fon of Poplicola, firft Rood up, and tho' Appius commanded him to forbear, violently exclaim'd againfl the Tyranny of the prefent Ufurpers. He being forc'd to Silence, was feconded by Marcus Horati-us, Grandfon of Poplicola's Collegue, who having exprefs'd great Indignation againfi the Decemviri, threaten'd to have him call headlong down the Tarpeian Rock. All the Senators exclaim'd a-gainft this, as the highefi Breach of their Privileges, and an intolerable Piece of Injuflice : Whereat the Ten, a little repenting this Rafhnefs, began to excufe themfelves, Paying, They hinder'd none of the Liberty of fpeaking Chap. IV. The Conitilar State. fpeaking to the matter propounded, but interrupted all fedi-tious Orations, which they might do by the Power of Con-lids and Tribunes receiv' d from the People, not for a rear, or any limited time, tut till the great 14 "crk of the Laws fhou'd be finr1.b d; until which they were refulv'd to ad, and wou'd then give an Account of their Adminifiration. The Defign of Tyranny and Slavery, too openly appear'd under this Veil; whereuponClaudius, Appi rts' Uncle, flood up, and very handfomely expos'd the Ar-birrary and Tyrannical Carriage of his Nephew and nine Companions ; plainly demonflrating, that this War was folely occafion'd by the prefent Dillempers of the State ; withal advifing the Senators to refolve nothing till the accuftom'd Magiftrates were &ft created. Many of the younger Sort were of Opi, nion, that the prefent Urgency requir'd the War to be committed to the Management of the Decemviri; and others were for creating a Difiator, which Opi, nion had the moil plaufible Appearance of any : So that the Houle was very much divided; many, out of fear either of the Decemviri, or the Enemies, having alter'd their fira Intentions. Appius took Advantage of there Divilions, and look'd upon his own Parties Votes as a fufficient Determination ; whereupon he immediately commanded the Clerk to draw up a Se-status Confultum,wherebyfull Power of levyingPorces, and commanding them, was given to the Decemviri ;and_ firaight the Senate was difmifs'd, to the great Diflatif-faEliori of many. This new way of proceeding made Horatius and Valerius (land upon their own Defence, gathering together their Clients and Dependents ; and caus'd Claudius to go over to the Sabines,where he liv'd. And notwithflanding all the Care and Provi-fion of the Decemviri, great Multitudes follow'd his Example, leaving their native Seats, with theirWives and Children, and went into a voluntary Exile. IL The Decemviri divided their Army into three I z Parts, 1 6 The kmait Hiflou. Book H. Parts, whereof one continu'd with Appius and Oppius in the City ; and the other two were commanded by their Collegues, one againft the aqui, and the other again(} the Sabines. The "Equi forc'd the Romans to abandon their Camp, and fly fhamefuily ; which caus'd great Joy in Rome among the Enemies of the Decemciiiii : So that Appius fearing fome Attempt, wrote to his Collegues in the Army, to defiroy their known Adverfaries by any means, which was effected upon feveral. But at Rome, among many others, Siccius Dentatus, the Roman Achilles, as he was called, blam'd the Commanders as Cowards and unskilful; whereupon Appius, to fecure him with good Words, perluaded him to go as Lieutenant, or Lega-tus, to theArmy, then lying at Cruflumeria, againft the Sabin€s> Siccius,without any Sufpicion or Diftruft,un-dertook the Employment ; for the Office of Legatus was moft (acted and honourable among the Romans, having the Power and Authority of a General, and the Inviolablenefs and Veneration of a Prieft. Upon his Arrival at the Camp, he was fent out with a Party of 'co Men, who had ftrid Orders to murder him ; where he fhew'd firth incredible Strength and Valour, that he kili'd fifteen of 'em himfelf, and wounded twice as many, as Dionyflus relates it ; fo that at length they were fore'd to throw Darts and Stones at him, keeping some diflance, and by that means effeEted their D'efign. The Affaffinates gave out that he fell into the Enemies Hands; but the Soldiers ea-fly perceiving the Villany, began to grow more mutinous; and the Deconviri, to appeafe 'em, gave Siccius a very honourable Burial, which was per-form'd with much Ceremony, and an univerfal Sorrow among the Soldiers, who from that time thought upon nothing but a Revolt ; which the other Army, lying at Algedum againft the Toon after found a fair Opportunity to effeEt. It was occa,lion'd by one Virginius, a Pletcian, who had Lec,attii, Chap. IV. The Confular State. had a Daughter of moft admirable Beauty, and of as cminent ChaRity, whom Appius faw by chance, and was fo extremely fmitten with her, that nothing could allay his violent Paffion. His own Laws had forbidden him marrying her, as being a Plebeian ; nor cou'd he hope to enjoy her any other way, but by procuring Claudius, one of his Clients, to challenge her for his Slave ; fo that the Matter being brought before himjhe might judge her to be fo.Claudius,accor-ding to his Inftruotions, laid Claim to her; and bring. ing the Matter to a Trial before Appius, he aflirm'd, That the was natural Daughter to his Slave, procur'd by V irginius' s Wife, being barren and now dead,and brought up for her own; a thing tho' known to others as well as himfelf, he had no Opportunity till now to make it appear. This Pretence was fo impudent and groundlefs, that it rais'd the Indignation of all unconcern'd Perfons ; and Numitor, the Maid's Uncle, with lcilius,who was contr,,&ad to her, fufficiently prov'd the Falfity of the Aifertion. But Appius, refolutely bent upon his luftful and bale Defign, would hear no Reafon, nor mind any Proof; till at WI the loud Cries and Mur- murs of the Multitude prevail'd with him. to defer the Matter till her Father could be sent for from the Camp to defend her Caufe, for which he would allow but one Day. He immediately wrote to Algedum at the Camp to confine Virginius; but Numitor and Icilius's Brother intercepted the Letters,and Virginias pretending the Death of a near Relation, got leave to leave the Camp, and came potting to the City. The next Day Virginius appear'd at the Place, to the great Surprize of Appius,he and his Daughter both in Mourning, accompany'd with feveral weeping Matrons, and a numerous Train of Advocates, the whole City crowding into the Forum,Virginiuf prov'd the Maid to be his own Daughter ; but Appius, corrupted by the Greatnefs of his Power, and inflam'd with the Heat of his Luft, neither confider'd the juff 13 De- 1 17, 8 T7e tman .Kitory. Book H. Defence of the Father, nor the bitter Tears of the poor Virgin ; but was enrag'd at the Pity of the Standers-by, thinking himielf a greater Object of Pity, who endured more for her Beauty's fake than file her Pelf did. He interrupted all that pleaded in her behalf, commanding their Silence, and ilreight judg'd Claudius to be right Lord and Owner of her. Great Outcries and Lamentations being made, as well by others as the Virgin and her Relations, all knowing the was doom'd to the Tyrant's Lulls, Appius commanded all to depart, and order'd Claudius to take Polfeilion of his Slave. Virginias finding no Relief, defied he might fpcak a Word with his Daughter before he parted from her; which being granted, he dragg'd her hanging about him to a Butcher's Stall hard by, and pitifully bewailing her deplorable Condition; where catching a Kinfe in his hand, he laid, Daughter, 1 will fend thee to ,our Anceflors both free and unfpotted, for the mercilefs 7y-rant will Mer thee to be neither here; and thereupon flabb'd her to the Heart : Then calling his angry Eyes up to the Tribunal, he cry'd out, Appius, thou Tyrant, with this Blood I doom thee to certain Death! With the bloody Knife in his Hand, in a great Rage and Fury, he ran through the City, wildly calling upon the People in all places to regain their Liberty ; and coming to the Gate, rode Poll to the Army, a Company of 400 Plebeians following him. In this Pollure Virginius arrived at the Camp, with the Knife and his Clothes all bloody ; where with all hisR;lerorick and pathetiaReafons he perfuaded 'em to revolt from the Ten, and redeem their finking Country ; Chewing 'ern likewife, That their Sacramentum or Military Oath awns no ways binding in this .cafe,becaufe the Oath fuppos'd the Commanders to be made according to Law, which the Ten were not, having ufurp'd al the Power and Authority they ;nu' d pretend to. The Army, ready enough for Inch a Dcfign, immediately decamp'd, fome few C.,73:7.tuyitvis only ternainirig,, and rook their Station on Mount Chap. IV. The Con fular State. Mount Aventine; and the next Day, fortifying their Camp, chofe ten Captains, whereof one Oppius was Chief: And loon after came great Parties from the ether Army, who were much offended at the Mur-ler of Siccius, and.join'd them ; and this was the fe-:ond Separation of the Commons. Appius in the mean :ime having encieavoued by force to fupprels the Di-iturbances he had rais'd in the City, was fo over-power'd by the Parties of Valerius and Horatius, formerly mention'd, that he was forc'd to keep himfelf to his Houle. Oppius, one of the Decemviri, affembled the Fathers, and urg'd the PunAment of all Defer-ters ; but the Senate was fo fenfible of the threatning Dangers and Miferies of the State, that they were glad to come to any Agreement with the Soldiers : Therefore, to compofe all Differences, they immediately difpatch'd Meffengers to the Army, which had lately remov'd to the Holy Mount, as they had once done above 40 Years before, where the People demanded to have the fame Form of Government as was fettled before the Creation of the De-cemviri, which was readily granted 'em, the People all returning home to the City. Thus in leis than three Year's time, ended the famous Decernvirate. III. Valerius and Horatius were for their Services made Confuls for the remaining part of the Year. Thefe preferr'd divers Laws in favour of the Commons, to the great Regret of the Patritians; whereof one was, 'That fuch Laws as the Commons enaded in the Comitia Tributa, fhould have the fame Force as thole made in the Comitia Centuriata ; which was a great Advantage to the People. After this, the Eibunes, whereof Virginius was one, thought it convenient to call the Decemviri to an account, Appius was committed to Pi.ifon, no Bail being allow'd him ; but before his Trial, was found dead,but by what means is uncertain. Oppius, the next to him in Guilt, was ac- 14 cus'd 119 U. C. 304 20i The1&onian Hylory. Book II, cus'd ; and being condemn'd, dy'd the fame Day in Prifon by his own Hands. The other Eight banifh'd themfelves,and Claudius,the pretended Mafter of Virginia, was driven out after em ; with which Justice `the State was fatisfy'd, and Indemnity granted to all others. Affairs thus fettled, the Confuls took the Field againft the Aqui, Volf-ci, and Sabine, and fo fuccefsfully as to deferve a Triumph ; but the Senate gave 'em a Repulfe for making Laws fo much in favour of the Commons, and fo difadvantageous to the Patritian Privileges. The Confuls appeal'd to the People, and complaining much of the Senate, by the affiftance of the Tribunes, procur'd a Law to pats, for receiving the Privilege of Triumph from the People. Thus did the Plebeian Power increafe daily, each Morfel of the Patritians Prerogative ferving only to add to their infatiable Appetites. Little was perform'd by the Romans for three Years after, betides the Wars with the T/olfci and Aqui, which were carry'd on with no great Vigour, by rea-fon of the frequent Difputes between the Senate and People ; till the Year 308, the Enemy making Ravages and Incurfions to the Walls of Rome, put the People upon confidering the common Safety of the State, and under the Command of Quintius and Fu-rius' the Confuls for this Year, they obtain'd a notable Vitiory over them. This ViEtory was attended with a remarkable Determination of the Romans, between the Inhabitants of Ardea and Aricia, who had frequent Contefts about certain Lands, and had left it to Rome to be Judge. One Scaptius, an old Commoner of 84 Years old, flood up, and declar'd, That thefe very Lands by right belong'd formerly to Co-rioli, and confiluently to the Romans, who ought to have 'enti. The Senate were alham'd to determine the thing this way, becaufe it had been left to them to be Judges; but. the People, ready to make ufe of any Advantage, caus'd it to be voted in the Comitia Tri- buta Chap. IV. 712e Confular State. buta; where the Lands were adjudged, To be the pub-lick Poffeffion of the Roman People, to the great Sur-prize of the Ardeans and Aricians, who were forc'd to return home as well fatisfy'd as they cou'd. IV. The Tribunes now grew more and more turbu- U. C. lent, and nothing wou'd fatisfie the Commons but a 309. Share in the. higher Offices, and Places of greatenTruft ; and for that Reafon they propos'd two Laws, one to permit theMarriages ofPartritians with Plebei-am ; and the other to make the Plebeians capable of the Confulfhip, which they never were before. Thp Senators took thefe Propofals molt heinoufly, feeing their Privileges in danger to be ruin'd, and were re-folvid to endure the utmoft Extremities rather than pats thefe Laws; but finding fuck violent Commotions in the State, they pafs'd the Law about Marriages, in hopes that wou'd fatisfie the People, and make 'em not infift upon the other. This appeas'd the Commons for a fhort fpace; but foon after, when the .aqui and Sabines made great Ravages in the Roman Territories, they took the Advantage of thefe Troubles, and utterly refus'd to lift themfeives, till they were made likewife Partakers of the Confulfhip, nor cou'd they be prevail'd upon to defer the Matter till the War was over. Upon this the Confuls were forc'd to hold a private Conference of the Chief of the Senators, where, after Tome Debates, Claudius propos'd an Expedient as the mon feafonable in this preffing Conjun&ure. He advis'd 'em by no means to fuffer the Confulfhip to come into the Hands of the Plebeians, but to create certain Governours in the Room of Confuls, fix or eight, whereof one half at leafl fhou'd be Patritians : For by this means they fhou'd feem not to take too much power to themfelves, and yet retain all their Prerogative. This Proje& extremely pleas'd the whole Meeting ; and that nothing might feem to be de-fign'd before-band, they agreed, That at the next Meet- 121 1 2 2, The TOman Hflory Book II. Meeting of the Senate, the Confuls fhou'd not ask the Seniors Opinion firft, as the Cuitom was, but the Youngers, and fuch as were moff popular. And Genutius,-ithe Conies Brother, was fix'd upon to propound this way of Reconciliation, purely as his own private Opinion. Upon the affembling of the Senate, Canuleius, the Tribune, upbraided the Confuls with holding of ferret Meetings, and of managing dangerous Defigns againfi the State. The Confuls on the other fide protefied their Innocency, and to demonftrate this more clearly, gave leave to any of the younger fort to fpeak firft, who cou'd not be fuppos'd to be acquainted with any private Contrivances, and to Va-lerius in particular. Valerius advis'd the Fathers to favour the Commons, who had fa well deferv'et both-in gaining of Dominions, and getting and prefervrng the Liberty of the City; and urg'd further, That the City cou'd not be Free till there was an Equality of Right. Horatim, and others, being next ask'd, feconded him, and after that, Claudius being defir'd to fpeak, the better to conceal his Defign, according to his old way, broke out into bitter InveEtives againft the Commons, and advis'd, That the Law might not pats, neither then nor ever after. This caus'd fome Diftur-bance, but at WI Genutius was ask'd his Opinion, who, as it was before defign'd, propounded this Expedient to the Senate and People, That Six Gover-nours Jhould be chofen with Confular Authority, three Pa-tritians, and three Plebeians ; and when the time of their Magifiracy fhou'd be expir'd, then the Senate and the People might refolve whether they wou'd have the fame Office, or that of Confuls for the Tear following. This Proje& was gladly embrac'd both by the Senate and Commons ; and leave was given to any Ple-beianr to find for this new Office : Yet fo fickle were the Minds of the Multitude, and fo nleas'd with the bare Novelty of the thing, that tho' many Plebeians flood Chap. V. The Confular State. fiood for this Office, they thought none of "cm worthy of that Honour, but beflow'd it upon eminent Partritians only, who appear'd as Candidates. This was the third Intermiffion of the Confular Power, tho' the Authority was equivalent ; and likewife the third great Change in Rome, which happcn'd fcarce eight Years after the iecond, in the 3 loth of the City, 65 Years after the Expulrion of the Kin s, and 442 before our Saviour Chria's Nativity. 3 , CHAP. V. From the creation of the Military Tribunes, to the Burning of Rome by the Gauls ; which almoft ruin'd the Roman Nation. Containing the Space of N, Years. i.H E Confuls being for once more laid aficie, U. C. T thefe new-mention'd Magifirates fucceeded) 10. being call'd by the Name of Tribuni or Mi- litary Tribunes, three Patritians only be:ng chofen, namely, Sempronius, Atratinus, Sictilus, and Attilius Longus. Thus at firfi they were but three in Number, afterwards they were increas'd to four, and at length to fix. And tho' there had the Power and Enfigns of Confuls, yet their Number, together with the mixture of Pleteians,which afterwards prefs'd in, made their Privilege and Divinity feem fomething, different and inferior: Whence a Tribune of the People afterwards, in way of Contempt, call'd them a Proconfulary Image ; and Manlius the DiFiator, (hewing that a Mailer of the Horfe was inferior to a Conful, compar'd his Power to that of thefe Magifirates. Thefe Military 7-'ribunes having held their Office al- moi1 z 24 The (koman Riftory. Book II. mon eight Weeks, were confirain'd to lay it down, for that the Augurs found Come Flaw in their E1e6ii-on, and Confitls were created afrefh, Sempronius being one : So that in feventy three Days here was ano-thee Change of Government, the old one prevailing over the new. The following Year they procur'd Confas again to be elected, and not Military Tribunes, who were Gega-J11.14.1 and QL:iiniim, who had both been Confuls before. U. C. In this Year the Conldls finding the Publick Bufinefs 3 i 1. to increafe, to cafe themfelves, procur'd two new C&fors. Magifirates to be created, caii'd Cenfirs, Co nam'd be-caufe the Bufinels of the Genius, which had been infti-tilted by Sev-,,,,iusTullius, the firth King of Rome, was one great part of their Office. Thefe Magifirates at firft made no great Appearance, but in a fhort time they became Perfons of extraordinary Dignity and Power, having all the Ornaments and Enfigns of Coufuls, except Li or At the beginning, they were created for five Years, which fpace was calla i.ifirurn, as was formerly obferv'd ; but loon after their time was fhorcen'd to a Year and half; but fill they were chofen but once in five Years, the Cenfus being no oftner perform'd. Their Power was very large, and their Office very extenfive ; for tho' at firft they only perform'd the Cenfus, making an Eflimate of Mens Eflates, difiributing them into their feveral Cla/fes and Centuries, taking the Numbers of the Inhabitants, &c. yet in a fhort time they became Publick InfpeEtors of Mens Lives and Manners, and were therefore frequently call'd Magifiri Moyum ; and took upon 'em to degrade Senators upon Mifdemeanors, to take away Horfe an,dRing from Equites or Knights, and to turn Plebeians out of their Tribes, and put 'em into a Lower, and many other things of the like Nature. The two firil Cenfors were Papirius and Sem-prenipm, both Fatritians, and the two laa Years Con- ; and tiele high Officers were for nigh ioo Years Chap. V. The Con ftilar State. Years chofen out of the Patritians, and only filch as were Eminent and Famous, and had formerly been. Confuls, till the Plebeians found the way to this, as they did to all other Offices. Afterwards the Roman Colonies had their Magifirates, call'd Sub Cenfors, who gave an Account to thefe of the Number of Inhabitants, and their Wealth, which was immediately regifler'd in the Cenfors Books. The Fathers were extremely satisfy'd that they had got thefe Magiarates created out of their own Body, and the Tribunes efleeming their Power to be inconfiderable, were willing enough to agree to it. In this fame Year, the Ardeans, as being Allies, fent to the Romans for Succour again(} the Volfci, who were call'd in by fome dangerous Faaions among themfelves, and had reduc'd them to great Extremities. The Romans were ready to ferve the Perforis they had fo lately injur'd about their Lands, and immediately Geganim, the Conful, was fent with a considerable Army againft the Vidfil, and he Toon re-liev'd the Ardeans, and clear'd the Country of the Enemy. This Viaory was very memorable, and the Conful had a noble Triumph, Chllitts, the Volfciaiz General, being led before the Chariot. Ardea had now been fo difpeopled with the Fa&ions, and the late Wars, that they were willing to accept of a Roman Colony, which the Senate fent Toon after; and to chew a further Piece of Generofity, reflor'd all the Lands they had before adjudg'd to the Publick Ufe, tho' with the great Complaints of many of the Commons. II. The Heats of the Commons were fill kept alive, but for fome time were of no dangerous Con-fequence, till three Years after Sp. Mattis, a rich Knight, encouraed by thefe Contentions, by his large Bounty to the poorer fort in time of a great Famine, began to aiTca Popularity, and by that means tc) X25 1 2 6 The cPoniaiz Ilyi Book II to afpire to the Sovereignty. His Defi_-_,,ns were loon guels'd at, and he was accus'd of this by Minucius, who had the Care of the Provifions ; which thing in tilde unfettled times fo fiartled the Senate, that by Advice ofQuintius the Conful, they order'd a Ditiator U. tr be immediately created, the Tumult hourly in- 314. ci'ePting. Qyintitts Cincinnatus, now So Years old, was the Perfon, who chofe Servilats Ahala for his Mailer of the Horfe. The Dielator prefently fummon'd Malim to appear, who being well back'd and fupported by the Mob, refufed to obey, now breaking out into open Rebellion ; whereupon Ahala let upon him in the Forum, and kill'd him, and was juflify'd by Quintius, who commanded his Goods to be fold, and hisHoufe to be demolifh'd. The Tribunes, enrag'd at the Death of their great Friend /1/Le/ius, procur'd Military Tribunes inftead of Confuls to be created for the following Year, now fix Years after their fit-ft Inflitution, hoping that fome Plebeian might get into the Number of Six, which might give 'em an Opportunity of revenging his Death : But Three only were created, all Patritians too, and their ExpeEtation wholly unanfwer'd. The following Year Confuls were created again, and in the fame Year Fidenx, a Roman Colony, revolted to rolumnius, King of the Veientes ; and to enhance their Crime, by his Infiigation, they treache-roufly murder'd the Ambaffadors fent thither, who dying thus for the Publick, the Senate generoufly appointed Statues to be ereEted in their Honour. This War in the beginning prov'd fo dangerous, and threatning to the Romans, that they were forc'd to create a DiElator to manage it, Mamercus 2Emilius be-U. C. ing the Perfon, who made choice of QuinClius Cin-3 16. cinnatus, an eminent Youth of the City, for his Mailer of the Horfe. imilius, the Dill:tor, obtain'd a great Viaory over the Enemy, in which Battle Cornelius Cofrus, a Tribune in the Army, flew King ro-lumnius Chap. V. The Confular State. liimnias with his own Hands, and by that means ob-tain'd the Honour of, the Opima Spolia, or Royal Spoils, which were the only Spoils of thatnature !ince the Reign of Romulus. Tilde Spoils were a great Grace to lEmihus's Triumph, and a great Honour to Cobs, they being with extraordinary Pomp and Ceremony confecrated to yupiter Feretrius. Two Years after this, there happen'd a great Plague in the City, and the Fidenates and Veientes prefs'd fo hard upon the Romans, that they were forc'd to have recourfe to another Difiator; and Ser- Dic. vii. vilius Prifcus was created, who chafe 2Ebutius Elva U. C. for his Mailer of the Horfe. Servilius was fo fuccefs- 318. ful, as not only to drive the Enemy back, but to take the Town of Fidena, which he did by a Mine. The taking of Fidena was fo difadvantageous to the Enemy, that the Veientes fent to all their Neighbours about for Succour, threatning no lets than entire Deftruetion to Rome. Thefe formidable Preparations put the Romans upon creating another DiSator, Dic. viii. a little above a Year after the lafl, which was "Erni- U C. kits, who had been Diaator three Years before, and 319. he chofe Pofihumius Tubertus for his Mailer of the Horfe. In a short time the Romans found that the Veientes cou'd procure no Aid, fo the DiElator had little Employment abroad; but relolving to do fome-thing at home, he caus'd the Cenforfiip to be reduc'd to a Year and a half, which was eight Years after its &II Inflitution, and then laid down his Office. The Cenfors from this took an Occafion to remove him out of his Tribe, which fo enrag'd the People, that the next time they procur'd Military Tribunes to be brought in again, after there had been Confuls four Years : And in this Election, notwithilanding the great Induftry of the Tribunes of the People, they cou'd not get in one of the Commons, which was a great Mortification to the Multitude. At 127 128 712e Toindn Riflory. Book IL At two Years end, the Senate .took Occafion from the Wars of the £qui and T/olfci to bring in Confuls again; and partly for the Enemies great Preparations, and partly for the violent Humour of the Tri, Dic. ix. bunes of the People, a Diflator was likewife created, U. C. tho' againfi the Confuls Content. This was Pofihu-322. mius 7ubero, who had yaius vopifius for his Mailer of the Horfe, who having finith'd this War fuccefsfully, triumph'd, and laid down his Office. For four Years after this, they had Confuls, in which fpace little was a&ed abroad or at home ; then the Commons pre-Mil. Tri- vail'd to have Military Tribunes again created, which bunes in- was now the fifth time, and they had four in Num- creas'd. bet ; but flill they cou'd not bring about their De- ll. C. Iigns. In this Year Fidenv revolted again, and join'd 326. with the Veientes ; whereupon three of the Confular Tribunes were fent againft the Enemy, and the fourth left to govern the City. When they proceeded to an Engagement, one of the Tribunes cry'd Charge, another cry'd Halt, all three being of a feveral Mind, till there was fuch Confufion, that the Romans betook themfelves to their Heels and fled ;which fufficiently convinc'd them of the Folly of having feveral Gene-, rals in one Army. The City upon this was put into Dic. x. fuch a Conflernation, that immediately a Diaator U C. was created, which was fEmi/im, a third time, who chofe Co fns, who had obtain'd the. laft Opima Spolia, 327. for his Mailer of the Horfe. By the Prudence and Valour of thefe two, the T/eientes were overthrown, and Fidence once more taken and plunder'd : Then "Emi-lius returning to Rome in Triumph, laid down his Office, after he had held it but 17 Days. For two Years after this, Military Tribunes conti- nu'd ; at the end of which the Senate took Occafion from the War with the Volfci, and the Abfence of thofe Magiftrates, to bring in Confuls again, not-withfiandin g the Tribunes of the People oppos'd it as much as poilible. But :.:emproni.,,,f, one of the Confuls, man Chap. V. Tbe CoafitLir State. 12,9 managing this War very careleiiy, the Tribunes from thence took Advantage, and Military `Tribunes were created again the next Year. This was for one Year, at the end, of which the Senate procur'd Conjils to be made again, and .Capitohnus, one of 'em, gain'd Advantage enough over the ./Equi to procure him an Ovation. When this Year was expir'd, there hap-pen'd .fo great a Contention about two Qyaflors or Treafurers, whom the Commons wou'd have created out of their Body, that the State fell into an Interregnum. Papirius being Inter-rex, for a .Compoftire, procur'd Military Tribunes to be again admitted, and x four Qyallors (which was two more than formerly) qu flocs to be created either out of the Patritians or Plebeians,increas'd. as the People thou'd think molt proper in their Comi- U. C. tia. N.otwithflanding this, tho' many of the Com- 333. mons hive for it, not one-of 'em cou'd get to be either Militau Tribune, or fo much as Quallor, whiCh much incens d the People. In the fecond Year after this, Military Tribunes fiill continuing, the Slaves col-if-pied to fire the City, and. feize on the Capitol; but the Plot was timely found out, and the Dilcove-rers greatly rewarded. The following Year, the ./E-qui join'd with the People of Lavicum, prefs'd hard upon the Roman Territories, and the Confular Tribunes quarrelling among themfelves for the Superiority, they got great Advantages ; insomuch that Dic. a Difiator was created, which was Servilius Prifem, U C, a fecond time, who chofe his Son Axilla for his Ma- 3 /ler. .of the Hoyle. Servilius loon difpatch'd his Bud-nefs, and laid down his Office, after. he had kept it but eight Days. After this, for four Years fucceffively, were Milita= ry Tribunes inflead of Confutr, till new Contentions aria flag between the Patritians and Plebeians, tho' partly from old Heart-burnings, and efpecially upon the account of the Agrarian Law, the State fell again in-, to an Interregnum. Fabius being Inter-rex, brought in Confuls 13 o The oman Hiflory. Book I T, Confuls again, which Government continu'd for five Years longer, in which Space of Time not very much was trantacted either ,,broad or at Loaie. In the firth Year, the Collimons being crofs'd in their De-figns of bringing in Milita)y7sibunes, bettir d them-felves fo mach, as to procure rli.ee of the ,Qtallors to be created out of their own Rank, wilo the O'f9-11 firtt Plebeian Qiaflors that ever were in Rome. The PleLe:en. dzEqw and th. Voifii, ftiengthen'd by Confederacies, U made great Ravages in the Roman Dorni;lions ; and 344- the Commons refuting to lift thLmfelves according to their ufual Cuitom, procur'd Military 7s ,bunes again, who march'd againft the Ene„uy, bat with fo ,}tic. xii. little Succefs, that a Ditlator was thought nccellary U. C. to be created. This was Cornelim C1144 . formerly 345. mention'd, who appointed Serwlius Ahala for his Mafier of the Hosfi, and march'd againft the Enemy, overthrew 'em in one Bartel, walled their Country, and then return'd. Two Years after, the Patritians and Plebeians were in fome meafure reconcil'd by means of the great Plunder of Anxur, or Terracina,_ taken from the Vo/fci; but elpecially by a Decree of the Senate for the publick Pay of the Army with Brafs Money, before which time every Soldier bore his own Charges in the War, as was hinted formerly; and this was the firft time of the paying of Soldiers in Rome,which happen'd in the 347th Year of the City. The taking of Anxur, and fome other Places from the Volfci, in a fhort time brought 'em to a Peace ; and now the Rman Dominions were confi-derably increas'd. U. C. III. About the fame time, War was proclaim'd 347, againfl the Veientes with that Refolution, and carry'd on with that Vigour, that it was evident that one of the two Cities mull fall. Veil was an exceeding large, Prong and wealthy City, and had not only been a Rival to Rome for many Years, but had always been fo Chap. V. The Confular State. fo perfidious, that a full Revenge was necefla.ry. The Romans invefted the City ; but it being fe.:_ted upon a craggy Rock, they loon found it wou'd coil 'em feveral Years Siege ; fo that they were conflrain'd to carry it on both Winter and Summer, the Soldiers lying under Bealls-skins. At this the Tribunes of the People began to repine, as a thing wholly new and dangerous; complaining likewife of the Payment of Soldiers as an Innovation, and an unjuIl Artifice to ruin the Commons. And the next Year they got the Number of the Military Tribunes to be increas'd Tri-from four to fix, as it was at firfl defign'cl, but fllll bun:suin- cou'd not procure one Plebeian to be elected; and this Lreul C. Number continu'd always for the future. New Stirs daily arofe, notwithflanding the great Diverfion by " War; fometimes upon the account of the little Suc-cefs againft Veil, the Tribunes blaming the Commanders, and prohibiting the Taxes which had been laid upon the Ciry ever (ince the Soldiers had receiv'd Pay. About fix Years after they renew'd their ancient Corv:eft about the Agrarian Law, and carty'd it on fo far as to get it promulg'd among themfelves, tho' not in the Senate : And in the fame Year, after much Trouble and Pains, they procur'd one Plebeian m21. True; to be eleEted into the Confula,r Tribunes, Licinius Cal- Ileb• vus being the Perfon. They extremely applauded 11. C. themfelves for this, it being the firit time that the 353. Commons cou'd make themfelves Sharers in the highefl Offices; and now they moll readily permitted the Pay of the Army to be gathei'd, all Stirs being for a while laid afide. The Siege of Veil was 1E11 carry'd on from Year to Year, but with various Succefs, and under divers Commanders; fometimes all the _T.efieger. Works were deftroy'd, and the Men driven back with great Lofs by Sallies from the Town : Then the Patfii, one of the twelve Nations of Hetruria, join'd with the Veientes, and very much annoy'd the Rrmanc, fame- K. titi10; 1 3 2 The Korman 1-10ory. Book 11. times to the great hazard of their whole Army. Betides, the Roman Forces were much diverted by the Vo/jci, who fuddenly took Anxur ; and tho' in no time it was retaken, yet full it was a great 1-iti-drance to the Siege of Veii. In the third Year of this Siege, Furius Camillus, a-Perfon extraordinary for Courage and Valour, as well as other Excellencies, was made one of the Cenfors. He finding the Wars lay heavy, caus'd the Batchelors to marry the Widows of fuch as had loft their Lives for their Country ; and likewife was the firft who oblig'd Orphans to pay Taxes. Two Years after he was made one of the Military Tribunes, but little fell to his (hare then. Three Years after that, which was the eighth Year of the Siege, he was a fecond time made Military Tribune, in which time he march'd againft the Falifci and Capenates, both Confederates of the Veientes, and great Difturbers of the Romans in the Si,_ge, and forc'd them all into their Towns of Ee-fence. xiii. The tedioufnefs of the Siege, made the Romans. u. refolve to carry it on with the utmoft Vigour ; and 5 7 for that reafon they created Camillus Dictator, and , he appointed Cornelius Scipio for his Mailer of the Hod -e. Camillus drew out all the Forces he cou'd raife, and made a folemn Vow, that if he took Veii, he Wou'd t1,1::. tenth Part of the Plunder to Apollo Then marchi.dg into the Country of the Falifci, he ove)-threw 'em in a great Battel, together with the Capeyiates their Confederates ; and- after that, he turn'd all his' Forces againft Veii, all People greatly epeet:ng the Event of this important Siege. Camillus finding it very hazardous to attempt the forming a Place of that Strength both by Art and Nature, fecretly wrought a Mine into it with varc Labour ; and finding the City uncapable of Relief, fent to the Senate, who order'd all who had a defire to (hare in the rich Spoils, immediately to repair to the Army, Chap V. The Confular State. Army, which called great Multitudes of all Ranks to go thither. Camillus at an appointed Time order'd a Party of Men to enter the Mine, who with caw became Mailers of the City, to the great Amazement of the Befieg'd. Thus was the rich and ftrong City of Veii taken, like a fecond Troy, after ten Years Siege, whichenrich'd the Romans with vail Plunder. As for Camillus himfelf,he, tranfpotted with the Honour of fubduing the great Rival of Rome,triumph'd after a more magnificent manner than ordinary, having his Chariot drawn by four Milk-white Steeds; a thing which the Romans look'd upon as facred,and pecaliar to the King and Father of the Gods and therefore they were much offended at his Carriage : And indeed no Man either before or fince him ever affum'd fo much Honour to himfelf. Soon after the taking of Tied, the Tribunes of the People, who were ever refuels, propos'd a Law to divide the Senate and People into two Parts, whereof one ihould flay at Rome, and the other remove to Veii, and there fettle ; this Separation, as they imagin'd, being a ready means for the enriching of both by the Poffeffion of two fuch confiderable Cities. The Plebeians, now rich as well as numerous, prefs'd hard for thisDivifion; but the Patritians judging it would prove the Ruin of the State, as ear-nefily oppos'd it, betaking themfelves to Camillus, who by prudently imploying, and varioufly divert- ing the Multitude, with much difficulty put it off, but with the Hatred of many of the Commons. But not long after there happen'd a greater and more apparent Caufe of their Hatred to him, oc-cafion'd by his negle6ling, either thro' Bufinefs or Forgetfulnefs, while he contined Diaator, to offer thofe Tenths of the Spoils of Veil, which at the beginning of his Expedition he had vow d to Apollo. When therefore he had laid down his Office,he mov'd the People to refore the Tenths of what they had K 3 receiv'd 133 134 The Roman Hiflory. Book II_ V, C. ;6o. receiv'd ; and the Prieiis alfo reported, that all the Sacrifices portended the Ange.f of the Gods, which mutt be appeas'd by Gifts. So that the Snldiers, who had already ipent what they had gain'd upon their necefiary O.cafions, were forc'd upon Oath to re-fiore the tench Pat to Apollo, which was look'd upon as a very hard Injunftion, and caus'd great Murmurings among the People. Now, becaufe there was little Gold in the City, the Ladies freely contributed their Dreffes and Ornaments, which amounted to eight Talents in Gold. And the Senate in requital of this generous Ad, decreed that Women fhon'd for the future have the Privilege and Honour of Funeral Orations, which before had never been allow-'d 'ern. The Commons hill grew more turbulent and un-eafy, and moving again for a Separation, the War with the Falifci happily fell out to divert them ; for which Camillus was made Military Tribune a third time. He foon inverted the chief City, a large and ftrong Place, 25 Miles almoft North-Leff of Rome, where the School, Mailer of the Town dew out his Boys into the Roman Trenches, and of-fer'd him to betray the Towns by delivering up the Sons of the Nobility and Magifirates. Camdlus's noble Spirit would not permit him to hearken to Inch Bafeness, but out of an extraordinary Greatnefs of M nd, he immediately ordcr'd the School-Mailer to be ftrip'd, his Hands tied behind him, and in that ignominious Manner to be whipp'd into the Town by his own Boys. The Magifirates were fo affeEfed with the great Generofity of the Roman, that they immediately yielded ; and the Senate leaving the Conditions to Camillus, he only find them a Sum of Money, and receiv'd 'em, with all the Falifii, into Friendfhip. But the Soldiers, who expeCted great Plunder, were extremely difgufted, and from that Infant fought his Ruin. The fame Year, the Se- nate Chap. V. The Con fular State. 131 nate with much difficulty procur'd Confuls to be chofen, inflead of Military Tribunes, after an Inter- U c. ot fitten Years. And the Year following, Cohjaf alto were chofen again; but in the third Year, Military Iribunes, in which time the Tobuites of the People mov'd again for a Separation, but were fo fharply oppos'd by Camillus, that in Revenge they ac,:us'd Ilitn of fraudulent Practices in the Plunder of the late Wars. Camillus finding the Multitude exalperated againft him for feveral Reafons, arid that. they were now ie.dy to condemn him, left the City; but ti.11 lifting up his Hands towards the Capitol, he pray'd, That if his Baniihment were unjull, anei mee ly the Effeil of the kage a,,d Malice of the Mid-titude, they might fuddenly repent it ; and they it might vlib:v appear to the World, how much the Rom: us were oblig'd by his .45bons, and fl od in need of his Pi efince. Th,,s, like Achilles, leaving his Impiecat ons on thf... Ctizens, he went into Banifhment, being fin'd I5ooD AP/. 363. IV. About this fame time, many Thoufands of the Gauls finding their own Country too narrow for 'em, and (i.:firous of removing, under the Condu& of B ennm their King, broke into Hetruria, and in-veiled C/u/ium, a City in Alliance with Rome. There were the Galli Senones, a very numerous and warlike People, inhabiting moil of that Part of iialy which now goes by the Name of Lombardy, and which the Harurianc had been Mailers of before them; a People vaft in Body, rude by Nature, barbarous in Conditions, and wandring as Rovers over many CoAntries. The Inhabitants of Chithm, much affrighted at their great Numbers, and Ire;.:.dful Looks, fent immediately to Rome, begging tuat State to interpofe by fending Ambaffadors and Letters to diffuade thefe unjuft Aggreffors from proceeding in their Enterprize. The Senate, willing to K 4 Per* 13 6 Tbe (fOntan Hiflory. Book II. perform this friendly Part, difpa-tch'd Ambaffadors to the Go/s, chofing out three of the Family of the Fabii, Perfons of the greateit Quafiry, and the molt Honourable in the City, for that Office. The Gduis at firff receiv'd 'em courtedufly enough; and coming to a Conference with 'em, the Ambaffadors .1e-rrtanded the Reafons of thiS their prefent Underta king, and what Injury the Clufians had done them ; Brennu.c made Anfwer fomewhat fharply, That they had much injur'd'em by refuting t part with _lone of their Lands, when they had more than they themfelves cou'd eafily manage ; and this was nothing more than what the Romans themfelves had done to the Albans, the Fide-nateS, the Ardeates, the Veientes, and Many other People that they made War with. . Thefe RefleCtions fo enrag'd the Ambairadors, that they immediately ilited up the Inhabitants to make a Sally acainft the Befiegers, they theniCelves heading 'em. It happeri'd that in the midil of the Fight, Fabius Anzbuf1/44, one of the tlree, kill'd a Gaul ohuge Bulk, and was difeover'ci while he was difarmiug of him; whereupon Brennen, mov'd with a just Indignation, immediately broke tip the Siege, and march'd direCt-ly for Paine. Bi4nntts, that he might not Teem to do any thing meanly or unjufily, fent &it to Rome, demanding the Ambandors to be del iver'd up,as having broken the Law of Nations. But Favour fo far prevailed above Equity, that the Matter being referr'd from the Semite to the People, no Satisfaation cou'd be had from either : Nay, further, the Ambaffadors then:tit:Ives were, with three others, created Military tribunes for carrying on the War. The Gauls hearing • t his, in a great Rage haften'd their March, breathing out nothing but Revenge and Defirthion to Rome. The Places through which they march'd, vcrere fo errify'd with their Numbers, the Fiercenefs of their Natures, and their dreadful Preparations of War, that Chao. V. The Confular State. 37 that they gave their Countries for loft. But, contrary to their Expe&ations, they did no Injury as they march'd, crying, That the Romans only were their Enemies, and that they took all others for their Fi;ends. The Romans met 'em at the River Allia, tx Miles from the City, with an Army of 40000 Foot, but moil of 'em raw and unskilful Men, and, what was more dangerous, under the Conduft of feveral Commanders. In this Condition they engag'd the Gauls, w thouc either Order or Difcipline, or fcarce any Courage, and were miferably defeated. The left Wing was immediately driven into the River, and there entirely cut off: The right efcap'd better, tho' with great lots, fome dropping into Rome; the reft, as many as efcap'd, {tole by Night to Veii, giving Rome for loft, and all that was in it for ruin'd. This Day w,?s ever after branded for an unlucky Day by the Romans, wherein no Work of note was to be done, and was call'd Allienfis in their Kalendar. U. C. Never was Rome in the like Conflernation, as at the News of the Loss of this Battel,and the fuddenAp-proach of the Enemy : Nothing but miserable Howl-ings and Lamentations were heard on all Parts, fome leaving the City, others creeping into Holes,Priefts, hiding their Relicks, Women running like diftraded Perfons with their Children in their Arms, and every one {hitting for himself; fo that Rome became aban-don'd, and was left open to the Rage and Fury of the Enemy. For they who refoly'd to flay at Rome, quittin the rat of the City, betook them:lc:Ives to the Capitol, which they fortify'd, in order to hold out a Siege. Only fome of the 'ontifices and Priefls, and the mon antient of the Senators, fuck as had been honour'd with feveral Confulfhips and Triumphs, who cou'd not endure to think of leaving the City, put on all the Robes of State,• plac'd thcmieives in the Forum on their IvoryChairs,re olving fince they had liv'd in Honour, to die in StateP; and in that no- 364. ble 1 3 8 The Zonzan 1-1flory, Book II. ue Po'lure expel ted the utmoft of what would follow. On the third Day after the Vi&ory, the Eafiliels of which much amaz'ci the Gauii, B. ennui aipear'd with ail his I-'orees before the City, and finding the Gates wide open, ti'e Walls unguaid,d, and all thicigs detencelefs, began to fi-peat at nrir fume Stratagem of the Romans ; but atter a lime Consideration, he enter'd the City, and marching into the Fo- rum, he was more furpriz'd than ever, to fo many Men fitting all in that remarkable °icier, and profound Silence, like fo many Statues Their fplen-did Habits and Ornaments, their (teddy Unconcern-ednefs,theirMajeitick G ra v ity,their VenerableLcioks, together with that Air of Greatness which appear'd in 'em, made the Gauls imagine em to be an Aifem-bly of the Gods, or at lead fomewhat more than Human, till one bolder than the reit, ftroaking Pa-pirius's Beard, was (truck by him with his Ivory Staff; whereupon he immediately kill'd the old Man. Upon which began the Slaughter, the reit of the Gauls following his Example, fet upon the reit, and kili'd "ern all without Mercy or Diftin&ion ; and continuing their Rage and Fury, difpatch'd all that came in their way. In this manner they proceeded, lacking and plundering the Houfes for many Days together ; then Petting the whole City on Flames, burnt down every Houle to the Ground. Thus was the famous City of Rome laid all in Allies, except the Capitol; occafion'd by the Romans manifeft Breach of Juftice, and the Laws of Nations. This happen'd 364 Years after it was firft built, 119 after the Expulfion of the Kings, Anno Mundi 3615, in the third Year of the 97th Olympiad, Go Years before the Ruin of the Peyfian Empire, and the Petting up of the Macedonian by Alexander the Great, 388 before our Saviour CHRIS Ts Nativity. C H A P. Chap. VI. The Confular State. 139 4":* CHAP. VI. From the Burning of Rome by the Gauls, to the War with the Sarnnites when the Romans began much to extend their Conque.fts. Containing the Space of 46 Tears. I. LIOr 0 ME now felt the utmoft AfIliCtions and Seve- AI- cities of Fire and Sword, and was the true Scene of all kind of Mifery and Defo:ation ; the Town deferted by its Inhabitants, and all its fiately Buildings a Heap of Ruobifh ; no Hopes being left but in the Capitol, which was now closely beiieg'd by the Gauls, and in the band-11'd Camillus, whole Prefence was now heartily wifh'd for. While the Gauls lay before the Capitol, they fent out many Parties co forage in all the Country about, who ra-vag'd and defiroy'd all the Towns and Villages they arriv'd at ; and that with the greateft Carelciinefs and Security imaginable, conceiving no fort of Op-pofition, or any manner of danger. But the greateft and bell-ordeed Body of their ►-orces approaching Ardea, Camillus, who had liv'd there a retir'd Life, began to rouze himfelf from the fudden Relent-ments of his Wrongs, to the moving Confiderations of the Miferies of his Country ; and by a brave and encouraging Speech, perfuaded the Ardeans, that were able to bear Arms, to fall upon the Enemy in the Night-time; which was done fo effeetually, that fcarce any were left to carry the News of the Defeat. The Fame of this ViCtory began to revive the fainting Spirits of the Romans, who now found that thefe dreadful People were not invulnerable; and the Romans U. C. 364. 140 man Rrf tory. Book II. Romatis who lay at Veii, now finding Camillus's readi-nefs, immediately fent to him to be their General ; begging of him to forget all former injuries, and fuccour his diflyeffed Country. He objected hi6 baniih'd Condition, and refus'd to ad, unlefs by Commiffion from those in the Capitol; whom he confider'd as the true Body of the furviving Roman State. This mo-deft Anfwer was extremcly well taken ; but they cou'd not imagine by what means to fend to the Capitol, while the Enemy was in full Poifeilion of the City. But for the undertaking this defperate Attempt, one Pontius Cominius offer'd his Service, which being kindly accepted of, he thus perform'd : Putting on a poor Garment, carrying Corks underneath, he went for Rome, and arriv'd at the City when it was dark : The Bridge he cou'd not pats by reafon of the Guards, but taking his Clothes and binding 'em about his Head, he fwam down the Titer upon his Corks; and avoiding thole Quarters where he per-ceiv'd the Enemy to be awake, which he guefs'd at by the Lights and Noife, he got into the City, and from thence to the Capitol, climbing up in the fteep-eft Place with extream Danger and Difficulty. The Befieg'd were much furpriz'd at the Greatnefs of the Attempt, and prefently giving him his Inaruaions, fent him back the fame way he came; and this part of his Expedition he perform'd with the fame good Succefs that he had done the other, and upon his return, deliver'd to Camillus an Order of the Senate Dicto make him Dilator. Camillus chofe Valerius Potitius C. for his Mafia' (f the Hoyle, and getting together an Army of above 400Do Men, he prepar'd to march 3.64. againli the Enemy. In the mean while, at Rome fome of the Gauls happen'd to difcover fome Foot-Preps and Prints made by Pontius at the climbing the Hill, which being privately to:d to EY Ci211115 their King, he order'd a fele& Party of Men in dead of Night to Chap, VI. The Confular State. to climb up the fame way, and take the Capitol by Surprize. Thefe men perform'd their Office with great Difficulty,and much time, not any of the Dogs appointed for the Watch perceiving it ; neverthelefs it lo happen'd that forne facred Geefe, which Were kept by the Temple of yuno, by their gaggling and clapping their Wings difcover'd them. The Romans every one fnatching what Weapon he-cou'd,did their utmoft on this fuddenOccation; andManlius,a Patri-tian of great Courage, was the firft that made Head aping Fern, boldly rnonting the Rampier, and pre-fently tumbling down two of the Enemy at once. Others -foon came into his Affifiance, and drove down all the reit, not aMan efcaping; and the next Morning the Captain of the Watch was thrown headlong down the Rock, and Manlius rewarded as well as Circumftances Wou'd permit. Hence forwards the Affairs of the Gauls were in a worfe Condition, firft wanting Provifions, then infe-eted with the Plague, which rag'd much among 'em; but Rill the Befieg'd cou'd have no Relief," being re-cluc'd to a languifhing and defponding Condition for want of Provitions and Neceffaries. So that after.a (even Months Siege, they were forc'd to capitulate, and it was agreed, That. the Romans paying dawn roo.(..? Pound weight of Gold, the Gauls Aou'd immediately quit the City and Territories. This Agreement being con-firm'd by Oath, and the Gold brought forth,theGau/s out of Covetoufnefs us'd falfe Dealings in the weighing, pulling back the Ballance as they thought fit ; at which the Romans complaiwing, Brennus caft in his Sword and Belt into the Scales, fcofflingly crying, Vi Vinis,l/Voe to the Vanquifh'd,which afterwards became a Proverb. Whilft this Difference tailed, Camillus was arriv'd with his Army, and haftening with a choice Party of Men to the Place where the Gold was a weighing, he came boldly, and took it out of the Scales, telling the Gauls, That was the Cuflon of the Romans I 142 re R0117(171 1-liflory. Book II. Romans to deliver their Country with Iron, not with Gold : Therefore he null'd the Coinpaat, becaufe made without his Content, who alone, as being then their Di-aator, had the Pole Power of making Peace. Upon this therefore a Fight immediately enfu'd, where, after a moil bloody Contefi, the Gauls were entirely routed, and fuch great Execution done upon 'em in the Purfu;t, that all the Roman Territories were in a fhort time clear'd of 'cm. Thus was Rome unex-peetedly taken, and in (even Months as unexpe&edly recovered ; Camillus, for his excellent Services, having a noble Triumph, being now defervedly look'd upon as their fecond Romulus. U. C. 11. After this War was finifh'd, the Tribunes of the 265. People began to urge once more for the removing to Veil, which caus'd the Senate to procure Camit'm to hold hisOffice of Ditlator for a whole Year,which was fix Months longer than the usual time. Camillus with kind Words and gentle Language appeas'd the Multitude, (hewing 'em, How unworthy and dilhonourable a thing it wou'd be for 'em to for fake the Venerable Seat of their Anceflors, and all their facred Rites, which were appropriated to this Place, to inhabit a conque/ d and eu/lav'd City. Upon this therefore Rome was order'd to be rebuilt with all diligence, and all Perfons were em-ploy'd about it; but it was carry'd on with thatHafie and Hurry, that the City wanted much of its former Beauty and Regularity; and the Water-courfes, formerly laid in the Streets, now ran for the molt part under private Houfes. When Carnifui's lIcond fix lvionths were out, Military T;-ibunes were chofen ; and in the fame Year the AZqui, Volfci, and Hetrurians, all took up Arms, and invaded the Roman Territories. The Military Tribunes were focn block'd up by the Enemy, and were brought to fuch Straits, that the Se-Dic. xv. nate made Camillus Dilator a third time,and he chofe U. C. ServiliusAhala for his Meer of the Hole Camillus over- 366. threw Chap. VI. The Confular State. is threw both YEqui and Hetrurians, and forc'd the Vol-fc.i co yield toemielves, atter the War had .continu'd for feventy I cars ; for all which he had a third Triumph. 1 lace Years atter this, Camillus being Military tribune, o' ercame them again, together with the Her-met a.PAI Lamas, the latter of which till now had been fainhful ever iince the Battel at the Rhegilian Lake, a-bo...e a hundred Years before: And from the Herm-rians he rccover'd two Towns, which they had taken from the miles of Rome. The Year following four Tribes were added ; namely, the Stellatzne, the Nor-ment ine, the Sabbatine, and the Arnian ; which now made the whole Number twenty five. Tribes in. creas'd third time. Abo,..t this t; me Manlius,who for his great Services in laving the Capitol, had now got the Surname of Ca-pitohnus, began no grow very haughty and ambitious ; and by his ingratiating himfelf with the common fort, his paying their Debts, and his railing at the Nobility, it was apparent that Sovereignty was his Aim. The Numbers that he got over to his Party,together with the War renew'd with the Voifii, made the Senate procure a Dictator to be created, who was Cor nelius Coifus, who made choice of Quintius Capitolinus for his Alafler of the Horfe. Cobs foon overthrew the Enemies, and returning home in Triumph, call'd Manlius to an account, and put him in Prifon. But the Multitude, extremely affliEted at this:put on Mourning Garments, and made fuch dangerous Diflurban-ces, that after Tome time he was fet at liberty, and foon after Coifus laid down his Office. But Manlius fill growing more infolent, holding private Cabals, and filling the whole City with Faction and Sedition, the Senate remitted his Rufinefs to the Care of the Military Tribunes, whereof Camillus was one, and a Day was fet him to anfwer for his Life. The Place of his Trial was right over againff the Capitol, where when he was accus'd, he often pointed to it, and with weeping Eyes and moving Voice let the People know, what a noble piece of Service he had done there. This mov'd U.C. the 369. Dic. U. C. 369. 144 oman Hifiwy. Book II. the Multitude to fuch Pity and Corawallion, that Camillus caus'd the Judges to remove him without the Gate to the Peteline Grove; where having no View of the Capitol, he was condemn'd to be thrown. down the Tarpean Rock, the Place both of his highell Honour and greatefi Infamy : And it was decreed that none of the Manlii afterwards fhou'd be cali'd Marcus. Thus jealous was Rome of her Liberty, that no Deferts cou'd attone for prefuming to offer at that. U C. About three Years after, Camillus was.cholen Mili- tary Tribune a fixth time, tho' much againft his Con-fent, and march'd againft the Volfci ; where Ludas, his Collegue, eager to engage the Enemy when ,Camillus judg'd it dangerous, was permitted to fight alone, Camillus being left weak in his Bed. Lucius was foon worried, and his Army almoft routed, when Camillus routing himfelf, was prefently help'd up ,on Horfeback, where making his way thro' them that fled, he drove furioufly to oppofe the Purfuers ; which Boldnefs fo encourag'd the Soldiers, that they all rally'd again, refolving never to forfake a General fo famous for his Anions, and fo venerable for Age : By this the Enemy were foon ftopp'd, and the next Day entirely routed, lofing Bag and Baggage, and the greateft part of their Men. The Year following, great Stirs were .rais'd in the City about the Creditors and Debtors, which gave an Opportunity to the Inhabitants of Pranefle, a Town of Latium, with its Dependents, to make Incurfions and Devaftations to the Walls of Rome, to the great Danger and Damage of the City. This, and the Troubles at home, cans d Dic.xvii.the Senate to create a DiElator, which was Quintius U. C. Cinciimatus, who appointed Sempronius Atratinus for his Mailer of the Horfe; and he was fo fuccefsful againft them, that he overthrew 'ern, took the eight Towns that were their Dependents by Storm, and Prawefle it felf by Surrender. Then returning in Triumph with the Statue of 7upiter lrnpe rator, which he put into the Capitol, he laid down his Office, after keep, ing of it but twenty Days. Two Chap. VI. The Confular State. 145 TwoYears after this,a dangerousContefl happen'd U. C. between the Patritians and Tribunes of the People, oc- 375. cafion'd by Fabius Ambuflus a Tribune, who had mar-ry'd one Daughter to a Patritian, and the other to a Plebeian : The latter being very much concern'd at her Husband's want of equal Honour, Fabius told her, That he wou'dfo manage Affairs, that her Houfe fhou'd ihortly be of the fame Dignity as her Sifters. From that time therefore he confulted with Licinius Stolo her Husband, and L. Seflius, about preferring a Law for making one Conful out of the Commons. Thefe two being made Tribunes of the People, labour'd fo violently about this Law, and the Contefts were car-ry'd with fuch wonderful Heats and Animofities on both fides, that from the Year 377 to 382,which was five Years, no Supreme Magiftrates were chofen at all, nor any other but Tribunes and "Ediles, who kept their Places all that time. And in all this unhappy Space there was little better than Anarchy and Con-fufion in Rome, till the Year 382, they procur'd Military Tribunes to be chofen; but fill the Contells were kept up on both fides ; when two Years after, Camillus was made DiElator a fourth time, but much Di.xviii. againft the Confent of the People. He chofe U. C. lius Mamercinus for his Mailer of the Horfe, and with 384• much Difficulty brought both Parties to a better and more moderate Temper ; but finding the Multitude fo very ftubborn and refolute in their Defigns, withal threatning to fine him if he comply'd not, he loon laid down his Office. Upon this another Dinator Dic, xix: was immediately created, which was one Manlius u, C. Capitolinus, who chofe Licinius Stolo for his Mafler of 385, the Horfe, and he was the firft Plebeian that ever obtained this Honour. Stolo, who had been the great Occafion of there Difturbances, now took an Oc-cafion to prefer a Law that no Man fhou'd poffefs above 50o Acres of Land, which was very difad-vantageous to the Patritians, and more to himfelf ; for Toon alter, he was found to have above that L Proporl 46 The Doman Hfto y. Book II. Proportion, and fo was punith'd by vertue of his own Conftitution. Die.xx. U. C. 387. III. In the midit of thefe violent Contentions about the Confiiiihip, News was brought to Rome, that many Thoufands of the Gauls were marching from the Adriatick Sea towards Rome. This put the City into a great Fright, and all began to lay afide their private Differences, and to think of nothing but of the common Safety ; for they had fear'd the Gauls fo much, that a Law was made, That Priefls Aou'd be excus'd from all Wars, unlefs in an Invafion from the Gauls : All unanimoufly agreed to make Camillus Diaator a fifth time, now near 8o Years old, who refus'd not the Employment in this dangerous Jun-sure, but prefently chofeQuinElius Cincinnatus for his Mailer of the Horfe. Camillus confider'd that the Force of the Gauls lay chiefly in their Swords, with which they laid about 'em in a rude and unskilful manner : Therefore he furnifh'd his Men with light Iron Helmets, and bound their wooden Targets about with Brafs, teaching them how to fence and receive the Enemies Blows without hurt. By this means he render'd the Swords of the Gauls fo unfer-viceable, that giving them Battle at the River Anio, he eafily overthrew 'em, which happen'd 23 Years after they had defiroy'd the City ; and after this Defeat, the Romans now began to defpife the Gauls as much as they had fear'd 'em before. Soon after this Camillus in his return homewards had Velitrse furrender'd to him without any Refiftance. But Camillus's greateft Contention, and wh'ch was hardeft to be manag'd, was with the People, who now returning home full of Vi6tory and Succefs, violently if-gifted again to have one of the Confuls cho-fen out of their own Body. The Senate firongly op-pos'd it, and would not fuffer Camillus to lay down his Diriatoribip, thinking that under the Shelter of his great Name,and greaterAuthority,they fhou'd be the bette Chap. VI. The Confidar State. 147 better able to contend for the Power of the Nobility. But when Camillus was fitting upon the Tribunal, difpatching Publick Affairs, an Officer fent by the Tribunes of the People commanded him to rife and follow him, laying his Hand upon him as ready to feize him : Upon which fuch a Noife and Tumult follow'd in the Affembly, as was never before known in Rome : Some that were about Camillus, thrufting the People from the Bench, and the Multitude below crying out, Pull him down, Pull him down ! Still he wou'd not lay down his Office, but taking the Senators along with him, he went to the Senate-Houle, where great Contefts arofe, by reafon of contrary Opinions ; but at 'aft the molt popular Party pre vail'd, and a Law was made, That one of the Con-fills for the future might be chofen out of the Plebeians; and this happen'd 143 Years after their firft Creation, and 24 after the burning of Rome by the Gauls. From this time for wards theMilitary Tribunes were for ever laid afide, now 78 Years fence their firfl Creation, after 49 Courfes of that Office, and 15 from the Con-ful.lhip to that, and from that to the Confu/Aip, Now the People were reconcil'd to the Senate, and a Temple was prefently built and dedicated to Concord, according as Camillus had vow'd ; and the Patritians ds:firing a Prator to be created out of their Body for the Adminiftration of Juftice in the City, it was immediately granted 'em. U C. This Prator was a Magiftrate of extraordinary note, fo call'd a Praeundo,a Name which the Confids them-felves had for fome time. The Power and Authority of this Magiftrate was very great, for he executed the Office of the Confuls in their Abfence, both in the Senate and in the Comitia. But the principal Bu-finefs of there Prators was to adminifter Jutlice in the City or Provinces, to which the Confuls cou'd not fo eafily attend 3 n d upon that account they may be EngliA'd, Lord Chief yuflices. They judg'd all Caufes both Civil and Criminal, which 'aft were call'd Ca- 188. L 2. pita/es ; Conful Pleb. Military Tribunes put down. Pritor. 14S The koman Iliflory. Book II. pitales; in Civil Caufes they were cloath'd in Purple; but when they pafs'd Sentence in Criminal Caufes, they were in Mourning. Upon the account of their Power and Honour, and likewife because they were created by the fame Aufpicia with the Confids, Livy calls them Collegues of the Confuls. Their Ornaments and E;Ans were fix LOOTS with their Falces, the Tcga Pratext a, and Cella Curulis ; and betides thole Marks of Confuar Dignity, the Sword and Spear, plac'd by them in the Court. Their Officers in Court, betides the Lzrtors, were the Scribes, or Notaries, to enter Things in Writing, and the Accenfi or Bailiffs, who fummon d the People together. At firft there was but one Prxtor, and that for above ion Years ; then another was created, who adminifier'd Juflice to Strangers ; whereupon, for diflination-fake, the firft was call'd Prcetor LIrtanus, or Major, and the latter Peregrinus, or Minor. But as the Bufinefs and Domi- nions of Roane increafed, the Number of there Prators was likewile enIarg'd, and increas'd gradually, till in Auguflu3's Reign they came to fixteen. . Immediately after the Reconciliation between the Nobility and Commons, a 4th Day was added to the Latin Ferix, and the greater fort of Games were fo-lemniz'd ; which when the JEdi/es of the Commons were willing to manage according to their Office, the young Patritians offer'd themselves, and the Senate procur'd alto of the People, that two Patritians every Year might be made "Ethics, who from the Ivory Chair, call'd Celia Curulis, had the Name of ./Ediles Curules. Thefe were created x z8 Years after the lEdiks of the Commons, but were of greater Account, as being Curule Magifirates, their Chair being fo call'd either from Cum's, the Chariot which carry'd it, and the Magiftratesabout,or from Curvus, becaufe it was made with crooked Feet. They had all the fame Offices and Bufinefs as the ./Ediles of the Commons, but had rather greater Authority; but more efpecially they took care of the great and publick lEdises Curtsies. Chap, VI. The Confular State. publick Games, fuch as the Ludi, Florales, Circenfes, Megalenfes, Romani,:;&c. as alto of Tragedies and Co- medies. Sometimes at their own Charge they made thefe Shews, and ever examin'd the Plays written before they were aged ; and (whether from this In- fpeCtion of all Plays and the like, it is uncertain) they feem to have been the Licenfers and Judges of other Writings. It is further obferv'd, that the Generals of Armies, when return'd home from Viatory, deliver'd up the Corn and Proviiions which were Prize to thefe .1Ediles Curules, as they did the Prifoners to the Pretor, and the Money to the Qua' flor. Thus were the Diflurbances of Rome allay'd, and all things for a fhort (pace continu'd in Peace and Quiet. IV. Soon after thefe Affairs were fettled, News U. c. came of the Gauls meeting together, who had before 3 89. been difpers'd through Apulia, and of the intended Revolt of the Hernici : But all Preparations were deferred by the Senate, becaufe they were unwilling to have any thing done by a Plebeian Conful. On the other fide, the Tribunes began to complain, that for one Plebeian Conful, the Nobility had got three Patritian Magiftrates, who fat as Confuls in their Curule Chairs, and their Prxtexta. Modefly therefore fuffer'd not the Fathers to create both the Curule YEdiles out of their own Body ; fo that it was agreed firft, that every other Year they fhou'd be chofen out of the Commons ; but afterwards they were ele&ed promikuoufly The Year following there happen'd a grievous Plague in the City, which (wept away vaft Numbers, among the reit Camillus himfelf,after he had done fo many noble Services for the City, that he was defervedly call'd the fecond Founder of Rome. The Plague raging both in this and the following Year, the Romani, to appeafe their Gods, scare. brought in Stage-Plays ; fending for ACtors out of 131 as firft .Hetruria, in the Language of which Country Rifler ur,d. fignifying a Player,thence came the Roman Word Hi- U C. L 3 firio 391. 149 15o Iliflory. Book II. Thefe Plays were at firft very barbarous and antick, beginning with a plain Country Dance to a Pipe ; after which the young Men, who jear'd one another at aft, began with rude and artlefs Verfes, call'd Verfus Fefcennini, from Fefcenninum, a City of Hetruria : This was about 4o Years after the Deaths of Sophocles and Euripides in Greece. Still the Plague continu'd, which with the overflowing of Tiber, made the Romans confider of fome other ways ; and fome of the elder People reporting, That a Peflilence Dic. xxi. was formerly affuag'd by the Dilator's driving of a U. C. Nail ; the Senate immediately created a DiElator, 391. which was Manlius Capitolinus, who appointed Pi-narius Natta for his Mailer of the hrorfe. This Nail, with great Ceremony and Superftition, was driven on the right fide of Jupiter's Temple in the Capitol, juft by that of Minerva, and this was the firft Diaa-tor created upon this account. The Year following, the Ground cleaving afun-der in the Forum to a vaft depth, M. Curtius , a brave young Soldier, is faid to have rode into this Gulph, arm'd, and with great Solemnity, and fo being fwallow'd up, purchas'd the Deliverance of his Country,according to the Declaration of their Gods. The fame Year the Hernici being up in Arms againft Rome, Genutius the Plebeian Conful marching againft 'em, was (lain, and his Army routed ; which threat- Dic xxii. ning Danger caus'd the Senate to create a DiElator, U.C. which was Claudius Caffinus, who made Cornelius 3 9 2. Scipio his Mailer of his Horfe, and gain'd fo much Advantage over the Enemy as to obtain an Ovation. Within a Year after, the Gauls were gather'd together in great Numbers, and had march'd within three Miles of Rome, which put the City into fuch a Con-fternation, that (according to their ufual way in fuch Dic. Cafes) they created a DiElator; and this was Quintius Pennus, who had Cornelius Maluginenfis for his Ma- ll. C. tier of the Horfe. The Armies being drawn up on 393• both fides, a Gaul of van Bulk and Stature challened any Chap. VI. The Con fular State. any of the Romans to meet him in a fingle Combat; which Challenge was accepted of by 7 Manlius, a courageous young Man, who with great Bravery and Agility overthrew his mighty Foe, and flew him : Then taking a Torques, or Golden Chain, from his Neck, return'd,. and was honourably receiv'd by the DiEZator ; and from thence he and his Poderity had the Surname of Torquatus. The Gauls were fo difcOu-rag'd at this AEtion, that they fled by Night, and retied into the riburtines Country, a People of Latium; and the Didator return'd in Triumph. The War with the Tiburtines and Hernici gave the Gauls Opportunity to do much Injury to the Roman Territories, which occafion'd the Creation of ano-the DiEiator, which was Servilius Ahala, who thole Quintius Capitolinus for his Mafier of the Horfe, and xxiv. loon quell'd the Gauls ; but Patileus the Consul, who U. C. had been employ'd againfl the Hernici, happen'd to 394. come off with the greateft Honour. In a Year after, Peace was made with the Latines, which was advan- tageous enough to the Romans, by Reafon of their frequent Auxiliaries from them : But the Year following, the great Preparations of the, Gauls caus'd the Senate to create another Dtflater, which was Sul- Dic.xxv. pitius Peticus,who appointed Valerius Poplicola for his U. C. Mafler of the Horfe, and marching againft the Enemy, 396. obtain'd a fignal Vi&ory over 'em. In this Year Tribes :da fcoleurtsh in- were two new Tribes added to the former five and a twenty, namely, the Pomptine and the Publican. A- tune. bout two Years after this, the whole Body of the Dicsieb. Hetrurians took up Arms againft Rome, led on by the xxvi. Tarquini and Fa/ifei ; in which great time of danger, u.c. Marcius Rutilus, a Plebeian, was made Difiator ,which 398. was the firft Commoner that ever obtain'd this Honour, it being now 143 Years (ince their firft Creation. He appointed Plantim Proculm for his Malley of he Horfe, a Plebeian lilcewife ; and tho' he was oppos'd y the Patritians as much as they cou'd, yet he did reat Service againft the Enemy, and triurnph'd, but L 4 ftill 15 2 o77/(iit Hi/log. Book II. mill againff the Senate's Confent. The Patritians were to enrag'cl at this, that at the next EleEtion they took away the Confu/jhip from the Commons, after they had enjoy'd it ten Years; and this happen'd in the 399th Year of the City. This occafion'd many violent Heats and vaft Di-fiurbances between both Parties, for three Years fuc-ceilively, when fome of the Hetrurians prefs'd fo hard Dic. upon the Roman Terri tories,that anotherDiHator was xxvii. created, namely, Manlius Torquatus, who made Corne- ll. C. lius Coffus his Mafler of the Horfe ; but the Enemy out 401. of Fear was Toon brought to a Peace,and fo, little was perform'd by him. Now the Contefis and Q.9 arrels at home were grown to that height,that the Senate was forc'd to give theCommons once more thePrivilege of the Con fidihip, four Years after they had taken it from them ; and becaufe Ufury again was grown exceeding burthenfome to the poorer fort, they appointed 5 Men to order thePayment of Debts out of theTreafury : So now all Differences were again reconcil'd. Soon after this, a groundlefs Apprehenion of the Hetrurians,who wcrc reported to be all united againfl Rome,occafion'd Dic. the Creation of another Diaator,which was C. yulias, xxviii• who made L../EmilimhisMafter of the Horfe ; but he had U. C. fo little Employment, that he left all to the next Con- 402' fuls,who were both Patritians : And they went againfl the Tarquinii and Falifci,who were not yet quieted,and brought 'em to a Peace for the Term of forty Years. V. Now Rome was for a while at Peace abroad, and might have been longer fo at home, had not Marcias Rutilus, the Plebeian Ditlator, flood for the Office of Cenfor, and rais'd new Difturbances. The Plebeians urg'd it hotly; but the Patritians, the better to oppofe 'em, procur'd a DiElator to be created, which was M Fabius, Q Servilius being his Mafler of the Rorie ; but fill without Succefs; for after many Contefis, the Plebeian Faetion prevail'd, and Marcius was made one of the Cenfors, which was the fitii Plebeian Cenfor in this Dic. xxix. U. C. 403. Chap. VI. The Confular State. I 5 3 this City, it being 92 Years after their firft Creation. The next Year a confiderable Vialory was ob-tain'd over the Gauls, who now grew troublefome again, and one of the Confuls being wounded, and the other Fick, the Senate was forc'd to create a Di-aator for aflembling the Comitia for a new Eleation of Confuls, which was Furies Camillus, who made Cornelius Scipio his Mailer of the Hole; and this was the firft Diaator created upon this account. Camillus himfelf was chofen for one Conful, and the Death of his Collegue foon after, and the prefling Wars with the Gauls, caus'd the Senate to give him the foie Authority, so that he was almoft the fame with a Diaator. Camillus led a noble Army againft the Gauls, and when they were in fight of each other, a Gaul, remarkable both for his Stature, and the Rich-nefs of his Arms, challeng'd any of the Romans to a Tingle Combat M. Valerius, a brave young Colonel of the Foot, met him, and in a little time flew him; but in the midi} of the Combat a Crow came, and fitting upon Valerius's Head, with Beak and Wings aflifled him in his Fight, whence he had the Surname of Corvus, and his Pofterity all call'd Corvini. This Combat brought both Armies to a Bane!, and the Gauls were entirely routed. Camillus returning home, procur'd a Dillator to be created for the hdd-ing of the Comitia for a new EleEtion of Confuls. This was Manlius Torquatus, his Mailer of the Horfe being Cornelius Coffus ; and in this Comitia, Valerius Corvus, for his great Deferts, was made Consul at 23 Yars of Age, a thing indeed very extraordinary. Now the Armies were disbanded, and for a fhort fpace there was both Peace abroad, and Concord at home. This Year a Colony was drawn out from the City Antia to 'People Satricum, which had been de-ftroy'd by the Latines ; and alfo at Rome, a League was concluded with the Ambairadors of Carthage, who came on purpofe to defire Amity between both Nations, as Livy relates it. About three Years after, Dic. VCX. U. C. 404. Dic. xxxi. U. C. 4°5. 1 54 The cko.man Book IL after, the Arunci, a People beyond the Volfci, and one of the fix Nations of Latium in the largeft Extent, made a fudden Invafion upon the Roman Territories ; and upon Sufpicion that it was by the In-Dic. ligation of the whole Latin Nation, Furius Camillus xxxii, was created- Deaator, as if all Latium had been up in LT C. • Arms. He thole Manlius Capitolinus for his Mafler 0 of the Horf e , and march'd againft the Enemy, whom 400 he found more like Robbers than Soldiers, fo that in the very firft Battel they were difpers'd, and that War difpatch'd. A Year after, a Temple was dedicated to yuno Moneta, on the Capitol Hill, as the Taft DiEator had vow'd; and Toon after, fome Prodigies were obferv'd, of which the Romans were fo fuper-ftitioufly fearful, that they created .a Dilator, to conflitute certain Feafis and Holy-days .for the appealing of the Gods, and diverting the Judgments Dic. threaten'd : Calerius Poplicola was the Perfon, and Pa-xxiii• bias Ambuflus his Mailer of the Horfe : and this was U. C. the firft created upon this account. Orders were 409. given, that not only all the Tribes fhou'd-go in Pro- ceffion with their folemn Prayers, but alto the bordering Nations ; with precife Dire&ions, upon what Days each of 'em fhou'd make their Supplications. This Year likewife the Ufurers were profecuted by the izEdiles, and fevere Sentences given againil 'em by the People. Thefe were the principal Wars and Aaions of the Romans with their neareft Neighbours, which are ob-ferv'd by their own Hiftorians to have been all de-fenfive, or at leaf, not begun without juft Grounds and Provocations ; yet thefe, which may well enough bear the Name of Defenfive Wars, fill in-creas'd the Roman Dominions, which now contain'd in effeal all old Latium, and the greaten part of the other five Nations afterwards comprehended under that Name, viz,, the Volfci, Autili, Hernici, and Arunci, together with motl of Sabina, and a great Part of Hetruria: So that now their Dominions cotvi. tain'd, Chap. VII. The Corfular State. tain'd more than double the Extent of what they were at the Expulfion of the Kings. The laft Dirla-tor before mentioned, was created a Year before the Wars with the Samnites, which Wars began 4. M. 3661, in the firfi Year of the io9th Olympiad, 410 Years after the building of the City, 165 after the beginning of the Confular State, 46 fince the Reffo-ration of the City, 14 before the Ruin of the Per-fian, and the letting up the Macedonian Empire by Alexander the Great, and 34z before our Saviour C HR IS 7"s Nativity. n '54 CW:fej.b. ViT;,),A,reVal f rar CHAP. VII. From the Wars with the Sarnnites, to the Wars with Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, the firfi reigner they bad to deal with wherein the Romans began to learn the Arts of War. Containing the Space of 63 Tears. I. Hitherto the Romans had all their Wars nigh Home, and as it were at the;r own Gates ; but now daily gathering Strength, and increafing in Power, they ventur'd againft the warlike Samnites, a People above i oo Miles Eaft of Rome. Thek Samnites were a hardy Nation, defcended from the Sabines, from whom they probably had their Name, and inhabited a confiderable Part of that fide of ha/y,which now goes by the Name of the Kingdom of Naples ; having likewife feven other People as Dependents, namely, the Picentes, T7eflini, Marrucini, Ferentini, Pe-ligni, Marfi, and Hirpini. The Occafion of this War, was the Samnites contefiing with their Neighbours the Sidicini, who immediately betook themfeives to the Campanians for Succour. Thefe Campanians were a luxuriousand effeminate People, inhabiting a deli- cious 155 U. C. 410. 15 6 The Zoman Hiftory. Book H. dons Country bordering on Samnium ; and were fo weaken'd, that they fent to Rome for Aid, their Am-baffadors imploring it with Tears, and giving up both themfelves and Country into the Hands of the Romani. The Senate at fiat was very unwilling to begin a War with the Samnites,as being their Friends and Allies ; but the importunate Cries and Prayers of the Ambaffadors, and more efpecially the fcornful Refufal of the Samnites to defift from ravaging the Territories of Capua and Campania, fo far prevail'd, as at laft to make them undertake the War. The Confuls, Valerimis and Cornelius, began their Marches with two dahlia Armies ; one to Capua, and the other into Samnium. Valerius, after a molt bloody and obftinate Fight, overthrew the Enemy in Campania, and became Mailer of their Camp. The Romans confefs'd they never met with more re-folute Enemies; and demanding of 'em, What made 'em .fly after JO brave a Relifiance ? They anfwer'd, That the Eyes of the Romans appear'd to 'em like Flames of Fire, and their Looks fo fierce and dreadful, as not to be born with. In Samnium, Cornelius, the other Con-ful, having unwarily led his Army too forward into a dangerous Place, P. Decius, a Tribune in the Army, boldly poffefs'd himfelf of a Hill above the Enemy, who much furpriz'd at the Attempt, turn'd their principal Force thither, which gave Opportunity to the Conful to draw off his Men to a more convenient Place. Whereupon Decius, with an undaunted Bravery, though furrounded, brake through the Enemy, which more amaz'd 'em than ever ; and the Conful at the fame time charging with great Refolution, fo great a ViEory was obtain'd, that 30000 of the Samnites were flain. Both the Con fills triumph'd over the Samnites, and Decius was highly honour'd by the Senate and People for his great Services. Soon after this, Ambaffadors from Campania re-quefted to have Garrifons from the Romans that Winter Chap. VII. The Confular State. I 57 ter, in Capua, and other Places, to fecure 'em from the Infults of the Samnites, which were accordingly fent. But many of the Roman Soldiers were fo corrupted with the Delights and Pleafures of Capua,that they began to form a Defign of deftroying the Inhabitants, and taking the Town to themfelves. This Defign was communicated to many of their Companions in other Places, and well approv'd of; but it was foon difcover'd to fome of their Officers, who made feveral Removals to difperfe 'em. But the Soldiers finding themfelves liable to be call'd to an Account, and perhaps feverely punifii'd ; as loon as they found Opportunity, gather'd themfelves together, and daily increas'd their Numbers, march'd di-reEdy for Rome in a rebellious and hoftile manner. This piece of Boldnefs fo furpriz'd the Senate, that they prefently created a Diaator, which was Valerins Corvus, one of the laft Years Confuls, who appointed Mamercinus for his Mailer of the Horfe, and marcli'd againft the Rebels, who had now forc'd 7. Qzintius, an eminent Soldier, to be their General. Upon the Approach of both Armies, the Rebels out of Fear yielded themfelves, and were receiv'd into Favour, the Diaator having no more Employment abroad. In the fame Year the frequent Inroads made by the Romans into the Samnites Country, drew 'em to a Peace, the Sidicini being left to their Mercy. II. Soon after this Peace, the Samnites defir'd of the Romans that the Latines and Campanians might be commanded not to affi ft the Sidicini ; but becaufe the Senate wou'd not deny that thefe Nations were under their Command, and were likewife unwilling to provoke 'em, fuch an ambiguous Anfwer was return'd, that the Latines and Campanians thought themfelves fo far diloblig'd as to revolt. Manlius Torquatus, now Con fill the third time, and his Collegue Decius Mus, were fent by the Senate to chaf}ife the Latines, who now wou'd be fatisfy'd with no lets than having one 2 of Dic. xxxiv. U. C. 41" 15 8 The goniait Hiflory, Book II. of the Confuls, and half the Senators chofen out of their Nation. Upon certain Dreams and Prognofti-cations, that the General on one tide, and the Army on the other, was certainly to be defiroy'd ; the Confuls folemnly agreed, That in what Part the Roman Army jhould be di/lrefs'd, the Commander of that Part fhould devote himfelf to the Gods, and die for his Country ; which generous Refolution was confirm'd by Oath : And becaufe they were all acquainted with each others Difcipline, and Way of Fighting, firi& Commands were given that no Man upon pain of Death fhould fight without Orders. Both Armies were drawn up in Battalia, and a bloody and obfhnate Engagement immediately fol-low'd, the Latines preffing very hard upon Decius's Part, he according to his Promife devoted himfelf to the Gods, and ruffling violently into the midit of his Enemies, after a great Slaughter,lott his Life,the Latines being foon after entirely defeated. Nor was-the Difcipline of Manlius lefs remarkable than the Courage of Decius, in relation to his own Son : For he palling with his Troops before the Battel nigh the Enemy, was challeng'd by Metius, Captain of the Tufculans, whom when he had {lain and ftripp'd, his Father with Tears commended him for his Valour, but condemn'd him for his Difobedience ; which, though a fad, was a profitable Example to the reit of his Men : And after that, cruel Commands were ufually call'd Manliana Dian. The La-tines now defeated, begg'd Peace ; which being given 'em, though not with the fame Conditions to all, Manlius return'd in Triumph, but was met only by the old Men, the young ones refuting to do him that Honour, and ever after hating him upon the account of his Son. Soon after, the People of An-tium and Ardea made Incurfions into the Roman Territories: But Manlitts being lick, he nam'd Papirius Craffus for Ditiator, who appointed Papirius Curfor his Meer of the Horfe, and kept the Field fome Months Dic. xxxv. U. C. 453. Chap. VII. The Confular State. 159 Months in the Antiates Country, but no remarkable Aetion happen'd. Dic. xxxvi. U. C. The Confuls for the following Year, AZmilius and Publius,overthrew the Latines' who had again revolted upon the account of fome Lands taken from them. Publius,by whofe Condu& the ViEtory was obtain'd, receiv'd into Alliance fuch Cities ashad been worded, and ilEmllius march'd his Army, and fat down before Pedum, which receiv'd Supplies from feveral Places. Tho' he had the Advantage in all Skit-mifhes, yet fill the Town held out, and he un-derflanding that his Collegue was return'd to his Triumph, he immediately left his Siege, and went for Rome to demand that Honour likewife. The Senate was much offended at this Prefumption, denying him that Honour, except Pedum was either taken or furrender'd ; which caus'd him out of Revenge to join with the Tribunes againft the Patritians the ref of his Time, his Collegue not oppofing it, being himfelf a Plebeian. The Senate, out of a defire to get free of 'em both, order'd a DiElator to be created, whom it fell to "Emi/ius's (hare to nominate, as having the Fafces that Month. ./Emilius nam'd his Collegue Publius Philo, who appointed 7unius Brutus for his Mailer of the Horfe,and was the fecond Plebeian DiElator in Rome. Publius was a great Vexation to the Nobility, and was full of Inve6fives againft 'em, procuring three remarkable Laws, 41+ whereof the firit alter'd the very Con ftitution of the State, which was, That the Plebifcita fhou'd bind the Qpirites or Citizens of Rome, of all Ranks and Degrees whatfiever. Thefe-cond was, That fuch Laws as were enaned in the Cen-turiata Comitia, /how'd be propos'd or pafs'd by the Senate before they were voted by the People. The third, That whereas they had obtain'd before, that both the Cenfors might be Plebeians, now one at haft mull of neceffity be fo. So now the Majefty of the Roman State was more impair'd by the Authority of thefe two at home, than it was augmented by theirValour abroad; In 60 The comae Hiflory. Book II. In the following Year, wherein Furius Camillus and C. Mcnius were Confuls, Pedum was taken by Storm, and the Confuls in purfuit of the Victory conquer'd all Latium, bringing it and fome neighbouring Parts to an entire Submiffion ; for which they triumph'd, and had Statues on Horfeback erea-ed for 'em in the Forum, an Honour very rare in thofe Days. Thefe feveral People of Latium had fe-veral Conditions of Peace appointed 'em, fome being rewarded and honour'd, others punifh d and dif-grac'd, according as their former Behaviour had been. To Antium was fent a new Colony, the old Inhabitants being forbidden the Sea, and had all their long Ships taken from 'em, but had leave to enter them-felves in the Colony, and were made free of that City. The Ships were fome of 'em brought into the Roman Arfenal, others burnt, and with their Rofira or Beaks, was the Gallery or Pulpit for Orations in the Forum adorn'd ; whence that had afterwards the Rofira. Name of Rofira. The Year following, Minucia, a Veftal Virgin, was bury'd alive in the Campus Scele-ratus, which, as Livy believes, had its Name from Prxtor Incefl ; for fo Incontinency in thofe Women was pleb. call'd. And in the fame Year, Publim Philo was U. C. made Prvtor, who was the &ft Plebeian that obtain'd 416. this Honour, the Senate little regarding it, having been fo often overpower'd in Matters of the great& confequence : And this happen'd in the 416th Year of the City, and z8 Years after the fiat Creation of this Office. III. Not long after the Agreement between the Romans and Latines, a War broke out between the A-runci and the Sidicini in Campania, in which the latter conftrain d the former to abandon their ancient Seats,and fettle in Sueffa, which was afterwards call'd Arunca. The Arunci had given up themfelves to the Romans, who thereupon order'd 'em Relief; but the Confuls deferring it, loft the Opportunity of allitting 'ern Chap. VII. The Can fular State. t 61 'em. But in the next Year, the Sidicini, with their Confederates and Neighbours, the Inhabitants of Cales, were overthrown ; and Valerius Corvus, now the ourth time Conful for the following Year, and one of the greateft Roman Commanders of his time, took Cales alfo, in which he plac'd a Colony of 2500 Perfons. Corvus return'd in Triumph; but he and his Collegue being employ'd in fome fmail A&ions abroad, a Diaator was created for the holding the Dic. Comitia for the Eleation of new Confuls, which was xxxvii. rnilius Mamercinus, who appointed Publius Philo U. C. for his Mailer of the Horfe. Two Years before this, 418. a DiElator was created, and another a Year after this; but by reafon of their undue Ele6tion, and their not aeting, I Mall not reckon 'em among the Number of Diaators. Affairs abroad were in a peaceable Pofture for fome time ; but in two or three Years, the mere Rumour of an Invafion by the Gauls occafion'd the Creation of a DiElator, which was Pa- at-. sirius Crabs, his MaftHorfe er of the being V Poplico- xxxviii. ; but neither of 'em had any extraordinary Em- U. C. iployment. In this fame Year, two new Tribes were 421. ;added, namely, the Metian and the Scaptian, for the hate admitted Citizens, which now made the Num- Tribes in- ctfhas'd a -e ber twenty nine : The Arunci were alfo made free fi ;of the City, bur without the Privilege of Voting, time. by a Law preferr'd by Papirius the Prator. About a Year after the Settlement of thefe Mat- ters, above 170 Women were put to death for the Art of Poyfoning, being difcover'd by a She Slave. This was look'd upon as fuch a Prodigy by, the fu- perftitious People, that a Dit1ator was created to Dic, 1rive a Nail into Yupiter's Temple, as the belt Re- xxxix. medy for the Diflempers of the State. Quintius c, Varus was the Man, and Valerius Pontius his Miller 422' f the Horfe ; and this was the fecond DiEbtor crea-:ed upon that account. For the two fucceeding Years, War was carry'd on againft the Inhabitants of Pri-vernum in the Volfrian State, who were drawn into M it The 1 oinarz Hiftory. Book II. it by Varuyius Vaccus, a Man of principal Note among the Arunci. The firit Year they were overthrown, the next Valli;4115 was taken Prifoner, and V. C. Privernum furrendeed; the principal A6tors with 424. Vtrurius being put to Death, and the reit of the Inhabitants made free of the City : This happen'd in the fame Year with Alexander's deflroying the Per-fian Empire, and his fetting up the Macedonian, and 6o after the burning of Rome by the Gauls. In a Year or two after, the Inhabitants of Palapolis in Campania, trufling to the Treachery of the Samnites, and taking Advantage from a Plague in Rome, commit-ed great A&s of Hoftility againft the Romans, who dwelt about Gunny and Falernms. War was prefently declar'd againft 'em; and tho' they were afiiited by the Samnites and Tarentines, a People beyond 'em, yet they were forc'd to yield up their City, which flood in the fame Place where Naples did afterwards, and the Samnites loft three of their own Towns. The Tarentines neverthelefs proceeded, and drew the Sam-nites, with the refidue of the Palapolitans, again into the War, wherein the Veflini, together with their Allies, were alfo engag'd. In the beginning of this War,great Commotions happe1i'd in the City, occafion'd by one Papirius,who had given up himfelf as Slave to Publius, a fevere Ufu-rer, to work out his Father's Debts. Papirius being both young and beautiful, Publius attempted to abufe him after a filthy manner, and upon his refufal, molt cruelly fcourg'd him. In this Condition Papirius fled to the People, who were fo affe&ed with his barbarous Ufage,that they procur'd thefe two Laws fhort-ly after: Firfi, That no Man fhou'd be detain'd in Bonds, except for heinogs Alifdetneanors, and then not after Punifh-ment. The Second, That the Money and Goods, not the Body of the Debtor, fhou'd be refpnolible : Whereupon all Prifoners for Debt were immediately fet at Liberty. The following Year, the T/eflini were overthrown by Brutti Sc2va, the Conful, and two Towns taken from Chap. VII. The Con fular State. t 63 from 'em. Collegue, Furius Camillus, being Dic. xl. lick at Samnium, nailed Papirius Curfor for DiCiator, U C. the molt famous Commander in thole times, who 42.8. appointed Fabius Rullianus for his Mailer of the Hole. Papirius being encamp'd nigh the Samnites, was forc'd to return to Rome to renew his Atifpicia, leaving a molt ftrid Command to Fabius not to ftir out of his Trenches in his Abfence : But Fabius finding a great Advantage, engag'd the Enemy, and made a great Slaughter of 'em. The Dictator in a great Rage return'd to the Camp, and wou'd have put him to death, but the Army refcu'd him ; which caus'd Papirius to make great Complaints to the Senate, withal urging the the abfolute Neceffity of a flriet Difcipline and Authority. But at IA the Intreaties of the Fathers with the Commotions of the Tribunes' and People, prevaii'd with him to fpare his Life. This Severity of Papirius fo alienated the Hearts of the Soldiers, that it almoft colt him the lots of a Battel loon after, which conftrain'd him to be more Popular for the future ; after which he overthrew the Samnites, and fo much wafted their Country, as forc'd them to define a Peace. The Samnites Toon return'd to their former Enmity, and in two Years time they grew fo ftrong, that the Senate thought it neceffary to create a DiElator to oppofe 'em, and this was Cornelius Arvina, who Dic • • appointed Fabius Ambufius for his Mafler of the llorfe, U C. and gave the Enemy a great Overthrow ; by which 431. the Samnites were fo weaken'd, that they fent all their Prifoners and Plunder to Rome, together with the dead Body of the Author of the Revolt, who had kia'd himfelf to avoid being deliver'd up, and all to purchafe Peace. The Senate only receiv'd the Men, with Inch Goods as were particularly challeng'd, and deny'd 'em Peace. Inrag'd at this, Pontius, the chief Man among 'em, drew out the Samnites to a Place Caudium, and putting ten Soldiers in the Habit of Shepherds, he fent 'cm to Calacia, where the Confuls M 2 lay, 164 The q).7nan Hillory. Book II. lay, with Infru&ions to report that the Samnites were now in Apulia before Luceria, and had almoft taken it. The Confuls believing this Report, made all fpeed to relieve the Town, lett their Allies, the Apulians, might be oblig d to join with the Samnites. Now the Romans had but two ways to march to Lucretia ; one large enough, but far about ; the other a narrow Paftage through the Straits of Caudium, a Place encompafed with high Mountains,and extream difficult and dangerous to pafs, if an Enemy were nigh. The Confuls leading their Army through this, were immediately block'd up on all fides by Pontiff's, who had poffefs'd himfelf of all the Defiles. The Samnites having got the Romans at this great Advantage,immediately fent toHerennius,Pontias'sFa-ther, to know how to proceed. Herennius, fent two fe-veral Meffages, the &It to difmifs the Romans without any Injury at all, the fecond to put 'em all to the Sword ; urging, That one of thefe two ways was abfolutely neceifary ; for the fir fl would lay a perpetual Obligation on a moll powerful People, and the fecond wou'd be a great weakning of a moll formidable Enemy ; and that no third Way cou'd either gain their Friendfhip, or diminiA their Strength. But this prudent Coun fel wou'd not be heard; to the Romans had thefe Articles allow'd 'em : Firft, That their Army fhould march away only with their under Garments, having firfl, in token of Slavery, pedr' d under the Jugum or Gallows : Secondly, They fhou'd wholly quit all Samnium,and remove all their Colonies : And, Thirdly, Both Roman and Samnite fhou'd live under the fame Terms of Confederacy and Alliance. The Romans were confirain'd to fubmit to thefe difgraceful Articles,and with wonderful Shame, Anger and Confufion, re-turn'd to Capua difarm'd and half naked, and from thence to Rome. The whole City was molt fenfibly afflitied at their shameful Difafter ; their generous Blood boiling in their Veins, and nothing but Fury and Revenge appear'd in their Faces. The Confuls refus'd to appear abroad, or to a& for which teafon a C hap. VII. The Confular State. i 6s a DiElator was created for holding the Comitia of a Dic.xlii. new EleEion, which was A2milius Papus, who ap- U. C. pointed Valerius Flaccus for his Mafler of the Horfe. 43 2. But inflead of an Election of Confuls, the State tor a while fell into an Interregnum, there being nothing but Grief and Vexation in all Places, and the whole City put into Mourning. But the Year following, Confuls were chofen, Papirius Curfor and Publisis Philo being the Perfons ; and the Senate being affembled, Pofthumius, one of the laft Year's Confuls, generously offer'd himfelf to be deliver'd, together with his Collegue, up to the Enemy, and fo to break the Caudine Treaty, urging, 7'hat only they two were oblig'd to obferve the Articles, and not the State, which was altog,ether ignorant of what was done. This was gratefully accepted of ; but Pon- tius refus'd to receive 'em, greatly exclaiming againft the Perfidioufnefs of the Romans. But the Army loon march'd againft them under the ConduCt of Papiri- m, and fufficiently reveng'd themfelves of all former Affronts,overthrowing 'em in feveral Battels,making 'em all pats under the 3tugum, recovering feveral Towns, and freeing the 600 Hoftages which they had deliver'd to 'em in the Caudine Treaty ; fo that the Samnites cou'd very hardly obtain a two Years Truce. In the time of this Truce, two new Tribes Tribes in- were added to the reft, namely, the Ufentine and Fale- creas'd a rine, which made the Number thirty one. The Sam- fixth niter, eneourag'd by fome others, broke their Truce,'%c which,together with the Hetrurians warlike Prepara- tions, occafion'd the Creation of a DiElator, which 43.°' was L. Amilius, who made L. Fulvius his Mafler of D.-.1" the Horfe, and in a bloody Battel overthrew the E- xlsts. nemy, who came to relieve Saticu/a, which he had U. C. invefted.The next Year, another DiElator was created . thy.437: to carry on this War, which was Fabius Maximus, Da who chofe Auleus Cerretan for hisMafler of the Horfe, U C. and took Saticula, managing the War with great 438. Succefs againft the Samnites) and confiderably en- M 3 urging 6 6 The Roman Hiflory. Book II. larging the Roman Dominions in thofe Parts. The following Year, a dangerous Confpiracy was difcover'd at Capua ; and this occafion'd the creating Dic. xlv. of a DiElator, which was C. Manius, who made U. C. choice of M. Foftius for his Mailer of the Horfe, and 439• Toon fupprefs'd that Diflurbance. The next Year the Samnite War was carry'd on with great Vigour, and Dic.xlvi. a DiEater created, which was C. Petalius, who made U.C. 111, Foflius his Mailer of the Horfe, and gain'd great Advantages over the Enemy. After which the Romans had a fhort breathing time, and but a fhort one ; for Toon after, the Hetrurians making great Mc. Threats, and as great Preparations, another Milator was created, which was yunius Bubulcus, who per-U C. form'd little againft 'em, by reafon of their keeping upon the Defenfive. In this same Year, Appius Claudius being one of the Cenfors, made the famous Caw-fey, or Highway, call'd Via Appia, a prodigious Work, together with the Channel of frefh Water, which he brought into the City ; which Works he all alone accomplifh'd, according to Livy. A Year or two was employ'd againft the Hetrurians, till at laft Dic. Papirius was made DiElator, who chufing Bubulcus his xlviii. Mafier of the Horfe, gave 'em the great& Overthrow U C. that they ever received yet, all their choiceft Men 443. being loft ; and from that time they were never able to perform much againft Rome. Four Years after, Dic.xlix. a Dilator was created for holding the Comitia for U. C. Eleaion of Confuis, which was Cornelius Scipio, and 447- Decius Mus was his Mafler of the Horfe. In the fecond Year after this, the Samnites, after many and great Loffes, obtain'd a Peace, 12 Years after they broke their Truce, and the ancient League was renew'd with 'em, and this happen'd 37 Years after the firft War with that Nation. U. C. Soon after this Peace was concluded, the Romans 440. turn'd their Arms againft the dEqui, and challied them for affifting the Samnites, which affrighted other Chap. VII. The Confular State. 167 other Nations into Subjeetion,the Roman Dominions now daily increating. But however fuch Refiftance was made as they thought it necetfary to have a Di- Elator' which was yunius Bubukus, who chofe li4.Ti- tiniusfor his Mailer of the Horfe, and in eight Days time return'd in Triumph. In leis than a Year after, the Fame of the Hetrurians joining with the Umbri-am, a People on the North of them, and the Sabha's, occafion'd the creating of another Ditlator, which was Valeriou Maximus, who appointed ./Emilius Pau-hts for his Mailer of the Horfe. This DiRator entirely broke the Power of all the Hetrurians, reducing all their Territories to the Roman Subjeaion ; which happen'd above 43o Years after the firtt Wars with thofe People. The Umbrian' were likewise much weaken'd, and loft a contiderable Parr of their Country ; the Romans itill extending their Dominions on all fides, and continually increafing their Strength. During fome fort of Intermiffion abroad, the Commons began to fall into their former ditfatisfy d Humour, and the Tribunes much complain'd that all the Priells and Augurs were created out of the Pa-tritians, and urg'd that the Plebeians might alto partake of thofe Offices. The Senate made no great Oppofitions, as being fufficiently accultorn'd to yield in Matters of greater moment : So that whereas at prefent there were but four Chief Priells, and as many Augurs, anfwering to the four Tribes in the City, now four more were added, and to thole, five more out of the Body of the Commons. And in this fame Year, T/alerius, the Conful, preferr'd a Law of Appeal more carefully enaEted ; which was the third time this Law was confirm'd (ince the Ex-pultion of the Kings, and always occafion'd by the ladle Family. The fame Conful fell upon the .1E-qui, who were now in Rebellion, and in a little time they had nothing left 'em of their ancient Fortune but the Stoutnefs of their Tempers. The following Dic.l. U C. 451- Dic U. C. 452. 16 8 Theo.tnan Iliflory. Book II Tribes in-creas'd a feventh time. U C. 454 V. C. 46z. lowing Year was a Lufirum, and two new Tribe were added to the former, namely, the zinienfis, and the Tarentine, which now made the whole Number thirty three. The City was alfo much increas'd, for at the next Lufirum, five Years after, there were cefs'd no lefs than 262322 free Citizens. Within a Year after this, the Samnites, after fix Years refpite, broke their League with the Romans, and with them were fought feveral Battels, the Sam-nites being almoit always Lofers. But the moft memorable was that about three Years after this hit Breach, when they had got the Umbrians and Gauls with fome of the .Hetrurians to affift them, and re-ceiv'd a moil difmal Overthrow by the Confuls Fabius Maximus and Decius Mus. In the midit of this Fight, Decius feeing his Party retire, and in danger of being defeated, he follow'd the great Example of his Father above forty Years before, and moft folemnly devoted himfelf to the Gods; then milling into the midif of the Enemy with an extraordinary Ely and Courage, he recover'd his Army, but with the lois of his Life. About two Years after, Papirius, Son to the former, got a noble Viao-ry over them, took above 15000 Prifoners, gain'd feveral Towns, and obtain'd a fplendid Triumph. But the following Year, the Samnites ventur'd another Battel, and had better Fortune, overthrowing Fabius Gurges, the Conful, which put the Senate upon removing of him. But his Father, Fabius Maximus, to prevent the Difgrace, promis'd to be Lieutenant to his Son ; which Office he perform'd fo well, as he procur'd him a great Vi6tory, and a Triumph. And within two Years after, the Sam-nites were fo mortify'd, as to beg a Peace, after Pontius their General had been taken and Plain, which was at lift granted 'em, and the League was re-, new'd with 'em a, fourth time. In lefs than a Year's time, the Samnites again broke their League, but were punifh'd with the lois of ieve, rat Chap. VII. The Confttlar State. 169 ral Battels and more Towns, over whom Dental is the Conful triumph'd twice in one Year ; after which were Colonies fent to Cafirum, Sena, and Ardria. Two Years after, the Triumviri for Capital Matters were Triumviri created, who had Power to imprifon and punish all caP"aies-Malefatiors; and in the fame Year 2 73000 Free Citizens were cefs'd. Three Years after that, the Commons, by reafon of their defperate Debts, and. violent Conteils between them and the Patritians, withdrew themfelves into the Hill 7aniculum; which was the third Separation of the Plebeians. The Senate, to appeafe this dangerous Tumult, created Hortenfius DiElator, who, with many Arts, and Dic. much Difficulty, perfuaded 'em to return, promi- U. C. Ping them, That their Plebifcita fhou'd have the Force 467. of Laws, and bind the whole Body Politick. This was call'd the Lex Hortenfia, tho' the fame, in eiTea, had been granted twice before. Soon after, Wars were fuccefsfully managed againfl the Lucani, a Nation in almoft the fartheft Parts of Italy, who had moleft- C. u ed the Thurini, the Roman Allies. But the fail of the Italians that made much Oppofition, were the 472. Tarentines, formerly mention'd, who inhabited a very large and rich City in the South-Eaftern Parts of Italy, 24.0 Miles from Rome. Thefe People had plun-der'd feveral of the Roman Ships, which was the Oc-cafion and Beginning of that War. Neverthelefs thefe 7arentines, tho' join'd with the Lucani, Mcficapii,Brutii, Apulii, and Samnites, (the four former being their Neighbours, and the Inhabitants of the South-Eaftern Parts of Italy) were not able to oppofe the extraordinary growing Power of the Romans ; but were in a fhort time fo diftrefs' d, that they were forc'd to fend for Pyrrhus King of Epirus to come over and affift 'em. And thus began the memorable War with that famous Commander, the moft confiderable the Romans ever before met with ,which happen'd in the 473d Year of the City, A. M. 3724. in the 4th Year of the 124th Olympiad, 228 fence the beginning 170 Theo.nian Hiftory. Book If. beginning of the Confular State, 109 fince the burning of the City by the Gauls, 49 fince the beginning of the Macedonian Empire by Alexander, and 279 before our Saviour C HR 1ST. C II A P. VIII. From the firft War with Pyrrhus King of Epirus, to the firft Punick or Carthaginian War, when the Romans fit:ft fet Foot out of Italy. Containing the Space of 16 rears. if. C. prrrhus was much follicited by the Tarentines, to 473. come into Italy, who, in the Name of many of the Italians, made many large Prefents to him, fignifymg, How much they flood in need of a General, fo eminent both for Abilities, and the Reputation of his Arms. Pyrrhus being of a generous and ambitious Temper, promis'd 'em to come over with an Army, and shortly after difpatch'd Cineas, a Thea-lion, an excellent Orator and Scholar of Demofthe-nes, with 3000 Men for Tarentum. Soon after him, he put to Sea with 20 Elephants, 3000 Horfe, 20000 Foot, 2000 Archers, and 500 Slingers; but meeting with a great Storm, his Ships were much difpers'd, and fome loft, fo that he arriv'd at Taren-tum but with a fmall Part of his Army. When he cnter'd the Town, he refus'd to a& without their particular Order, till the reit of his Army were arriv'd; then obferving how the Inhabitants ap-ply'd themfelves chiefly to Bathing, Feafting, and their Pleafures, he Phut up the Publick Meeting Places, reftrain'd them from Drinking and Games, and called them to Arms, being very fevere in liftingMen fit for Aetion and Service. He now receiv'd Intelligence, that Lcvinus the Roman Conful was upon his March Chap. VIII. The Confular State. March with a numerous Army, wafting Lucania as he pafs'd ; and though thefe Confederate Troops swere not all arriv'd, he drew out his Army againif thim ; but before the Armies cou'd join, he lent to Lavinus, offering a Mediation between the Romans and their Adverfaries. But Lavinus return'd An-irwer, 'that he neither efleemed him as a Mediator, nor jfear'd him as an Enemy ; and taking his Mtffengers, the order'd em to be led through the midft of the (Camp, and bad them go tell their Mafler what they Thad feen. Pyrrhus advanc'd and encamp'd on the Plain be-ttween Pandefia and Heraclia ; and perceiving the Romans lay on the other fide of the River Lyris in good (Order,he planted Men all along the Bank to oppofe ttheir Nage: But the Romans haftning to prevent the corning up of thofe Forces he expe&ed,attempted the Taffage with their Infantry, where it was fordable, !the Horfe getting over in feveral Places ; fo that the Greeks fearing to be hemm'd in, were oblig'd to re-!treat a little way ; which Pyrrhus perceiving,drew up lhis Men in Battalia, himfelf at the Head of 'em,and began the Charge. He was very remarkable for the Finenefs and Richnefs of his Arms, but more for ithe Bravery and Noblenefs of his Mis ; managing the Battel with a great Steadinefs and Prefence of :Mind, and performing the Drudgery of a common Soldier, as well as the Office of a General. In the midft of the Fight, Pyrrhus's Horfe was kill'd under him, which oblig'd him to change Armor with one 1 near him, who being taken for the King, was slain, and his Armour taken. This Armour being carry'd about by the Romans in token of hisDeath,flruck fuch a Terror into his Soldiers, that it had loft him the ViEtory, but that he feafonably, and with muchLa-' bout, made himfelf known. Whilft the Battel feem'd doubtful, the Elephants were fent in among the Romans, and the Surprize they were in, together with their Horfes not enduring the Smell and Bignefs of thole 171 172. The Doman Hiflory. Book II. thole Creatures, broke their Ranks; whereupon Pyrrhus commanded the T heffali an Cavalry to charge them in this 1)iforder, and gave them a total Rout, with great Slaughter, tho' with the lots of many of his beft Men, he himfelf alto being wounded. The Romans loft nigh 15000 Men, and had 1800 taken Prifoners ; and the other fide loit 13 000, as Plutarch obferves out of Dionyfim. Pyrrhus us'd the Roman Prifoners with extraordinary Civility and Courtefy, and generoufly bury'd their Dead ; then taking a View of their Bodies, and obferving that they were all wounded before, and what noble and flan Countenances they had, he lift up his Eyes, and cry'd, 0 how eafily might I conquer the World, were 1 Mailer of fuch Soldiers ! After this Battel, Pyrrhus being join'd with the Auxiliary Troops of the Samnites, Lucani and Brutii, di-reCted his March towards Rome, and advanc'd as far as 7ranefle, laying walk all before him. The Romans us'd all neceifary Diligence to recruit their Troops, and to make new Levies, ftirring up their Courages as much as poffible, Fabritius a Patritian, infinuating, That the Lofs was not through want of Valour, but Condua, and that the Grecians had not overcome the Romans, but Pyrrhus had conquer'd Lxvinus. Pyrrhus finding the Romans very diligent and expeditious in their Recruits, confider'd it was more honourable to treat with 'em after his ViEcory , fince he had but fmall hopes of fubduing them, and for that purpofe fent Cineas to find out their Inclinations, a Man fo powerful in Rhetorick, that the King acknowledg'd him, to have florm'd more Towns by his Tongue, than he ever did by his Arms. Cineas very clofely apply'd himfelf to feveral of the Nobility, with Prefents for themfelves and their Ladies as from his Mailer ; but he found them fo heady. and unmov d that not a tingle Perfon wou'd receive any, and both Men and Women anfwer'd, That if a Treaty were publickly concluded, they then lhou'd be ready to fb e tit Chap. VIII. The Confular State. "hew all Refpea and Service due to fo great a Man as the King was. Cinea finding thefe Methods ineffeaual, proceeded to his Bufinefs more publickly, and being come into the Senate, he Paid the molt loft and obliging Things in the World ; likewife offering in his Matter's Name, to return all that was taken in the Battel without Ranfom, and promifing all the Af-fiftance that cou'd be expeated for the conquering all Italy, only asking for his Mafter and the Taren-tines their Friendfhip and Alliance. These fair Pro-mifes at firft made the Senate fomewhat inclin'd to a Treaty, till Appius Claudius, now blind and very ancient, was brought into the Senate-houfe, who by a furring and encouraging Oration, fo warm'd the Affembly, that Cineas could be heard no more, but was difmifs'd with this Anfwer ; That when Pyrrhus had withdrawn his Forces from Italy, then if he pleas' d they would treat with him about Friend, and Al- liance ; but till then, they refolv'd to carry on the War with the utmo.11 Vigour, tho' they met with never fo many Defeats. Cineas, at his return was ask'd by Pyrrhus, what he thought of Rome ? he told him, That the Senate appear'd to him as a venerable Affembly of fo many Kings ; and the People he thought were like the Hydra, whole Number increas'd the more for the Defeat ; for the Conful had already rais'd twice as -great an Army, and there were fill far greater Numbers behind. Soon after Cineas's Return, the Romans fent to Pyrrhus, about ranfoming of Prifoners ; among others, C. Fabricius, a Perfon eminent for his great Virtues, and remarkable for his profefs'd Poverty. Pyrrhus receiv'd him with an extraordinary Civility and Kindnefs, likewife offer'd him Gold, alluring him, It was no otherwift than an hofpitable RefpeEl to aPerfon of his Excellencies ; but all this had no effeEt upon the Steadinefs of Fabricius's Temper. The next Day, Pyrrhus trying all Methods to difcompofe him, commarded one of his largeft Elephants, compleatly arm'd, to be plac'd behind 173 174 Theo.mail Hiflory. Book behind the Hangings, and in the micIft of their Dif-courfe, upon a Sign given, the Tapefiry was drawn afide, and the huge Elephant railing his Trunk over Fabricius's Head, made a hideous Noife. Fabricius, tho' he had never feen this Creature, was not at all afraid, but gently turning about, and frniling, laid, Neither your Goldyeflerday,nor your dreadful Beafl to day, can make any Impreifion upon me. Pyrrhus, amaz'd at the Greatnefs of his Mind, releas'd the Prifoners, intrufiing 'em to him alone, with nothing but a Pro-m:fe, That if the Senate accepted not of Peace, they Aou'd return to him ; which accordingly they did, being commanded to do it by the Senate upon pain of Death. In the fame Year, Coruncanius, Lavinus's Collegue, triumph'd over fome of the Hetrurians who had revolted ; and likewife this Year the Lu-flrum being perform'd, 278222 Free Citizens were cefs'd. U. C. II. The Roman Army being now recruited, Su/pi- 474. cius Saverrio, and Decius Mus, the Confuls for the fol- • lowing Year; were fent againft Pyrrhus. The Romans I had now learn'd not to fear the Elephants fo much as formerly, and were very careful in obferving and un--derfianding Pyrrhus's Art andCondua in Battel. Both) Armies met about the City of Afculum, and Pyrrha was incommoded by a woody Country very inconvenient for his Calvary, and a very fwift Current of! the River, that the Elephants, for want of lure Footing, could not get up with the Infantry : But after! many wounded and kill'd, the Night put an end to: the Engagement. The next Morning, Pyrrhus defign, ing to fight on even Ground, and to have the Ele-. phants in the thickeft of the Enemy, caus'd a Dv. tachment to poirefs themfelves of thofe incommodious Grounds, and mixing Slingers and Archers among the Elephants,with great Courage advanc'd in a dole and well order'd Body ; and the Romans not having thole Advantages of retreating and falling on as they ha Chap. VIII. The Confular State. 1 75' had before, were oblig'd to fight Man to Man upon plain Ground, making a bloody Slaughter among the Gracian Spear-men, not minding or valuing what they fuffer'd themfelves : After a long and obftinate Fight, the Romans were fo prefs'd upon, efpecially by the mighty Force of the Elephants and the Gracian Cavalry, and fo overpower'd, that they retreated to their Camp with the lots of 6o0o Men, the Enemy having loft nigh 4000. This Battel is varioufly related; but this is the trueft Account that I can find of it. After this Engagement, 'tis Paid, Pyrrhus reply'd to a Gentleman who congratulated him for his Vi-dory, if we overcome the Romans another time, we are utterly ruin' d. For by this time he had loft a great Part of his Forces he had brought over, and almoft all his particular Friends and Commanders. This Battel fi-nifh'd the Campaign; and the ref} of the time was employ'd in taking Care for the next; at which time Fabricius himfelf was chofen Conful, together with ./Emilius Papus. At the nigh Approach of the two Armies, Fabricius receiv'd a Letter from the King's principal Phyfician, offering to take off Pyrrhus by Poy-fon, and fo end the War without farther hazard to the Romans, provided he might have a Reward proportionable to the Greatnefs of the Service. Fabricius, enrag'd at the Villany of the Phyfician, and difpofing his Col-legue to the fame Opinion, immediately difpatch'd Letters to Pyrrhus,to let him know what an ill Choice he had made both of his Friends and Enemies ; that he was in War with Honefl Men, and trufled and promoted Villains ; and that the Romans abhorr'd all Treacherous PraElices, it being their Cullom to conquer an Enemy by the Power of their own Arms, and not by 7reafon of the others SubjeC s. Pyrrhus recei v'd the Meffage with all Cour-tefy,and being more and more furpriz'd at the Roman Greatnefs and Generofity, he cry'd out, This is that Fabricius, whom it is harder to turn from the Ways of Virtue and Honegy, than the Sun from its Courfe. Such 2 was 176 The Roman 1-Iiitory. Book II. was the noble Spirit of the Romans in thefe Days, where each Man minded the Honour of the Publick more than his own particular Profit. Pyrrhus made a arid Enquiry into this Plot, and executed the Phyfician ; and that lie might not be excell'd in Generofity, he immediately fent to Rome all the Prifoners without Ranfom, and again em-ploy'd Cineas to negociate a Peace with 'em, being now more defirous of their Alliance than ever : But whether the Romans believ'd their fending home fo many Prifoners, too great an Obligation from an Enemy, or too great a Reward for barely not doing Ill, they would not accept of 'em gratis, but immediately releas'd as many of the Tarentines and Samnites;. and wou'd admit of no Debate of Alliance or Peace with Pyrrhus, till he had withdrawn his Forces from Italy, and fail'd back to Epirus in the fame Ships that brought him over. The King was much confounded at this, being very unwilling to continue this War, and much more to quit it difho-nourably ; but in a short time after he was reliev'd by an Expedition into Sicily, he being intreated by the Inhabitants to expel the Carthaginians, and clear the Ifland of Tyrants. This prov'd an honourable Pretence of drawing off his Forces, and leaving Italy ; therefore fending Cineas before, and putting a Garrifon into Tarentum, tho' much againft their Wills, he embark'd for Sicily with an Army of 30000 Foot, and 2500 Horfe, after he had been in Italy two Years and four Months. III. The Abfence of Pyrrhus gave the Romans much Refpite, or at leaft Leifure enough to punifh the Samnites, larentines, Lucani, and Brutii, whom they warr'd againft with good Succefs; they having little Hopes, but the Return of Pyrrhus, with whom they were very urgent, letting him to underftand, That they were ffiut up in their Towns, which cou'd hardly be maintain'd without his Affil lance. Pyrrhus, tho' he had Chap. VIII. The Confular State. 177 had been fuccefsful enough, within two Years, was glad to have fo fpecious a Pretence of leaving Sicily, when his Carriage there had been fo difpleafing to many, that in a thort time he muff have left it with no other Pretence than Neceffity and Self-prefervati. on. About the time of his Return, there happened fuch a dreadful Plague in Rome, that Cornelius Rufi- nus, the laft Year's Conful, was created DiElator, for Dic. the Ceremony of driving a Nail into the Temple of U. C. yupiter, which they by Tradition believ'd wou'd af- 477. [wage the Diftemper : And this was the third DiEla- tor created upon this Account. The Confuls for the following Year were Curius Dentatus, and Cornelius Lentulus; the former of which railing new Levies, was oppos'd by the People, who refus'd to lift them- (elves. Curius, refolving to go through with his De- figns, commanded the Name of every Tribe to be put into a Box ; and the Lot falling upon the PollianTribe, the firft that was drawn of that Tribe was cited ; and not anfwering, he fold his Goods; and upon his ap- pealing to the Tribunes, he fold the Man too, laying, The Commonwealth flood in no need of fuch a Member as refus'd all Obedience. The Tribunes at that time did not affift the Fellow ; and ever after that, if any re- fus'd to lift himfelf in a juft Muller when comman- ded, it became a Cuftom to make a Slave of him. Pyrrhus, by this time, had with fome Difficulty and Danger got from Sicily to Tarentum with an Ar- my of 'z0000 Foot and 3000 Horfe, where increafing his Army by new Levies, he march'd into Samnium, where the Romans had gather'd together a powerful Army. Pyrrhus divided his Forces into two Parts, whereof one he fent into Lucania to hinder Lentulus from joining with his Collegue Curius Dentatus, a- gainft whom he dire&ed his March, then advantage- oufly polled nigh Beneventum. Pyrrhus haftning to attack him there before the other cou'd arrive with the choiceft of his Men, and the fierceft of his Ele- phants, march'd in the Night-time towards the Ito- 7 8 The go_nient Ilillory. Book II. man Camp, hoping to furprize 'em ; but pang through Woods, his Lights fail'd him, and his Men loft their Way. Whereupon a Council of War being call'd, while they were in debate, and at the break of Day, his Approach was difcover'd by the Romans as they march d down the Hills, which put their whole Camp into much Diforder and Fear; but re, covering themfelves, Curius drew out his Troops in hafte, and falling in with the Van-guard of Pyrrhus, put him to flight, killing many Men, and taking fome Elepnants. This Succefs very much difcourag'd the reit of Pyrrim's Troops, and Curius defcending into the Plain, join'd Battel with the whole Army. In one Wing he repuls'd the Enemy, in the other, .by the Violence of the Elephants, He was born back to his Trenches ; where calling forth thofe who guarded 'em, they from the high Places fo py'd the Beans with Darts and fir'd Pitch and Hemp, that they ran back upon their Friends, bearing down and breaking all their Ranks, fo that the Vi&ory fell to the Romans, Pyrrhus having loft 23000 Men, according to Eutropius. Pyrrhus's Camp was alfo taken, which was not only admir'd, but likewife prov'd of very great ufe afterwards; for anciently the Romans and the Nations about 'em were wont topitch their Tents without Order, after the manner of Booths, in the midit of their feveral Battalions ; but Pyrrhus meafuring out his Ground, encamp'd his whole Army within a Trench. By his Example the Romans receied great Light and Experience as to Warlike Affairs, and afterwards adding fuch things as they found neceffary, they attain'd to the moft abfolute Skill in Encamping, in fucceeding times. Curius Dentatus obtain'd a moft fplendid Triumph for his Viaory, being graed with four Elephants, 1300 Prifoners of feveral Nations, with feveral Impliments of the Tarentine Litcuty and Rarities. A few Days after, his Collegue tri- timpli'd over the Satnnites and Lucani : And this Year was Chap. VIII. The Confular State. 179 was remarkable for the Cenfirfhip of Fabricius and £milius, who remov'd Rufinus, and who had been twice Cokrui, and once Ditiator, out of the Senate, for having ten Pound of Silver Plate for the ufe of his Table And in this Lufirum 271224 Free Citizens were cefs'd or poll'd. As for Pyrrhus, he bore his Defeat with undaunted Mind, and receiving Letters from Greece and Afia, he call'd the Epirots and Tarentines together, telling them that Affiftance would foon come ; which Report kept the Romans in their Camp: And fo taking this Advantage, the Night following he pafs'd undifturb'd into Epirus with 8000 Foot and Soo Horfe, firm leaving a Gar-rifon in Tarentum, which was more to preferve his own Reputation than for any other Ufe. Thus in about fix Years ended the Wars with the famous Pyrrhus, a Perfon efteem'd the ableit Commander of all the Kings in that time, both for Military Experience and Perfonal Valour; but he knew better how to Conquer than how to Keep ; and from him the Romans did not only improve the Art of Encamping, but likewife learn'd to avoid Plains, and better to fuftain the Shock of a difciplin'd Cavalry, which before they had defpis'd. IV. The Roman Name, which before had been famous, was now become formidable, after the Overthrow of fo great a Man as Pyrrhus,which made way for farther Conquefts, and the Eftablifhment of the Roman Empire. In the fecond Year after Pyrrhus's Retreat, Ptolomy Philadelphus, King of Egypt, fent Ambaffadors to congratulate the Roman Succefs, and to enter into an Alliance with 'em. The Romans, to Phew him the greater Refpe&, likewife fent Am-baffadors to Egypt, where they were molt courteoufly receiv'd, and fent home laden with Gifts and Pre-fents. The following Year, the Tarentines not being able to remove the Garrifon Pyrrhus had left under I1ilo, defied Aid of the Carthaginians ; and with them. N a giving U.0 480. 8 o The Roman Hiflory. Book II. giving Battel to the Romans, were overthrown. Milo, fentible how unaule he was to refift, by leave. from the Conful Papirius, departed with his Men, and quitted the Calle, which the Romans poffeffing, eatily became Matters of the City, the Walls whereof they demolififd. Peace and Liberty were granted to all the Citizens; and this Year the two Con-fuls triumph d, having finiPa'd both the Tarentine and Samnite Wars in the Year 48x. The latter of thefe had, with tome hid-millions, continu'd feventy- one Years ; and over thefe the Romans triumph'd thirty times, namely, Confuls twenty-fix, DiEiatorl twice, and Pro-Confuls as many. Now the Romans grew much too powerful for their Neighbours, for the greateft Part of Italy was now conquer d, an Acceffion being made not only of the Tarentines and Samnites, but of the Lucanians alfo, and not long before of the Hetrurians. After this, the Campanian Legion, who had treacheroufly feiz'dupon Rhegium, and kept it to themfelves, were befieg'd, and upon Surrender, put to death by fifty at a time. Soon after, the Inhabitants of Apollonia in Illyricum, fending Ambaffadors to Rome, fome extravagant and unruly Noblemen fell upon 'em and beat 'em ; but the Romans were fo juft as to deliver 'em up to the Apollo-niates. In the fame Year the Picentes were fubdu'd,and Colonies were fent to Arminium in the Country of the Piceni, and to Beneventum in that of the Samnites. About the fame time was Silver firft coin'd in Rome, whereas Brafs had only been in ufe till now, their U. C. Riches being increas'd by their Conquefts, and large 484. quantities of Silver were found in a Caille of the Sam-iztes. A Year after, the SaNnes, who fome Years pail had been made Denizens of Rome, receiv'd now alfo the Power of Voting in Ele6tions. About four Years after that, the Number of the Quaflon were increas'd from four to eight; and in the fame Year the Redu&i-on of the Umbri and Sallentini, together with the City of Brundufium,compleated the Conquer of all 'tali'. Now 0,1oeftors increas'd. Chap. IX. The Confular State. 8 t U C. Now were the Roman Dominions much larger than ever, containing the whole Body of old Italy, and the feveral Italian Nations, being about 500 Miles long, and 13o broad, which comprehended about one half of that Country which now goes by the Name of Italy, as was formerly observ'd. Juft at the fame time began the firft Punick or Carthaginian War, in the 489th Year of the City, A. M. 3740, in the 4th Year of the 128th Olympiad, 244 fince the beginning of the Confular State, 125 fince the Deftra-&ion of the City by the Gauls, 65 fince the beginning of the Macedonian Empire by Alexander the Great, and 263 before our Saviour's Nativity. 489. ef" C H A P. IX. U. C. From the Beginning of the ,fir fl Punick War, to 489. the Beginning of the fecond , the Romans non' growing powerfUl by Sea as well as by Land. Containing the Space of 47 rears. I. H E Carthaginians made up a very large and powerful Commonwealth,commanding moff of that part of Africa which now goes by the general Name of Barbary ; their Dominions extending about 2000 Miles in length, all bordering upon the Sea ; having betides the Iflands of Sardinia and Corfica, and the great& part of Sicily, with other leffer Ifles. The Occafion of the Romans War with this Nation, was, their joining with Hiero King of Syracufe againft the Mamertines, and for befieging Meffana, which oblig'd that People to send to Rome for Succour. The Romans had not forgot the Carthaginians affifting the Tarentines againft them not long before ; and becaufe the former Carriage of the Marnertines was not eafily juftify'd, they made that their Pretence of their de- N 3 daring 8 The12oman Hiliory. Book H Glaring War againft the Carthaginians. And Appius Claudius, one of the Confuls, was immediately fent over to Sicily with an Army and a fmall fleet. With much Danger and Difficulty he pafs'd the Streights between Italy and Sicily, but with that Succefs, that he rais'd the Siege of Meffana in a short time, and after that defeated both Thero and the Carthaginians in two feveral Battels. Appius return'd to Rome with a noble Triumph, which was the firft that ever was obtain'd upon the Account of Foreign AEtions. Notwithflanding the great wafting of the People by continual Wars, 292224 Free Citizens were cefs'd this Year; and in this Year D. r/unius Brutus firft brought in the Cullom of having Fencing-Matches perform'd by Gladiators at Funerals, a Cullom very much in ufe afterwards. The following Year, both the Confuls were or-deed for Sicily, with all their Legions. And they manag'd the War fo fuccefsfully,that going to inveft Syracufe it felf, .Hiero was affrighted into Obedience, perceiving that the Romans molt probably wou'd be Conquerors; and fo he made Peace upon thefe Terms, To reflore all their Prifimers without Ranfim, and to pay a hundred Talents of Silver. The Romans more readily embrac'd the Alliance, becaufe the Carthaginians being Mafters at Sea, they cou'd not fafely fup-ply the Armies with Provifions and Neceffaries, ex-peEling that he fhou'd chiefly take care about that Affair. Valerigs' one of this Year's Confuls, from Meffana had the Surname of Meffala, who alfo having taken Catana, carry'd from thence a new Sundial to Rome, Papirius Curfor having 3o Years before fa up the firft that ever was in this City. This, tho' not perfetl, the People made ufe of 99 Years, till M. Philippas the Cenfor fet up a perfe& one by it; and about that time, Scipio Nafica being Cenfor, firft made the equal Divifion of the Day into Hours, by Water dropping out of one Veifel into another. This Year the City being much afiliaed with a Peftilence, a Diaator Chap. IX. The Con Pular State. i 8 3 Diaator was created for the Ceremony of driving a Dic. liv Nail into yupiter's Temple: This was Fulvius Maxi- U. C. mus, who made Marcius Philippus his Mailer of the 490. Horfe; and he was the fourth Thaator created up- on this Account. The Romans, by the Alliance with Hiero found themfelves fo eas'd of the Burden of the War, that the following Year they fent but two Legions to Sici- ly ; at which time Agrigentum was invefied by the Ro- mans; and Annibal, the Carthaginian Admiral, who came to relieve it, was overthrown by Pollhumius and Mamilius the Confuls at Land ; fo after a long Siege it was taken. The News of this was very grateful to the Citizens of Rome, who had began to think of no- thing lefs than the clearing of Sicily, and the Con- queft of that Eland ; and to that they direEted all their Counfels. On Land indeed they feem'd fuffici- ently profperous, for the two fuceeeding manag'd the War with good Succefs ; but the Cartha- ginians without Controverfy being entire Mailers at Sea, by that means procur'd the Maritime Towns to revolt to them : So that the War was not only ba- lanc'd between the two Interefts, but Italy was aifo grievoufly infelled with the Carthaginian Feet, while Africk was out of all danger. Thefe Confederations caus'd 'em diligently to apply themfelves to Sea-Af- fairs, of which they were wholly ignorant before; therefore they found it a Matter of extraordinary dif- ficulty as well to build Veffels as to make ufe of 'em; for Italy had been as free from Shipwrights as from Seamen. Having thoroughly obferv'd a Carthaginian Vetfel or two driven afhore, they fet about i oo Veffels of five Oars of a fide, and 20 of three, which they fitted out as well as they cou'd, after an odd way, teaching their Men to row upon Dry-Land; well knowing that their Courages muft fupply all other Defeets. Thus meanly rigg'd out, in the fourth Year of this War, the Confuls Cornelius and Duilius boldly ventur'd N 4 them- 184 Die Roman Hiflory. Book II. themfelves abroad, and more boldly ventur'd to engage an Enemy, who for many Ages had been the Inheritors of the Dominions of the Sea, both by their rower and their Skill ; a thing much admir'd by all Hiftorians. Cornelius the Admiral parting from the reit of his Company with 17 Gallies to reduce Lipa-ra,was furpriz d by a greater Number of the Carthaginians, and taken with the reft of his Fleet. But his Collegue Duilius was much more fuccefsful, firft defeating 5o Sail of the Enemy, then falling upon the reit of their Fleet, by the help of a new invented Engine to grapple with their Veffels, by which they cou'd board 'em, and fight as on Land, he obtain'd a fignal Vielory over 'em, taking 50 of their Veffels; then purfuing it, rais'd the Siege of jEgefia, and took Marcella by Storm. Thefe Succef-fes were fo unexpeated by the Senate, that they decreed Duilius unufual Honours; for befides his obtaining the Glory of the firft Naval Triumph, he was ever after attended from Supper with Mufick and Flambeaus. Annibal on the other fide, to fecure himfelf from Punifhment, with all (peed fent one of his Friends to Carthage before the Bagel was known here, who gave an Account to the Senate, that the Romans were under Sail with a great Fleet, and he wanted Inftruetions about engaging 'em. The Senate, upon this, gave Orders to fight without delay ; to whom the Meffenger reply'd, That he had already fought, and was overthrown; by which means he prevented their condemning an Aaion they had but juft before approv'd of. This Year the Romans had but fmall Succefs by Land,for a Breach between the Legions and the Auxiliaries occafion'd a Separation; which Advantage A-milcar the General of the Carthaginians Forces, fo far improv'd,as to cut off4o00 of 'em. But theAd vantages gain'd by Sea fo far animated the Romans, that the following Year they invaded the Elands of Sardinia and Corfica, and with fo good Succefs, that Hanno the Carthaginian Chap. IX. The Confular State. Carthaginian General there, was (lain, and his Army cut off by Cornelius Scipio the Conful. This Vi6tory was follow'd by another over Annibal, whom they furpriz'd at Sea, newly recruited from Carthage; for which the unfortunate Admiral was crucily'd by his own Soldiers that out-liv'd the Defeat. The next Year many Towns were loft and gain'd in Sicily on both fides; but above all, a noble Adi-on of Calpurnius Flemma, a Tribune of the Army, was molt remarkable; for Attilius Calatinus the Conful, having carelefly brought his Army into fuch a defperate Place, as there was no hopes of efcaping, Calpurnius, with 30o choice Men, pof-fefs'd themfelves of an Eminence juft by, and with incredible Courage fo diverted the whole Body of the Carthaginians,that the Conful's Army had Opportunity in paffing with little Oppofition. Calpurnius was the only Perfon that furviv'd of the 30o, being miferably wounded, and cover'd with dead Bodies. The next Year, Attilius Regulus the Conful fubdu'd the Iflands Lipara and Melita, the latter famous for the Shipwreck of St. Paul, and fence call'd Malta: In which Year certain Prodigies in Rome, or the Belief of fuch, occafion'd the creating of a DiElator, Dic. lv. for the celebrating the Latin Holy-days, which was U. C. Ogulneius Gallus, his Mailer of the Rorfe being Lceto- 490. rigs Plancianas; and this was the fecond Dilator created upon this Account. H. Now had this War continu'd eight Years; when the Romans, finding themfelves fo firong by Sea as well as by Land, refolv'd to remove the Seat of the War into Africk; and accordingly put to Sea with a Fleet of 330 Sail, under the Command of the Con-fuls Regulus and Manlius. The Carthaginians, being fenfible how neceffary it was to keep the War from their own Walls, oppos'd 'em with a Fleet of 35o Sail, and a threefold Battel was fought on the same Day, in which the Romans, by the help of their Grap- ling U. C. 497. i 8 6 Theoman Hiflory, Book II. ling Engines, and their undaunted Courages, became Conquerors, taking 54 Ships, with all their Men, and finking 30, lofing themfelves but 24 without their Men. In purfuance of this Viaory, they made a Defcent upon Africk, whole nigheft Part was about 200 Miles from Sicily, and fhortly after had Clupea furrendered to 'em, a City feated upon the Promontory Hermea. This done, they march'd into the Country, laying Waite all before them, which they did without Oppofition ; but foon after they receiv'd Inftruaions from the Senate, that Regulus fhould remain in 4frick, in CharaEter of Pro-conful, with 40 Ships, x i000 Foot, and Soo Horfe, and Manlius fhould return to Rome with the remaining Forces. Regulus encamping upon the River Bagrada, was forc'd to engage a monifrous Serpent of a miraculous Bignefs, which, with the great Trouble of his Army, and by the Help of the Battering-Engines, he flew, fending its Skin to Rome, which was 12o Foot long, according to Livy and Genius. The Carthaginians finding the Romans fo fuccefsful, oppos'd Regulus with a confiderable Army ; but fighting in a Place where their Horfe and Elephants cou'd do but little fervice' were foon defeated, and lunetum or Tunis, in a fhortfpace was taken by Regulus. But the Carthaginians having procur'd Xantippus, a brave Lacedamonian, for their General, foon after gave Regulus a dreadful Overthrow,he himfelf being taken Prifoner, and moil of his Army cut off, the reit efca-ping to Clupea. But Xantippus met with more barbarous and ungrateful Ufage than Regulus ; for the Carthaginians pretending to condu& him home ho-nourably,commanded the Seamen to throw him and his Companions over-board, left fo great a Vi&ory fhou'd be afcrib'd to the Lacedamonians, as Appian relates it. The Romans were befieg'd in Clupea, till their Enemies perceiving the fmall probability of reducing 'em, broke up the Siege, and made all Preparations for Chap. IX. The Confular State. for the oppofing the Succours fent under "Ernila's Paulus and Fabius Nobilior, the following Year's Conful. Thefe Confuls putting to Sea with 3 5o Sail, were met by the Carthaginians, nigh their own. Coafts,whom they entirely defeated, taking 3o Ships, and finking 104, with the Lois only of 9 of their own. After this, the Confuls took in the Roman Garrifon from Clupea, and fet Sail again for Sicily, expecting to have feveral Towns there fur-rende r'd to 'cm upon the News of this Vidory ; but before they cou'd make the Shore, there arofe fuck a dreadful Storm, that mofi of their Ships were fwallow'd up, or fplir upon Rocks; fo that the Shore was fill'd with dead Bodies and broken Pieces of Ships, both the Confuls perifh'd, and thole few that efcap'd, Hiero kindly receiv'd ; and furnifhing 'em with Cloaths and other Necelfaries, convey'd 'em fafe to Meffana. Karthalo the Carthaginian immediately taking Advantage of this great Misfortune,befieg'dAgrigentum, and foon after took it, and demolifh'd the Fortifications of it. The Romans, nothing difcourag'd at the great Loffes fuftain d by the Tempel}, immediately fet about building 220 Veffels, which they profecu-ted with that extraordinaryDiligence andExpedition, that in three Months time they were both built and launch'd. On the other fide, Afdrubal the Carthagi-nian,with his Veterane Troops and Levies,arriv'd at Sicily, with a Fleet of 200 Sail old and new. The Confuls Attilius and Cornelius being order'd for Sicily this Year, manag'd the War fo profperoufly, as to take feveral Towns; after which they return'd.Their Succeffors, Servilius and Sempronius, in the following Spring, pafs'd into Sicily with the whole Fleet, and from thence to Africk, were coafting about, they landed in many Places, but perform'd nothing very memorable. At laft they touch'd upon the Ifland of the Lotephagi, call'd Meninx, nigh the Leifer Syrtis; where being ignorant of thefe Coafts, they fell upon certain 187 i 8 8 The Doman Hi'tory. Book II. certain Quick-lands; but getting off with much difficulty, they return'd to Panormus in Sicily in a flying Pofture. Then failing for Rome, thro' the Streights, -very unadvifedly, they were taken in a Storm, and 'so of the Ships loft. This fame Year the Cenfors calling over the Senate, turn'd out thirteen Members for Mifdemeanors, and performing the Lufirum, 297797, Free Citizens were poll'd. Tho' the Senate and People of Rome were extremely vigorous in all great Attempts, being pufled on by an extraordinary Defire of Glory ; yet the Loffes at Sea had now been fo great and numerous, that they were confirain'd to omit Naval Preparations, and Place all their Hopes in their Land-Forces. Cacilius and Metellus were fent into Sicily with the Legions, and 6o Tranfport-Veffels,only for Ne-cefraries ; and they did not only yield the Dominion of the Sea to the Carthaginians, but fear'd 'em alfo at Land, by reafon of their great Preparations, but efpecially for their Elephants, which had oftentimes much annoy'd 'em. Afdrubal, the Punick General, underfianding their Fears, and that one of the Con-fuls was now return'd to Italy with half the Army, with great Aflurance and Confidence ravag'd all the Country about Panormus, and with the more Carelefsnefs and Security, becaufe Metellus kept him-felf within the Walls. But the Conful taking an Opportunity, fo well plac'd his Men againft the Elephants, that when Afdrubal came nigh the Town, he gave him a dreadful Overthrow, killing z0000 en, and taking 26 Elephants; for which he had a noble Triumph. The Carthaginians immediately loft all Sicily except Lilybaum and Depranum, to the former of which Places Afdrubal efcap'd ; but beina'" con-demn'd at Carthage, he was taken and put to death as Toon as he return'd ; the unhappy Fate of many Carthaginian Generals. V C. III.TheCarthaginians now finding themfelves great 502. Lofers Chap. IX. The Confular State. Lofers, and wearied out with a tedious War, which had now continu'd 54 Years, began to follicit for Peace, and fent to the Senate to treat about it : With the Ambaffa.dors, Regulus alfo was fent, who had been five Years Prifoner,and was now bound with an Oath to return to Carthage, in cafe there was no Peace nor Exchange of Prifoners made. Regulus contrary to the Expectation of all, openly in the Senate difcover-ed the Weaknefs of the Carthaginians, and advis'd the Romans to make no Peace ; thewing withal, both how honourable and profitable it might be to the State to proficute the War. The Senate feem'd well fatisfy'd with the Advice, if it were to be follow'd without Prejudice to the Advifer, whom they pity'd as well as admir'd, and cou'd not determine any thing to the Ruin of a Perfon who had deferv'd fo well at their Hands. Upon that account they defied him to flay ; but he, with an undaunted Refolution, told 'em, That he knew that Death and the extremell Tortures were preparing for him at Carthage, but fill he could not comply with their Requefls, who might have better us'd their Commands, had he been fill his Country's Servant, as he was Africk's Slave, and upon that account not capable of living as became a Citizen of Rome : Tet however he had fo much of the true Spirit of a Roman, that he cou'd do nothing that was bale or difhonou-rable ; and that he left fear'd the Tortures of a cruel Rack, than the Shame of an infamous AElion, for the former only touch'd the Body, whereas the latter pierc'd the Mind. All means were ufed to perfuade Regulus to flay,' both by his Friends and others, which he avoided as much as poffible, refuting to fpeak with his Wife,and shunning the Embraces and Kifl'es of his little Children : And when the Negotiation was at an end, he return'd to Carthage, there ending his Days in great Torments; For, fiat they cut off his Eyelids, keeping him in a dark Dungeon for a while, then brought him out in the midi} of the Day, with his Face 189 190 77,e Ionian 11iflory. Book IL Face turn'd full againft the Sun : At laft he was put into a Cheft or Barrel, 'tuck with Nails with the Points inward, and fo narrow, that he cou'd have no Eafe, where he died with the Extremity of the Pain. When the Senate heard of the barbarous Ufage of Regulus, in great Rage they deliver'd up force Pri-foners of the higheft Note and Quality to Marcia his Wife, who' Phut 'em up in an Armory Ruck round with Iron Spikes, defigning to torment them after the fame manner that her Husband had been, and keeping 'em five Days together without Meat : in which time Boflar the Carthaginian, with Pain and Hunger, died ; but Hamilcar, being a fironger Man, was kept in, together with the dead Body of Boflar, five Days longer, having only fo much Su-flenance allow'd him as might Terve to prolong his Life in Mifery. At laft, the Magifirates being in-form'd of this, began to relent, and ftriEtly forbid any more fuch Ufage, commanded that &liar's Mies Ihou'd be fent home, and the reft of the Prifoners fhould be us'd more moderately : Which was done to let the Enemy know, That the Romans were too generous to infult over the Mleries of unhappy Men, or to countenance any cruel Ailions, tho' they had been incited by the highefi Provocations, and all the Sentiments of a moll jufl Retaliation. The following Year,becaufe the Land-Forces were very fearful of the Enemies Elephants, and purfu'd their Affairs with fmall Vigour, the Romans provided another Fleet,and befieg'd Lilybsum by Sea and Land, a Town fianding upon the Southern Promontory of Sicily overagainft Africk. The Romans were very unfuccefsful in this Expedition, lofing moft of their Ships in a fhort time, partly by the Mifmanagement of the Conful Claudius Pulcher, and partly by other Misiortunes ; fo that the whole Fleet was Toon re-duc'd to an inconfiderable Number. Lilybxum was fiill clofely invefted by Land ; but the fmall Succeffes of the prefent Confuls and other Loffes, occafion'd the Chap. IX. The Confular State. 19 1 the creating of a Diaator to command the Forces Dic.1vi. in Sicily : This was Attilius Calatinus, who appointed U. C. Cacilius Metellus, who had triumph'd over the Car- 504. thaginians, for his Mafier of the Horfe, and was the firit Dilator that ever led an Army out of Italy ; but nothing memorable was a&ed by him in Sicily be- fore the ime of his Office expir'd. The Romans now began to feel the 1k, eight and Charge of the War more than ever; and they found t,idt the City was not only cltair'd of Money, but of Men too For in the next Lufiyurn there were but 251222 Free Citizens poll'd. For feven Years did the Romans abflain from any Sea-Preparation, in which time another Dzaator was Dic.lvii. created. in the Confui's Abfence for holding the Conti- U. C. tia for a new Election, which was Coruncanius Nepos, 510. and his Mafier of the Horfe was Fulvius Flaccus. At this time Amilcar, the Carthaginian Admiral,extremely in- felled the Coatis of Italy, which made the Romans refolve once more to try their Fortune at Sea ; and accordingly they fitted out a confiderable Navy out of their private Purfes, the Treafury being now ex- haufred. With this they gave the Carthaginians a no- table Overthrow nigh the .IEgatian Ifles, taking and finkin<2, 520 of their Ships,according to the moil mo- dell Computation. This great Lofs brought 'em to a Peace,which,after two Confultations,was concluded upon thefe Articles;Firft,That the Carthaginians fhou'd lay down z000 Talents .of Silver, and 2200 more within 50 Tears time : Secondly, That they fhou'd quit Sicily : with all the Ifles thereabouts : Thirdly, That they fhou'd never make War upon the Syracufians, or their Allies, nor come with any Veffels of War within the Roman Domini- ons : And Fourthly, That they fhou'd deliver up all their Prifimers without Ranfom,as alto the Dqferters.Thus end- ed the firfl Punick or Carthaginian War, by the Greek Writers call'd the Cicilian War, after it had continu'd 24 Years, in the 5 13th Year of the City, 23 Years be- fore the Second,and 249 before our Saviour's Nativi- ty; 19 z The Oman Hiftory. Book IL ty ; wherein the Romans are Paid to have loft 70o Veffels, and the Carthaginians no more than 50c). U. C. IV. All Affairs now feem'd to fucceed profperouf- 5 ly with the Romans, and in, the fame Year that Tthis Tribes in- long War was ended, two new Tribes were added creas'd to the reit, namely, the Veline and Quirine, which the IA now made up the Number 35, which Number was time. never after exceeded. At this time the Romans be- gan to grow more polite, a little applying their U. C. Minds to fomething of Study and Learning, parti-54. cularly Poetry ; and the Year after this War, the firm IFirit Tra- Tragedies and Comedies were made by Livius Andro- gams and nicus, a Grecian by Birth, one Year before Ennins Comedies in Rome, the Poet was born, about ii6o after the Deaths of Sophocles and Euripides, and 6z after that of Menander. He drew the Minds of the People from the Ufe of the Satire which had immediately fucceeded the old Stage-Plays, call'd Ludi Fefcennini, fpoken of in tho Sixth Chapter of this Book ; which Satire was a fort of a Dramatick Poem, full of Jetts and Raillery, wholly different from the Satires of Lucilius and Horace afterwards. Alxvius was the firft Poet that follow'd his Example, five Years after, the Year "Jai See- before which were celebrated the great Secular Games culares. the third time, which were alfo call'd Ludi magni, and Ludi 7arentini,and were of two forts; the Greater, celebrated every 120 Years, and firft inflituted in the 298th Year of the City ; and the Lefler, celebrated every ioo Years, and firft inftituted about the 305th Year of the City, after the Banifhmen-t of the Decemviri : But thefe now celebrated were of the former fort. There were alfo other Games cant Ludi Tarentini, which were very different from the Ludi Seeculares, which I mention, that Learners may avoid Confufion. But to return to the Romao Affairs ; the Carthaginians, Toon after their Peace with the Romans, fell into a bloody War between themfelves and their Mercenary Chap. IX. The Confular State. 19 3 nary Soldiers, which proceeded both from their Want of Pay, and their Want of Employment; and this, with much Difficulty and Lofs, was ended by Amilcar, after more than three Years. During which time, feveral of the Romans who traded into Africk, were fecur'd by the Carthaginians, left they fhou'd furnifh their Enemies with Provifions. But when Ambaffadors were fent to Carthage to complain of this Ufage, they kindly dilmifs'd all that were in Cuftody ; which fo affe&ed the Romans, that they generously fent 'em all their Prifoners without Ran-fom, and for a fhort Space there feem'd to be an extraordinary Friendfhip between thefe two Nations. But Toon after their Troubles were ended, the Sardinians inviting over the Romans to that Ifland, they fail'd thither, which much offended the Carthaginians, who thought themfelves to have the greateft Right to it ; fo they prepar'd to fend Forces thither. The Romans took an Occafion from thence to proclaim War againft 'em, complaining, That thefe Preparations were defign'd more againfl them, than the Sardinians. This fo terrify'd the Carthaginians, who found themfelves in no Condition to begin a new War, that they were forc'd to yield to Ne-ceffity, and not only quit all Sardinia, but farther, to pay the Romans xzoo Talents. This, tho' fub- mitted to at prefent, prov'd afterwards the Occafi-on of a more bloody and dangerous War than the former. In the fixth Year after the Carthaginian War, the Romans being in perfe& Peace with all their Neighbours, the Temple of Janus was Phut the fe-cond time, it having been open 437 Years. In the following Year was the firft Divorce in Rome ; and two Years after a DiCiator was created for holding the Comitia, and this was CDuilins, his IVIafler 1 the IT. C Horfe being Aurelius Cotta. 522. For five Years fucceffively the Temple of .7am/a continu'd flint, and in the fixth was open'd by a War 'rith the illyrians, a People nigh Greece ,who inhabited t 0 h 194 The Tomas Hi'Ivry. Brock II. that Country which is now call'd Dalmatia : For Teuta Queen of that Nation, elevated by her Pro-fperity in Peace, gave her Subjeas Commiffion to rob all they met with at Sea; tome of which hap-pen'd to be Merchants ofitabc, whom they ufed very barbaroully. Upon' Intelligence of this, the Romans difpatch'd two Ambagadors, Caius and Lucius Coruncanus, to lllyricum. to demand Satisfa&ion. Teu-ta told 'em, That /he woulc bake care that no publick In- jury d be ojfer'd to the Romans ; but Erre thought it was never the Cullom of Princes to hinder their Subjeis from making what private Advantage they codd from the Sea. But Lucius fmartly told her, That the Romans had learn'd a better Cufiorn, which was, to punifh Private Injuries with a Publick Revenge, and to relieve the Difireffed ; and they, by the Help of the Gods, wou'd take care to reform her Princely Cufloms. The Queen took this Freedom fo heinoully, that, contrary to ,the Law of Nations, the fent after the Ambaffadors,and flew Lucius. This fo enrag'd the Romans, that War was immediately proclaim'd againft her, and the two Confuls fent to Illyricum, Fluvius with a Fleet, and Pofihumius with a Land Army. Fluvius had Corcyra furrender'd to him at his firft Appearance before it, and loon after took Apolhnia; then the Armies joining, the Confuls reliev'd Dyrrachium, which was invefled by the Illyrians. Soon after, soft of the lllyrick Towns were furrender'd to the Confuls; whereupon the Queen retied with a few Followers to Rhiz,on, a ftrong Town, and the Spring after fent to Rome to beg Peace, which was granted upon thefe Terms : Firft, To pay a yearly Tribute : Secondly, ro quit all Illyricum, except a very few Places : And, Thirdly, Not to fail beyond the River Litras with more than two Barks, and thofe unarm'd. Thus ended the firft /ilyi4an War, in lefs than two Years Time. V. There Wars in Illyricum f ill inlarg'd the Roman Dominions ,and their generous Behaviour gain'd 'cm Chap. IX. The Confular State. 19 5' 'em as much Love as their Valour had got 'em Reputation in thofe Parts, particularly among the Athenians and Corinthians • the latter of which pafs'd a Decree in Honour d'em, which made 'em free of the Ifihmian Games, one of the Four Solemn Exercifes of Greece. And this fame Year were the Prtetors increas'd to Four, one being fent to the Pro- prxt. in. vincc of Sicily, and another to that of Sardinia. In creas'd• the mean time Domeftick Difturbances about the U. C. Divifion of Lands taken from the Gauls, awaken'd 527. that Nation, who concluding, that the Romans fought more out of Covetoufnefs than Glory, began that War, which the Latine Hiftorians call'd Bellum Galliium Cifalpinum. Thefe fierce People, now join'd. in Confederacy, fent over the Alps for other Gauls; call'd Geffate, nigh the River Rhofne, who came over with a prodigious Force, and joining with the reit, made an Irruption into Hetruria, with an Army of 50000 Foot and 20000 Horfe. The Romans, to oppofe 'em, made the greaten Preparations that had been known, all Italy being up in Arms, to the Number of Seven or Eight hundred thoufand Men, which were plac'd in feveral Parts to be readinefs upon all Occafions : And the Confuls themfelves led a particular Army of 5o800 Foot, and 4200 Horfe. The Gauls now entring Hetruria, wafted all with U. C. Fire- and Sword till they cattle to CMAIrtt, about 529. three Days Journey from Rome ; where they were block'd up by the Romans, the Prcetor on their Back, and the Confuls before, poffeffing themfelves of all the Pages, infomuch that they were Cored to form two Fronts, and fight very difadvantageoufiy, both .by reafon of their Nakednefs, and the Unfit-nefs of their Arms. But the Vanity of the Geffata prov'd Me moil injurious to 'em, for they throw- ing off all their Clothes, would needs fight naked, and began the fiat Charge ; and there being eafily broken, fo difcourag'd the reit, that all fled. The Gauls were miferably flaughter'd, 40000 of 'em 0 z being 196 The roman ory. Book H. being kill'd, and i0000 taken Prifoners; among the reit, Cbncolitanus, a King of the Gebta. The Confuls obtain'd a moft fplendid Triumph for this Viatory, fcarce any being more remarkable for the Number of the Prifoners, or the Variety and Value of the Spoils. The next Year great Inroads were made into the Territories of the Gauls, they being feveral times overthrown : At which time the Con- Dic•lix• full being abroad, a Diaator was created to hold U. C. the Comitia for a new Elation •' which was C4cilius 5 3 0. Metellus, and Fabius Buteo, his Mailer of the Horfe, or Lieutenant. The Gauls were now fo harrafs'd and weakned, that they fent Ambaffadors to Rome to beg Peace on any Terms; but Claudius Marcellus and Cornelius Scipio put a flop to that Affair, and ftired up the Multitude to continue the War. Whereupon the Gauls, now grown defperate, refolv'd to make their IA Efforts, and procur'd 30000 Auxiliaries from the Geffata. The Confuls march'd into the Country of the Infubres, and open'd the Campaign with the Siege of Acerra ; whereupon the Gauls invefled Cla-fildium, a Confederate Town of the Romans. Mar-cellus, with two Thirds of his Cavalry, and a fmall Detachment of light-arm'd Footmen, march'd both Night and Day towards the Enemy,; and notwith-flanding the great Inequality of the Numbers,and the extraordinary Fatigue of the long Marches, he fell upon 'em, and after a bloody Battel overthrew 'em. C, Marcellus with his own Hands kill'd Virdomarus,King 532. of the Geffata, and dedicated the third Opima Spolia, or Royal Spoils, to Yupiter Feretrius, obtaining like-wife a noble Triumph. Thole that efcap'd fled to Mediolanum, now call'd Milan, the chief City of the Infubrian Gauls, which being fhortly after taken, the Gallick War was ended, after fix rears continuance, to the confiderable Enlargement of the Roman Dominions, Colonies being planted not long after at Cremona, and at Placentia. About Chap. IX. The Confular State. About this time, a multitude of Libertini or Freed Slaves, which liv'd difpers'd among all the Tribes, gave great Difturbances to the City, which occafi-on'd the Cenfors at the next Luf'rum to confine all thefe to four Tribes, namely, Efquilina, Palatina, Suburrana, and Collin: At which time were alio 270213 Free Citizens cefs'd. In the fame Cenfor-fhip C. Flaminius, one of the Cenfors, built a Cirque, and pav'd the High-way as far as Arminium, 13,) Miles, both which great Works were afterwards call'd by his Name. Within a Year after, the Illy, rians revolting, were redued by dlEtni/ius and Livius the Confuls, tho' with fume Difficulty and Trouble. But the greateft Concern the Romans had now, was the fuccefsful Progrefs of the Carthaginians in Spain, who now had gain'd a ()teat part of that Country, and more than all, had taken Saguntus, a Town in Alliance with Rome, after they were defied to defift. This caus'd the Romans to fend their Ambaffadors to Carthage, to require their General Hannibal to be deliver'd up, and if that were not granted, to denounce War. The Ambairadors finding the Carthaginians very little inclin'd to give any Satisfaction, the Senior of 'em holding out the Skirt of his Robe, told the Senate, Here we bring you War or Peace; ehufe which you pleafe. The Chief of the other an-fweed, Deliver which you will: The Roman replying, War ; the other accepted of it. And thus began the fecond Punick or Carthaginian War, 23 Years after the firft, in the 536th Year of the City, 4. M. 3787, in the third Year of the 140th Olympiad, 291 Years fince the Beginning of the Confular State, 171 fince the Defirudion of the City by the Gauls, II2 fince the Beginning of the Macedonian Empire by Alexanl der, and 2 16 before our Saviour's Nativity. 197 U. C. 534. CHAR 71 e Tean Hi ory. Book IL (1 rye 11*.FS 6 CHAP. X. From the Beginning of the Second Punick War, to the Finiflung of it by Scipio Africanus; when the Romans became poled in the Arts of War. Containing the Space of 17 Tears. U. C. ,.THE War being broke out a fecond time be- 536. tween thefe two Rival Nations, the Romans and Carthaginians, the latter committing the Management of it to Hannibal, Amilcar's Son, now in Spain, a Perfon of wonderful Abilities as to War, both for Condua and Valour, of a hardy, laborious, and indefatigable Body, as well as fierce, daring, and undaunted Mind. This General had fworn him-felf a mortal Enemy to the Romans ; and having over-run all Spain to the Pyrenaan Mountains, he re-folv'd to run any Danger or Hazard, fo he might procure the Ruin of the Roman State : therefore leaving Hanno with a fullicient Force to guard that Country, he crofs'd the Pyrenaan Mountains into Gaul, with an Army of 50000 Foot, and 9000 Horfe, of different Nations and Languages. From whence he fhortly pafs'd the Rhofne with great Danger and Difficulty, the River there being fwift and fpacious, and its Banks cover'd with many and dangerous Enemies. In ten Days March from thence, he arriv'd at the Foot of the Alps, over which he refolv'd to pafs into Italy, notwithftanding the late-nefs of the Seafon, the Fears of his Men, his Ignorance of the Ways, the Labour of the March, and all the numerous Perils and Hazards that attended fo vaft an Enterprize. It was now in the midft of Winter, and every thing appear'd ftrange and dreadful, the prodigious Height of the Mountains; cap'd with Snows; the rude 198 A Chap. X. The Confular State. rude mif-fhapen Cottages on the Sides of craggy fieep Rocks; the Cartel, Sheep, and Horfes, parch'd and miff with Cold ; the People barbarous, and with long ihagg'd Hair like Savages, and nothing to be feen but a general Scene of Deformity and Horrour. The Soldiers in this March, betides their Fears, were extremely afflided with the Greatnefs of the Colds, and grievoutly harrafs'd by the narrow Defiles, the flippery Paicages, and the craggy Rocks, but more efpecially by the Inhabitants, who, from their. Lurking-places, fell often upon 'em, with great Slaughter ; and fornetimes thy their unufual Shouts and Out-cries, which were redoubl'd by the Echoes between the Rocks and Valleys, their Honks were fo affrighted as they frequently overthrew themfelves, Men, and Carriages, down thefe narrow Precipices, wlio falling from one Rock to another, made a dreadful Rumbling, as if it were the Fail of fome Caftle or great Building. Neverthelefs, after nine Days painful March thro' thefe untrodden Paths, Hannibal at laft gain'd the Top of thefe vaft Mountains, where he refrefh'd his Men, and encourag'd their fainting Minds by a difiant Profpe& of Italy, telling 'em, That now, like hardy Soldiers, they had mounted not only the Walls of Italy, but thofe of Rome too. After two Days Refpite among these difmal Places, the Army mov'd forward, and were forc'd to encounter with new Difficulties; for prodigious Quantities of Snow being lately fallen, as many Men were loft in the Depth of that, as had been before by the Enemies Encounters, And now a fort of Defpair appear'd in almoft every Man's Face but Hannibal's, who fill remain'd Ready and unfha-ken, inciting 'em forward till they arriv'd at a Place, which was a rocky Precipice, where the Earth had lately fallen away to the Depth of r000 Foot; fo that it was impoffible to pats with Elephants or Horfes. Whereupon he endeavour'd to bring his Men through other unknown Ways; but 0 4 finding 199 2 00 The o. man Hiflory. Book H. finding the Snow had made 'em impagable, he was-forc'd to betake himfelf to the levelling the Rock. In order to that, great Numbers of huge Trees were fell'd, and a mighty Pile made againft it, and fet on Fire; when the Rock was red hot, they foftned and putrefy'd it with Vinegar; as Livy relates it, and then with wonderful Labour cleav'd it, leilening the Defcent by fuch moderate Turnings, that not only the Beafts of Burden, but the Elephants alfo, might fafely pats. Four Days indefatigable Toil was em-ploy'd about this Rock, the Beafts the mean while being almoft ftarv'd, having had very little Suite-nance all that Time. But coming lower, certain Valleys afforded Pafture, where the Cattle were re-frefh'd, and Reft allow'd the weary Soldiers. From thence Hannibal defcended into the Plains, having been fifteen Days in palling the Alps, it being now the fifth Month after his fetting out from New Carthage, which was a City built by Afdrubal in Spain. At his Arrival in the Country .of the infubrEs, he found his Army reduc'd to about i8o0o Foot, and 6000 }lode, according to Polybius, having loft molt of 'em upon the Alps. Scipio the Conful hearing of Hannibal's March, ha, fien'd to meet him before hisMen were well refreih'-d. Both' Armies met at Ticinum (now Pavia) in which Battel the Conful being wounded, was fav'd by the great Valour of his young Son, afterwards call'd fricanus, and in a few Hours was defeated, efpecially by the Means of the Numidian Cavalry, who unex-pe&edly fell upon his Rear. Soon after this Defeat, Sempronius, the other Conful, out of Sicily, join'd Scipio at the River Trebia. Sempronius having been fuccefsful in fome Skirmithes, refolv'd to give the Enemy Battel, before too many of the Gauls were join'd him, tho' Scipio was much againft it, who was now laid up of his Wounds. Hannibal knowing the Gauls to be all at his Devotion, and finding his own Men frefli and vigorous, endeavour'd at nothing mote Chap. X. Me Confular State. 201 more than a Battel. Upon the nigh Approach of thefe Armies, Hannibal convey'd 1000 choice Horse into a private Place, and another Party he fent to brave the Romans before they cou'd provide againfc the Extremity of the Weather by Meat or Drink; fo that engaging with Cold and Hunger, pairing the River up to the Arm-pits, and being unexpeetedly charg'd both in Front and Rear, they were entirely defeated, tho' not without great Slaughter of the Enemy, through whofe Ranks 1 0000 defperately broke, and efcap'd to Placentia, 26000 being either slain, taken, or drown'd in the River. The Carthaginians having done what they were able in pur-fuing, retir'd to the Camp Co fiupify'd with Cold, that they were fcarcely fenfible of their Vidory; for Rain mixt with Snow, and intolerable Cold, kill'd many of their Men, and almott all their BealIs and Elephants. Thus Hannibal was now as fuccefsful in his Battels, as before he had been daring in his Marches, the Romans never having met with a more formidable Enemy, or a more expert General. II. The Lofs of thefe two Battels caus'd the Romans to be more diligent in their Preparations for the next Campaign ; for the Managing of which, C. Flaminius and Servilius Geminus were chofen Con-fuls : The former of thefe had a good Faculty of Speaking, but no great Skill in War. Hannibal having all this while kept in the Country of the Gauls, where he had recruited and firengthned his Army, now refolv'd to change the Seat of the War, and march into iktruria ; and after fome Confultation about the Way thither, he fixt upon that of the Fens, as short and unexpe&ed to the Enemy, tho' far more difficult to pals. Here they found a miferable Paf-fage, being forc'd to march three or four Days and Nights thro' nothing but Water, without any Sleep or Reft, which forely diftrefs'd his Men ; many of the J;leaits were left dead in the Mud, and the Hoofs U. C. 537- 2 02 The gonzaii Book IL Hoofs came off the Horfes Feet. Hannibal hinafelf riding upon an Elephant, which was the only one left alive, efcap'd with his Life, but got intolerable Pains in the Eyes, and loft one of them entirely. Being at laff arrived upon dryGround,and underfiand-ing Flaminius's fiery Temper, the better to entrap him, he pafs'd by his Camp, and march'd farther into the Country, waiting it with Fire ano Sword. 'This enrag'd Flaminius, who thought himfelf flighted and defp,s'd by the Enemy ; and when he was advis'd by fome to ufe great Caution, and not rafhly purfue, efpecially by Reafon of the Enemies Cavalry, but above all things to 'lay for the ConjunEion of his Colleague's Forces, he cou'd by no Means bear their Words ; but riling with all his Troops, he began his March, as if nothing had been more certain than the Viaory, his Army being follow'd with a great Number of Rabble laden with Chains, Bonds, and the like, for the Prifoners and Booty. Hannibal was now at a Lake call'd Thrafymene, sigh which were certain Mountains, and between them and the Lake was a narrow Paffage leading to a Valley juff by, encompafs'd with a Ridge of Hills. Thefe Hills Hannibal made choice of, placing and difpofing his Men round about, fo that when Flaminius follow'd him into the Valley, he was immediately hemm'd in, and attack'd on all Sides, to the cutting off of his whole Army, and the Lofs of his own Life ; and this was done almoft before they cou'd fee who engag'd 'em, by rea-fon of a Miff which was rifen from the Lake. About z 5000 of the Romans fell in the Valley, and 6000 efcap'd to a Village, where they were forc'd to yield themfelves Prifoners. Hannibal gathering all his Prifoners together, to the Number,of 15000, kept the Romans, but difmifs'd the Latines without Ranfom ; and he fought alfo for the Conful's Body to bury it, but cou'd not find it. Servilius, the other Conful, who lay at Ariminum, having Intelligence of Chap. X. The con fular State. of Hannibal's March into Hetruria, with all (peed detach'd a Party of 4oco Men, commanded by Cen- tinigs, to join Flaminius, if poflible, before the Bar- tel. Hannibal hearing df this Supply, immediately, after the Viaory, detach'd out a fufficient Party un- der- Maberbal, who•cut off one half of the Romans, and forc'd the reft to a Hill, where they yielded them-felves 'Prifoners. The Romans were now in a great Conflernation at thefe vaft Loffes, and upon mature Deliberation, they found it neceffary to have a General with abfolute authority ; whereupon they refolv'd upon a Diaator, which was Fabius Maximus, a Perfon of Dic. lx. extraordinary Wifdom and Experience, in whom U. C. was a happy mixture of Caution and Boldnefs. He 537. made choice of Minutius Rufus for his Mailer of the Horf e, who was of a Temper more hot and violent than himfelf. Having made what Preparations he was able, he let forward to meet Hannibal with little Intention to ,fight him, tr:it rather to wait his Motions, to ftraiten his Quarters, and cut off his Provifions, which he knew wou'd be the moll effedual way to ruin him, in a Country so far from his own. He always encamp'd on the high-eft Grounds, free from the Infults of the Enemies Cavalry, 1611 keeping pace with 'em ; when they march'd, he follow'd em; when they en-camp'd, he did the fame, but at fuch a diffance as not to be forc'd to engage; by which means he gave them no Reft, but kept "em in a continual Alarm. This cautious way of proceeding, which got him the Name of CunElator, made moil Men cape& his Courage, except Hannibal himfelf, who was extremely troubled and inraged at it,ufing all poffible Artifices to make Fabius and his Aaions become def-picable ; fometimes by braving him in his Camp, and other times by wafting the Country round him. Soon after, Hannibal defigning for Cafinum, was by a Miftake condu6ted to Cafilinum nigh Campania, where 2©3 z 04 The roman Hiftory. Book II. where entring a Valley environ'd with Mountains, Fabius detach'd 4.000 choice Men, who poffefs'd themfelves of the Entrance, and with another Party cut off Soo of his Rear, putting his whole Army into Come Diforder. Hannibal finding himfelf block'd up, and in a dangerous Condition, one Night he order'd fmall Faggots and lighted Torches to be ty'd to the Horns of 2000 Oxen, which by their toffing their Horns, and fcattering the Fires, fo frighted the Party that guarded the Entrance, that they quitted their Polls; and by this Stratagem. Hannibal drew off his Army, and efcap'd, tho' with confiderable Damage to his Rear. This A&ion, tho' excellently well manag'd by Fabius, procur'd many Complaints againft him ; and Hannibal, to improve their Hatred, ravag'd the Country about, but carefully fpar'd Fabius's Lands, to render him fufpeeted of a fecret Correfpondence with him. Thefe Sufpicions, and Fabius's want of Courage, as his Men believ'd, prov'd fo prejudicial to him, that in his Abfence loon after, Minutius, his Mailer of the Horfe, having skirmifh'd with ome Succefs, procur'd fo much Favour from the Multitude, that his Power was made equal with the DiElator's ; which was a thing beyond all Example. Minutius was fo exalted with his late Succeffes and this new Honour, that he refolv'd, contrary to all the Perfwafions of Fabius, to engage Hannibal with his Part of his Army, which he did; where he was cunningly drawn in by Hanigibal to a difadvantage-ous Place, and was in great danger of being intirely defeated, when Fabius, who had been a careful Ob-ferver of this AEtion from an Eminence in tis Camp, came in, and falling upon the Enemy with extraordinary Skill and Courage, Toon forc'd 'em to retreat, and fav'd Minutius. Hannibal, after this Bute], told his Friends, That he thought the Cloud which had fo long hover'd upon the Mountains wou'd fome time break upon 'em with a Storm, As for Minutia!, he was fo far convinc'd Chap. X. The Confular State. zo5 convinc'd of his former Rafhnefs, that he confefed his Error to Fabius, whom he now call'd his Father, and renouncing his new Power again, fubjeded his Office freely to the Didatorfhip. Soon after Fabius's Time was expir'd, a Diiiator Dic. was created for holding the Comitia for a new Ele- U C. aion of Confas, which was Vetrurim Philo, and Porn- 538. ponius Matho was his Mafier of the Horfe. The new Confuls were itmilius Paulus and Terentius Varro, the former a prudent experienc'd Perfon, the latter a hot, rash, and inconfiderate Man. Thefe had ga-ther'd together an Army of 80000 Foot, and G000 Horfe, which gave great Hopes to the People, but rais'd as great Fears in fome of the wifer fort, efpe-cially Fabius, who with all the powerful Arguments imaginable advis'd' fmilius, to beware of the Policy of Hannibal, and the RajOnefs of Varro. Both Armies met at a Village in Apulia, call'd Canna, where Varro refolv'd to engage contrary to £milius's Advice, the Enemy being about 40000 Foot, and 20000 Horse. This Battel was fought with dreadful Fury on both Sides, and Hannibal had plac'd his Men with all poffible Skill and Art, fo that the Romans were not only forc'd to fight with Wind, Duff, and Sun, but preffing forwards, were in a little time almoff furrounded. In fhort, the Abilities of the Punick General at this time were more apparent than ever, who more over-match'd them in Skill than they exceeded him in Numbers, making a moft miferable Slaughter of the Romans, till quite wearied our, he commanded his Soldiers to give over. ./Emi/itis was found defperately wounded by lentulus a Colonel, who offeed him his Horfe to fly ; but the Conful with weeping Eyes defied him to make ufe of it himfelf, and go tell Fabius that he had follow'd his Diretlions to the 4, but Fate had conquer'd him : and then falling among the dead Bodies, he expir'd. In this Battel the Romans loft 50000 Men. Pobbius 14.5 70000, i Quaftors, 2i Tribunes, So of Senatorian to6 Thec_nnan Book Senatorian Order, and fo many Equites, or Knightsi that 'tis laid that three Bufhels of their Rings were fent to'carthage ; the Enemy having loft but 57oo Men. Never was any thing fo terrible and dreadful to Rome as the News of this fatal Defeat; never was the City fo fadly with Terror and Tumult; and never was a more univerfal Mourning and La• mentation throughout all the Streets, than at this time. The Citizens were all in an Uproar and Conflernation, and the Senators themfelves in great Trouble and Confulion, being extremely difturb'd in their Debates by the difmal Out cries of mife-rabic Women tearing their Hair, and beating their Brealls after a fad and deplorable manner. A Die.hii.DiEiator upon this was created, which was M yu- 1/ C. nius, his Mailer of the Horfe being T. Sempronius, and Order was immediately given to keep all the Wo- 5 3 8. men front, coming abroad into the Streets, the Sena= tors themfelves going from Houfe to Houfe to comfort and appeafe 'em what they cou'd. Great Care was likewife taken to fer aria Guards at the Gates, to keep all Perfons from abandoning the City; and to make all People fee, That there cou'd be no poifible means of preferving themfelves, but by bravely defending the Wall's. In a fhort time Varro arriv'd at Rome with the.weak and tatter'd Relicks of his Army; and tho' he had been the principal Caufe of this Defeat, yet the Romans, out of an extraordinary great-nefs of Mind, went out to meet him in Multitudes, and the Senate return'd him Thanks, for that he had not defpair'd of the Commonwealth. Notwithflanding the vaft Loffes fuftain'd by Hannibal, and the Re- volt of a great part of Italy immediately after this laft Defeat, the Romans wou'd never fo much as Mention Peace; Whereas, as Livy fays, no Nation tinder Heaven but wou'd have fainted, and have fuffer'd themfelves to have been cverwbelnid and crullid with the `weight of fo Mighty a Difafter. Thus Chap. X. The Confular State. 207 III. Thus far was _Hannibal extraordinary fuccefs-ful; and had he made the belt Ufe of this his Lift Vi-dory, by marching dire&ly to Rome, he might in all Probability have put an End to the War and Roman State at once; but this great Soldier, as Maherbal, Captain of his Horfe told him, knew perfealy how to gain a Viaory, but not how to ufe and improve it, For his carelefs Manner of Proceeding that Summer, gave the Romans an Opportunity of recovering themfelves when they were almoft reduc'd to a defpairiug Condition : And now they were infpir'd with new Courage, and new Refolutions of profecuting the War witliout fainting ; making all poffible Preparations for another Campaign, arming of feveral Thoufands of Slaves,and filling up the Senate,which wanted 177 Perfons : This laft was done by Fabius Buteo a Difiator, created for that purpofe, without any Ma- Dic,ixiii„ fier of the Horfe, and that before the WI DiEator was u out of Office, who was then abroad. But that which 5 3 9. prov'd molt fatal to Hannibal, was his Wintering in Capua, a molt wealthy and luxurious City, which, among many other Places, had furrender'd it felt to him fence his laft Vielory. Here he utterly fpoird an excellent and hardy Army, which now was fo enfeebled and enervated by their immoderate Ufe of the Pleafures and Efi'eminatenefs of that Place, that ever after his Men became impatient of Labour, and the ancient Military Difcipline; fo that Capua became a Canna to Hannibal's Soldiers. And now Han. nibal's Fortune began to change ; for in the next Campaign he was worfied in a Sally out of Nola by Marcellus the Prator; and repuls'd at Cafilinum, after he had brought the Place to great Extremities; and not long after Marcellus gave him a considerable Re-pnlfe nigh Nola, which gave the Romans mighty Hopes of farther Succeffes. In Spain the Scipio's manag'd the War with great Snccefs, overthrowing Hanna; and gaining much 2 Ground, zo8 The Tvman Iliflory. Book II. Ground, and likewife defeating Ardrubal, who but juft before had been order'd by the Senate of Carthage go for Italy and join Hannibal; which Defign by this means was broke. In Sicily and Sardinia, tho' feveral Attempts were made by the Carthaginians, and fome Revolts hapned, yet Affairs fucceed-ed profperoufly, efpecially in Sardinia, where a Bat-tel was fought, and 12000 Carthaginians kill'd, .and many taken Prifoners, among whom were A[drubal, Hann°, and Mago, all Perfons of the higheft Quality. Rome now had the Misfortune of having Enemies oa all Sides of her, and in all Parts of her Dominions and Territories ; fo that the Vigour and Diligence of her Inhabitants was certainly very admirable in fending Recruits and Supplies into Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia, thofe diftant Countries, with the fame Care as againft Hannibal himfelf. But what is a greater Infiance of the Roman Courage and Magnanimity, is their proclaiming War with Philip King of Macedon in Greece, not long after their dreadful Defeat in Canna, for his making a League with Hannibal, and their venturing to invade his Dominion, which they did with good Suc-cefs. About this time Claditts Sentho was created pic.lxiv.Diaator for holding the Comitia in the Conful's Ab- U. C. fence for a new Ele&ion, and his Mafter of the Horje 541. was Fulvitts Flaccns. The Affairs of Sicily were in a little time alter'd by the Death of Hiero King of Syracufe, and the Murder of his Grandfon HieronyMtm not long after, which caus'd great FaEtions in that City. The prevailing Fadion proving Enemies to Rome, Marcellm was fent thither, who befieg'd the great City of Syracufe by Sea and Land, but cou'd not (form it with all his Power, being perpetually hinder'd by the great Skill and Inventions of that excellent Mathematician Archimedes, who contriv'd Inch Engines as wou'd caft Stones of prodigious Bulk upon the Romans, and waft Beams upon their Ships, and difmonnt all their Bat- ttring Chap 71e Confair Stat. 209 Battering Engines. He alfo fet the Roman Ships up on one end, or overturn'd them,- or hois'd 'em up tic. into the Air, and after all the Men were fallen our, 542- let 'em fall upon the Walls ; 'by which means he became fo formidable to the Romans, that Marcellus was forc'd to remove to a farther difiance, jeering his own Engineer, and calling Archimedes, Briareus. After Tome confiderable Actions in Sicily, and after three Years Siege, Marcellus found means to fur-prize the City on a great Feflival of theirs, by ream ion of an ill-guarded Tower, and fo became Mailer of it. Marcellus cou'd not forbear his Tears at the Deftru&ion of fuch a glorious and magnificent City, which he endeavour'd, but cou'd not prevent; but above all, the Death of Archimedes was the great& Trouble to him ; for he had given firiet Command to his Men to preferve him. But this great Artift was at that time fo extremely bufy about his Mathematical Speculations, that he took no Notice of the Noife and Uproar in the City, and fo was kill'd by a common Soldier,before he fufpe&-ed any Danger. His Body was honourably bury'd by Marcellus 's Order, and vaft Plunder was obtain'd by the Soldiers, betides many rich Works and great Rarities fent to Rome, the City being full of People, and 2 2 Miles in Compafs. The Wars in Italy were manag'd the fame time with various Succefs, Hannibal had Tarentum betray'd to him, the Caftle still holding out ; and the Romans invefled Capua, flrait'ning it fo much, that they were forc'd to fend to Hannibal for Relief. He made no great Italie to relieve 'em, being very defirous to take the Calle &it ; but then considering how great a Difgrace the Lois of fuch a Place as Capua would be, he broke up the Siege of Tarentum, and direaed his March thither. Hannibal attack'd the Romans in their Trenches; and tho' he was aftiled both by the inhabitants and his own Garrifon, he was repell'd `with confiderable Lois. Finding the Relief of thts Place I I 0 o_ matt Iliflory. Book II. Place extream hazardous, he refolved to fall upon Rome itfelf, expeCting that the very Name of fuch an Enterprize would oblige them to raife the Siege ; for which reafon he marched direCtly that way. His Defigns being heard of at Rome, the Citizens were varioufly inclined as to their way of Security, fome thinking all the Forces in Italy were to be fent for ; but Fabius would by no means hear of riling from before Capua : Therefore a middle way was taken, which was to fend for Fulvius the Pro-conful from the Siege, with i coco Foot, and 100© Horfe, for the Defence of Rome ; which was fpee-dily effeeled, Hannibal being now encamped about eight Miles from the City. Hannibal in a Ihort time decamped, and advanced to the River Arno, three Miles ftom Rome, from whence, with a Party of 2000 Horfe, he went to take a View of the City. Flaccus, much offended that he should take fuch Liberty without Oppofi-tion, fent out a contiderable Body of Horfe, which falling upon him, forced him to retreat. The next Day, and the Day following, Hannibal on one fide, and Flaccus with the Confuls on the other, drew out all their Forces for a general Battel ; but on both thofe Days there fell fuch great Storms of Hail and Rain, that the Armies could not join ; but after they had retired to their Camps, the Weather proved fair and calm. This truck the Carthaginians with a religious Awe, and made Hannibal to fay, That one while his Mind, another time his Fortune, would not fuffer him to become Mailer of that mighty City. Whereupon he decamped, and marched to the River Turia, from thence to the Lake of Feronia, where he plundered .a Temple of that Goddefs, proceeding in this outragious manner through the Countries of the Lucani and Brutii ; which Cruelty loft him much Credit, and did him as much Injury. Flaccus returned to the Siege of Capua, which Coon after was furrender'd, the Heads of the Revolt i being Chap. X. The Confular State. being put to Death, and the common Sort fold. This City being fituated in fo good a Soil, was relayed for the rife of all forts of Plowmen, Labourers and Artificers, without any fnew of Government of its own, as it had formerly. This happened in the 7th Year of this War, and 543d of the City. In Spain the War had been carry'd on all this time with great Vigour, the Romans being generally Conquerors, killing in one Battel 37000 Men ; but in this laft Year, Claud; Nero the Governor of Spain was much impos'd upon by the Treachery of Afdrubal, and another Governor was order'd to fucceed him, both the Scipio's having been flain not long before in Spain. A Comitia was held for the creating a Proconful for Spain, but none appear'd to land for that Office, well perceiving the Hazards and Difficulties of fuch a War, which caus'd a great Concern and Sadnefs among the People. Whereupon young Scipio, a noble Youth, under 24 Years of Age, bravely flood up and profefs'd. himfelf Candidate, having the Year before been made 2Edile, tho' under Age, by the great Favour and Confidence of the People. This Scipio was Son of the Conful flain in Spain, a Perron of rare and wonderful Abilities for his Age, of extraordinary Courage and Valour, and of as eminent Prudence and Virtue ; which excellent Accomplifhments made him joyfully accepted of by the Votes of all; but after he was chofen, they began to have fome Concern upon the Account of his Youth ; which he apprehending, call'd them together, and with fuch a noble Spirit and great Refolution prcmis'd them Succefs, that they departed ;abundantly fatisfy'd with their Choice. The following Year aftek Scipio's Voyage to Spain; Valerius Lavinus, who had done good Service againft Philip of Macedon, was made Confula fecond time,and fent into Sicily ; where taking the City Agrigenturn, he Toon reduc'd the whole', Ifland, which was the.. P2, firit 2 I 1 2, 1 2 The (kman iliflory. Book II. firft time the Romans became Mailers of all Sicily ; and this fell out in the 8th Year of this War, and 544th of the City. In the Time of Lavinus's Con- Dic a DiElator was created for holding the Comi- u C. tia for a new Elution, both he and his Collebue 544. Marcellus being abroad : This was Fulvius Flaccus, and his Mailer of the Horfe was Licinius Crajjus. In this Eleation Fabius Maximus was chofen Conful a fifth time, in which Year Tarentum was betray'd into his Hands, the Succefs of this Campaign proving very doubtful and various; and in this Line Year was a Lufiration, where were found but 137108 Free Citizens; by which Account it appears, what great Loffes the Romans had fufiain'd by tilde dreadful Wars. Marcellus for this Year fometimes won and fometimes loft with Hannibal; and the following was made Cohful a fifth time, when, gong a-gainft Hannibal, he was (lain in an Ambufcade ; a valiant Soldier, who was call'd the Sword, as Fabius was the Buckler of Rome. His Collegue Crif: pinus alfo receiv'd a Wound, which in a little time Dic.lxvi.kill'd him, having firft nominated a Diaator for U. C. holding the Comitia for a new EleCtion, which was 546. Manlius 7orquatus, his Mailer of the Hoyle being C. Servilius. The following Year Afdrubal was order'd to leave Spain,and go for Italy to the Afralance of his Brother Hannibal. Whereupon Livius the Conful was order'd to meet and oppofe him, whilft his Cohegue Nero obferv'd the Motions of Hannibal: But Nero having met with fomeSuccefs againft Hannibal,made a choice Detachment of 6000 Foot, and i000 Horfe, and with great Secrefy, and as great Expedition, march'd towards his Collegue. Having join'd him, they furrounded Afdrubal, who by the Treachery of his Guides was led into a dangerous Place, and cut him and his whole Army in pieces. Nero immediately return'd to his Camp, and before Hannibal knew of his departure, caft his Bvother's Head in his Camp ; by Chap. X. The Coi!fular State. 2 1 3 by which, to his great Grief, he knew of his Defeat. At the finifhing of this Confuljhip, a DiUator was created for the holding of the Comitia for a new Eletion, the Confuls being both in the Field, which was Livius .Sahnator, his Mailer of the Hofe being Ceecilius Metellus. The Year after this, Scipio, after the obtaining many great ViaThries, and the performing many noble Exploits in Spain, wholly re-duc'd that Country to the Obedience of Rome; having taken or driven out all the Carthaginian Commanders, and gain'd as much Reputation by his mild, fweet, and generous Temper, as he did by his couragious and valiant AEts. This happen'd five Years after his undertaking this Charge, and twelve after the beginning of this War. IV. The Romans now found themfelves in a much U C. better Condition than they were at the beginning of 548. thefe Wars, efpecially by the happy Redu&ion of two fuch confiderabie Provinces as Spain and Sicily, which had been great Diverfions to 'ern ; but fill Hannibal, in the Bowels of Italy, was a fevere Curb, and a grievous Burden to em ; upon which, Scipio, at his Return, being made Confilat 29 Years of Age, greatly defied to be fent into Africk, as the molt effe&ual means to finifh the War; declaring to the Senate, That he doubted not but to manage Affiziri fo, cis that the Carthaginians fhould be forc'd to recall Hannibal out of Italy, for the Defence of his own Country. Fabius molt earnefily, and with fome Heat oppos'd this, and thereupon a confiderable Difference arofe; but at length Sicily was granted him for his Province, and Leave given him to pats over into Africk, if he law it convenient for the Commonwealth. All the firft Year he (pent in Sicily, in providing Ne-ceffaries for his Expedition ; at the end of which, a Dinator was created for holding the Comitia for a Dic. new Eleaion of Confuls, namely, Cacilius Metellus, lxviii. his Mafler of the Hole being Veturius Philo : The U. C. P 3 next 5494 Dir. lxvii. U. C. 547. 214 The Roman Bylory. Book II. next Luflrum being foon after, 215000 Free Citizens were cefs'd, which vy-as 77892 more than at the laft ; a happy Increafe for five Years time. This fame Year, which was the 14th of this War, Scipio ar-riv'd at Africk with a brave Fleet, where Mafaniffa King of Nurnidia, who had join'd with him in Spain, came in to his Affiftance. Scipio was not long in Africk without Employment, for in a ihort time Hanno oppos'd him, and was slain himfelf, with 3000 of his Men; which fo encourag'd Scipio, that he immediately invefted Utica : But Sy-phax, King of Numidia, who had difpoffefs'd Mafa-;,4J'a of his Kingdom, marching with the Carthaginians to relieve the Place, Scipio broke up the Siege, and departed to his Winter-Quarters. But in the Winter he again invefted Utica; and underftanding that the Enemy was encamp'd not far off, he fent his ableft Soldiers in the Habits of Slaves, with his Commiffioners, to view their Camp. This done, he fuddenly let Fire to their Coverings of Mats, Reeds, dry Boughs, and the like ; which they not Ifufpeaing, but thinking it came by Accident, were cut in pieces in the midft of the Hurry and Confu-fion to the Number of 40000 Men, 6000 being taken Prifoners Not long after he gave them another great Overthrow, which fo terrify'd the Carthaginians, that they were oblig'd to recal their great Champion Hannibal out of Italy, who himfelf like-wife had been in a declining Condition for a confi-derable time. An Embaffage was immediately dif-patch'd to Rome, with a Defign to obtain a Ceffati-on of Arms till Hannibal could fafely retire from italy : But their Aim being fufficiently underftood, their Ivieffage was flighted, and came to no effea. During thefe Endeavours, Syphax finding his Kingdom would probably return to Malaniffa, the true Inheritor, had gather'd together a numerous Army of unexperienc'd Strangers, and with them march'd againft Scipio, but was foon defeated, and himfelf Chap. X. The Confular State. himfelf taken Prifoner. Mafaniffa, the better to regain his Kingdom, marched with all fpeed to Cir-ta, the chief City, and by {hewing them the King in Bonds, procur'd the Gates to be opened, every one firiving to gain the Favour of him, who, as they perceiv'd, would be their King. Among the reit, Queen Sophonisba, Syphax's Wife, a Woman of incomparable Beauty, who very carnally and humbly befought him, That fie might not be delivered up into the Hands of the Romans, her powerful Charms fo recommended her Suit, that young Mafanifira forthwith granted it; and the more effectually to perform his Promife, marry'd her himfelf that Day. This Aetion was much difapprov'd of by Scipio at his Arrival Toon after, letting him to underhand, That the Romans had a Title to her Head, as being their Captive, one of their greatefl Enemies, and the principal Caufe of all Syphax's Treachery. Upon this therefore, Mafaniffa, in defperate Paffion, fent her a Bowl of Poy fon ; at the receiving of which the only laid, That if her Husband had no better Token to fend to his new Wife, fhe mull accept of that ; adding, That her Death had been more honourable, if her Marriage had been farther from it ; and fo boldly drank it off. Scipio, the better to comfort the melancholy Prince, had him immediately proclaimed King of Numidia, with the greateft Pomp and Solemnity that could Ile expeEted, having now fettled him in his Throne without any farther Oppofition. V. Hannibal had now made his greateft and ut-moll Efforts in Italy, and had perform'd more than any other Commander, when he was recalled by his Superiors ; and with great Concern and Re-lu&ancy was forced to quit that Country, after he had fpent fifteen Years in it with various Fortune: He complained much of his Senate, and of Himfelf ; of his Senate, becaufe they had fo badly fupply'd him with Money and other Neceffaries, when he P 4 had 2 5 2 t 6 'Ile Roman Hiftory. Book II. had been fo long in an Enemies Country ; of Him-felf, for giving the Romans time to recover them-(elves, after he had fo often overthrown 'em. It is laid likewife, that before he embark'd, he built an Arch nigh the Temple of 5uno Lacinia, where, in Punick and Greek Letters, he wrote the Sum of his great Exploits. Then putting to Sea in a me-lancholly Temper, having loft both his Brothers, 4fdrubal and Mago, and a great many of his beft Men, he landed in few Days at Leptis; from whence he march'd to Adrumetum, and next to Zama, five days Journey from Carthage. A general Satisfaetion was in Rome for his Departure ; for never was a General more dreaded by 'em : And much .10c lxix. about that time a DiClator was created for holding C the Comitia for a new Elation of Confuls, Sulpicius 5s.I. Galba being the Perfon, and Serviliuc Geminus his Mailer of the Horft. Hannibal now lying encamp'd near Zama, and Scipio not far from him, the former beginning to confider the declining State of his Country, defied a Meeting with Scipio to treat of a Peace, which was granted. In a large Plain between the two Armies, the two greateft Generals in the World came to an Interview ; but receiving mutually no SatisCaEtion, efpecially for that Scipio had upbraided the Carthaginians with a late Breach of Truce, and Violation of Ambaffadors, they return'd to decide the Controver-fy by the Sword. Never was a more memorable Bat-tel fought, whether we regard the Generals, the Armies, the two States that contended, or the Importance of the Vietory. Both the Generals fhew'd admirable Skill in placing their Men, and chufing their Ground, as well as extraordinary Courage in charging and falling on ; letting their Soldiers to under-nand, rhat this Battel mull Aew whether Rome or Carthage Aou'd give Laws to the World. Hannibal, the)$ he behav'd himfelf moft gallantly, and with all the true Management of filch an expert Comman- der, Chap. X. The Confular State. der, was at laft overcome by Scipio, who flew 20000, and took asmany Prifoners. Whereupon Hannibal perfuaded his Country-men to beg Peace, and ,Am- bafladors were immediately difpatch'd to Rome for that purpofe : A little before whofe Arrival, a at-la-Mc. lxx. tor was created for holding the Cornitia for Ele6tion u. C. of Confuls; and this was C. Servilius, his Mailer of 5 5 2. the Horfe being Ailius Petus. The Power of concluding Peace was by the Peo- ple decreed to Scipio and ten others, and was at laft agreed to upon thefe Articles : Firfl, That the Car- thaginians fhould enjoy all their Territories in Africk; but that the Romans fhould hold Spain, with all the illatdi in the Mediterranean : Secondly, That all Re- bels and aferters jhould be deliver'd up to the Romans: Thirdly, That the Carthaginians fhould deliver up all the beak'd Ships, except ten Triremes, with all their tam'd Elei:hants, aid tame no more : Fourthly, That it /hould be unlawful for 'ern to make War in Africk, or elfewhere, without Leave from Rome : Fifthly, That they fhould reflore all to Malaniffa, and enter into Alli- ance with him: Sixth,y, 7'hat they jhould give Money and Corn to the Roman Troops, till the return of the Ambaffadors: And, Seventhly, That they fhould pay 10000 Talents of Silver in 50 Tears time, and give foo Hoflages for the Performance of all. Thus ended the Second Punick or Carthaginian War, in the i7th Year of it, to the great Satistadion of Rome, and the greater Renown of Scipio, who, befides a moil fplen- did Triumph, obtain'd the honourable Surname of Africanus. It was feven Years fhorter, tho' far more bloody and dangerous than the &I{ Punick War, and ended in the 553d Year of the City, A. M 3804, in the 4th Year of the 144th Olympiad, 3c8 Years fince the Beginning of the Confular State, 189 fince the Burning of the City by the Gauls, 129 fince the Beginning of the Macedonian Empire by Alexan- der, and 199 before our Saviour's Nativity. CHAP. 217 218 Thefllatz Iliftory. Rook II. CHAP. XI. Rom the End of the Second Punick War, to the End of the Third, and the DellruEtion of Carthage when :Rine dot free from all her Royal Stapes. Containing the Space of 55 rears. 11.C. I. Hefe Wars, though they had been very dan-5 5 3, gerous, almoit to the Ruin of the Roman State, ended much to the Advantage of it, both as to itsHonour andDominion,as well as itsExperience and Knowledge. The Romans began more and more to know the Ufe of Riches, and Arts and Learning daily increas'd as they became more acquainted with the Grecians. For much about this time flourifhed Ennius, Licinius Tegula, and Cecilius, all Dramatick Poets, the Romans being much delighted with fuch Spe&acles, as well as thofe more cruel ones of Gla- diators, Fighting with Wild-Beafts, &c. The finning of thefe late Wars much eas'd the Romans,but ftill they were employed abroad ; for immediately after began, or rather went on, the Macedonian Wars againft King Philip, the fiat Occafion being given foon after the great. Battel of Canna, upon his Entrance into an Alliance with Hannibal, as was Paid before. But now the Romans having a good Opportunity,and not without Provocation, as well by his Breach of Faith with the dEtolians and other Roman Allies in thofe Parts, as by his Supplies long before fent to Eannibal, and at the earnest Requeft of the Athenians, as well as the Complaints of Attalus King of Pergamus, and the .Rhothans, proclaimed War againft him anew. This Philip King of Macedon was one of Alexander's Succeffors, being the tenth King after him, and a powerful Prince in Greece. Againft him Sulpicius Galba Chap. XI. The Confular State. Galla the Conful_ was fent, who by himfelf and his Lieutenant put him to the worft divers times, and had almoft taken him Prifoner. By the Affiflance of Attabt and the Rhodians, the Conful rais'd the Siege of Athens ; whereupon the lEtylians, before backwards enough, by reafon of their Magifirates, and the Athenians now newly encourag'd, invaded. Philip's Dominions; but being too flothful and care-leis, were eafily repuls'd by him. This fame Year obtain'd Furias the Prator a great Viatory over the Gauls, who had lately revolted and invefted Cremona, killing 30000 Men, and with them Amilcar a Carthaginian Captain. For this A&ion, after much Dif-pute in the Senate, he triumph'd, tho' againft the Cullom, and without Precedent; for none ever obtained this Honour, who had gotten a Vi&ory with another's Army, as he had done with Aurelius Cotta's the Conful, in his Abfence, who therefore took the Matter very heinoufly. The Year following, Bebius the Praetor entring unadvifedly into the Territories of the 14itbrian Gauls, was furrounded, and loft above 6600 of his Men : In this Year there was but fmall A6tion in Macedonia. In the third Year of the Macedonian War, Quintas Flaminius the Conful was fent thither, who ufing great Expedition and Diligence, beat Philip out of the Streights, where he had been very advantage-oufly posted; and by Sea his Brother Lucius, with Attalus, regain'd feveral Confederate Towns, and invested Corinth it felt, but with no Succefs. The latter end of this Year, by reafon of the great Bufi-nefs of the Commonwealth, the Praetors in Rome were Pnetors increas'd from Four to Six ; and now theTime coming increas'd. for the Ele&ion of Confuls, and it being ufual for U. C. them to take the Provinces from their Predecefi'ors, 556- the Tribune] rightly obje6ted, That this Cuflom hinder' d the Progrefs of the Wars, and fo procur'd Q_uintius's Government and Place to be continu'd to him, who being just upon taking the Caille of Opxs, Mef- fengers 219 2 Z o The Zonzan Riflory. Book II. iengers came from Philip about a Treaty. Several times they met, as they formerly had done, at the Streights, the Amball'adors of Attalus, the Rhodians and Athenians being present; belt all came to no Effett. Philip loon after delivering up Argos into the Hands of Nabis, Tyrant of LaLedamon, who us'd the Inhabitants with great Cruelty and intolerable Exactions. But Zentius, managing his Affairs with good Succefs, at laft follow'd Philip into Theffaly, and gave him a great Overthrow at Cynocephala, killing 8000, and taking 50c0 Prifoners ; fo that he was forc'd to beg Peace, which was granted upon Terms moderate enough : One of the Articles was, That he fhould pay 1000 Talents, half at prefent, and the other half in the face of ten rears. About this fame time, two great Vi6iories were obtain'd over the Gauls; and the Slaves in Hetruria breaking into a dangerous Rebellion, were quell'd and chatits'd by Attilius the Prator. And now the Romans, out of a Principle of Generofity, refo;y'd to re-fore Liberty to the Cities of Greece which they had taken in this War, and for that reafon, ten Men of the chiefeft Qia:ity were fent over thither, Flaminius being the principal. Thefe Commiffioners went to the great Solemnity of the /fihrniait Games, where was a General Meeting of all Greece to behold thole Shows; and there, in the Name of the Senate and People of Rome, they publickly proclaim'd Liberty to all the Cities and People of Greece. This was the moll furprizing and moll joyful thing in the World to thefe People, who fcarce fo much as imagin'd, much leis expeted the Favour. Many Speeches were made in Praife of the Roman Greatnefs and Genero-fity, particularly, That at WI, there was a People in the World born for the Safety of all others, that crofs'd Seas and made Wars at their own Coil and Peril, to relieve the Opprefs'd, to eflablijh Laws, and caus'd them to be obferv'd, and to maintain the Publick Security throughout the whole Earth. And this was the end of the fira Maceclo- Chap. Xl. 'The Confular State. 22 Macedonian War, which happen'd five Years after it was hitt proclaim'd, and twenty after it firfi began. IL The Year following after the War, fome Di- U. C. fiurbances were railed in. the City concerning the 559. Oppian Law ; a Law preferc'd by Oppius, Tribune of the People, Toon after the Defeat at Cann6c, forbidding Women to wear Gold or Purple, and fome other Ornaments. This Law the prefent Tribunes endeavouring to abrogate, Affairs being chang'd, and the Occafion remov'd, were violently oppos'd by Portius Cato the Confal, a famous Moralift, who publickly and leverely inveigh'd againft the Females; bat by reafon of the Tribune's answering him out of his own Book, but chiefly by means of the Womens tumultuous filling the Streets and the Affemblies with their importunate Cries, it was at half annull'd. Cato then betook himfelf to Spain, his own Province, where uiing Severity to himfelf as well as his Soldiers, he reflor'd the Roman Difcipline in thole Parts, and reduc'd many of the Spanifh Nations, who had lately revolted. The Romans had fiat Wars with the Gauls, who were join'd with their Neighbours the b:gurians ; but they were not much burdenfome to the State, nor loch as hinder'd the Progrefs of Learning in the City. For about this time Plautas had many Plays acted at Rome with great Ap-plaufe ; and he it was that brought Comedy to its Per-fedion in this City, being a Perron of a great Genius, and a comrleat Mailer of the Latine Tongue, which tho' it w:,s not arriv'd to its utmofi Purity, had even then a Ma fculine Strength and Energy, which was very excellent. The Romans were not without fome Wars in Greece; for Nabis, lately mention'd, ffill op-pos'd 'em, but was lorc'd to fubmit in no long time: And about this time Antiochus King of Syria, by his Incroachment upon the Roman Alies, gave an Oc-cafion to the Romans to fall out with him ; and this he did partly thro' his own Ambition and Hatred to Rome, 2 2 2 Vieo,.7iiaiz Book II. Rome, and partly by the Perfwafions of Hannibal, who had been lately forc'd thither by the Ingratitude of his own Country-men. Thefe Matters occafion'd Embaffies on both fides, but to no great effett, till at WI Antiochus proceeded fo far into Greece it felf, the lEtolians treacheroufly joining with them, that the Romans, after fuitable Preparations, proclaim'd War againit him, which was five Years after the fi-nifhing the Macedonian War. U. C. Anticchns, as well as Philip, was one of Alexander's 536. Succeffors, tho' of another Kingdom, and furnam'd Magnus, being a very potent Prince, and Mailer of great ominions; therefore the greater Preparations were made againft him, and Acilius the Conful was fent into Greece to manage the War. Acilius eafily recovered thofe Places which Antiochus had poffefs'd himfelf of in Theffaly ; then following that King to the Streights of Thermopylx, whither he had retir'd,he forc'd him out of his advantageous Poll, and gave him fuch an Overthrow, that he immediately aban-don'd all Greece, the ../Dolians being left to the mercy of the Conquerors. While Acilius perform'd these A&s in Greece, his Collegue Nafica got a notable Vi-dory over the Boian Gauls in Italy, which entirely broke all their Power. Lucius Scipio and Lalius Nepos being Confuls for the following Year, came according to Cullom to divide the Provinces by Lot. Both were extreamly defirous to have Greece, and Delius being in great Favour, offer'd to leave it to the Determination of the Senate, which.Scipio was perfwaded to affent to by his Brother Africanus. The Matter was wholly new, and the Senate expeEed many Speeches and Arguments on both fides, when Africanus fland-ing up, told the Fathers, That if they wou' d decree Greece for his Brother's Province, he himftV wou' d be his Legatus or Lieutenant; at which there needed no other Argument; for it was immediately voted with univerfal Confent and Applaufe, and Power given to Scipio to pafs into Alia, if he faw it convenient. In Chap. XI. The Confular State. In the mean time Antiochus. lay at Ephefits in Alia, fecure, as he imagin'd, of the Romans; but Hannibal, who had advis'd him to invade Italy, told him, He rather admir'd they were not there already, than doubted of their coming, and procur'd the Forces to be fent for out of the further Provinces, and all the Ships that were ready, to fecure the Paffage of the Hellefpont, where the Conful molt probably would pals Pergamt4s, the chief City of Eumenes, the Friend of the Romans, was likewife invefted, but the Siege was foon rais'd, and Antiochus fent to 1E-maius the Roman Admiral, now on thole Coatis, about a Peace ; but he difown'd all Power of concluding it without the Conful. Soon after, the Rhodians defeated his Admiral at Sea, which was Hannibal, a Man out of his proper Element ; and after that in a Fight with ../Emilius, Eumenes and the Rhodians, he intirely loft the Command at Sea. Antiochus, affrighted at this ill Fortune, imprudently abandon'd Lyfimachia, which might have kept the Conful in A-aion a Year longer ; and, adding one piece of Indif-cretion to another, fuffer'd the Scipio's to pats the Heliefpont into Afia without Oppofition. This was the firft time that the Romans got Footing in Alia, which fo fiartled Antiochus, that he offer'd to quit all Places in Europe, and fuck in 4/7a as were Friends of Rome, to pay half the Charges the ROMai tf were at in this War; and rather than not obtain Peace, to part with a Portion of his own Kingdom. The Ambaffadors who carry'd thefe Propofals us'd their utmofi Endeavours to procure the Favour of Africanus, offering him the Reflitution of his Son who had been taken Prifoner, and many other great and honourable Advantages, if it cou'd be effe&ed: But Africanus wou'd promife nothing more than only private Offices of Kindnefs, modefily letting 'em to know, That Jince Antiochus was now in fuch a declining State, Peace was not probably to be purchafed at fo eafy at Rate as formerly. Whereupon Antiochus made 223 2 Z4 7/7e Tvman Book IL made what Provifion he cou'd for a Battel; and Africanus falling lick Toon after, to comfort him, and to gain his Favour, he fent him his Son without Ranfom ; upon which the other, in way of Requital, advis'd him not to engage with his Brother tiil he cou'd return to the Camp. Antiochus therefore, having receiv'd this Meffage, declin'd fighting what he cou'd, till Scipio the Consul prefs'd lo hard' upon him nigh Magnefia, that he was forc'd to draw out his Men to the Number of 7003o Foot, and i z000 Horfe. Scipio oppos'd him with a much leis Army, but in a few hours time entirely defeated him, where his own Chariots, arm'd with Scythes, being driven back upon his own Men, contributed much to his Overthrow. Antiochus now was glad to procure Peace of the Romans upon their own Terms, and Ambaffadors were difpatcli'd accordingly, where Africanus told 'em, That the Romans were never wont to infult over their conquer'd Enemies ; and therefore nothing jbou'd be requir'd of him more than formerly. The Terms were, To pay i 5o0o Talents of Eubcea for the Expences of the War, to quit all their Poffeffions in Europe, and likewife all Afia on this fide Mount Taurus; to deliver up Hannibal and other Incendiaries, and to give 20 Hot ages for fecuring the Peace. Tabus ended the War with Antiochus the Great, much to the Advantage of Rome, within two Years time or lets, twelve Years after the fecond Punick War, Lucius Scipio having gain'd the Surname of Afiaticus, as his Brother had of Africanus. IL C. III. The Romans had now but little Employment 565, abroad, betides chaftifing the dEtolians in Greece, which was Toon effeded by Mankus,Scipio'sCollegue ; and by the same Consul an Expedition was undertaken againft the Gallo-Grecians, or Gallatians, in Afia, With good Succefs ;but Luxury and Idlenefs was &ft brought into Rome by his Army out of Afl. The fame Year the Cenfus being perform'd, 258328 Free Citizens Chap. XL The Confular State. 225 Citizens were cefs'd. In the third Year after the ending of the War with Antiochus, Scipio Africanus was malicioufly accus'd of defrauding the Treafury of the Booty taken in the War, and of too nigh a Correfpondence with Antiochus, and of Matters of the like nature. Some write that his Accufers were incited to it by Cato, who hated him for his being frequently fainted King in Spain by the Inhabitants there, and occafion'd him to have a Day fet him by the Tribunes to anfwer it before the People. The Day of Hearing being come, and the Tribunes having taken their Places in the Rofira, this great Man en-ter'd the Affembly, with a mighty Train of Friends and Cients, all the People having their Eyes fix'd upon him with Admiration. Silence being made, he with an undaunted Bravery put on his Triumphal Crown, and with the Voice of a Conqueror, cry'd, 77.4s very Day, 0 Romans! 1 did overcome the fierce Hannibal, and vanquifh'd the powerful Carthaginians ; therefore let us lay. glide private Contefis, and go as many as can to the Capitol, to thank the Gods for giving me the Will and Power of doing fuch eminent Services for my Country. Whereupon going up to the Capitol, the whose Affembly follow'd him, as alfo to all the Temples in the City, infomuch that the very Vators and Clerks left the Tribunes alone, who from Accufers were turn'd Admirers. Shortly after, the Senate accus'd him in the Se-nate-Houfe, and defir'd he might be brought to his Anfwer. Scipio boldly riling up, produc'd his Books of Accounts, and tore 'em in pieces before 'em all, difdaining to give an Account for fo fmall a matter, in comparifon of the vafl Sums he himfelf had brought into the Treafury. The next Day of Appearance he abfented himfelf, and his Brother declaring his In-dirpofition, he was excus'd, and another Day appointed, before which time he withdrew himfelf to Linternum, a Sea-Town of Campania, and there lied a retied Life. In his Abfence the 'Tribunes were ve- ry 1 2 6 The kman Hiflory. Book ry violent againfi him ; yet through the Interpoli-tion of Gracciius, one at 'em, he was not condemn'd. His Brother Ajiaticus was fhortly after call'd to an Account about Matters of the fame nature, but by Gracchus's means likewife efcap'd publick Punifh-molt. The Year following, many fcandalous A-bufes c the i'.eaff of Bacchus were ftriEtly enquir'd into and reform'd. Three Years after which, the Great Africanus dy d, who according to Val. Maximus, ordeed, Ingrata Patric ne offa qa; LIM mea babes,, 571 . to be engraven on his Tomb, My ungrateful Country jhall have none of my Remains. This fame Year was remarkable for the Death of two other famous Men, Philopcemen, Captain of the Achaans in Greece, and Hannibal; the latter of which had fled to feve-ral Places to efcape falling into the Hands of the Romans, and at laft to Prufias King of Bithyiiia, who, out of Fear, was about delivering him up, when Hannibal took Poyfon, which 'tis Paid he carry'd about him in his Ring, firft invoking the Gods of Hofpi-tality as Witneffes of the violated Faith of King Prufias, and upbraiding the prtftnt Romans with degenerating from their Anceflors, who had honourably prevented the Murder of their mortal Enemy Py rrhus ; whereas thefe had bafely fent to Prufias to murder his Guefi and Friend. The Romans were for about i z Years after this chiefly employ'd in Wars with their Neighbours the Ligurians and Ifirians, with the Sardinians and Corfi-cans, and likewife with the Celtiberians in Spain, all which they reduc'd to Subjection. In which Space of time the Works of Numa Pompilius, the fecond 17. C. King of Rome, after they had been buried in a Stone Chat 535 Years, were' taken up and burnt by Or- 583 . der of the Senate ; and in a Lufiration not long after, 273 244 Free Citizens were cefs'd. About two Years after this, Perfeus King of Macedon, the Son of Philip, invited by his Father's Preparations before his Death, and pleas'd with his own Strength and imaginary Chap XI. The Cos fular State. 2 27 imaginary Succeffes, rammed the League made with the Romans, and fo began the fecond Macedonian War, 25 Years after the finifhing of the firft, and 18 after that with Antiochus. Upon this, Quintwi Marcias and others were fent into Greece to secure and eflablifh the Confederates in their Fidelity ; which made Per/em begin to refle& upon what he had done; and underltanding the Motions and Preparations of the Romans, he apply'd himfelf to Mar- rims about a Treaty for Peace, relying upon the an-tient Friendthip between their two Families. The Ambaffadors were well fatisfied with this Opportunity, and to divert him from Aa.ion, granted him Truce till he might fend to Rome; for without this, he might have began the War much to the Difad-vantage of the Romans, who had neither Army nor Commander yet arrived in Greece. The Senate deny'd him Peace,and Attilii the Con-ful was fent to feize upon Bariffa, the chief City of Theffaly : Whereupon Perfegs drew all his Forces to-gether,having gather d together a greater Army than any of his Predeceffors were Mailers of fence Alexand. der the Great. He took in fome Towns upon his Frontiers, and Licinins the Conful led fuch a raw undifci-plin'd Army into Macedonia, and through fuch difficult and almoil impaffable Places, that had Perfors made his Advantage of this Opportunity, he might eafily have deftroy'd it. After this, he fent to Lici-;tins, offering to obferve the Articles to which his Father Philip had fubmitted, by paying the Tribute, and leaving the Cities to their Liberty ; but could not obtain Peace to be granted him upon there Terms. Soon after, Thebes and Aleartm were taken by Lucretia the Prce. tor ; and the Conful haring had the Advantage in another Skirmifh, poffefs'd himfelf of forte Towns, and took up his Winter-Qiarters : Mea►i while Ap-piss Claudiws loft many Men in Illyricum. The Year following, Hoftilins the Conful, who was to manage this War, perform'd but little of moment betides Q re- 2 2 8 The (km/an Hiflory. Book II. reducing his Men to that antient Difcipline which his Predeceifor had too much negleated. Marcias Philippus fucceeding him, at his firit Entrance into his Province might have eafily been defeated, had he met with a prudent and expert Enemy, the Ways being fo difficult and dangerous to pats, that his Soldiers could fcarce hold their Weapons in their Hands, by reafon of their Wearinefs. And after he had en-ter'd the Plains, he might as eafily have been block'd up and fiarv'd, had not Perfeus, struck with a ground-lefs Fear, retreated to Pydna, and left all the Paffes open to him. Yet Marcius aped nothing of Conic-(pence, leaving all to be perform'd by his Succeffor ./Emilius Paulus, who had been Conful 17 Years before, and was a very experienced Commander. ./Emdius very skilfully managed the War, and caufed the Eclipfe of the Moon to be foretold to his Soldiers, left they should be difcouraged by it, which much terrify'd the Enemy that knew nothing of the natural Caufe. He kept his Men from fighting when they were fatigued, tho' the Officers were de-firous to engage : But the Armies lying encamped on each fide the River Enipeus, a Beall, by chance, palling over from the Roman fide, was feiz'd on, and being refcued, by degrees drew both Armies to an Engagement, wherein Perfeus loft the Day, and with it his Kingdom. He flying into the Ifle of Crete, when all abandon'd him, furrender'd himfeif into the Hands of Cn. OCIavius. "'Ernilius feverely the Epirots, who had join'd with Perfeus, plundering and demolifhing about 7o of their Towns, whereby fuch a great Booty was gain'd, that each Footman had zoo Denarii, (above 7 English Pounds) and every Horfeman twice as much. But the Soldiers having gain'd little or no Plunder in Macedonia, nor any of the King's Treafure, deny'd their General a Triumph, which he obtaidd notwithfianding, and that a most fplendid one too, fuch as Rome fcarce ever law before, Perfeus himfeif and his two Sons being Chap. XI. The Confular State. being led in great State and Magnificence before his Triumphal Chariot. And the fame Year Cn.Oila-vius, the Prator at Sea, triumph'd, and L. Anicius, before whole Chariot was Gentius King of the Illyrians, who being a Confederate of Pelf us, was obliged to yield himfelf Prifoner. Thus ended the fecond Macedonian War in three Years time, and with it the Macedonian Kingdom, after it had con-tinu'd 156 Years after Alexander's Death, and feve-ral Hundreds of Years before ;milius, by this Conquefi, bringing zoo Millions of Setterces into the Treafury, according to Paterculus. IV. Now the Roman Grandeur began to dilplay it U. C. felf thro' all Countries and Nations ; many Kings 586. and Potentates became humble Suppliants to the Senate, being all at their difpofal ; and Learning now flourifh'd much more than ever, being much forwarded by the Roman Converfe and Familiarity with the Grecians, whom they had lately conquer'd ; and much encouraged by Scipio and Lahus, the two noble Patrons of Eloquence, Poetry, and all Arts, and the worthiell and moll accompliffi'd Gentlemen in Rome. The former of thele was lEmilius the Conful's Son, adopted by the Son of Africanus; and the other was Son to Lalius, who formerly did great Service in Africa. In this time flourifh'd the famous Comedian Terence, who writ with extraordinary CorreEtnefs and Accuracy, and help'd to bring the Roman Tongue to a great PerfeEion, as to Purity and Propriety, his firit Play being a6led one Year after the Conqueil of Macedonia and Perfeus. And not only the Learning, Riches, and Dominions of Rome were increas'd, but likewife the Inhabitants ; for in a Luflration about this time, there were 312081 Free Citizens eefs'd:. For 17 or i8 Years the Romans were employ'd in more inferior Wars, fuch as thole with the Liguri-ans, Corficans, Dalmatians, and Spaniards, and like-wife the Macedonian', being all in the nature of Re- g 3 volts, 2 29 2 3 o The 70.111C171 fliflory. Book II, U.C. volts, which tho' they often created much Trouble 604. to the State, yet they were not fo memorable as to deferve a particular Account in this Volume. Thefe Wars were fcarcely finifh'd, when the Romans found a Pretence to begin the third Carthaginian War, which was their being in Arms againft Mafaniffa, a Roman Ally, tho' they had fufficient Ju-fiice on their fide. The Roman Ambaffadors who were fent to Carthage, finding the City very rich and flouriihing from their fifty Years Peace, at their Return infifted much on the Danger which threaten'd Rome from that State, efpecially Cato, who never came into the Senate, but after his fpeaking to any publick Bufinefs, concluded with Delenda efi Carthago ; Carthage is to he defiroy'd. He was often op-pos'd by Scipio .Nafica, who urg'd, That upon the Removal of fo powerful a Rival, Security would caufe the Ruin and affolution of the Roman Commonwealth, as it afterwards prov'd : But Cato's Reafons, drawn from the prefent Danger, fo over-ruled Scipio's Fore-cafi, that the Senate now having a Pretence of an open Breach of Articles, order'd War to be pro-claim'd againft the Carthaginians, and both the Con-fuls were fent, with a full Refolution utterly to de-firoy Carthage. The Carthaginians, affrighted at the Romans Preparations, immediately condemn'd thofe who had broken the League, and molt humbly offer'd any reafonable Satisfa&ion. Anfwer was re-turn'd to them, That they fhould enjoy all co formerly,pro-vided they fent 3 oo Hollages of the chief of the City within 3o Days to Sicily, and did what the Confuls fhould farther command them. The Carthaginians, defiring nothing more than Peace, fent their Children within the limited Time ; and the Confuls landing at Utica foon after, they fent their Commiffioners to %Tait upon them, and know their Pleafure. Cen-forinn4 the Conful, commending their Diligence, demanded all their Arms, which without any Fraud were delivered up, Now the Carthaginians im- ploring Chap, XI. The Confular State, ploring Mercy, with many Tears, and all poffible Submiffion, defired to know their laft Doom : the Confuls told 'em, That they were commanded to quit their City, which they had fpecial Orders to level with the Ground, and build another any where in their own Territories, fo it were but io Miles from the Sea. This fevere Command they received with all the Concern and Rage of a defpairing People, and refolv'd to fufter the greateft Extremities, rather than abandon or yield to the Ruin of their antient Seat and Habitation. The Confuls were very backward in beginning the War, not doubting but eafily to become Matters of the City, now in this naked and defence-lefs Condition ; but they found it quite otherwife ; for the Inhabitants acting by a defperate Rage and Fury, both Men and Women fell to working Night and Day in the Defence of the City, and making of Arms : And where Iron and Brals were wanting, they made ufe of Gold and Silver, the Women freely cutting off the Hair of their Heads, to fupply the place of Tow or Flax. 4/1.tiba/, who had lately been condemn'd upon the account of the Romans, was now made their General, and Governor of the City, where he had already a good Army ; and fuch Preparations were made, that when the Confuls came before the City, they found fuch notable Refiftance as much difcouraged them, and as much increafed the Refolution of the Be-fieg'd. The Confuls engaged feveral times to their Difadvantage, and might have been great Loiers, had not the Army been fecured and brought off by the great Wifdom and Courage of Scipio "Emilia-nas, formerly mention'd, who drew over Pharneae, Mater of the Carthaginian Horfe, to his fide; which A&ion gain'd him great Fame and Honour. This Year dy'd Maranifa, 90 Years old, leaving his Kingdom and a young Son to Scipio's Difcretion : And the fame Year dy'd Cato in Rome, in the 85th Q.4 Year 231 13 Z Theo.man Hiftwy. Book II. Year of his Age, who did not live to fee the too much defir'd Ruin of Rome. Little was perform'd by the Confuls in the following Year, for they only inveficd Clupea and _Hippo, without taking of either; but at Rome all Mens Eyes were fix'd upon Scipio, looking upon him as the Perfon deftin'd to end the War; and whereas he fought only for the fEdileAip, the People be-ftow'd the Confulfhip upon him, difpenfing with his Age and other ufual qualifications. Scipio Toon let 'em know, that their Honours were not ill be- ; for having reflor'd Difcipline, which had been too much negleded by the foregoing Confuls, he loon after took that Part of Carthage call'd Mega-ra, and drove the Inhabitants into the Citadel or Byrfa. Then fecuring the Ifihmus which led to the City, he cut off all Provifions from out of the Country, and block'd up the Haven; but the Befieg'd, with miraculous and incredible Induftry, cut out a new Paffage into the Sea, whereby, at certain Times, they cou'd receive Neceffaries from the Army without. Scipio therefore, in the beginning of the Winter, fet upon their Forces lying in the Field, of which he kill'd 70000, and took i0000 Prifoners ; by which means the Befieg'd could have no Relief from abroad, fo that they were now in a fad and defpair-ing Condition. In the Beginning of the next Spring, he took the Wall leading to the Haven Citho, and Toon after the Forum it felf, where was a moft miferable and deplorable SpeEtacle of flaughter'd People; for fome hewn in pieces by the Sword; others half kill'd by the Fall of Houfes, or Fires; fome half bury'd in the Earth and trampled on, and others torn Limb from Limb, lay mangled in vaft Heaps after a fad and lamentable manner. Still the Citadel held out, till at laft it was defir'd by fome, That all that wou'd come forth jUuld have their Lives ; which being granted to all but Revolters, above 50000 yielded, and were fav'd, as Chap. Xl. 77.7e Confular State. as did afterwards Afdrubal himfell. He was much revil'd for it by the Revolters, who finding their Condition defperate, fet fire to the Temple, and burnt themfelves with it; whole Example was fol-low'd by Afdrubal's Wife, who in a defperate Fury threw her fell and her two Children into the midil of the Flames. Then was this magnificent City laid in Allies, being 24 Miles in compafs, and fo large, that the burning of it continu'd 17 Days together. The Senate at Rome receiv'd this long expected News with exttaordinary Joy and Satisfaction, and dispatch'd Men of their own Order, whom they join'd with Scipio for the dispofing of the Country. Thefe order'd that none of Carthage fhould be left ; and that it might never be re-built, they denotmc'd heavy Curfes on any that fliould offer to do it. Alt the Cities which affified in this War were order'd to be demolifh'd. and the Lands given to the Friends of the Roman People; and the refl of the Towns were to be Tributaries, and govern'd yearly by a Prator appointed for that purpofe, all the Captives and Prifoners being fold, except Tome of the principal. This was the fatal end, of one of the moil renown'd Cities in the World, both for Command and Riches, 708 Years after it was firft built, having been Rival to Rome above ioo Years : And this was the End of the third and laft Carthaginian War, which was finifh'd in the 4th Year after it began, to the grc2t Enlargement of the Dominions, Power, and Riches of the Roman State. This happen'd in the 6o8ch Year of the City, A. M. 3859, in the third Year of the 158th Olympiad, 363 Years fince the Beginning of the Confular State, 184 fince the Beginning of the Macedonian Empire by Alexander, 119 fince the firft Conteft between the Romans. and Carthaginians, and 144 before our Saviour's Nativity. CHAP. 2 3 3 2 3 4 The Zoman Iliflory. Book II. CHAP. XII. From the Deliralion of Carthage to the End of the Sedition of the Gracchi ; which much jhook the Government,and was the firfl Step towards the Ruin of the Confular State. Containing the Space of 23 Tears. U. c. N 0 w Rome began to pride herfelf to a higher 6o8 degree than ever, having got free from her Enemies that fhe mail feared and molt hated, her Dominions being extended to a large Circumference, and the Commonwealth increas'd to a noble height of Glory, but to a more dangerous degree of Security in refpe& of Neighbours,which in not many Years prov'd the Diffolution of the prefent Government. However, the Power and Conquefts of the State still daily increas'd, and this fame Year Corinth, one of the nobleft Cities in Greece, furcain'd the fame Fate with Carthage, being levell'd with the Ground. The Oc-cafion was given by the Achaans themfelves, who not only affronted the Roman Ambaffadors fent to dif-folve the Confederacy, and to leave the Cities to the Government of their own peculiar Laws, but likewife join'd with others in a War againft the Lacedemoni-ans, the Allies of Rome. Upon thefe Grounds the Senate decreed War againl'ern, and Metellm, now in Macedonia, undertook it; who drawing down his Army thro' Theffaly into Bceotia, overthrew Critolam, then took Thebes and Megara, about which time Mum-swim the Conful fucceeded him in his Province. And this Mummios overthrew Diem the Achaan General ; after which he enter'd Corinth, and demolifh'd it, be-caufe there the Ambaffadors had bin affronted. And as Chap. XII. The Confular State. 2 3 5 as Scipio, who deftroy'd Carthage, like the former Scipio, had the Surname of Afr icanvo, and Itleteh7pts for reducing Macedonia,that of Macedonicm ; fo U C. for his Succefs this Year, obtain'd the Surname of Achaicgs, becaufe he reduced thofe Parts, and all Greece, with Epirus, into the Form of a Pi ovince, call'd afterwards by the general Name of Achain. 6, 9. It was now 74 Years (ince the Romans enter'd Spain in a [ladle manner, and many and frequent Sang-glings had been made by that People, efpecialiy fence the Departure of Scipio Africans the Elder: At this time was Viriatuz up in Arms, who from a Shepherd became a Robber, and from a Robber a General over a numerous Party of Inch as himfelf, which created the Romans much Trouble for fome time. And FL-bito,the Brother of Scipio the Younger, after fume Suc-cefs againft him, was at laft reduced to fuch Extremities, that he was obliged to accept of Peace upon equal Terms, which Ccepio,the following:fear's Con-ful, refilled to eland to, receiving new Orders from the Senate to profecute the War. Ca'pio attempted to defiroy Viriatm by Surprize, but he efcap'd, and loon after fending his Ambairadors to treat of a Peace, Ccepio fo wrought upon 'em, that they murder'd him in his Bed at their Return, to their own Shame, and the Conful's great Difhonour. But the molt difficult and dangerous part of this War was at Numantia, a Town of no great Bignefs, but peopled with Inhabitants of extraordinary Valour. Before Piriattils Death they had foil'd Q Pompeius the Conful feveral times,and like wife his Succeffor Mancianm,who were conftrain'd to make difhonourable Treaties with 'em, but afterwards fufficient Pretences were found to break 'em, Mancianta being deliver'd up bound to the Enemy. After this Brutus defeated many thou-fands of the Lufitanians, and overthrew the Gall,fci-ails ' • but Lepidm the Proconful was far lets fuccefs-ful;for fetting upon the Vacceri, a harmlefs and quiet People of the hithermoa Spain) he was entirely de- cated by them Thefe 2 3 6 The Domani Hifioly Book II. There Misfortunes fo terrify'd the Roman Soldiers, that they were ready ro tremble at the fight of a Spaniard ; and this oblig'd the Citizens of Rome to chufe Scipio Africanus Conful a fecond time, as the chief Hope and Bulwark of their Country. Scipio at fiat reflor'd Difcipline, the want of which has been the Caufe of all their former ill Succefs; but coming to engage, he found the Courage of the Enemy fo extraordinary, that he resolv'd to fight no more, but lay a clofe Siege to Numantia, which he did with all poffible Care and Diligence. At laft the Befieged were fo flraiten'd, that they offer'd to yield upon reafonable Terms, or to fight if they might have Battel given 'em, notwithflanding the great Inequality of their Numbers : But neither of thefe being allow'd 'em, they all drank flrong Liquors purpofely to inflame themfelves, and then fell upon the Befiegers with filch a defperate Fury, that the Romans had all fled, had any other General but Scipio commanded 'em. The Befieged finding there was no avoiding being made Prifoners, fired the City over their own Heads, fcarce a Man being left to be led in Triumph. This famous City, feated in Gallacia, had for 14 Years together withflood 40000 Romans with only 4000 Men, often putting them to great Lofs and Shame : And that it might be no longer a Trouble to them, Scipio deflroy'd it, after a Siege of 15 Months ; 13 Years after he had deflroy'd Carthage ; Mutius Sctvola and Calpurnius Pifo, both learned Men, being Confuls. Scipio gain'd a great Name both by defiroying Carthage and Numantia, the former being a Terror, and the latter a Reproach to the Romans. All Spain was now brought to a more entire Subjeaion than ever, being not many Years before divided into the three Provinces of lerraconenfis, Batica, and Lufitanica, two Prxtors being yearly fent thither for its better Government. At this Time flourifh'd Lucilius the famous Sat)rili, the firfl, at leaft of Note, of that kind Chap. XII. The Confidar State. 2 3 kind in Rome ; and this fame Year was a Servile War in Sicily ; but the Slaves were in a {bort time intirely broken and difperfed. II. The Romans now began daily to degenerate from their ancient Modefly, Plainnefs, and Severity of Life ; addiaing themfelves more and more to Pleafure and Luxury : For the Allan Expeditions and Triumphs having brought in Excels and Rior, and the Ruin of Carthage taken away all Fear ; Idle-nefs and Security, as well as Avarice and Ambition, by degrees flole in upon them, and almoft a general Corruption began to mix with the State. For tho' after this time many a powerful People were fubdued, Arts and Learning daily increas'd and flourifli'd, and great Glory was obtain'd abroad, yet it was often flain'd and fully'd with inglorious Fa&ions, feditious Jealoufies and Contentions at Home, fometimes to the {bedding of one another's Blood ; of which, that of 7i6erius Gracchus was the firit remarkable 'nuance. This Perfon, being the Elder Africanui's Grandfon, and of a flirring and adive Spirit, had a (hare in Mancinus's difhonoura-ble Treaty in Spain; for which being refleded on by the Senate, (who, not without lnjuftice, had broke it) and therefore both fhamed and affrighted, he endeavour'd to make himfelf Popular, by re-firaining the unjuit Oppreffions of the Nobility, which were now far more notorious than formerly : And therefore procuring himfelf to he chofen Tribune, he preferr'd a Law, forbidding any Man to poffefs above soo Acres of the publick Lands, and ordering the Overplus to be divided among the Poor. For it was cuflomary for the Romans to divide thole Lands which were taken from their Enemies among their own Citizens, if arable ; if not, they fared 'ern out by the Cenfors to the Italians, or the ordinary fort of Romans, upon condition, that if they plow'd 'em, they fnould pay the tenth P.at of the Corn, and 2 3 S The Toman Hiftory. Book IL and the Fifth of other Fruits ; but if they did not plow them, they paid a certain Rent. But Corruptions daily inerealing, in the State, the poor Husbandmen were, by degrees, thruft out of their antient Poffeffions by the great Oppreffions and Li-centouliicis of the Rich, who, by purchafing and other Methods, got thole Lands all into their own Hands ; fo that the Publick, by this means, was defrauded of its Revenues, and the Poor of their Livelihoods. For the Reformation of there Abufes, Gracchus took great Care ; and whereas the Lex Licinia and Sempyonia were formerly enaCted for reftraining the Avarice of the Rich, he ftrengthened the former by adding, lefl the Law fhould be v.rrefied, That one HalfAmid be given to the Children, and the ref( divided among fach Poor cis had nothing ; and left any fhould go about to enlarge their Portions by Purchafe, Triumviri, or Three Men, were yearly appointed to judge what Lands were pubiick, and what were private. Thefe Matters, tho' at fiat carried on with fuflicient Moderation, extremely dirgufled the Nobility and richer Sort, who, by vertue of this Law, were to part with much of their Eflaptes ; and for that reafon they frequently infinuared to the People, That Gracchus had introduced this Law with a align only to difitat the Government, and to put all Things into Confunon. But Gracchus being a Perfon of great Abilities and Eloquence, eafily wip'd off thofe Afperfi-ons, and in a public!: Speech told the People, That while the favage Beal/5 and afiroyers of Mankind wanted not their Places of Repot' and Refuge, thole Men who expofed their Lives for their Countries were forbidden all Enjoyments but the open Air and Sunlhine. That their Commanders before the Bartels ridiculou r.7.y exhorted 'em to fight for the Temples and Altars, and their Anceflors Seats! when they had none of there to defend or care for. 77.)ey had the Honour indeed of gaining lark? and rich DOMilli0125, but had not the Prof! of enioyin the Chap. XII. The Confular State. the fmallefl and meaneft Poffeffions ; and likewife had the Honour of being flyled Lords of the Univerfe, but had not the Command of one Foot of Land. This Speech, and fome others of his, had great Effeet upon the common People, who before were forward enough in promoting a Law fo very advantageous to themfelves ; but Gracchus meeting with much Oppofition on one Side, as well as Encouragement on the other, began now to proceed with greater Heat and Violence ; and being op-poled by Oaavim, one of his Collegues, he fo managed him both by Cunning and Violence ; as he was forced to quit his Office ; into which Place he chofe Mum/mins, one of his own Faction. This Aftion of his being without all Precedent, much alienated the Minds of many of the Multitude ; and his own Party, who judg'd he ufed too great a Freedom with the Sacrofana Office of the Tribune-fhip. Gracchus perceiving this, fill made a very plaufible Defence ; and the more to inuratiate him-fell with the People, he offer'd to prefer a Law for diftributing the Money of Attalus King of Perga-mus,which he had lately left, together with his Kingdom, to the People of Rome. This caus'd greater Difturbances among the Senate and Nobility than before, and all things were carry'd on with more violent Feuds than ever ; fo that Gracchus's Death began now to be thought on and defign'd, as the fureft Means to quiet all Difturbances, and to compote all Differences. The Senate being affembled to confult the moil proper Method in this Junaure, and all being of Opinion that Mutius Scavola the Conful fhould defend the Commonwealth by Arms, he refuted to aft any thing by Force. Whereupon Scipio Nafica,Gracchus's Kinfman, taking up his Gown under his left Arm, held up his right Hand in great Paffion, crying, Since the Conful regards not the Safety of the Commonwealth, let every Man that will defend the Dignity and Authority of 239 2 4° The olllclf2 1-1flory. Book of the Laws, follow me ! Upon this, he went direaly up to the Capitol, being accompanied with moft of the Senate, many Equites, and Come Commoners, arm'd with Clubs, Staves, and fuch like Weapons ; who knocking down all that refilled, open'd their Way into the Capitol, where Gracchus was fpeaking to the People, and endeavouring to be chofen Tribune for the following Year. In which Place they fell upon both him and his Hearers, of whom they kill'd 300, and with them, himfelf with a piece of a Sear, as he was endeavouring to face him-felf by Flight. This was the firit InfurreEtion among the Romans,' that ended with Effufion of Blood, fince the Abrogation of Kingly Government ; for all former Seditious, tho' many of them were very great and 'ailing, were confiantly ended by the two Parties yielding to one another, and fub-mitting all to the Good of the Publick ; for then Riches and private Inter& were not underftocd among the Romans. At this time there were fome Rifings at Athens and at Delos, being a Spark of that Fire kindled by the Slaves in Sicily the Year before, which with fome Trouble were extinguifh'd ; neither was Italy it felf altogether free from them: But a greater War en-fu'd about the Kingdom of Afia ; for Attains King of Pergamus or Afia, by his 'aft Wid had left the People of Rome his Heirs, as was before observ'd : But after his Deceafe, Arifionicus, his Baftard-Brother, feiz'd on the Kingdom as his own Inheritance and Right. Licinius Crabs the Conful was firft fent againft him, but was unfortunately overthrown in the firft Battel ; and being taken Prifoner, 'truck one of the Soldiers on the Eye, on purpofe to provoke him to kill him, which he did. He thus mifcarrying, tho' with the Afilftance of several Kings, his Succeffor Perpenna hafted into Afia, fet upon Ariflonicus unawares, before he was recover'd of hisSecurity contraEted by his Victory, firft overthrew him in Bartel, then befieg'd him Chap. XII. The Con slaw State. him in Stratonice, where by Famine he forc'd him to a Surrender, thou:), after which he dy'd himfelf at Pergamus. The remainder .of the War was finifh'd by Aquilius,the following Year's Conful, who having fettled the Province with fuflicient Oppreftion of the People, led Arillonicus in Triumph, tho' he had been taken by another; and afterwards, by Order of the Senate, he was firangled in Prifon, about four Years after the Death of Tberius Gracchus, a little before which time a Lufirum being performed, 330823 Free Citizens. were cefs'd. 241 III. The Civil Diffentions occafion'd by Gracchus., did not die with him ; his Law for the Divifion of the Lands being HI in force, of which the People were fo fond, that many Difturbances were rais'd upon that Account. Now Graahus had a. younger Brother, call'd Caius, who with Flaccm• and Papirius, had been made Triumviris for dividing the Grounds. He with his Collegues undertook the Patronage of this Law, and performing his Office with great Vigour, filch Trouble arofe about the Divilions, the Reckonings, the Accounts, and Removals, that the Italians finding themfelves fe-verely prefs'd upon, betook themfelves to Scipio Africanus for Eafe. Scipio did not. altogether rejeet their Suit, nor yet would he Make any ObjeEtions againit the Law itfelf ; fo he only mov'd in Senate, Put the Executive Power of it might be taken from the Triumviri, and lodg'd in fon e others. The Senate molt willingly agreed to this, and cOnferr'd it on Sempronius Tuditanus the Conful; but he finding the Work troublelome and ungrateful, retir'd from the City, under Pretence of the War in Illyricum. There being none at prefent to fly to in this SunEture,, the People were much incens'd at Scipio, accounting him ungrateful, and a Favourer of the Italians more than themfelves o Which ill Opinions of him were increas'd by his approving of the Senior Gracchus's U C. 625. 24.2. The Pearl. Rill or.)). Book II. Gracchas's Death,, and his reprimanding the Multitude for being diffatisfied with it. But fuch was his Fortune, that being one Night retir'd to his Chamber, to meditate of fomething to (peak to the People the next Day, in the Morning he was found dead in his Bed, not without Sufpicion of Treachery from his \ ife and Mother-in-law, the latter of which was Mother to the Gracchi. Neverthelefs, being then in no Favour with the People, little Enquiry was made after his Death, tho' he was a Per-fon of extraordinary Merits, and had been jufily efteem'd the Bulwark of the State. The Owners of the Land fill made Delays in the Divifion, and Tome believ'd that the Partakers of the Dividends ihould likewife have the Freedom of the City ; which, however lik'd of by others, was highly difpleafing to the Senate. While the People were varioufly difcourfing of thefe Matters, Caius obtain'd the TribuneJhip, and bearing a great Enmity to the Senate, he found a fair Opportunity to Phew it. He preferr'd feveral Laws, among the reit, one for dividing the publick Corn to every Man monthly ; in which Laws he fhew'd himfelf rather more flirting and active, and more dextrous than his Brother. Then procuring his Office to be continu'd to him another Year, he began more Maly to infped into the late Corruptions of the Senate ; fuch as their taking Bribes, their felling of Offices and Inch like unjuft Proceedings. Whereupon he found means to transfer the Power of judging corrupt Officers from the Senators to the Equites or Knights, which gave the latter an extraordinary Authority, and made a remarkable Change and Alteration in the whole Government. Equites. Thefe Equites were &II inflituted by Romulus, and tho' they were originally in the Commonwealth, yet they had no particular Authority, Rank or Order, till this Law of Gracchus, by which it was enaaed, That theft yudgments Amid be peculiar to them. So that Chap. Xil. The Confular State. that whereas at firft there were only two Orders or Ranks, namely, Patrician and Plebeian, which, thro' the Incroachments of the People, were afterwards only into Senatorian and Plebeian. By this Law, and efpecially by the Procurement of Cicero, afterwards the Equites became a diftina Order. Thus now the Roman Citizens confined of three Ranks or Orders, namely, the Senatorian, which, included all the Patricians, and Inch of the Plebeians as could rife to be Senators; the Plebeian, which fill continu'd the fame as formerly; and the Equefirian, which before had always been included in the Plebeian, and had been only diflinguifh'd by their way of Service. Gracchus took the fair& Opportunity that he could expe& for preferring this Law ; for the Senators were become odious of late, becaufe for Money they had acquitted Cotta, Salinator, and Aquila-us, Perfons capitally guilty of Corruption. But the great Power of thefe Equites became extreamly bur-denfome to the State, till by degrees their Authority came to be diminifh'd. The Equites alone were wont to farm the publick Revenues and Cufloms from the Cenfors , and from thence had the Name of Publi- Publicans, cans. Thefe were the principal of the Equefirian Order, the Ornaments of the City, and the Strength of the State, who made up fo many Companies as there were Provinces fubje& to the Payment of Toll, Tribute, Cuflom, or Impoft. Caius grew more and more in favour with the Com- mons, and was inverted with a larger Authority than ordinary, which he manag'd with extraordinary Prudence and Cunning, being a Mailer of much Eloquence, and many other Accomplifhments. And the more to gratify the Commons, he took fpecial care about the High-ways, making them extraordinary handfome and pleafant, as well as ufeful and convenient; erecting likewife Pillars of Stone at the end of each Mile, to fignify the diflances from Place to Place : For Caius finding the Senators to be his Enemies, he R a endea- 243 244 Theoman Book IL endeavoured hill more to ingratiate himfelf with the People by other new Laws; particularly, he pro-pos'd that a Colony of Roman Citizens might be fent to the People of 7arentum, and that all the Latines fhould enjoy the fame Privileges with the Citizens of Rome. But the Senate dreading the Effais of Cai-us's Power, forbid the Latines to come near the City, at Inch time as they knew his Laws would be propos'd ; and the better to fatisfy and pleafe the People, they gave leave to the fending of x z Colonies. Cans thus fruflrated of his Defigns, departed into Africk, with Flaccus his Collegue, intending to plant a Colony where Carthage flood, calling it yu-nonia ; but there he also met with a Difappointmenti the Bound-marks of the intended City being continually remov'd in the Night-time by Wolves, as Tome Authors relate it ; whereupon the Augurs and Southfaiers pronounc'd the Defign unlawful. Calm having been twice Tribune, flood for it a third time, and had many Votes; but his Collegues, offended at his violent Carriage at this time, procur'd Minutim Rufus to be chofen into his Place, who began to abrogate many of his Laws; wherein he was feconded by Opimius the Consul,who was a profefs'd Enemy to Caius, and endeavour'd to find fome colourable Pretence to put him to death. Whereupon Caius, at the Infligation of his Friends, efpecially refolv'd prefently to raife Forces, and at an Alterably in the Capitol, he and many of his Friends went thither privately arm'd. It happen'd that one Antilius, a Serjeant, coming down from the Capitol, cry'd out to Fulvius and his Friends, re faElious Citizens, make way for hone fl Men! whereupon they immediately flew him. This Murther caus'd a great Diflurbance in the Aftembly, and Calms himself was very angry with thole of his Party, for giving his Enemies fo much Advantage againfl him, and endea-vour'd to excufe himfelf, but could not be heard by reafon of the Tumult; fo together with his Friends and Chap. XII. The Con fular State. and Confederates, he retied home, the Conful keeping ftri& Watch all Night in the City. The next Day Antilius's Corps was brought upon a Bier thro' the Forum, and expofed to open View jull before the Senate-Houfe, with defign to fir up the People to a Revenge. The Senate inverted Opimius with an extraordinary Power, and all the Equites were order'd to be in Arms, which forc'd Caius and all his Friends to betake themfelves to Mount Aventine, where they fortify'd themielves, offering Liberty to all Slaves that fhould come in to them. The Conful prefs'd hard upon Caius; and Proclamation was made, That whoever fhould bring the Head either of Caius or Fulvius, fhould receive their Weight in Gold for a Reward. Caius finding himfelf in no Condition for a long Defence, in a short time fled into a Grove beyond Tiber, and procur'd his Servant to kill him, who immediately after kill'd. him-felf , and fell down dead upon his Matter. One Septimuleius carried his Head to Opimius ; and 'tis faid, that to make it weigh the heavier, he took out the Brains, and fill'd the Skull with Lead. .Fulvius flying to a Friend's Houfe, was betray'd and slain ; and by the Severity of Opimius, no lefs than 3000 Perfons of his Party were put to Death. Thus fell Caius Gracchus, above zo Years after his Brother Tiberius Gracchus, and fix after he began to aa much in the Commonwealth. There Gracchi had fo far chang'd the Conftitutions of the Commonwealth, and the Publick Peace was now fo broken, particularly by the Difunion of Patrons and Clients, that the Roman State became very unfettled, and more liable to any new Revolution than ever ; and tho' Reformation might be their Defign ; yet it might well be feared, that Ruin would be the EffeEt of fuch Diflurbances in a Commonwealth now fo corrupted with the Greatnefs of their Riches, as well as the Greatnefs of their Power. Caius's Death happen'd in the 6z zit Year of the City, in the 4th Year of the R 3 164th 245' 246 Thec,,nian_gory. Book II. 164th Olympiad, 386 Years fince the beginning of the Confular State, 207 fince the Petting up of the Macedonian Empire, and 121 before our Saviour's Nativity. • C H A P. XIII. From the End of the Seditions of the Gracchi, to the End of the firil Civil War in Italy, and to the Perpetual Dietatorlhip of Sylla ; which was the fecond great Step to the Ruin of the Confular State. Containing the Space of 41 Tears. U. C. I. H E Diflempers and Diflurbances of the Corn- 453 I. monwealth were for the prefent alfwag'd by the Death of Caius Graccbus ; and Toon after, a Law was made, that any one might fell his Land, which the Senior Gracchus had forbidden ; by which means the Poor, partly by Purchafe, and partly by Con-firaint. were again difpoffefs'd. After that, the Law for Divifion of Lands was fully abrogated by Bor-cus, and the Grounds left to their ancient Owners, with a Provifo to pay a Tribute to the People out of 'em. But not long after, the Tribute was likewife all taken away, and fo nothing was left remaining for the Poor. During thefe Domeflick Troubles, the Sardinians rebell'd, and were reduc'd by Aurelius, and the Fregellans were punifh'd with the Lofs of their City by Opimius the Proor. About which time Africk was infeEted with a moil prodigious Plague, defiroving vaft Numbers of Men, Cattel, and Fowl, occafion'd by an infinite Number of Locufis, which having over-fpread the Ground, and deilroy'd the Cern, Chap XIII. The Confular State. 247 Corn, Fruits, and even Trees themfelves, at length were driven by a Wind into the Mediterranean Sea, and there putrefying, corrupted the Air after a molt wonderful manner. Two years after this, Me-tellus the Conful fubdu'd the Hands Be!cares near Spain, and reftrain 'd ad the Piracies which were there maintain'd. At the fame time was carry'd on that War call'd U. C. Bellum Allobrogicum, the War with the Allobroges, a 634. People inhabiting about the Countries, now call'd Dauphine and Savoy. This War was occafion'd firft by the Salies, a People of Gaul beyond the Alps, who invading the Mafirilians, Allies of Rome, were chaftis'd by Fulvius, and fubdu'd by Sextus Calvi-nus. Teutomalus their King flying out of the Battel, was receiv'd and proteded by the Allobroges, who likewife invaded the Hedui, Allies of Rome, and drew into Confederacy the The Ailobroges were fill overthrown by Domitius "Enobarbus, who kill'd 20000 of 'cm, and took 3000 Prifoners, which great ViEtory was owing chiefly to his Eephants. After him Fabius Maximus, Grandion to Paulus iEmilius, and adopted into the Fabian Family, defeated 'em, with the Averni and Ruteni, in a molt bloody Battel, where 120000 were reported to be !lain ; and moreover, taking one of their Kings Pri-foners, he obtain'd the Surname of Allobrogicus. About which time Gallia Narbonenfis was reduc'd into a Province, in the Year 63 6. Not long after, the Scor-difri, a People of the Original, inhabiting 'Thrace, defeated the Roman Army under Cato the Conful, yet were afterwards driven back into their own Country by Didius the Praetor, and the Conlul Drufus ; and after this they gave occafion of a glorious Triumph to Minutius, of which Honour Metellus alfo had a (hare. Soon after thefe Wars. in a Luftration, 391.336 Free Citizens were poll'd in Rome, which Number was very little different from that in the Lufirum five Years before. R 4 II. R, me 24g V. C. 643. The tomnana Hiflory. Book II. H. Rome had not very much Anion abroad for a while, but in no long time began a confiderable War in Numidia, call'd the yugurthine War. It was oc-cafion'd by yugurth, Grandfon to the famous Mafa-pig-a the Roman old friend, who murder d his Conlin Riempfal to get his Kingdom, and attempted to do the fame to his Brother Adherbal; but he made his efcape, and fled to the Romans for Succour. Whereupon gusurth being fenfible how much Avarice and Injullice had crept into the City, he fent his Am-bailadors with large Ptefents to Rome, which had Inch Effe&s upon the Senate, that they decreed him half the Kingdom, and fent ten Commiffioners to divide it between him and Adherbal. The Commif-fioners thinking they might lawfully imitate their Mailers in the Senate, were alfo brib'd to bellow the moil rich and populous Part upon Jugurth; but he fill unfatisfy'd, fell fuddenly upon Adherbal, be-fieg'd him in Cirta, and getting him into his Hands, likewife murder'd him. For this, War was decreed againfl yugurth, and committed to the Management of Calpurnius Beflia the Conful, who thortly after invaded Numidia with great Vigour and Diligence, and took in fome Towns ; but he was foon in his Career, being overcome by the golden Weapons of yugurth, fo that a Treaty of Peace was loon fet on foot. The Senate were a little mov'd at this, and at the Power of Scaurus, who accompanying the Conful, as his Friend and Counsellor, was like-wife silty of the fame Crime ; and therefore the Peep got Caffius Longinus the Prator to go and procure Yugurth to come to Rome upon the Publick Faith of the State, that by that means they might difcover all fuch as had been guilty of Bribery. Caffius with no great difficulty perfwaded Yugurth to make trial of the Clemency of Rome, and to throw himfelf upon the Peoples Mercy; whereupon ;anie to Rome in a pitiful and mournful Habit. Chap. XIII. confular State. But coming into the Affembly, Bxbitti the `Tribune bad him hold his Peace, he being alto brib'd to defer the Bufinefs, and delude the People. At the fame time was one Marfina in Rome,yugurth's Coufin-. German, who had fled from Africk, formerly. This Perfon was perfwaded. by Albinus the Confiil to beg the Kingdom of the Senate ; but yugurth having fome Intelligence of the Defign, procur'd him to be affaffinated, and convey'd the Murderer away to Numidia. Hereupon, within a few Days, he was commanded to be gone, and being out of the City, he looted upon it, with his Hands lifted up, crying, 0 Rome, that would'fl be fold thy Self, were there but a Chapman for thee ! So extremely were the Inhabitants degenerated from their former Fidelity, Modell)/ and Abilinenee, which afterwards brought upon them the greateft Mil-cries that ever befel any State. Albinus follow'd him with an Army, which after he himfeif had been fome time there, he left with his Brother Aulus, who in the Consurs Absenee, by Vertue of fome CompaCt, withdrew from Suthul, where the chief Treafure of the Kingdom lay, when he was juft upon invefting it. The Centurions were likewife fo corrupted, that when Albinus return'd, ugurth was fuffer'd to break into the Camp, whence beating out the Army, he either forc'd, or by former Agreement, brought Albinos to fubmit upon moft difhonourable Terms. In this Condition did Metellus, the following Con-fill, find Affairs, and the whole Army was almoil ruin'd for want of Difcipline, to the great Difho-nour of the Roman State, and the grievous Vexation of the honefler Sort in the City. Metellus having with much Difficulty brought his Soldiers into good Order, within the Space of two Years overthrew 7ngurtb feveral times, forc'd him out of feveral Towns, and purfu'd him beyond his own Frontiers, which conitrain'd him to submit and beg Peace ; bnt he in a short time broke the Conditions of ir, 2.r.2 249 25o The Zonian Iliiiory. Book II. and Co the former Hanky return'd. At this time, one C. Marius was Legatus or Lieutenant to MeteIlus, a Perfon of Frugality, Policy, and Military Experience, and of vaft Courage in War ; a Contemner of Pleafure, but very ambitious of Honour, which made him extremely defirous to gain the Confuljhip. To obtain this, he privately blamed Metellus to the Merchants of Utica, avowing, That he was able with half' the Army to take Jugurth Prifcner, and that within few Days. By thefe and the like detra&ing Dif-courfes, he procured many Complaints to be written to Rome againft Metellus ; and getting leave to go thither, obtain'd the Confullhip, and had likewife the Management of the War committed to him. Notwithflanding, the People were fo grateful to .Metellus, that at his Return, being farisfy'd as to his Behaviour, they both granted him a Triumph, and beftow'd upon him the Surname of Numidicus, as an additional Honour. Marius fhew'd himfelf a very expert Warrior, and in a (bort time took the City Capfa, a Place very rich and ftrong ; and after this another, call'd Mulucha. yugurth now finding himfelf too weak to oppofe him any longer, procured Bocchits, King of Mauritania, and his Father-in-law, to join with him, who, by the Affiftance of his numerous Cavalry, much har-rafs'd the Roman Army. Marius had invefted Cirta, and Bocchus approaching to raife the Siege, partly by the Number of his Horfe, reported to be 60000, and partly by the violent Heats and great Dufis, the Romans were forely difirefs'd, and the Fight continued dangerous and terrible to them for three Days; at the end of which, a Tempeft of Rain falling, fpoird the Enemies Weapons, and reliev'd Ma-rius's Men, almoft famicii'd with Thirft ; and now the Courfe of Fortune changing, the two Kings were entirely defeated In another Bartel, Marius, 'tis laid, kill'd 90000 ; after which Bocchus began to repent of his Enterprize, and fent to Rome to enter into Chap. XIII. The Confular State. 2 5 into a League, which he could not procure ; never-thelefs he obtain'd Pardon for his Crime. Not long after Marinas took Jugurth in an Ambufcade, whither he had drawn him by fpecious Pretences, and deliver'd him up to Sylla his Q.uafior, who had brought over fome Forces from Italy ; and under Marius he learnt that Skill in War, which he afterwards employ'd againft him. yugurth, with his two Sons, were led in Triumph by Marius ; and fhortly after, by Order of the Senate, he was put to Death ; and fo the Jugurthine War ended, after it had continued about fever Years. III. At the fame time a War was carry'd on againft the Cimbri, a vagabond People of Cimbrica Cherfo-nefus, now call'd Denmark, who joining with the Teutones, a Nation of the Germans, made dreadful Irruptions into feveral Parts of the Roman Dominions, particularly Gaul and Spain, where they had overthrown feveral Confuls, in the laft Battel killing 8000c Romans ; after which they refolii'd to pals the Alps into Italy. Rome began now to be in a great Confternation, and Marius having juft vanquifh'd yugurtha, they made him Conful a fecond time, as the only Man thought able to manage fo threatning a War, and to preferve the State. While they continued in Spain, Marius march'd againft their Friends the 7'olofons in Gaul, where King Copilus was taken by Sylla his Lieutenant. Being made Conful again the following Year, he declin'd Fighting till the Enemies Force was weaken'd by Delays. The next Year, in his fourth Confulfhip, the Enemy, in three feveral Parties, were juft upon palling the Alps into Italy ; and as he attended their Motions, it happen'd that his Army was extremely affli6ted with Thirff, the Teutones and Ambrones lying between them and the Water, which Neceffity brought him to an Engagement with 'ern; and in two Days time, he, by his excellent Condua, utterly defiroy'd them, taking U. C. Thou- 650. 25 2. The 1 onan Iliftory. Book Ir. Theutobocchm their King Prifoner. The Cimbriefcap'd him, and fled over into *Italy, notwithftanding the Winter-Seafon, and the Alps cover'd with Snow, being in vain oppos'd by Catulus, both at the Alps, and at the River Athefis, nigh Vorona. The Year following Marius was again made Conful, and joining with Catulus, was challeng'd by the Enemy to give Battel. Whereupon he fell upon their numerous Army, and gave them a moft dreadful Overthrow ; their Wives all the while making a wonderful Refiftance from the Chariots; and when they faw all things in a defperate Condition, they in a great Fun, firil kill'd all their Children, and after that themfelves. About 140000 were thin in this Bartel, and 60000 taken Prifoners, which ended this War, after it had continu'd 12 Years. Marius (the fifth time) and Aquilius Nepos being Confuis : The former was then efleemed the Preferver of his Country, and contented himfelf with one Triumph, when he might have had more; and his Collegue had now alfo finiflfd the fecond Servile War in Sicily, which had lafted almoft four Years. Notwithflanding thefe Dangers abroad, the City was nor without Domeftick Troubles, which were occafion'd by Saturnius, one of Marius's Friends, who having been Qua:1hr at Oflia, during a Famine, was turn'd out of his Place by the Senate ; to revenge which Ufage, he procur'd the Tiibunefhip. But after his Year was expir'd, Mete//us Nimidicos, formerly mention'd, being Cenfor, endeavour'd to remove him from the Senate, but was hinder'd by his Collegue. This so enrag'd him, that he flood again for the 7ribunej7iip ; and nine of the ten Tribunes being chosen by the Affiftance of Marius, he murder'd Nonius his Competitor, and fo obtain'd the Place. Now being once again in Power, he preferr'd a Law for the Divifion of filch Lands as Marius had recovered in Gaul, and compeli'd the Senate to fwear to ir, which Oath Numidicus refufing, he fet him a Day to Chap. XIII. 77.7e (onfular State. 53 to anfwer it before the People ; but for fear of him. and Marius together, Numidicus fled to Smyrna in "Va. Saturninus procuring the Tribunefhip a third time, and finding Memmius Candidate for the Conful-fhip, he alio caus'd him to be murder'd, to make way U.0 for Glaucius the Praetor, one of his own Party. Thefe bafe and ungenerous Pra6lices rais'd feveral Troubles and Commotions in the City, and the Senate refolv'd to make him anfwer it ; whereupon Marius, now a fixth time Conful, perceiving him in a declining Condition, very politickly withdrew hinifelf from his Frienclihip. The Confuls were now, as in fome other dangerous Times, invefled with an un-ufual and Diaatorian fort of Power, the manner of conferring of which was by a Vote of the Senate, in thefe or the like Words, Videant Confules ne quid de-trimenti Republica accipiat. Marius therefore, with his Collegue, fet upon Saturninus in the publick Af-fembly, and forc'd him and his Followers into the Capitol, where, for want of Water, they were conftrain'd to yield ; after Marius had given 'em his Faith for their Safety. Saturninus and Glaucius much rely'd upon Marius, not fcrupling to give out, That they were but the AElors and Infiruments of his Defigns. But notwithflanding this Security, they were all cut in Pieces by the Equites in the Forum, who broke in among 'em ; and Numidicus, efpecially by his Son's induflry, was recall'd, with the general Applaufe of the People. 65+. The Wars abroad, and the Diffentions and Corruptions at home, did not hinder Learning, for that 11111 flourifh'd more than ever, and Poetry was come almoft to its higheft Pitch in Rome ; for a little before this, flourifh'd the famous Lucretius, an admirable Poet in his kind, and in many Particulars fcarce inferior to Virgil. Now for the fpace of feven or eight Years, there was no great A&ion abroad, nor any open Sedition at home; but however there was great Ditfatisfaaion among thofe of the Senatorian Order, 2 5 4 The Doman Book II. Order, by .reafon of the Power of Judicature, given to the Equites by C. Gracchus's Laws, which prov'd an extraordinary Grievance to them. The Commonwealth too was bought and fold ; the Publicans, who farm'd the publick Revenues, being, as they were Equites, both Judges and Parties. Upon thefe Accounts, Drufus the 'Tribune, a very eminent and well-defigning Perfon, endeavour'd to reftore the Fathers to their antient Privileges and Authority, and yet not offend the Equites; and therefore the Senate being now reduced to a fmall Number, he prefeced a Law, that as many Equites fhould be added to them, and that the Power of Judicature fhouA be committed equally to all that fhould be then of this Body. This gave great Offence to both Parties ; and Capio, alfo one of Drufus's Coilegues, oppofed him, and coming into the Senate, there accufed fome of the higheft Rank of illegal Endeavours to gain Offices. Drufus, to withitand his Defigns, again propofed the Agrarian Law; and that the Allies and Confederates of Italy, the prefent Poffeffors, might not take it amifs, he gave 'em hopes of the Freedom of the City. A great Concourfe of Strangers was occa-fion'd upon this account, and as great a Contention railed • where Philippus the Conful, for oppoling the Law ior dividing the Lands, was difgracefully buffeted by one of the Strangers, and violent Diftur-bances follow'd. Drufus, difappointed in this Particular, ftill endeavour'd to perform his Promife to the Italians ; but going home, accompany'd with a great Multitude of People, he was ftabb'd in the Court of his own Houle, having Breath enough to fay, That the Commonwealth could never find a Perfon more true to her Interefl than he. V. C. IV. There Troubles did not end with Drufus's 663. Death; for Toon after, a very dangerous War broke out upon this account with moil of the Italians, call'd the Social or Italian War. Thefe People had, for Chap. XIII. The Confular State. for fame time, taken it very heinouCly, that they were deny'd the Freedom of the City, which had been partly promis'd them in the time of the Gracchi. But now Drufits's Death, who had very much heigh-teu'd their Expeaations, enraged them more than ever, efpecially when the Equites, immediately after, had, by Force of Arms, procured a Law for banning all the great Persons who were not for their In-tereft The Italians alfo thought that they had fuf-ficient Reafon to exped this Privilege from that City, whole Sublittence and Empire had been fo much maintain'd by their Valour, they commonly fending out double the Number of Troops to thole of Rome. Upon thefe Grounds they refolv'd to procure that by Force and Violence, which could not be obtain'd by Intreaties and civil Means ; and thereupon they join'd together in a clofe Confederacy, and privately fent Meffages and Hofiages to each other; namely, the Lucanians, Apulians, Marti, Peligni, with many others, and efpecially the old Enemies of Rome, the Samnites, who made their Preparations with equal Diligence and Secrefy. Thefe private TranfaCtions being difcover'd at Rome, rho' late enough, Spies were immediately fent out into all Quarters, to make what further Discoveries they could. One of which happening to fee a young Man of Afculum carry'd into another City for an Hoflage, thereupon acq:Aainted Servilius the Proconful, who, going to Afculum, and reprimanding the Citizens of that Place, was let upon and flain, together with all the Romans. Their De-figns being now wholly difcover'd, for their greater Security they all broke out into an open Rebellion : However, firft they thought it molt convenient to fend to Rome to complain ; but their Meifengers could not be admitted without Satisfaaion and Repentance for what they had already done. Whereupon the War was committed to both the Confuls, together with Marius and Sylla, and feveral others who 255 256 The Toman Hifiwy Book Jr. who had Proconfular Authority, the Forces on either Side amounting to about 100000 fighting Men. The War was very dangerous and deftru&ive, and Rutilius the Conful in a short time loft his Life, falling into an Ambufcade laid by the Marfi; and the Romans receiv'd many terrible Blows, fo that they were conftrain'd to lift many who had been Slaves. The Bodies of the Confuls, and feveral others, being carried into the City, fo diseourag'd the People, that the Senate made a Decree, that henceforward the Bodies of the Slain fhould be bu-ry'd where they dy'd, which, as a prudent Example, was likewife follow'd by the Enemy. After the Death of Rutilius, his Army was committed to Marius his Lieutenant, and Capio, who aEted in Con-junEtion with him. Ccepio was {lain not long after in an Ambufcade laid by Popedius, one of the Italian Generals ; fo Marius had his Defire of Commanding alone, and did excellent Service, as likewife did. Sylla the fame Year. For the following Year, Pompeius Strabo, Father to Pompey the Great, and Porcim Cato, were made Confuls, and now the Senate thought fit to give the Freedom of the City to fuch of the Italians as had not revolted, which much eftablifh'd thofe who were fome-what wavering in their Minds, and abated the Courage of the other already ingag'd : Yet there were not chofen into any of the 35 Tribes, but were plac'd by themfelves behind all,fo that in voting they could not hinder the reit, which afterwards caus'd fome Difturbance. Cato the Conful did very good Service this Campagn,which fwell'd him with fuch an Opinion of himfelf, that he boafted himself equal to Marius, for which he was (lain by Marius's Son, in the midft of a Battel againft the Marfi. His Collegue Pompey overthrew the Picentes and Afculani ; and having long befieg'd Afiulum, he defeated the Enemy which fally'd out upon him ; he likewife kill'd IS000 of the Mar/i, taking 3000 Prifoners. And at laft pot Chap XIII. The confular State. 217 feffing himfelf of Afculum, he caus'd all the Officers and principal Men in the City, to be firft fcourg'd, and then beheaded. Sylla alfo perform'd many great Aations, overthrowing the Samnites, and forming two of their Camps; which Succefs fo elevated him, that he immediately flood for the Confulfhip, and obtain'd it, having the Honour likewife of finiih-ing this dangerous War, nigh three Years after it was begun ; a War fo deitruCtive, that it confurn'd above 300000 of the Youth of Italy, according to Paterculus. This War was ended with a Diflur-banee in the City about Ufury, and the unexpected Privileges of the conquer'd *Italians, who had the Freedom of the City given 'em, ;nit as the others had a float time before : and fo all things were happily quieted. V. But Quiet and Peace was too great a Happinefs for Rome at this time • for the Social War was fcarce finifh'd, when two others broke out, one the Caufe of the other. The firft was with Mithridates King of Pontus, in Elfin Minor, a Prince famous for his Knowledge and Learning, mighty in Riches and Power, of a boundlefs Ambition, and a Former of vaft Defigns. This King, by fevcral Aations, had gain'd the Enmity of Rome, particularly by procuring Tigranes King of Armenia, to declare againft the Roman State, and by his over-running his Neighbours, the Bithynians Phrygians, Myfians , Lycians ,Pamphilians, and other Allies of Rome. And which was more provoking than all the reit, he had taken Q Oppius and Aquilius , the latter of which he kill'd, by pouring melted Gold down his Throat, continually upbraiding the Romans with Avarice and Corruption. Upon all thefe A c-coun ts, the Romans proclaim'd War againft him; and Sylla and Ponipeius Rufus being Conluls, it fell to the former's flare to undertake it. But Sylla having not yet quite finifh'd the Social War, Marius flirt d by the defire either of Profit or of Honour, perfuaded U. C. 666 2, 5 8 The Boman 1-liflory. Book II. picius, Tribune of the People, to prefer a Law for transferring the Management of this War from Sylla to him. He made what Parties he could, and drew the People of Italy to his fide, who had lately been made free of the City, by promifing 'em equal Privileges with thofe in the 3 5 Tribes, which as yet they wanted ; fo that Matters were carry'd on with violent Heats and Contentions; and Pompey's Son, and Son-in-law to Sylla, was kill'd in the midit of thefe Tumults and Difturbances. Sylla hearing of thefe dangerous Commotions, haften'd to the City, eafily perfwaded his Army to nand by him in all Exigencies, for they were very unwilling to have any other go on that Expedition, from which they promis'd themfelves fuch great Advantages. His Collegue Pompey join'd with him, and tho' Marini, and Sulpicius the Tribune, made all poffible Oppofition, yet, after Come Difficulty and Bloodfhed, they enter'd the City, and Marius with his Accomplices were forc'd to betake themfelves to flight ; and thus began the other War, which was the firft Civil War of any Note among the Romans, as the Troubles of the Gracchi were the firft in which there had been any Bloodfhed of Note. Sylla did no Injury to the Citizens in general, but revers'd all that Sulpicius had done, regulated the Senate, procur'd Marius, Sulpicius, and ten other leading Men, to be declar'd open Enemies to their Country, made it lawful for any Perfon to kill them, and fet their Goods to publick Sale. Shortly after this, he departed upon his Expedition againft Mithridates, who now had very much extended his Conquefts, even to the fubduing a great part of Greece it felf. Sulpicius was in a short time taken and put to death ; but Marius hid himfelf in the Fens of Minturnum, where, being difcover'd, a Gaul was fent to kill him ; but he was fo dafh'd and amaz'd at the Noblenefs of his Prefence, that he could not perform his Order: So that Marius being convey'd out Chap. XIII. The Col Pular State. out of that Place, efcaped into Africk, where he was join'd by Cethegus and others, who had fled into Numidia, expe&ing a convenient Opportunity to invade their own Country. Pompeiu Rufus the Conful, to fecure Italy, was at the fame time appointed to receive and command the Army of Porn-peivris Strabo, who had done great Service in the Social War, and had fo far gain'd the Affedions of his Men, that they finding they were like to part with their old General, flood up and flew the Conful himfelf ; fo that now there were great Dangers and Dflurbances in all Parts. Cornelius Cinna and C. Onavim were made Con-fuls for the following Year : Cinna, corrupted, as fome are of Opinion, immediately declared him-felf for the new Citizens, and recall'd Marius, with the reit of the Exiles; which Adions were fo violently oppofed by his Collegue Oilavias, that Cinna was by Force driven from the City, and Merula put in his Place. Cinna, upon this, going about to the Italian People, by giving them frefh Hopes of equal Privileges with the Romans, and pretending, That all his Troubles and Sufferings were purely for their fakes , obtain'd great Sums of Money. Marius alfo coming over to him shortly, they together rais'd a considerable Army, and Cinna march'd di-redly to Rome, and fat down before it, to the great Surprize and Terror of the Inhabitants. Marius at the fame time march'd againfl °Ilia, and took it by Force ; but Cinna, before Rome, finding he was not like to carry the Place, broke up the Siege, and invefted Ariminum, which he Toon after itorm'd. Marius, after the taking of Oflia, advanced with his whole Army, and polled himfelf upon the Hill Yanicidum, joining to Rome ; which again put the Inhabitants into a great Conflernation, efpecially for that he was Toon after join'd by Cinna. The Confuls, finding they could not recall Sylla from Countries fo far diflant, fent to Metellas, then lying S a with 259 2,60 The tman flifiary. Book II. with an Army in Samnium ; but he differing with them about Tome Conditions, thortly after join'd himfelf with Marius : At which Time the City was nigh being betray'd by Ap. Claudius, a Tribune of the Army, who was invefted with the Command of the yanicaum ; but tho' he and Cinna broke in, they were repell'd by Oilavius, and Pompeirts Straba the Proconfitl, who was fhortly after kill'd with a Thunder-bolt. Manias, after this, took in feveral Towns about Rome where Provifions lay, and Cinna, by the fair Promifes of Liberty, drew great Numbers of Slaves out of the City ; which the Senate perceiving, dif-patch'd Ambaffadors to Cinna and Marius, &firing them to come into the City peaceably, and (pare their own Country-men. Cinna refus'd to admit of any Addrefs made to him as a private Man, fo that they were forc'd to treat with him as Conful, and defir'd him to fwear,that he wou'd fhed no Blood. Cinna abfolutely refus'd to take finch an Oath ; but promis d, that knowingly and willingly he wou'd not be the Cattle of any Man's Death: Marius flood by him, and fail nothing, but gave Efficient Teflimony by the Sourenefs of his Countenance, and the Sternnefs of his Looks, that he wou'd fhortly fill the City with Maffacres. But the better to diffemble his Rage, he at WI broke Silence, telling the Ambaffad ors, That he was then in Exile, and bani.Pd his Country by courfe of Law; that f his Prefence were neceffary, they muff repeal the former AEI of his Ba-nifhment by a new Decree, that he might be received as a Religious Obierver of the Laws, and might enter the City free from Fear or 0,Ppreffion. Upon this all Matters were adjufted, and the Law for banithing Marius, and his Affociates, abrogated. Upon their Entrance into the City, great Plunder-ings and miferable Slaughters began in all Places. alavius the Conful. tho' he had the Oath of Cinna and Marius, yet refilling to fly from his Charge,was kill'd, and his Head fet upon the Rofii-a, to which was Chap. XIII. The Confular State. was added that of M. Antonius, Grandfather to the Triumvir was Augufitts, an excelient Orator, who by the Charms of his Eloquence defended himfelf a contiderable time againft the Rage of the Sol diers, and feveral others. Dreadful Tumults and c7ies were in all Places, and none were fpar'd either for the Dignity of their Worths, or their Ages. The dead Bodies being barbaroufly mangled, and abominably abus'd, were left to be torn in pieces, and devoted by Dogs and Fowls, none daring to '1.,;•.y 'en. All Sylla's Friends were (laugh-teed without tvicicy, his Houle demolifn'd, his Goods let to Sale, and he himfelf judg d and de, clar'd an Enemy to Rome. Merula, Lilo' he never fought the Confnlihip, and Catullus, having their Days fet them to anfwer for their Lives, deftroy'd themfelves. Cinna and Marius having thus fatiated themfelves with the Blood of others, made them (elves Confuls for the following Year ; but Marius dy'd about a Month after, in the both Year of his Age, within lefs than two Years after the breaking out of this Civil War, being a noble Soldier, and a brave Commander, but much more ferviceable to his Country in the time of War than in Peace, and the only Perfon who had the Honour of the Con-fulfhip feven times. VI. In the time of thefe unhappyTroubles at home, Sylla perform'd many noble Exploits againti Mithri-dates, who not long before his Arrival had command, ed in one Day S0000, fome fay 150000 Romans and Italians in Alia, to be murder'd in cold Blood. Sylla firft overthrew Archeaus his General nigh Athens, fo effeaually, that of his 120000 Men, fcarce i0000 were left ; then he gave him another great Defeat, recover'd Greece, Macedonia, Ionia, Alia, and other Countries, which Mithridates had got into his Hands, and withal took his Fleet from him ; infomuch that Mithridates was very willing to come to a Treaty, which Sylla,notwithitanding Mithridates's highProvo- S 3 vocation, 261 2,62. The go_man Hillory. Book II. cation before, was not much averfe to, being in want of Money, and very defirous to return to Italy, and to revenge himfelf of thofe who had declared him an Enemy to Rome. The principal Articles of the Peace were, That Mithridates fhould pay the Charges of the War, and that for the future he fhould be content with his Father's Kingdom ; which were ratify 'd in lefs than three Years after the beginning of the War. Sylla feverely fined Afia for its Revolt, and fettling Affairs according to the prefent Occafion, he re-turn'd for Italy. He took Athens in his way, from whence he carry'd the famous Library of Apellicon the Teian, in which were mots of the Books of Ari-flotk and Theophraflus, then not vulgarly known. He foon after wrote to the Senate at Rome, recounting all his great Services he had done for the State, and how ungratefully he had been ufed by Mariids Party ; telling them plainly, That he was coming to revenge both himfelf and the Publick, by punilhing the Authors of thofe injuries, tho' the yell he would fpare, whether they were old or new Citizens. The Senate extremely dreaded the Effeets of Sylla's Return, well knowing it would be fatal to many, and even to fome who had unwillingly join'd with Ma-rind ; therefore they fent to treat with him, offering all their Endeavours for his Satisfa&ion, if he would quickly make known his Demands. And that there might be the lefs Blood filed, they order'd Cinna to difcontinue his Levies ; but he finding there was no way of fupporting his Intereft, but by Arms, only return'd 'em a plaufible Anfwer, and proceeded to raife Soldiers, defigning to make himfelf and his Col-legue Carbo Confuls for the following Year, that there might be no neceffity of returning to Rome for a new Elation. He fent over Part of his Troops into Dalmatia, there to meet Sylla; but thofe behind were driven back to Italy by a Storm ; after which they abfo-lutely refu fed to fight againft their own Countrymen; fo that all the reft, who as yet had not put to Sea, re- fus'd Chap. XIII. The Con fular State. 263 fus'd to go on board. Hereupon Cinna going to fpeak with 'em, one of his Officers who made way before him, Bruck one of 'em; at which the Solcii-,:r firuck him again, and being apprehended for this Crime, a great Tumult and Mutiny arofe among the reft of the Men, wherein Cinna himfelf was run through : And thus perifh'd, in his fourth Coiju47./ip, a Perfon worthier to have dy'd by the Command of the Conqueror, than by the Fury of the Soldiers. Carbo continued Confuls by himfelf the remaining part of the Year. U. C. 67o. Sylla before this time had receiv'd the Senate's Pro-pofals, and return'd for Anfwer, That he would never be reconciled to fuch wicked Perfons as Cinna and Carbo, who be/ides many pernicious PraElicei againfi their Country's Good, had procured War to be decreed againfl him, who had done it fo much Service ; But if the People of Rome would give 'em Indemnity, he fhould not oppofe it ; yet he thought all fuch as came over to him to be far more fafe, /ince he had fo confiderable an Army at his devotion. This fall-ciently declaring his Intentions; he alfo demanding Reftitution of his Eftate, his antient Dignity and Honours: but the Meffengers coming to Brundufium, and there hearing of Cinna's Death, and the Diflur-bances of the Commonwealth, return'd back to him. Sylla then crofs'd the Sea with a Fleet of 16o° Ships, and 60000 Men, and landed at Brundufium, where he was join'd by Metellus Pius, who had retir'd from Rome for fear of Marius and Cinna, and likewife by Pompey, afterward furnamed the Great, who from this time became Sylla's great Favourite. Befides, thefe, came alfo Cethegus, who having before join'd Cinna, now begg'd Pardon, and was receiv'd into Favour. Norbanus and Scipio, the prefent Con-fuls, together with Carbo, made all neceffary Preparations for Refinance ; and the fiat Trial at Arms was at Canu/lum, where Norbanus loft 6000 Men, and fled to Capua. His Collegue Scipio fhortly after, through the Treachery of his Army, fell with his s 4 Son 264 The oman Hiflory. Book IL Son into the Hands of Sy//a, who civilly difmifs'd them both. After this, Sylla fent to Norbanus to treat of Peace ; but not being thought ferious, perhaps, had no Anfwer return'd him. Italy now began to feel all the Defolations and Miferies of a Civil War, Sylla making great Deva-flations on one fide, and Carbo on the other, who getting into Rome, procured Metellus, and the reit who join'd with Sylla, to be declared Enemies to the State. Both Parties diligently fent up and down to the Italian Cities, labouring by all poffible Ways and Methods to procure Forces : and thus was the reit of the Summer (pent, in which time the Capitol was burnt down, none knowing by what means it was done : this happen'd about 43o Years after it was firit built. The following Year, Carbo a third time, and young Marius, the Son of the former, were made Confuls ; the latter at 27 Years of Age. In the beginning of the Campaign, Carbo's Lieutenant, Carinus, was overthrown by Metellus, and Marius himfelf by SYlla. Marius was driven into Pra-nefle, where being clofely befieged, and almoft de-fpairing of Relief, he in a great Rage wrote to Brutus, then Prator at Rome, To ufe Jane Pretence to call the Senate, and then to kill the principal of them who were hipEnemies ; which Order was executed with great Cruelty : So that v,,hatfoever Side were Conquerors, Rome was fill a miferable Sufferer. Metellus having by this time overthrown Carbo once more, and Pompey defeated Marcius, another of that Party, Sylla march'd direEtly to Rome, which Place he eafily en-teed, great numbers of the oppofite Fa&ion being fled into the Country. The Inhabitants of Rome were extremely terrify'd at S'yilds Entrance; but he only put the Goods of the Perions that fled to fale, wifhing the People not to be dejeEled, fo,- he was obliged to all as her did : Then leav-tim a fufric ent Garrif:)n in the City, he departed to Clefium, where he and his Officus feveral timesover- threw Chap. XIII. The Confular State. threw Carbo's Armies. Carbo, being now upon the defenfive, fent eight Legions to Pranefle, to relieve his Collegue Marius ; but they were met by Pompey in a narrow Foliage, where he flew many of 'em, and difpers'd the reit. Soon after, Carbo being join'd with Norbanus, engaged with Metellus, and had .10000 of his Men {lain, and 6000 yielded ; whereupon great numbers went over to Sylla's Party, which prefently became Matters of all Gaul on that fide the Alps. Norbanus fled to Rhodes, where fearing to be deliver'd up,he kill'd himfelf; and Carbo fled to Africk, tho' he had 30000 Men at Clufium, betides other Forces, all which foon after were broken and difpers'd by Pompey. But Carinus and Marcius, with other Commanders, by the affiflance of the Samnite Troops, endea-vour'd to force the Trenches at Pranelle, and relieve Marius ; but finding it impraCticable, they advanced to Rome, where meeting with Sylla, a molt bloody Battel was fought at the very Gates, in which many thoufands were thin on both Sides. But Sylla at laft obtain'd the Vi&ory, and Carinus and Marcius were taken, and their Heads fent to Preenefle to be {hewn to the Inhabitants, at which forrowful Sight they furrender'd to Lucullus,andMarius kill'd himfell,whole Head was fet up in the Pleading-place at Rome. All his Fa&ion in Pranefle, with the Natives and Sam-nites, were put to death without Mercy ; only the Romans efcaped with their Lives, and this rich City was plunder'd. Norba a little after was taken, and the Inhabitants fetting the Town on Fire, all de-ftroy'd themfelves, fome one way, and fome another : So now all Italy came under the Power of Sylla. Sylla having been thus fuccefsful againft his Enemies at home, fent Pompey into Africk againft Carbo, and gave him charge to pals from thence into Sicily againft others of that Party. Pompey in a fhort time drove Carbo into Sicily, and thence into Corcyra, where he took him, and caus'd his Head to be cut off, and fent to Sylla. But Rome in the mean time now fe- verel y 265 266 Thego.man 1-11.1Ivry. Book If. verely felt the dreadful EffeEs of Civil Contefis ; for Sylla calling the People together, told them, That he would put' em into a better Condition, if they were obedient to his Commands; but as for his Enemies, he was refolv'd to profecute them with all forts of Miferies and Calamites ; which he did with more Severity than any before him, killing and butchering many thoufands after a molt barbarous and inhumane manner. Eight thou-fand were put to death together in the Villa Publica, a large Houfe in the Campus Martius ; Men were (lain in the Embraces of their Wives, Children in the Arms of their Mothers, and Liberty was given to the Soldiers to kill all they met, without diftin-Etion, till Furfidius a little flopp'd the Current of his Rage, by putting him in mind that he ought to leave fame for Sylla to reign over, then publifh'd Tables of Profcription for particular Perfons, thefe being the firfi ever known in Rome, wherein were profcrib'd 8o Senators, and i 600 Equites, to which he afterwards added more, promifing great Rewards to the Ditco-verers, and threatening Death to the Concealers of them. Of thefe outlaw'd Perfons fame were (lain in their Houfes, others in the Streets, and others pro-firate at his Feet, begging their Lives ; and thole that fled, their Goods were feiz'd on. Marius, Brother to Sylla's great Enemy, had his Eyes firft pull'd out, then his Hands and Legs cut off at feveral times, that he might die with the greater Torment. C. Yu-lair Garay, a young Man of wonderful promifing Abilities, who had marry'd Cinna's Daughter, very hardly efcaped the common Miferies of thefe Times, of whom Sylla was wont to fay, after a prophetick manner, That in Cafar were many Marius's. Rome was not the only Sufferer in thefe dreadful Calamities; for this Profcription was carry'd throughout all the Cities of/ta/y,where the mercilefs Effufion of Blood was fuch, that neither the Temples of the Gods, nor all the Sanauaries could afford Prote&ion to any Man. Both the Confuls being now deftroy'd, Sylla Chap. XIV. The Confular State. Sylla withdrew himfelf from the City, and order'd the Senate to create an Inter-Rex.; which they moil willingly did, naming Valerias Flaccos. lie wrote to him to ask the People, that fince Affairs were yet much unfettled, a Dilator might be created, and that not for any limited Time, but till all publick Evils and Grievances fhould be redrefs'd, not forgetting to mention himfelf. This the People were conftrain'd to yield to, he having then all the Power in his owa Hands ; and fo this Office, which had been intermitted for 120 Years, was conferr'd on him without any Limitation of Time. And thus ended the firft Civil War in Italy, tho' not in all other Places, about fix Years after it began, and four after the firft Marius's Death, in the 672d Year of the City, in the third Year of the u74th Olympiad, 427 Years 'ince the Beginning of the Confular State, 248 fince the letting up of the Macedonian Empire, and 8o before our Saviour's Nativity. CHAP. XIV. From the Perpetual Di&atorfhip of Sylla, to the firft Triumvirate, namely, that of Cxfar, Pompey, and Craffus; which proved the Ruin of the Confular State, and the firfl Step to the Jetting up the Imperial. Containing the Space of 2 2 Tears. THE Government of Rome was now for fome Dic. lxxi. Space changed to a Monarchy, Sylla's Power Perpetual. being unlimited as to Time ; and tho' to keep up a U. C. Shew of a Commonwealth, he permitted Confuls to 672. be made, yet he plainly reign'd alone, having 24 Delors with their Fafies and Axes, and a great Guard conftantly to attend his Perfon, as the Kings in former Times had, and repealing old Laws, and enaEting new, 2 67 68 Theo.,izan Hiftory. Book II. new at his Pleafure. He regulated the Confulfhip, ordering that none ihould be capable of it without firft paffing thro' other Offices. He remov'd that Plague to the Senate, the Yribunefhip, by making thofe who bore it uncapable of any other Truft. He added 300 of the Equites to the Senate, and likewife i0000 of the Slaves of the Profcribed to the People, making 'em Free, and calling 'em Cornelii, according to his own Name; and he affign'd great Quantities of Land to 23 Legions, the better to fecure and bind 'em to his Intereft. This was the firft Year of Sylla's Reign, in which the War broke out again with Mithridates, about three Years after the firft, occa-fion'd by Vlurena, whom Sylla had left behind him in Afia. This Perfon being extraordinary ambitious of a Triumph, found an Opportunity of making a Breach with Mithridates, contrary to the Senate's Defigns ; but as it prov'd, he only procur'd himfelf an Overthrow, and Mithridates a Peace not long after, which finifh'd the fecond War with that Prince, having lafted above two Years. In the fecond Year of Sylla's Office he again made Confuls, but join'd himfelf with Cacilius Metellus, he being one, which Courfe the Emperors afterwards imitated. The Year after, when the People defign'd him Confiil again, he declin'd it, and chofe two others; and then, to the great Surprize and Wonder of all Men, he laid down his Diilatorfhip in the third Year of his Office ; and what was more furprifing, tho' he had done fo many cruel and wicked A6ts, he, like a Man perfe&ly juft and innocent, freely offer'd to give an Account of all his Management and Proceedings. Yet we find none accus'd him but one young Man, whole fcurrilous Language to him, made him fay, That fuch coarfe Ufage for the future wou'd keep any .Man from laying down an Office of fuch Supreme Authority, which 7ulius Cafar afterwards feem'd to have been aware of. Not long after he retied himfelf into the Country, where following nothing but his Plafure, 2 he Chap. XIV. 71)e Confidar State. 2 69 he dy'd in a short time at Puteoli, his Body being pu-trefy'd, and all turn'd into Lice. This was the End of Cornelius Sylla; and as his Life was very pernicious to his Country, fo was his Death extremely trou-blefome to it, the two Confuls and their Fattions falling out about the Honours defign'd for him at his Funeral. Catullus prevailing againft his Collegue Lepidus, his Body was carry'd in great Pomp and State through the City, and was the firft in Rome that was burnt, to prevent being treated as Marius before had been, whole Bones Sylla himfeif had or-deed to be digg'd up and thrown away. After this, the Confuls fell into greater Diffen-tions about the Lands given away by Sylla, which Lepidus was for returning to the former Potrafors. The Senate being very fearful of another War, made 'em both (wear, Not to decide the Controvert), by the Sword. But Lepidus refolv'd not to return out of his Province, till the new Eleelion of Confuls was over, and then to begin a War, thinking himfeif difcharg'd from his Oath when he was out of his Office. Hereupon the Senate fent for him, and at his Return, he offer'd to bring his Troops into the City ; but being oppos'd by Catullus and Pompey, a Battei enfu'd, wherein he was overthrown, and fleeing to Sardinia, he dy'd the fame Year with Sylla. This was not the End of all thefe Troubles, for a more dangerous War was depending in Spain againft Q., Sertorius, an admirable expert Commander of China's FaCtion, who had driven out all Sylla's Party from Spain, and had chofen 3 co of his Friends, whom he call'd a Senate, in Oppofition to that of Rome. Sertorius having join'd with the Celtiberians, had before been fuccefsful againft Me-tellus ; and now being reinforc'd with part of Lepi-dus's Army, brought over by Perpenna, he defign'd no lefs than the Invafion of Italy The Senate, ap-prehenfive of his threatning Danger, fent Pompey againii him, who for his great Exploits in Africk and Sicily 270oman Hif oiy. Book II. Sicily had already triumph'd, tho' fcarce 26 Years of Age, and neither Conful nor Prator. Pompey, in Imitation of Hannibal, pafs'd the Alps, tho' a contrary Way, but with no Succefs againfl Sertorim, either then or in the next Spring : And tho' Perpenna and Herculeus were feveral times wormed by Metellvis, yet Sertorigs, by his extraordinary Management, reduced Pompey to great Extremities, infomuch that he was obliged to fend to Rome for Supplies ; which after he had received, he attack'd feveral Places fubjeEt to Sertoriiis, yet perform'd nothing of Confequence this Year. The following Year, Pompey and Metellus being much flrengthen'd,made Incurfions into feveral Parts, and with more Succefs than formerly; yet no confi-derable Battel was fought. And indeed _there needed none, fince Sertorius fell away infenfibly, by difobli-ging his chief Soldiers in preferring the Celtiberians for his Guard ; but more efpecially by his degenerating into a lazy and debauch'd, as well as cruel Temper, putting many to death with little Reafon or Ja-lice. And now Perpenna fearing it might fall to his Lot to be deftroy'd among the ref}, refolv'd to pre-ventit, and thereupon inviting him to a fumptuous Fears, fill made him and his Companions very drunk, and then murder'd him ; which was a very inglorious End for fo great a Soldier, who had burly and bravely refifted all that had been fent againfi him, and had been admired by the ,Spaniards as another Hannibal. Perpenna with much difficulty obtain'd his Command from his Army, but not long after was overthrown in Battel, and taken Prifoner by Pompey. lie offer'd to difclofe to Pcniptly in private fome Matters of the higheft. Confequence, if he would fpare his Life; but Pompey with great Policy and Difcre-tion, commanded him to be executed immediately, and all his Papers to be burnt, !ell his Accufations fhould bring the State into further Troubles, of which it had felt too feverely already. Thus ended all the Civil Chao. XIV. 77:e Confular State. Civil Wars, in the 68oth Year of the City, 15 Years after they firm began, and 9 after is ended in Italy, in the Confulfnip of Terentius Varro and Cafes Va-rus, the former being a Perfon of wonderful Knowledge, and one of the moil learned Men that ever Rome produc'd, in whole Time Learning was in many refpe6is at the higheft Pitch in the State. H. But the Year before, a third War broke out U. C. with Mithridates, who now had join'd himfelf with 680. Tigranes King of Armenia, and gather'd together an Army of divers Countries, confifting of Ll0000 Foot, and 16000 Horfe, by which he in a fhort time poiless'cl himfelf of all Bithynia, which Alicomedes the late King had given by his Will to the Romans. Lu-cinius Lucullus and Aurelius Cotta being Confuls, the former, a brave General, was fent againft Mthri-dates. He found the King before Cyzicus, a City of Propontis, where he placed his Men with fo much Skill, as to befiege the Befieger, and reduc'd Mithri-dates to fuch Extremities, that thro' Famine he was forc'd first to fend away his Cavalry and lick Men into Rithynia, whereof 15000 were intercepted, and then to retire himfelf with the reit that could efcape the great Slaughter which the Romans made in the Flight. During the Time of this double Siege, Eumachus, one of Mithridates's Commanders, made Inroads into Phrygia, fubdu'd Pificlia and Ifau-ria, and endeavour'd to do the like to Cilicia, till he was repuls'd by Deiotarus, one of the Governors of Galatia. But Lucullus improv'd his Succefs by Land, by gaining many Vidories at Sea, where he took feveral of Mithridates's Commanders, and clofely purfu'd the King himfelf. Mithridates flying with more Speed than Difcretion, had been caft away, but that he was receiv'd into a Pirate' sV effd. to which he was glad to commit himfelf in fo great a Danger, and at length, after many Difficulties, got into his own Kingdom, whither Luctifius ptirin'd him, 27 t 271 771e Roman hyory. Book IL him, having taken in all Bithynia, and Paphlagonia in his Way ; and this was the tirfc Year's Expedition. Mithridates made all pollible Preparations for Re-Hance, fending to 7igranes and others for Aid; and within the fpace of a Year he got together 40000 Foot and 4000 Horfe, with which he once or twice gaiu'd some Advantage over the Romans, and Bruck fome Terror into the Soldiers. Uut Lucullus found means to cut off moil of his Cavalry, which, with the Lois of a Bat cel, Toon after fo terrify'd him, that he quitted his Kingdom, and fled into Armenia to Ti,:granes, who entertain'd him like a King, bit refuted to admit him to his Pretence. All Pontus, except a few Places, yielded to Lucullus in a fhort (pace; and Machares King of Bofphorus, fent this General a Crown of Gold, by which he purchas'd the Title of his Friend and Ally. This was the fourth Year of his Expedition, in which Year alfo was happily fi-nith'd the War with Spartacus the Gladiator in Italy. This Perfon, with feventy-four of his Companions, having broken out of their Fencing School at Capua, fled away ' and wandering through all the Country round, and vaftly increafing in their Numbers, commenced a dangerous War in Italy. They at Taft had gather'd together an Army of about 70000 Men, mot Vagabonds, and fuch kind of People, and all Pretenders to Liberty, and had befides overthrown many of the Roman Commanders, and two of their Confuls ; till at laft they were conquer'd and dif-pers'd by Licinius Craffus the Proconful inApulia,a Per-fon of great Nobility and .Riches, and after many Troubles and Calamities in Italy, the War was ended in the third Year by him. About the fame time a DIrum being perforna'd in Rome, 450000 Free Citizens were poll'd, the City hill increafing in Bulk and People, and the Inhabitants in Learning and Politenefs, as well as Corruption and Factions. U. C. Lucullus having fill the Management of the War 684. againft Mithridaics, follow'd him into Armenia, fend- ing Chap. XIV. The CoOdar State. 27 ing to Tigranes King of that Country, to demand him. 7igranes was a very powerful Monarch, having lately conquer'd feveral Nations and .Kings, which made him fo intolerably proud, that when he rode abroad, he would have four of his fubdu'd. Kings run by his fide like Lacqueys, and when he fat on his Throne, to {land before him with folded Hands in token of Subjedion. Tigranes being now abroad in reducing Phoenicia, Lucuhas's Meifenget found Opportunity to draw over many to his fide, who had been much diffatisfy'd at his proud and in-faking Carriage. Tigranes at his Return refuSd to deliver up Mithridates, and likewife to acknowledge Lucullm as a General, becaufe he had not given him the Title of King of Kings. Whereupon Lucid- fuddenly pafs'd the River Euphrates with two Legions, and about 3000 Horfe, which did not a little furprize Tigranes, who firft hang'd the Meffen-ger of the News as a Difturber of the Peace, and Toon after fent Mithrobarzanes with 2000 Horle to incommode his Paffage, leaving Mancaas to cover the City Tigranocerta, which he had lately built, and went himfelf to levy Forces. While he was drawing together a vaft Army of 2 50000 Foot, ands cow" 'Norte againft the Romans,Mithrobarzanes was repell'd, and Mancapts driven from the Cover of the City, and the Place immediately invefted. Mithridates upon this, advis'd him not to hazard all in a Battel, but rather to ftarve the Romans ; but he flighted his Motion,and contemn'd the Smallnefs of their Numbers, laying, That if the Romans were all Ambaffa-dors, they were a great many ; but if Soldiers, very few ; pretending to over-run 'em with great Facility. But Lucullas polling himfelf upon a Hill, fent his Cavalry to provoke and draw out the Enemy, fo as he might break their Ranks, and then letting upon the Carriage-Beans, fo fuccefsfully caus'd 'em w drive their Foot among their Horfe, that great Confufion follow'd, and a dreadful Slaughter continu'd all the Day;T 274 The Doman Hiftory. Book II. Day ; and Trigranocerta was furrender'd by means of certain diffatisfy'd Greeks in the Place. After thefe Deteats, another great Army was rais'd, and committed to the Condu& of Mithri-dates : They both endeavour'd to hem in Lucullus, but were difappointed in their Defign by his extraordinary Vigilancy ; and thus both fides continu'd with little Action, till want of Provifions confirain'd 'em to remove, Tigranes marching farther into his Kingdom, and Mithridates into his, with Lucullus not far behind him. Fabius, who had been left in Pontus by Lucullus, was overthrown by Mithridates, and after him Triarius, who imprudently engag'd with him, and loft 7000 of his Men. Soon after .Mithridates taking with him all the Neceffaries he cou'd carry, and deflroying the reit, march'd into the leffer Armenia. Lucullus wou'd gladly have fol-low'd him, and might have put an end to the War, but that now Acilius Glabrio, this Year's Conful, by Glabinus the Tribune's Procurement, was appointed to carry it on in his Place. This being known in the Army, Lucullus was flighted by his Men, and Mi-thridates and Tigranes began to be more fuccefsful than formerly. In a fhort time, Glabrio arriv'd at his Province, and fent about to give notice, That the Senate being difpleas'd with Lucullus for prolonging the War, had disbanded his Army, and would confifcate the Eflates of fuch as Jhou'd difobey its Order. Upon which all his Army abandon'd him, except fome few poor Men, who had no great Caufe to fear any Lofs of Elates ; and Lucullus being out of his Command, Mithridates recover'd almoft all his Kingdom, and did much Damage to Cappadocia, Glabrio not fo much as coming to his Army, but lying idle in Bi-thynia. This happen'd in the feventh fear after Lucullus had undertaken the War. U C. III. About this time, Pompey began to come into 654. great Efteem among the Romans, having now a new Occafion Chap. XIV. The Conf.:kJlar State. 75 Occafion of (hewing his great Abilities in War, which was this: The Pirates, who had been firft employ'd by Mithridates, finding their Profit fo great, had now got together many Thoufands of feveral Nations, making choice of Cilicia for their Rendezvous ; and feeing that the War continu'd, they thought it more Wifdom to damnify others, than lofe their own Efiates. They were now grown fo numerous and powerful, that there was no fecure paffing the Seas, nor dwelling upon the Coatis; for they not only took and robb'd Ships by Sea, but alfo whole Provinces on the Land. They had like-wife defeated feveral Roman Prators, and were grown fo impudent, that they landed in Italy itfelf, carry'd away feveral Women of Quality, and more than that, two Armies with their Enfigns. Thefe great Affronts very much enrag'd the People of Rome, and a Law was preferr'd by Gabinius the 7ribune,That fame Perfon /Mould be created Admiral, with full Power again fl the Pirates for three Tears, who fhou'd have large Forces, and many Lieutenants. This Law did not pleafe the Senate, who now began to grow jealous of Pompey's Power ; for to him was the Affair corn-mitted, and he had full Power given him over all Perfons upon the Sea, and fifty Miles difiant, whether Kings or others, to oblige them to affill him in his Enterprize. The Senate alfo permitted him to chufe fifteen Lieutenants out of their Body, to take 200 Ships, and raife what Men he cou'd : But he obtain'd greater Advantage of the People, namely Soo Ships, 120000 Foot, and 5000 Horfe, 6000 Attick Talents, and the Power of appointing 25 Vicegerents out of the Senate, and two Quaflors ; fo difficult it appear'd to defiroy fuch numerous Fleets as the Pirates had, in a Sea that had fo many Places of Retreat and Refuge. Pompey with great Skill and Judgment difIributed his Lieutenants through the feveral Bays, Havens, Streights and Windings of the Mediterranean Sea, T 2, furnifhing 276 Book II. carnifhing them with convenient Shipping and Forces ; that fo the Pirates being rouz'd out of their lurking Holes by Tome, might be receiv'd by others, and chas d by the next, and none might be cbiig'd to fail too far ; while he himfelf, like a King of fo many Kings, fail'd up and down, obferving, vifi-ting , direEting, infiruding, and overfeeing with that fingular Art and Diligence, that in forty Days he fcour'd all the Seas about Africk, Sardinia, Coy-fica, and Sicily ; and all the Pirates that efcap'd, flock'd to Cilicia as their common Receptacle. He foon follow'd 'em with 6o Galleys ; and tho' they had prepar'd themfelves to give him Battel, yet upon the fight of his Fleet they fubmitted to his Mercy ; and fo much had the Greatnefs of his Name terrify'd them, that in forty Days more he reduc'd Cilicia to the Roman Obedience. Such of thefe Pirates as remain'd, being above 20000, he was unwilling to kill, and to let 'em return to their old Habitations was not fafe : Therefore he remov'd 'em to Places farther difiant from the Sea, where he gave 'em Lands and Houfes, furnifhing their Seats with new Inhabitants. Thus, after the taking of nigh 400 Ships, and 120 Forts, and the killing of t0000 Men, he finifh'd the War in three or four Months, ufing the Conquer'd with more Clemency than Q Metelim did thole in Crete, which he fub. du'd, and thereby obtain'd, befides a Triumph, the Surname of Creticm. This Expedition Rill added much to Pompey's Reputation ; and it was fcarce at an end, when Mani- lirtis Tribune preferr'd a Law, That all the Armies the Romans had in any Place, together with the Government of all Afia, and the Management of the War againfl Mi-thridates and Tigranes, might be committed to him alone. This he did to curry favour with fo great a Man as Pompey, whom he had difpleas'd not long before, by a Law of his, which gave equal Privileges to freed Slaves with their Mailers that made 'em fo. The Nobility Chap. XIV . The Confular State. 277 IsTObility were extremely diffatisfy'd at this new Law, not only for the manifeft Injury done to ,Lu- gs and Glabrio, by removing them from their Places, but alto out of a high Jealoufy of Pompey's growing Greatnefs, as being in a manner abfolute Monarch of the Roman Empire, by having thefe Provinces added to his former, with the fame Power of Peace and War ; and which was more than all the reit, a Jurifdidion over all Armies whatfo-ever ; which Things had never before been con-feted upon any one tingle Perfon. But the Commons were very hot for the Law, being much incited by Cicero, the renown'd Orator, now Praetor, who in a publick Affembly made a noble Oration in Commendation of Pompey, (hewing not only how very convenient it was for the Good of the Commonwealth to have a General with fo large a Power ; hut like- wife how abfolutely neceffary it was to chufe him above all other Men in the World, as being incomparably eminent for thofe four great AccoznpliAments requir' d in an abfolute Soldier, ConduE1, Courage, Authority and Succe fs, which had all been abundantly apparent in thole numerous and wonderful Exploits he had already perform'd in fo many Parts of the World. This had fo good an EffeEt, that when the Law came to the Scrutiny, it pafs'd with little Oppofltion ; and C. Yulim Cefar, lately ,Quallor, is ,laid to have likewife favour'd it, chiefly with Defign, that afterwards the People might be the more inclin'd to commit the like extraordinary Power to himfelf. Pompey having made what Preparations he thought convenient, in a fhort time undertook his Expedition, in which he propos'd great Honour and Renown to himfelf. Yet he firm fent to Mithridates, offering him good and reafonable Terms, which the other refus'd in Expeftation of the Affiftance of Phraates King of Parthia ; but hearing that aLeague was made between him and the Romans, he fhortly after fent to defire a Peace. Pompey commanded him to lay down his ,Arms, and deliver up all Deferrers ; which occaiio- T 3 ned U. C. 688. 2 7 8 The Rifloiy. Book IL ned Inch a dangerous Difturbance and Mutiny in Mithridates's Army, that he immediately receded, faying, He only fent to make an Efpial, and evading the Articles, by (wearing, That be wou'd never be re-concil'd to the Romans, becaufe of their infatiable Avarice. Pompey marching into Galatia, there met with Lucullus, and a violent Conteft was rais'd between 'em. The latter affirm'd the War to be already finifh'd, and that the Commiffioners from Rome were to decide it; and when Pompey wou'd not hearken to this, he upbraided him with an unjuft Ambition, Pompey retorting the Charge of immoderate Defire of Gain upon Lucuilm. Lucuilto 'till gave out Commands in his own Name ; but Pompey, by his Edids, forbad 'em, null'd all his Ads, and at laft drew away the greater Part of his Army. Yet Lu-cullus at his Return was receiv'd with great Honour by the Senate, carrying with him among his great Booty many valuable Books, with which he fur-nifh'd a Library that always flood open, to Greeks cfperjally. He much advanc'd the Roman Luxury as to Buildings, Furniture of Hodes, and exceffive feafis , and alfo was the firft that brought the Cherry-Tree out of Pontus into Italy. Mithridates had now gather'd together a very con-fiderable and numerous Army; and Pompey finding how he had wafted all the Country to hinder the Sub-fiflence of his Army, march'd into the lefferAmenia, cubjed to Mithridates, who fearing he might become Mailer of that Country, follow'd him thither. Here Mithridates was in hopes toltarve him, but was difap-pointed with confiderable Lofs, and to his great Sur-prize was (mounded by Pompey with an Intrench-ment of above eighteen Miles in Circuit. Whereupon hearing that Marcius was join'd Pompey, he betook himfelf to flight, having firfi kill'd all Inch as were lick and ufelefs about him. But Pompey purfu'd hint fo clofe, that before he could pats the River Euphra-es, he forc'd him to an Engagement in the Nig-ht. The Chap. XIV. The Co4ttlai- Stirte. 2 .79 The Moon being very low, and on the • Backs of the Romans, fo lengthen'd their Shadows, that the Enemies thinking 'em nigher than really they were, {hot moll of their Arrows without doing Execution, Here Mithridates loft many Thousands of Men but he himfelf broke through with 80o Honk, of which only 3eo ftay'd with him. Then forrow-fully wandring through the Woods with his Horfe in his Hand, he accidentally met with tome Mercenaries, and about 3 000 Foot, by whole Affiflance he was convey'd into a Cattle where he had laid up much Treafure. From hence he fent to 77._crane5, who now refus'd to receive him, alledging that his Son upon his Account had rebelled againfl him. Whereupon NIithridates fled to Cokhis, which he had formerly conquer'd, and Pompey follow'd him, thinking he wou'd not have flirr'd thence; but he immediately pafs'd into Scythia, where, partly by I orce, and partly by Perfuafions, he oblig d the Princes of that Country to be of his Party, bellowing his Daughters in Marriage upon Tome of 'em, having Defigns in his Mind, even of pafling thro' Thrace, Macedonia, Pannonia, and fo ever the Alps into Italy itfelf. Pompey in a short time left Colchis, and getting clear of the Ambufcades laid for him by the Albanians and Iberians, direded his March to Armenia againft Ti-granes, who now refolv'd not to fight, upon the Account of the Rebellion of his three Sons he had by ii4ithridates'sDaughter, two of which he had executed, and the third after an Overthrow had fled to Pompey. Tiganes's Ambafl'adors coming to defire a Peace, this Son fo far prevail'd, that they could not be heard. Shortly after Pompey inverted the City Artaxata, which Tigranes immediately ferrender'd, and ihort-ly after came himself into Pompey's Camp, making him Mediator between him and his Son, who wou'd not fo much as arife up to his Father, or flew him any Refpet whatfoever. But Pompey receiv'd T 4 him  280 1i3eTvman Iliftory. Book II him with extraordinary Civility, allowing him the greateft part of his former Dominions, and his Son the teft ; but took away all his Conquells, and fin'd him 6000 Talents of Silver for the Charge of the War. Tigranes was by thefe Articles ob:ig'd to quit many conquer 'd Territories, particular:y all Syria and Phcenicia, and Euphrates to the Sea ; but his Son was fill very refra&ory, refuting Obedience, and threatning the Death of his Father, for which he was Phut up in Prifon by Pompey, and referv'd for a Triumph ; and not long afterwards he was put to Death. Tigranes being now reconcil'd to the Romans, paid more than his Fine, and made Prefents to every Officer and Soldier, for which he was efteem'd a Friend and Ally of the Romans. Pompey re-fior'd Coppadocia to Ariobarzanes, giving him alto Gor-diena and Sophcna, with Cabala a City of Cilicia, and other Places; after which, with Tome Oppofition, he confi.rain'd the Albanians and Iberians to beg Peace. C. Thus profperous was this great Commander,who 689. fill defign'd larger and more glorious Conqueits ; and therefore palling over the van Mount Taurus, he march'd againft Darius the Median, and Antiochus King of Syria, for molefting the Roman Allies, or airing their Enemies. Whereupon Phraates King of Parthia, who had been call'd into Gordiena by 7igranes's Son, terrify'd at his great Exploits, fent to beg Peace of him, which he granted not, but fent Afraneus into Gordiena, to expel his Forces, and re-ftore that Country to Tigranes. Phraates upon this invading Armenia, Tigranes fent to Pompey for Succour, who being unwilling to commence a War with Phraates without pofitive Orders from Rome, fent three Commiffioncrs to make an Accommodation. But for Antiochus, to whom Lucullus had granted Syria for his Inheritance, he firft intended to betake himfelf to the Affiflance of Phraates ; but upon mature Deliberation, lie refolved to yield Iiimfelf to Pompey's Gencrofity. But Pompey having now Chap. XIV. The Confitlai- State. 28 I now poffefs'd himfelf of all his Country without Refinance, refus'd to grant him what he expeated, and what he knew he was unable to keep from the Incurfions of the 7ews and Arabians on both fides of him. And the better to excufe himfelf, told him, That face the Romans had been at fitch Charges and Pains to conquer Tigranes, it wou'd be unreafon-able that the Reward /hou'd fail to another. Therefore he only allow'd him that Part of Syria call'd Coma-gena ; and in a ihort time after, extending his Con-quefts farther over the 1tureans and Arabians, he reduc'd all Syria into a Roman Province. The time that Pompey was proceeding in there fuccefsful Expeditions, Mithridates fent to him to defire Peace ; but being order'd to come to him himfelf, he refus'd it, and proceeded in his Preparations for War : After which many of his Places revolted, and many of his Friends, with one of his Sons, were executed upon that account. Yet dill he defign'd to pats into Europe, there to join with the Gauls, and invade Italy ; but the Unwillingnefs of his Soldiers to this difficult Expedition, and the rebellious Deigns of his Son Pharnacer, caus'd his Army's Revolt and his Ruin, his Son being lhortly after faluted King. Mithridates, now under Confinement, fixing this from an upper Room, fent to his Son to ask Leave to depart, but in vain, who bidding his Father die, he cry'd out with many bit.-ter Imprecations, That he might one Day hear the fame Fords from his own Children ! Then coming down to his Wives, Daughters, and Concubines, he gave 'em all Poifon, and fearing to be deliver'd up to the Romans, he took fome himfelf ; but having much us'd his Body to Antidotes, particularly to that fort which fill goes by his Name, the Poilon wou'd not operate, whereupon he wounded him-felf ; but that not difpatching him loon enough, he call'd to one Bitaus a Gaul, who got in through the broken Wall ; and by his Hands he dy'd. Thus Oly, Book fell Mithridates, a Man who, fometim.es in Fortune, and at all times in Courage, was of the higheft Rank ; in Dire&ion a skilful Commander, in Execution a great Soldier, and in Hatred to the Romans a fecond Hannibal, having made longer Oppofition than he. And thus ended the Mithridatick War, after twenty five Years, and eleven fince it WI broke out; a War, which in the beginning happen'd to be dangerous to the Roman State, as creating other Mif-chiefs, but in the end prov'd very glorious and ad - vantageous to it, by the addition not only of all Mithridates's Dominions, but likewife of many other rich Countries in Afia. Pompey, when the News of Mithridates's Death was brought to him, was near yericho, marching towards yerufalent againft Ariflobulm King of yudaw, who had depos'd his elder Brother Hyrcanus, and nfurp'd his Kingdom. Hyrcanus complain'd of his Brother to Pompey at Damafcus, who likewife came thither to vindicate himfelf. Pompey treated 'em both very civilly, promifing 'em to come into their Country, and fettle Matters between 'em, after he had difpatch'd fome other neceffary ,Having there- fore in a fhort time fettled the Affair of Syria, and rduc'd I'ontus into a Roman Province, he return'd to cyuL-a, being much incens'd againit. Artflobulm. He firff cited him to appear before him, and deliver up all his forrify'd Places, which he did with much Regret and Anger, withdrawing himfelf to yeiufakm, to mAie Preparations for a War. Pompey {Ili-peeling his Defigns, immediately march'd after him, which Ariflobulus underflanding, went out to meet him; and tho' the City was enter'd without Oppofition, his Soldiers fortify'd the Temple, and held it out againft Pompey, which caus'd Ariflobulfrts tc) be taken into Curtody. The Temple being very strong by Situation, made a vigorous Defence ; but after three Months Siege, was with much Difficulty and Labour taken, and x 20,zo of the c.jesus cut in pieces, Chap. XIV. 712e Confular State. pieces, the Priefis not negleeling to offer Sacrifices all that time. Pompey, without any Fear, enter'd the Holy of Holies with many Followers, looking on thofe Things which were unlawful for any but the Priefts to behold; however, he fheN.v'd fo much Veneration for the Place, that he forbore touching any thing that was there. He reflor'd Hyrcanus to his Prieflhood and Government, but with a Command never to wear a Diadem, and took Ariflobulm, with him, making all yucLea tributary to Rome. This happen'd in the third Year of his Expedition, and 61 Years before our Saviour's Nativity. IV. While Pompey thus proceeded in his noble Exploits abroad, Rome itfelf was in great Hazard, and very nigh its Ruin, occalion'd by one of the molt dangerous Coufpiracies that had been ever known in the City. It was begun and carry'd on by Sergius Catiline, a Patrician by Defcent, but of a very profligate Life; a Person daring in his Attempts, crafty in his Defigns, greedy of other Men's Properties, prodigal of his own; one, who had been accus'd of debauching a Veflal Virgin, and fufpeeted of murdering his Son for the Love of another Woman. This Perron having contraaed vail Debts by the Loofe-nefs of his Life, grew defperate, and fought for nothing but Power and Authority, and if it were pof-fible the Sovereignty over all ; but his Defigns being fufpeEted, he twice receiv'd a Repulfe in flanding for the Confulfhip. This laft time it was carry'd from him by Cicero, whom he therefore fcurriloufly abus'd as an Upftart and Foreigner, as being but of the Equeflrian Order, and born in Apulia, and offer'd to kill him in the Comitia. The miffing of his De-figns drove him into the utmoft Rage and Fury, and brought him into that Plot, in which he had formerly been engag'd with Pifo, for the Deflruetion of his Country. Aureli:'i Cotta and Manlius Torquatus, who before had mifs'd of the Confitpip for want of competent 283 4 77,e 1 oman Ilittoiy. Book competent Bribes alfo join'd with him, and afrefh plotted the Ruin of the Confuls. and Senate, the Burning of the City, and Overthrow of the State ; as likewife did Lentulas, Cethegus, and many other inferior Perfons of debauch'd and infamous Lives. Cethegus and Lentulus were both Praetors ; and the latter, who formerly had been Conful, was mov'd to this Defign by a vain Confidence lie had in the Si-Zylline Oracles, which he laid portended, That the ,Sovereign Power jhou'd be in the Hands of the Cornelii, itamely, Sylla, Cinna, and himfelf. This Confpiracy was carry'd on with the greateft Secrefy imaginable, their Numbers daily increafing, among which were feveral Women, who by profti-tuting themfelves had been maintain'd after a prodigious rate ; but afterwards decay of Beauty limiting their Gains, tho' not-their Luxury, had greatly run them in Debt. Notwithilanding all their Care of concealing this horrid Defign, it was difcover'd by the means of 0 Curius, one of the Roti.ers, a degraded Senator, who neither cou'd contain theSecrets he had heard, nor the Crimes he had committed ; but im,ru-dently relating all to one Fulvia iris Cmrteran, fhc discover'd it to Cicero, who was now (:or f,).-. Cicero, by examining of thefe two, fw.m.d oat the w hole Matter, how often, and where they met, and what Deigns they had in hand, parcicit,irly his own Defiru-tion to be brought about by Vafguiitejus a Senator, and Cornelius a &night, under Pretence of a friendly Via. Cicero, with great Diligence and Care, appointed Guards in feveral Parts of the City, and immediately after call'd the Senate to the Temple of Caworcl, to confult what was bell to be done in this time of Danger. Great Rewards were promis'd to any who ihou'd make any farther Diccovcry of this hack Confpiracy, and the whole City was in a great Confiernation, all in a flurry, all in a Fear, not imowing whom to truil, or where to be fecure, ei-rher in War or Peace ; but every one meafaring his Danger by his Fears. The Chap .X1V . The Confular State. 2 The Senate being now affembled, Catiline, to Phew how well he cou'd diffemble, or to juftify himfelf, went boldly thither ; but none of the Senators wou'd come near him, the Place where he fat being wholly void. Whereupon Cicero, either• dreading his Prefence, or incens'd at his Boldnels, flood up, and made a fevere inveaive Speech againft him, openly manifefting his Crimes, which were both numerous and notorious, and laying, Did that moll honourable Perfon Scipio Nafica flay his own Kinf-man Tib. Gracchus for a flight Diflurbance of the City; and /hall we, Confuls, tamely fuffer a Perfon endeavouring to lay the World defolate with Slaughter and Defiru-Hion ? He farther commanded him to leave the Town, concluding with wifhing Confufion and De-firuetion to him and all his Accomplices. Upon his fitting down, Catiline, well prepared with all manner of Artifice and Diffimulation, with a deje-Cted Countenance, and fuppliant Tone, befought the Fathers, not over-rafhly to credit vain Reports concerning him ; nor to believe that a Perfon of his Rank, whole own, and whole Anceflors Services had been fo remarkably beneficial, flood in need of a ruin'd Common-wealth ; concluding with many fcurrilous Refledions upon Cicero ; which not being hearkened to by the Senate, he left the Houle in a great Rage, breathing out Ruin and Deftru&ion to all his Enemies. He left the City late at Night with 30o arm'd Men, and Liaors with Axes and Fafces before him like a Ma-giftrate, and retir'd into Hetruria, gathering together Soldiers all the way, intending to return to the City, which he had order'd Lentulus and Cethegus to lay in Afhes at an appointed time. In the mean time the Ambaffadors of the Allobroges, now in Town,were alto perfuaded to flir up the Gauls againft the Commonwealth; but declaring their De-figns to Fabius Sanga their Patron, it came fhortly to Cicero's Ear, and fo was prevented. The Day after icatiline's Departure, Cicero fummon'd thePeople, and made 2 8 6 The Doman Hiflory. Book IL made a fecond Oration to 'em, where he congratulated the People and Commonwealth for being freed from fo infamous a Perfon; and encourag'd 'em, by reprefenting the Forces of that Rebel as both fmall and inconfiderable. Upon this the Senate judged Catiline an Enemy to the State, and likewife Manlius who had join'd him in Hetruria ; Lentulus alfo was depriv'd of his Office of Pralor, by whom the Am-baffadors had been perfuaded over, who confefs'd that they had often heard him make his Conje&ures from the Sibylline Oracles. Cicero fhortly after fum-mon'd the People again, and made another Oration to 'em, wherein he reported the Particulars of the Difcovery, with the Arraignment and Conviaion of many of the Confpirators. Lentulus, Cethegus, Sta-tilius, Caffius, and feveral others being now fecur'd, Cicero call d the Senate, and propounded to the Fathers to confider what was to be done with the Pri-foners : But while the Senate was fitting, great Di-ilurbances arofe in the City ; for the Slaves and Dependents of Lentulus and Cethegus had gather'd together a great Number of Artificers and Rabble, who endeavour'd to break in upon the back-fide of the Pretor's Houfe, and relcue the Prifoners. Upon Notice of this, Cicero left the Senate-houle, and appointing a Watch and fufficient Guards, return'd, asking the Opinions of the Senators. Now a great Debate arofe concerning the Punifn-ment of the Prifoners: Silanttis, defign'd Confal for the next Year, being firil ask'd his Opinion, according to Cullom, was for putting 'em to Death, as were feveral others, till Nero diffuaded it, and YU- Cafar Ilanding up, in a plaufible Speech, pleaded much for Mercy, and difapprov'd of Death as an irregular Way of proceeding, fpeaking to this effe& If any Punithment might be found to equalize their Faults, then I 17.)ou'd approve your Delign ; but if the vafinefs of their Crimes furpalles all cur Inventions, we ought to make ufe of fucb co the Law provides : The 1 nutfl con- fefi Chap. XIV. The Confular State. fefs that all the Tortures in the World are inferior to their ()fences ; yet moll Men (lid remember what comes 141, and in the Sufferings of the moll Inipioas, forget the Fad, and difcourfe of nothing but the Punijhment, if more fevere than ordinary : And /ince the Porcian Law only punifhes Capital Offenders with Exile, we ought not to bring in Innovations ; for certainly their Wifdom and Virtue was greater, who rais'd fo vaft an Empire from fuch fmall Beginnings, than ours, who can hardly preferve what they Jo bravely won. Cafar's Advice was likely enough to have taken, till Poreigs Cato, Grandfon to the great Moralift, flood up, and with force Heat op-pos'd him, faying, That he had never pardon'd in him-ftlf the leaf! Error of his own Thoughts, and therefore cou'd not eafily forgive the Mifdemeanors of a turbulent Paffion and Ambition in others. That among the ancient Romans, Manlius Torquatus had caus'd his own Son to be put to death only for fighting the Enemy contrary to his Command : And if that valiant Youth was fo feverely chafiii'd for his over-hafly Courage, Pall the prefent Generation hefitate what to decree againfl the moll bloody of Parricides, and the greatefl Monflers of Mankind? Cicero after thefe Speeches made one himfelf,which was his fourth upon this Occation, wherein he with a cunning fort of Mildnefs and Ambiguity inclin'd to Cato's fide, telling them, That his Earneflnefs did not proceed from any Malice or Anger, but from a fingu-lar Tendernefs and Compaffion: That they ought to confider, that it was not T. Gracchus, who requir'd a fecund Tribunefhip, nor C. Gracchus, who claim'd the pub-lick Lands, nor yet Saturninus, who flew Memmius, that was to be card in queflion ; but Burners of the City, Murderers or the People, and Affillants of Catiline him-felf : And likewife that this Mifchief was already clitrus'd over all Italy; and beyond the Alps, and therefore im-poffible to be crufh'd with Forbearance and Delays. By Cicero's Speech the Senate was induc'd to put 'cm all to Death, which the Conful fay., executed before the floufe arofe ; but Cafar's Mildnefs and peculiar Manage- 2 87 288 The Zoman Book It. Management in this Affair, made feveral fufpe& he himfelf had fome hand in the Confpiracy. As for Catiline himfelf, he was thortly after overtaken by C. Antonius, Cicero's Collegue, nigh the Alps, as he was paffing into Gaul to compleat his Levies ; where engaging obftinately, he was Clain; but his Men defperately fought it out to the WI, and fcarce any of 'em remain'd to be taken, or were found out of their Places when dead. Thus was this moil dangerous Confpiracy quafifd, chiefly by the Vigilance and Diligence of Cicero the Conful. Publick Thanks were given him for his great Care and Pains ; and, at the Inftance of Cato, he was &if of all others ftil'd Father of his Country, and that with loud Acclamations of the People, who faid, Thate indeed they were indebted to feveralCom-manders of that Age, for Riches, Spoils, and Power ; yet it was to Cicero alone that they ow'd the Safety and Security of all t.efe Bleffings. U. C. V. After there Difturbances were over, the Affairs 692. of Rome were in a much more quiet Pofture ; but neither Catifine's Defeat nor Death was fufficient to fettle the City in a firm and 'ailing Peace, but fill fhe lay expos'd to the finifter Deigns which fome more ambitious Senators than the ref were always forming againfl her Liberty : Nor could their Inclinations of that kind meet with greater Temptations, fence the gaining of this only City mull carry with it fo great a Part of the World. And now it was that Cafar began to make a greater Appearance in Rome than ever, being this Year made Prator. He had before gone thro' the two Offices of Qyalior and YE-dile, in the latter of which, by his Magnificence in Shews and Buildings, he had acquitted himfelf with much Reputation,having alfo the Advantage of being defeended from one of the molt Illuflrious Families in Rome. He afterwards flood for the High-Priefl-hood, and, by his great Liberality, carry'd it from two of Chap. XIV. The confular State. 2 89 of the moil powerful Men in Rome, and his Seniors; and fcarce any Man in the City was more remarkable, either for the Freenefs of his Pfelencs, or the Largenefs of his Bribes. He was now aso arriv'd at a very high Degree in Learning, as well. as an admirable Skill in Eloquence, having already difputed the Prize with the molt famous Orators, and fcarce any thing appear'd impoffible for his great Genini to undertake. Little was pert orm'd by him during this time of his Pi-gtoribip, bides compofing Tome Dfflurbances occation'd by one Ciodiktz, a young Man of a Noble Family, but OE a fcandalous Life, who being in Love with Cafar's Wife Pompeia, had in a Woman's Hibit enter'd his Houle in the time of a particular Fefli-val, when only Women were permitted to be pre-fent. This brought Clodius into much Trouble and Danger, for prophaning thole facred In itu= tions, and caus'd Cafar to put away his Wife privately ; who being ask'd the Reafon, Paid, He did not believe her guilty ; but CxCar's Wife oaght to pre-ferve her felf from the Sufpicion, as well as the Guilt of the Crime. The violent Heats, and the Parties, with the Faaions and Divifions, upon this and other Occa-fions, fufficiently fhew'd, that the State was ready for a Change, and liable to become a Prey to Men of the greateft Power and Ambition. This Cafar well knew, and thought of nothing fo much, as the Greatnefs of Pompey, and of furpaffing, or at leaft equalizing him in the Honour of his Exploits. Therefore, upon the expiring of his Prator-'hip, he procur'd the Government of Spain ; but having contraaed extraordinary 1.ebts by his too bountiful Way of Living, he was retarded in his journey by the Profecution of his Creditors. Whereupon he was forc'd to apply himfelf to Crew, a Perfon of vaft Riches, of great Wit and Eloquence, and of no contemptible Valour ; who bonz Z9 0 The Boman Hiftory. Book II. being wrought upon by the Importunities of his Wife Tertuila, one who no leis lov'd Cafar than Cludius did Pompein, became Security for 83o Talents. It was in this Government that Cafar viewing the Statue of Alexander at Gades, wept to think, That he had done nothing Great and Memorable, at an Age wherein that Prince had conquer'd the World. And he gave indeed fullicient Marks of his Bravery and Del-ire of Glory ; for inftead of fulpencl-ing his Time in bare Adminifiration of juftice, he pierc'd with his Arms farther into the Country, fubduing feveral Nations before untouch'd, and col-leated together fo valt a Treafure to himfelf, in the Name of the Commonwealth, as enabled him afterwards to imitate that Alexander, whom. he fo juftly admir'd. Shortly after Cafar's Departure for Spain, Pompey, after a five Year's Expedition , ranted to. Rome, cover'd. with Glories for his mighty Exploits and great Conquefts : He had, upon his Arrival into Italy, fent back his Troops, to prevent fuch Sufpicions as might arife from his appearing at the Head of an Army, fo that he obtain'd the Honour of a Triumph with a general Applaufe ; and with fo much more Splendour and Magnificence, in regard that he now triumph'd over another third Part of the World, after his receiving the fame Honour for the Conqueft of two Parts of it before. The Triumph hafted two Days, and yet they were much ftreighten'd for Time, and therein were expos'd the Names of 15 conquer'd Kingdoms, and Boo Cities, with the Re-peopling of 2 9 , and moo Caftles. Among the Prifoners led in Triumph, appear'd the Son of Tigranes King of Armenia, with his Wife and Daughter ' • as alfo Zoz,ima, the Wife of King ii-granes himfelf, and Ariflobulus King of Yulea ; the Sifter of King Mithridates, with her five Sons, and fome Ladies of Scythia. There were likewife the Ho-! Chap. XIV. The Conic,liar State, 291 Hoftages of the Albanians and Iberians, with thole of the King of Comagena ; betides a vaft Number of Trophies, anfwering dire&ly to each particular Battel wherein he was Conqueror. The Gold, Silver and Jewels, that made up Part of this Publick Pomp, amounted to the Value of z0000 Talents, which is 3740000 Pounds of our Money. He made it appear by an Account plainly fated, That he had advanc'd and improv'd the whole Revenue of the Commonwealth 120000 Talents, being above one third Part, by this Expedition, without mentioning thofe large Sums he had difiributed among his Men, whereof the meaneft Soldier's Share was nigh forty Pounds. Pompey, tho' he had obtain'd vaft Honour of the Senate, yet was much fear'd and hated by many, as appear'd by the great Oppofition he met with fhortly after, in his demanding a Confirmation of all that he had tranfaaed in Afia, and certain Lands for a Reward for his Soldiers He had already prevail'd by his Credit in the EleEtion of both the Confuls , Metellus Creticus and Africanus ; but in d fliort time found himfelf miflaken in his Choice : For Africanus being wholly given to his Pleafure , never acquired much Authority in the Senate ; and Metellus cancell'd all former Obligations, upon the Account of the Difgrace that was fent to his Sifter Mutia, whom Pompey had put away upon Sufpicion of her too great Familiarity with Calm,. Cato, on the other fide, fet all his Power againft the Inte-refis of Pompey, and Lucullus did the like, de-firing , and obtaining of the Senate, that thole Decrees of his which Pompey had formerly repeal'd might be in force, and that thole made in reference to the conquer'd Countries might be null'd, and withal ftopp'd his intended Law for rewarding his Soldiers. Pompey, upon this Ufage, apply'd him-felf to the Tribunes, (which Office he and Cafar had U z re- zg zoman Hiftorj. Book II. reflor'd after Sylla had put it down) one of which, by Name Flavin's, propos'd the Law for the Reward of the Soldiers. Metellas the Conful oppos'd it very fharply, tiil the Conteft arifiq,, even to Blows and Bloodfhed, the Tribune caus'd Metellm to be fent to Prifon ; and when the whole Body of the Senate offer'd to make themfelves Prifoners with him, Flavika plac'd his Tribunal at the Pri-fon-Door, and forbad 'em Entrance. Upon which the Fathers caus'd the Walls to be broken down in another Place ; and the Conflancy of the Senate began to (hake the Refolution of the People, who always judg'd. of Things by their outward Appearances. This Pompey quickly perceiv'd, and defir'd the Tribunes to accommodate the Matter, pretending Commiffion from Illetellm for his fo doing; now too late repenting his inconfiderate leaving his Army, and expofing himfelf to his Enemies Hatred. At the fame time Cafar return'd from Spain, the Eledion of new Confuls being at hand Cafar had good Intelligence of all thefe Diflur-bances, and the Reafons of Pompey's Diffatisfaaion, fo that he now refolv'd either to improve his own Authority with the Senate, or find a good Opportunity of quitting their Intereff. His Services in Spain had fufficiently deferv'd a Triumph; wherefore he defir'd it of the Senate, declaring at the fame time his Defign alfo of {landing for the Confu/Ap. Now thefe Defires were inconfiflent; for the Law forbad Entrance into the City to any one who defir'd a Triumph ; and requir'd alfo, that whoever fu'd for the Confulfhip, fhou'd do it in his proper Perfon. Cafar therefore wrote to the Senate, defiring that thefe Formalities might be dirpens'd withal; but Cato flood up for the maintaining the Laws to their utmoft Rigour, and his Opinion prevail'd ; fo that Cetfar chore to decline his Triumph ; and went to Rome and flood for the Con- Chap. XIV. Tbe Confular State. 2 Confulfhip, which Honour he very eagerly pur-fu'd. And well underita,nding Pompey's Credit, and his Quarrel to the Senate, this he thought a fit Conjunature to engage himfelf into his lrlterefts. Pompey on the other fide was no lefs pleas'd to gain a Man of fuch extraordinary Merit, efpecially when Cafar promis'd him to confirm all his Acts, if he could procure him to be eleded ; where. upon a clofe Agreement was made between 'em. After this, Cafar made it his Bafinefs to bring his Friend Craffm into the League, who finding his own intereit was weak feparately, was early per-fuaded to join with 'em, and a former Breach between him and Pompey was wholly accommodated. Th4se three made a firm Combination, or Confpi-racy, That nothing ffiou'd be dine in the Commonwealth againfi any of their Interefis or Approbations, which they molt folemnly confirm'd with mutual Oaths and Promifes. This was the firft Great Triumvirate, which prov'd the Overthrow of the Confular and Popular State, being a Combination of three of the greateft Men in Rome, either for Valour, Authority, or Riches, Pompey being then about 47 Years of Age, and Cafar 40. Thus Rome loft her Liberty, after the had flou-rifh'd many rears in a wonderful Grandeur, occa-fion'd wholly by the numerous Abufes, and notorious Corruptions in her Government and Inhabitants, which fhortly after plung'd her into greater Miferies than ever the felt before. This remarkable Union happen'd in the 694th Year of the City, A. M. 3945, in the firft Year of the i8oth Olympiad, 449 Years fince the Beginning of the Con- fular State, 33o fince the burning of Rome by the Gauls, 270 fince the Beginning of the Macedonian Empire by Alexander the Great, 86 fince the De- ftru&ion of Carthage, and 58 before our Saviour's Nativity, the Roman Dominions containing now U3 all 93 294 The °manilory. Book H. all Italy, all Cifalpine Gaul, and Part of the other, all Spain and Africk, all Greece and kyricum, all the Kingdoms in Afia Minor, with Armenia, Melo-potamia,Media, Syria, and yaw, and many Iflands betides. The End of the Second Book. T 1i E 295 THE Roman Hiftory. BOOK III. The Mix'd State of R 0 M E, from the Beginning of the Filft Triumvirate, to the perfeEt Settlement of the Empire. Containing the Space of 33 Tears. CHAP. I. From the Beginning of the firfl Triumvirate, to the Death of Crairus, one of the Combination; which broke and divided that Tarty. Containing the Space of 7 Tears. I. t.,„_ H E Senate of Rome was now arried U. C. to an extraordinary Height, whether 694. we confider the Extent and Fruitful- The nets of its Dominions, the Strength Tr:ennn-and Power of its Arms, the Fame and Valour of its Commanders, the Abundance and Largenefs of its Revenues, the Compafs and Magnificence of its City, and the Numbers and Riches, as well as Learning and Politenefs of its Inhabitants; U 4 but 296 The Toman iliftory. Book III, but fill it wanted confiderably of that Glory and Grandeur, as to Dominions, and much more of that Qttiet and Serenenefs as to Settlement, it had not long after in Augufius's Reign. For now the State was full of Fattions and Divifions, Briberies and Corruptions, and likewife Feuds and Jealoufies, fince the joining of three fuch potent Men as Cafar, Porn-fey, and Crabs, which caus'd many to fear the Downfal of their ancient Liberties ; and that their Fears were not groundlefs, fufficiently appear'd by the Event. The firft Effeat of this Triumvirate was the promoting of Cala}, to the Confulfhip, Pompey and Craffus employing all their Intereft therein : He had two Competitors, Lucerius and Bibuith-; the former a covetous, tho' rich Man, was taken off by large Promifes, and brib'd to procure what Voices he cou'd for Cafar. The Senators, refolving to have Eibaus one of the Confals, made great ColleEtions among themfelves, and gave as much on their fide. Even Cato, as rigid as he was, was perfuaded that the Law which forbad all manner of Bribery on thefe Occafions, ought, in fuch a Cafe, to be dif-pens'd withal, when the Intereft of the Commonwealth fo much requir'd it; fo by that means Bi-bulus was at laft chofen Conful with Cafar. V. C. The firft thing Cafar did in his Office,was his con- 595. firming all Pompey's A&s, according to Agreement, and from that time he wholly apply'dhimfelf to gain the Favour of the Commons : And the better to ef-feet it, he preferr'd a Law for dividing certain Lands in Campania among fuch of the poor Citizens as had three Children or more. This Propofal much pleas'd the Commons, and Cafar had taken the molt proper Methods to make it pats; for the Law was drawn up in Terms fo very juft and reafonable, that no Man cou'd find fatit with it. He declar'd to the Senators, That be wou'd do nothing without their Authority, nor pro-tofe any of his Friends for Comm;ifioners, or any Man who met be liable to St fpicion; but that they Aou'd be all Per fans Chap. I. The Mix d State. Perfons of known Reputation and Abilities. This plaufi-ble and cautious way of proceeding, hardly left any room for Contradittion ; but bill the Senate, that they might hinder the Law, and yet not feem t oppofe it, adjourn'd the Affair from Day to Day till at lalt Cato plainly and publickly declar'd, That theft Charges in State were not to be permitted ; after Login all the Senate likewife declar'd themfelves to be ot the fame Opinion. Whereupon Cafar immediate y had recourfe to the People, much complain.. ing to them of the lnjuitice and Stubbornnefs of the S a taking allo Pompey and Craffits along with rnm, whole Opinions he publickly ask'd concerning th.s Law. They both approv'd of it ; and Pompey further declar'd ,7 hat if fuch cu oppos' d it fhould come with their Swads in their Hands, he wou'd meet their Swords, rind bring a Buckler with him befides : Whereupon a Day was appointed for the Publication of this Law. At the appointed Day, the People gather'd together in great Numbers, and in fpight of all Oppofi-tion, drove Cato and Bibuipts himfelf with Stones and Clubs from off the Place ; the Conful's Axes were broken in pieces, and the People approving the Ordinance, declar'd they would have all the Senators fwear to the Obfervation of it. Almoft all took this Oath, except Cato, IVIetellus, and Favonius, and they too, at laft, after much Oppofition, took it, to fave their Fines, and likewife their Lives: For Cafar had caus'd the People to Make it Capital for any one to refufe it. Cafar made little ufe of the Senate after that, and from that time his Collegue Bibulus never duril appear in Publick, but kept himfelf at home for the remaining part of the Year. This forcible way of proceeding extremely alarm'd thy Senate, every body laughing at their Idlenefs and Negligence,; and at the Head of thofe Atfs, where the Names of the Confuls us'd to be infcrib'd, fome unknown Perfon, inftead of Cafar and Bibulus, wrote Caius Cafar and 5oligs Cafar, to Illew that Cetiqr govern'd alone. 197 29 8 The comma Iliflory. Book III. Calm' having freed himfelf from his Collegue, began chiefly to apply himfelf to the Equites or Knights,who much courted him; and having farm'd the Cuftoms, defir'd an Abatement of theRent. The Senate refus'd to remit any thing ; but he shortly after procur'd the People to abate a third Part. By this and other ways of gratifying the common Sort, he perfuaded 'em to decree the Province of Gaul to him for five Years, with four Legions; for he defir'd nothing fo much as performing great Exploits ; and the remaining Part of the Year he fpent in endeavouring to eftablifh his Intereft for the time to come. Therefore knowing how confiderable a Perfon Pompey was, to bind him the more lirongly, he gave him his Daughter 3tulia in Marriage, a very virtuous and beautiful Lady. He likewife took care that his two Friends Gabinius and Pita fhould be prick'd for the following Year's Con-fuls ; the latter of which had lately given him his Daughter Calpurnia. Clodius he procur'd to be one of the Tribunes, notwithfianding his former Affront, be-caufe he knew him to be an Enemy to Cicero, whole Oration againft Cafar, in pleading for C. Antonius, had gain'd him the Hatred of the Triumvirate. And having fettled Afiirs thus, and finifh'd his Confu/fhip, he departed for Gaul, with fome Precipitation, in regard he was threaten'd to be call'd to account for his Condu6t in his Confu/Aip ; and tho' fome of the Tribunes prevented his publick Cenfure, they cou'd not fecure his Qya://or from Condemnation. In Cafar's Abfence, Pompey and Crabs were not idle, and the former had fill'd the City with Soldiers ; and (ince both the Confuls were of that Party, the Senate's Authority was much weaken'd. But Clodigs beftirr'd himfelf more than any ; a Man fo ambitious of the Tribunej'hip, that he procur'd him-felf to be adopted by a Plebeian, becaufe he was un-capable of holding of it before. Cicero immediately perceiv'd that his Ruin was aim'd at; and his chief& Hope was in Pompey, who had always /hewn him- .: felf Chap. I. heMix'd State. felf his Friend • but Pompey had now facrified-all to the Interefts of Cafar and Craffm, and had lately been extremely of ended with Cicero for his eternal Itch he had to be jesting. Pompey nevercheless al-fur'd him of his Protee-tion, and Calar had of-feed to make him his Lieutenant in his Galiick Expedition, to which Employment he had a ft,-ong inclination; but Pompey advis'd him not to leave Rome, and Clo-dim found force Artifice to delude him with faife Hopes of Reconciliation, that he might be confounded and born down, belore he was fufficiently fenfible of his Danger. In fhort, all the World con-fpir'd to deceive him; and that piercing Judgment and Qficknefs of Apprehenfion he us'd fo much to value himfelf upon, which became altogether unfer-viceable to him now, and he cou'd find no way to avoid the Blow when it came. Clodius, by his Di-fiributions of Corn among the Poor, daily grew higher in the Favour of the People, and afterwards preferr'd a Law to forbid Water and Fire to any who had put to death any Roman Citizen unheard, which amounted to as much as Banifliment. Now all Perfons faw the Danger which threaten'd Cicero; all his former Confiancy forfook him, and he went up and down the City, folliciting his Cause, in mourning Robes, long Beard, and unregarded Hair, attended by 20000 Equites, fupplicating in his behalf, befides many young Noblemen, whom he had taught the Rules of Eloquence, among which were the very Sons of Crem. But Clodius aill follow'd with a Party of Soldiers, infulting and jeering him with the poornefs of his Spirit, till they alma came to throwing of Stones at each other. But the Refped to the Sacrofana Office hinder'd Cicero's fide from returning the Injuries; yet neverthelefs the Senators defign'd to order a general Mourning ; but the Confuls that Debate, and Clodius fummon'd 'em all to appear before the People, where Pifo only Paid, He took no Delight in Cruelty; but Gabinius immediately con-demn'd 299 3 00 The Zoman Hifto;y. Book M. demn'd what Cicero had done as to Catiline's Con-fpiracy. Cicero's !aft Retreat was Pompey's Favour, who was able enough to have done him Service, but he wou'd have nothing to do in the matter ; and when Cicero came to prefer his Caufe to him, he flipt out at a back Door to avoid feeing him. He found himfelf now reduc'd to the laft Neceffity of taking up Arms for his Defence, which he might have done fuccefsfully enough : but not being able to bear the Biood-fhed of his Country-men, he re-folv'd, upon the Advice of Cam, and the reft of his Friends, to withdraw himfelf : So he left Rome in the Night-time, and went to Sicily. After his Retreat Clodius caus'd him to be banifh'd by the Votes of the People 400 Miles from Itcey, demolifhing his Villages and his Houle, on the Plat whereon he built a Temple to Liberty, and fet his Goods to Sale. Cato was shortly after, by Clodius's means, fent away, under Pretence of doing him Honour, .3 :;•ainft Ptolemy King of Cyprus ; Lucullus had retied himfelf from the City, and Craffits minded only his private Affairs : So that now the greateft Part of the Government of the City feem'd to lie between Pompey and Clodifro. U C. II. During thefe Tranfa&ions in the City, Cerfar 696. was extraordinary bufy and diligent in his Expedition, by which he propos'd raft Ends and Advantages to himfelf, having not only Cifalpine Gaul allotted him, but the other alfo, which comprehended all that fpace of Land, which is now call'd France, with a great Part of the Low-Countries, and rome of Germany. His firft Enterprize was a..cainfl the Helve-tians, who had wholly abandon'd their Country, burnt down their Towns and Houfes, defiroy'd their Provifions, and were marching into Gaul thro' his Province, to the number of above 300000 of ail forts. Cafar, upon Intelligence of this, haften'd to Geneva, and broke down the Bridge there; which caus'd'em to fend to him, and defire to pats that way with- out Chap I. The Mix'd State. out Molefiation. But Cafar refolving not to grant em Paffage, delay'd anfwering till he could gather all his Troops together, in which fpace he threw up a large Iutrenchment from the Lake of Geneva to Mount yura, I 2. Miles long, which forc'd 'em to turn afide, and enter Gaul by the way of Sequania. Cafar foliow'd them with great Diligence, and defeating a confiderable Party of 'cm, they fait a le-cond time to defire a Treaty ; but that breaking ofl upon the account of great Demands on Loth fides, 4000 of Cafar's Cavalry were rcpuls'd by Freffing too forward upon 'em. lit.t they dearly paid for this Advantage ; for Cafar, after obferving their Motions a-while, eafily drew 'em to a general Bat-tel, wherein they were intirely defeated, and not above i i0000 remain'd of their whole Number, their Wives and Children desperately fighting among the Carriages, till they were cut in pieces. Cxfar crown d his Victory with a more glorious Action, by gathering all who had efcap'd, and fending of 'em all in Safety into their own Countries. Cafar resolving not to continue without Anion while the Seafon permitted, immediately turn'd his Forces againft Ariovifins, King of the Germans, who had feiz'd on the bell Part of Sequania, and ufed the Inhabitants with intolerable Severities and Oppref-lions. The Sequanians being Roman Allies, humbly begg'd Affiflance of Cafar, as a Man of undoubted Renown and Valour, who firft fent to Arioviflus without Succefs, and at IA came to a perfonal Interview, where Ariovifim's haughty Language, and the Treachery of Tome of his Troops, brought both Armies to a Battel fhortly after. Upon the nigh Approach of Cafar, Ariovfius was much difhearten'd; for fee-ing the Romans coming fearlefly to engage the Germans, whom he imagin'd they could never withfiand, it was fo unexpeeled a thing, that he admir'd at Cafar' s Courage, and found his own Army feiz'd with a kind of Conflernation, But what added molt to ; 0 a 302, The 1 oman Hiflog. Book III. to their Fears, was a fuperilitious Fancy rais'd by their Augurs which when Cafar underflood, he immediately attack'd 'em even in their Trenches, and upon the Hill where they were polled, till he fo provok'd 'cm, that they came down with great Fury to the Engagement. But they were all put to the Rout, and he clofely putfu'd 'em for feveral Miles together, as far as the River Rhine, covering all the Way with Spoils and dead Bodies, to the number of 8c000, as fome relate it. Ariovifius him-felf efcap'd in a little Boat with a fmall Retinue, two of his Wives, and as many Daughters being taken Prifoners by Cafar. Thefe two great Wars were dif-patch'd by Cafar in his &II Year sExpedition,which he manag'd with extraordinary Skill and Dexterity. In the beginning of the next Spring, Cafar was alarm'd by a great Confederacy againft the Romans of all the Belga, who inhabited a third Part of Gaul, and were efleem'd the moll powerful People in the whole Country. He hearing that they had rais'd above 280000 Men, direEed his March to 'em with all Speed, and bravely attacking 'em just as they were plundering his Allies, the Gauls, he defeated, and put to flight a mighty Number of 'em ; info-much that the Marfhes and deep Rivers became paffable to the Romans by the prodigious Number of the dead Bodies, as Plutarch relates it. But among feveral Revolters,all that liv'd nigh the Ocean, yielded without fighting ; wherefore he led his Army againfl the Nervians, the moll favage and warlike People in thole Parts. Thefe inhabited a thick woody Country, where bellowing their Children and all their Goods in fome clofe and convenient Place in their Forel}, they set upon Calm, with 60000 Men, before he thought of engaging, or had time to encamp himfelf. They fell on with filch uncommon Fury, that they broke the Roman Cava!ry ; then furrounding the twelfth and feventh Legions, they kill'd all the Officers ; and if C4ar himfelf had not haftily Chap. I. The M'ixe'd State. 3 03 haftily catch'd up a Buckler, and rufh"d thro' his Men into the midfl of the Enemy, and his tenth Legion run in to his Affifiance, and broke the Enemies Ranks, they had been all cut off. But tho' by the Encouragement of Cafar's extraordinary Valour, they fought beyond their Strength, yet all they cou'd do was not fufficient to make the Nervians fly, who obflinately flood their Ground till they were all cut in pieces, not a Thoufand of them being fav'd. This was Cafar's fecond Year's Expedition, and the Renown of his Vidories made him formidable even in Germany, fo that feveral Nations beyond the Rhine fent and labmitted themfelves to him. Upon the News of Cafar's lafl Exploits at Rome, the Senate decreed a folemn eflival for 15 Days, which was a greater Honour than any had receiv'd before him. Not long before which,violent Stirs and Commotions had been rais'd in the City upon the account of Clodius, who, after he had freed himfeif from his Enemies, began to prove an intolerable Plague and Vexation to many of the Nobility, and even to Pompey himfelf; fo that now he found it very much for his Intereft to get Cicero recall'd from his Banifhment. Whereupon he employ'd Milo, one of the Tribunes, and of great Courage, for that purpofe ; and ufing his Interell with many others, the Matter was at laft propounded to the Senate, where it was generally agreed to. But Clodius op-pos'd it with the utmoft Violence ; and when the Matter was propos'd to the Body of the People, and promoted as much as poffible by Milo and his Collegue, Sextus Clodius, affifled by a Party of Gladiators, fuddenly let upon the Multitude, railing the greatefi Diforders imaginable : Many of the People were kill'd, the Tribunes were wounded, and Quintus, Cicero's Erother, was almofl overwhelm'd with dead Bodies, and the reit all fled. After aDay or twos, Mk feiz'd upon Clodius, and carry'd him before the Prector : Whereupon a great Contell arofe, and Clo-diuis Parry, by the A flifiance of Pomp e/s Gladiators, after 3 04 71e Zonian Ilifiory. Book after fome Bloodfhed, were beaten off: Pompey immediately poirefiing 'himfelf of the Forum, pia the People upon giving their Suffrages,wilo with univerfal Content and Applaufe voice Cicero's ReLitution. The Senate likewise decreed Honours to silch Cities as had entertain'd him, and that his Houle and Vi lager Mould be rebuilt at the Publick Charge. So Cicero) after 16 Months Banifhment, return'd greaL Pomp and Glory, fafficiently revenging himself upon hfo, Gabinius, and others, by his Writings afterwards. He return'd in the fecond Year of Cafar's Wars in Gaul. The following Year, Cafzir deligning for Italy him-feif, sent out Servius Gallia, one of his Lieutenants, with the twelfth Legion and part of the Cavalry, againfl the Antuates, Veragrei, and Seduni, Nations fcated from the River Rho fne, as high as the Alps, in order to clear a Paffage, and fecure ail manner of Traffick in thole Parts. Galba in a fnort time defeat ed a very great Party, who had been fo bold as to attack him in his Camp. Ca:fiii not long after returning, found that the reneti, and federal other Nations of that Part of Gaul call'd Celtica, had revo:ted, he turn'd a great Part of his Force againfl them: And these caus'd him extraordinary Trouble and many Difficulties, by reafon of their Naval Strength, by which means they continually fhifced themselves, and remov'd from Place to Place But at WI afar having procur'd a Fleet, attack'd the 1/eneti at Sea, and there overthrew 'em ; Craffus, one of his Lieutenants, the mean time fubdu'd the Sontiates, with the greateff Part of Aquitain, as Sabinus, another of 'em, did the Uneili, and all the Maritime Parts. Towards the latter end of the Campaign, Cafar march'd againft the Morini, a People nigh Calais, and the Menapii alfo, which two Nations were fill up. in Arms. But the Seafon being too far advanc'd, the Rains and foul Weather fecur'd them in the Fords and Marfhes, and caus'd Cafar to put his Men all into their Winter Quarters, which ended his third Year's Expedition in Gaul. III. As Chap. I. The Mix'cl State. 3o As Cafar's Conquefis eftablifh'd his Reputation in Rome, fo his Humanity, and other excellent abfolutely gain'd him the Hearts and Af-fedions of his Soldiers. He had now got great fibre of Wealth, by which he not only difcharg'd his Debts, but likewife made many great I riends by his magnificent Prefents, efpecially to the Ladies, corrupting alfo the 2Ediles, Pretors and Cmfids themfelves. In this Winter he pafs'd into Italy to Lucca, where he took up his Head-Quarters, where there was so great a Concourfe of People to pay him their Re-fpeats, that 200 Senators were prefent together, and fo many Prat-ors and Proconfuls, that izo Bundles of Rods were Peen there at a time. Here the triumvirate took new Measures, and Cafar fearing he might be recall'd from Gaul, procur'd Pompey and Crafft44 to endeavour at the Confulfhip the following Year, and fo continue him in hisEmployment for five Years longer. This Defign was fo difpleafing to the Senate, and the Diffentions fo violent concerning it, that they went into Mourning as in Publick Calamities; faying, That the Proceedings of the Triumvirate were dangerom to the Quiet and Liberty of Rome. Cato with great Eagernefs fet up Domitim to {land again{} 'em ; but Pompey refolving to remove all Obftacles, fent Tome arm'd Men againft Domitius as he was going to the Eledion, who kill'd the Slave that carry'd the Light before 'em, and difpers'd all their Company, Cato himfelf receiving a Wound on the Arm, and Domitios hardly efcaping : And thus by Force and Violence both Pompey and Cra/J obtain'd the Confulfhip. The People fhortly after being ready to give Cato the Pratorfhip, Pompey pretended firange Prodigies in Heaven, and difmifs'd the A ffembly : Then corrupting the Tribes with Money, he procur'd 'em to chute Antius and Vatinius, Prators. Then by the Atli-fiance of Trebonius the Tribune, the Confuls procur'd Laws which continu'd Ceefar in his Government in Gaul for five Years longer, and affign'd Syria and the Parthian U. C. 69 8, 3 o 6 Theo_inctiz Book HI. Parthian War to Crabs, and Africk and Spain to Pompey, with four Legions, whereof he lent two to Ca far for the Gallick Wars. u. C. Cafar was now proceeding in his fourth Year's 699. Expedition, which was employ'd againft feveral Nations of Germany, who, to the Number of 430000 of all forts, being driven out of their own Country by the Suevi, the molt powerful of all the Germans, had pafs'd the Rhine into Gaul, and forc'd the Menapii from their Habitations. Cafar well knowing the Levity of the Gauls, and their readinefs to caft off their Yoke, refolv'd to hinder the Germans fettling on this fide of the Rhine. And perceiving that the Gauls had begun to treat with 'em, he diffembled it, and anticipating the ufual time of taking the Field, he march'd direly to the Germans, who being amaz'd at his extraordinary Diligence, fent Ambaffadors to him concerning a Treaty. He gave them a patient Hearing and favourable Aufwers, but ftili continu'd his March towards 'em. At laft the Articles were agreed upon, provided Cxjar wou'd !by three Days, but he wou'd allow 'em but one; during which time his Cavalry going out to forage, met with a Party of German Horfe, who fell furiously upon 'em, and put 'em to flight, purfuing 'em to their very Camp. The Germans fending their principal Officers the next Day to excufe the Faa, Calar detain'd 'em Prifoners, and advancing with his whole Army towards the Enemy, furpriz'd 'cm, and cut 'em all in pieces ; after which, with great Skill and Indufiry, he laid a Bridge over the Rhine, march d into Germany, reliev'd the Ubii, granted a Peace to fuch as were willing to depofe Hoftages, burnt and de-flroy'd the reft, and at the end of 18 Days return'd into Gaul, breaking down the Bridge behind him. Calm, finding he had time this Year to undertake a new 'Expedition, and led on by the Greatnefs of his Courage, and his Defire of Glory, refolv'd to crofs the Seas into Britain; an Enterprize fo very hazardous, that Chap. I. The Mix'cl State. 3 07 that few but Cafar wou'd have ventur'd upon it. His Pretence was the Britains fending continual Supplies into Gaul againft the Romans; and in order to his Defign, he made firiat Enquiries of the Merchants that traded thither, what kind of People they were, how they made War, under what Laws they liv'd, and which were their beft Ports. After which he fent Volufem to view the Coafis, in the mean time fending for the Ships he had empioy'd againft the IZeneti, and making all other neceffary Preparations. Upon the News of which, feveral of the Britilh People fent their Ambaffadors with Tokens of Submiffion, whom he fent back with good Words, and with them Cornio, the better to difcover the Country under that Pretence. But Combo, not daring to mil the Inhabitants, continu'd but fiveDays upon the Coafis, and then return'd ,to make Report of what he had difcover'd. Cafar leaving all things in Gaul in a peaceable Pofture, and Sulpicius Rufus to guard the Ports, put to Sea with two Legions and part of his Cavalry after Mid-night, and made the Britifh Coals the next Morning, where he found the Shores cover'd with Men to oppofe his Landing ; and finding it impraeli-cable there, he fait'd eight Miles further. There the Romans met with great Oppofition, and were in danger of being driven back, till the Standard-Bearer of the tenth Legion boldly leap'd afhore ; and being well fupported by Cafar's Diligence, all the Army landed, and the Britains fled. The Britains were fo terrify'd at the Romans Suc-cefs, that they fent to defire a Peace, which was granted them, and fome Hoftages deliver'd. But a great Storm arifing at this time, miferably fhatter'd the Tranfport-fhips lying at Anchor ; and this. with Cerfar's want of Provifions, fo encourag'd the Britain's, that inftead of fending him the reft of their Hof ages, they march'd with a powerful Army again If him ; who meeting with one of the Legions abroad, had almoft defeated 'ern ; but Cafir came in with timely X 7. Affinance, 3 o 8 The tman Hifiory. Book III. Af'Mance, and brought 'em off fafely. In thefe Extremities Cafar loft no time in refitting his Ships, procuring of Provitions, and fecuring his Camp ; and being afrefh attack'd by the Britains, he overthrew 'em, and burnt many of their Towns, which oblig'd 'em again to define a Peace. Upon which he requir'd a double Number of Hoftages ; and finding the Sea-fon far advanc'd, he again put to Sea, and return'd to Gaul, where he fafely landed, only two Ships that had on board 300 Men, landing a little lower, were fet upon by the Morini, who not long before had been reconcil'd to Cafar. They were foon reliev'd, and Labienus was fent to chaftife the Revolters ; who being reduc'd, he and Cotta harrafs'd the Country of the Menapians, who had hid themfelves in the Woods. After which the Roman Army was fent to their Winter-Qparters in Belgium, which finifh'd Cxfar's fourth Year's Expedition. Cafar being very ambitious of enlarging the Roman Dominions, as well as increafing his own Reputation, refolv'd upon a fecond Expedition into Britain the next Spring, and made all neceifary Preparations for it, the Natives having given him a fair Pretence by breaking their Articles with him. At the appointed time he embark'd with five Legions and 2000 Horfe at kcius or Calais, and landed in Britain without Oppofition, where he fhortly after forc'd one of their Camps with good Succefs. About which time News was brought him that his whole Navy was extremely endamag'd with a Storm, and fome of his Ships loft; which made him retire back towards the Sea-coaft, where, with van Labour and Indufiry, he repair'd moft of 'em in ten Days time, and wrote to Labienus to build more. After that he march'd againft Caffivelaun, the General of all the Britifh Forces, and after feveral Motions, and a bloody Battel, defeated him ; which fo terrify'd the Enemy, that they dared not appear in any Body againft him after that. Whereupon Cala advanc'd fill further, and pafs'd Chap. I. The Mex'd State. 3 09 pafs'd the Thames in fpight of all Oppofition, his Men wading up to the Neck in the Water. Caffivelaun, not-withflanding his reputed Valour, kept himfeit to the Woods and Forefts ; and finding that feveral Towns were furrender'd to War, and particularly his own, he alfo fent to him for a Treaty, who receiv'd his Submiffion, took Hoftages, and impos'd a certain Tribute upon Britain : Then finding the Seafon far advanc'd, and apprehending the Danger of fome Tumults in Gaul, he crofs'd the Sea again, bringing back his Army with much Glory and Renown ; where, with appealing fome Difturbances in thofe Parts, and relieving Q. Cicero, Brother to the Orator, and one of his Lieutenants, who was befieg'd by the Eburones, he finifh'd his fifth Year's Expedition. The next Year Cafar perceiv'd that many of the States of Gaul were difpos'd to a general In furreaion, in a great meafure, upon the account of an impede& Settlement of Affairs the laft Year ; whereupon he reinforc'd his Army with three Roman Legions, and as many Auxiliaries as he could well procure. He purfu'd his Bufinefs with great Vigour, and open'd the Campaign fooner than ordinary, thereby to break, or at lead to weaken their Union. He Toon fubdu'd and reduc'd feveral Nations of the Gauls, as the Nervii firft, and shortly after the Senones, Car-nutes, and the Menapians ; while his Lieutenant Labi-enus reduc'd all the People about Triers. After this he built a Bridge and pafs'd the Rhine a fecond time, by reafon that feveral of the Germans had enter'd into a Confederacy with the Gauls ; where, after he had Inade fome Attempts upon the Suevi with little Succefs, upon the account of their flying into Woods and impaffable Places, he turn'd his Arms againft the Eburones. But while he was ravaging their Territories, the Skambri croffing the Rhine fuddenly, fet upon Cicero's Camp, killing many, and caus'd a great Conilernation among his Men, but at lafk were forc'd to retire at the News of C‘efar's Ap- X 3 proach, 3 1 o 77)e Hiflory. Book HI, proach, who after that fell afreth upon the Country of the EburoneJ ; then call'd a Council in Gaul for the Punifhrnent of all Revolters, and providing his Army with all Necegaries, drew it into their Winter-Quarters; and fo ended Cxfar's fixth Year's Ex-, pedition, in the 7oin Year of the City. U. C. IV. During thefe great Anions in Gaul, Pompey 700. and Craffus, upon the expiring of the time of their Confulfhips, began to take care about ,their feveral Governments that were allotted 'em. Craffto was extremely elevated with the. Thoughts of his Expedition into Syria and Parthia, promifing himfelf greater Succefs and Glory than ever Pompey himfelf ; Therefore he was very forward and diligent in his Preparations. The Tribunes hinder'd the railing of Men as much as they cou'd, and labour'd to repeal the Laws made for their Expeditions. Pompey was well enough fatisfy'd, fending his Lieutenants into his Provinces, being unwilling to leave the City, as he pretended, becaufe of the general Charge of Pro, vifions committed to him ; an Honour which Cicero, in Recompence for his.Renitution, had procur'd him from the Senate, that fo he might have Authority all over the Roman Empire. But Cra.ffas betook himfelf to Force ; which when the Tribunes faw themfelves unable to withfcand, they defined, but loaded him with horrible and unheard of Curfes and Imprecations ; and many exclaim'd againft it as an unworthy thing to injure the Parthians, who deferv'd no Ill at the Roman Hands, but were now in Peace with 'em. But Craff heeding no Reproaches in this Cafe, after he had got all Things in a readinefs, fet forward to his Province. Pompey the mean time kept himfelf wholly to the City, 'till contriving how to make himfelf more great and powerful in his Country : But the Fame of Cee—far's Conquefis, which daily fill'd the City, began to prove very ungrateful to him, who fearing nothing fo much Chap. I. The Mix'd State. 3 1 I much as a Rival in Point of Glory, and therefore he fet himfelf to do all that was in his Power to di-minifh the Reputation of Calar, obliging the Magi-ftrates not to publifh any Letters they receiv'd, till he had foreftall'd the Credit of 'em, by fpreading falfe and difadvantageous Reports. This gave great Caufe of Trouble to many difcreet and wife Perfons, who forefaw the Miferies that would follow from a Rupture between two fuch extraordinary Perfons; and what hill augmented their Fears, was the Death of Pompey's Wife Julia, Daughter to Cafar which happen'd at the fame time. Pompey mon pailionately lov'd her, and her Wit and Virtue had always a great Afcendant over the Difpofitions both of Cafar and Pompey : The People of Rome gave fufficient Teftimony of the RefpeEt they bore her by publick Demonftrations of their Sorrow ; and when Pompey wou'd have carry'd her Body to one of his Houfes near Alba, the People wou'd not Puffer it, but bore it into the Field of Mars, where they bury'd it with the greateft Magnificence imaginable. From this Moment Pompey refolv'd to purfue nothing but his own particular Advancement ; and, for the refio-ring himfelf to the Favour of the People, he caus'd a ftately Theatre to be built, which he dedicated to Plays and other magnificent Shows, which were no ways pleafing to Cicero, as appears from one of his Epiftles. While Pompey was managing his Affairs at home, and Cefar in the midft of Gaul, Craffus was purfuing his Expedition with all Vigour. In his Journey he march'd thro' yerufalem, where he rifled the Temple of a great Treafure, to the Value of i0000 Talents, which Pompey, to his great Reputation, had fpar'd. He-pent many Days in weighing the Treafure of the Idol Goddefs in Hierapolis, or Edefia, in Syria ; and in his whole Palfage he fhew'd more of Covetoufnefs than Valour, lifting many Men, and then difcharging 'em again for Money. He like wife negle&ed his X 4 Oppor-: 3 i 2, The ctmait Hifloy. Book 111. Opportunities of falling upon the Parthians unpro-vided, defpis'd the Friendfhip of the Armenia; King, who gave him leave to pafs thro' his Country to Parthia, and took no Care about the rcfrefhing of his Men, till he had certain News of the Enemy, and negleEted to pafs down the River Selucia, as he was advis'd, where he might have been fupply'd with Provifions by Water. This latter Counfel he rejeCted, by means of the cunning Infinuations of Abgar us the Oft oeni an, who having formerly been a Friend and Ally of the Romans, was now in the In-tereils of the Parthians, and feeding Craifus with Money to gild over his Treachery, gave 'em Notice of all that pafs'd in the Roman Camp. He like-wise perfuaded Craffus to lay afide all Thoughts of Selufias and Ctefiphon, and march direEtly againft Su-renas the Parthian General. This Advice he fol-low'd, and thereby &ft lofing his Son, a very hopeful Youth, he himfelf was circumvented by Surenas, under Pretence of a Treaty, and either Clain by his Enemies, or kill'd by Tome of his own Men, to prevent his falling into their Hands. His Men were mi-ferably flaughter'd to the Number of 20000, befides 10000 taken, and his Head carry'd to Oiodes King of Parthia, who caus'd melted Gold to be pour'd into his Mouth, crying, Now fatisb thy with Gold, of which thou always haft been To uniatzabl greedy. Thus fell Craflus in the firft Year after his letting out, one of the richeit Men in all the Roman Empire, and by this, one of the Heads of the Triumvirate was cut off. This laid the Foundation of the following Civil War between the other two; for while he liv'd, he was a Check to 'em both, and balanc-d their Interefis ; but after this, an open Field was left for their Ambition and Emulation to work in. This happen'd in the 7okfl Year of the City, nigh (even Years after the beginning of the Triumvirate, and 5 t taFfpre our Saviour's Ngivity, 4. m.3952. CH AP Chap. II. The Mix'd State. J; tiffk-7, 4.1) (ilio)t, Pr_ 313 ..„Wr CHAP. II. From the Death of Cmffus, to the Death of Pompey, which made Way for Cafar's Ab-folute Authority, and was the fecond Step to the Imperial State. Containing above five rears Space H E fame Year that Craffus was (lain, moil vio- lent Ditturbances and Diifentions were rais'd in the City, Fadions daily increafing, nothing ma-nag'd with the antient Equity and Moderation, and all Offices purchas'd with Bribes and Money, or elle gain'd by Swords and Clubs. The Confuls, finding themfelves debarr'd by the Power of the Triumvirate, from waging War and leading Armies as formerly, made it their tole Bufinefs to enrich themfelves out of the Publick Revenues, or from the Bribes as well as the Salaries depending upon their Offices. Pompey conniv'd at all this, hoping that the Infirmities of the State would occafion him to be created Ditlator ; and for that Reafon he retir'd himfelf for a while ; that his Friends might have a fair Opportunity of infinuating the Neceffity of his Pretence, as well as Authority, for the preferving of the Peace of the City. At the time for the new Ele6tion of Magifirates, there was fuch a violent Contention among the Candidates, that for eight entire Months none cou'd be eleEed. And what mill heighten'd thefe Mifchiefs,was theDeath of Clodius, kill'd by his great Enemy Milo, who met him by accident by his Country-houfe. The Body was immediately brought to Rome, and expos'd all bloody to the People, who caus'd great Ditharbances among the Multitude, who immediately ran furioufly to Mi-/o's Houfe to fet it on Fire ; but he being well provided to receive 'em, repuls'd and kill'd feveral of the Affaitants. Upon which they muted to the Body, yvherc U. C. dor. 314.The Ponnan Higory. Book IIL where they pull'd all the Magiftrates Seats in pieces, made a Funeral Pile of 'em, and fet Fire to it with fo much Rage, that all the (lately Buildings where the Senate us'd to affemble, was burnt with Clodin's Body. After this, the Mutineers difpers'd themfelves all over the City, where, under Pretence of fearching for Milo's Friends, they committed the moft infup-portable Violences imaginable ; fo that the whole City was fill'd with Murthers and Quarrels, till no body durft walk the Streets unarm'd. Thefe fatal Mifchiefs turn'd all Men's Eyes upon 'Pompey, as the fitted Perfon to redrefs all ; but while they were confulting about creating him Diiiator,Ca-to by many Perfuafions procur'd the Senate to make him Conful alone, that lo, if occafion were, he might be afterwards accountable for any Male-adminiftra-tion. This was Toon after done, having the Authority of a DiEator conferr'd on him under a gentler Name ; a thing never known in Rome before, but upon fome.extraordinary Occafion, and for Tome few Days,when Commiffion was fometimes given to the Confuls, To take care that the Commonwealth receive no Damage. New Troops were allotted to Pompey, i000 Talents allow'd yearly for their Pay, and the Government of Spain was continu'd to him for four Years longer, which he adminif}er'd by his Deputies. Milo was ihortly after accus'd by Appius, Clodias Brother ; and though Cicero himfelf undertook to defend him, yet it happen'd, that by his Fear of Pom-pey's Soldiers, who furrounded him as he was pleading, he was put out in his Speech ; and fo Milo, for his Infolence, was baniflfd : And when Cicero afterwards fent him his Oration in Writing, the Excellency of it made him anfwer, That it was happy for him that Cicero was out in his Harangue, for otherwife he lhou'd not have liv'd fo well at Marfeilles as now he did; for that was the Place of his Exile. Pompey having, hitherto executed the Office of a DiElator, took Scipio Metellus for his Collegue, whole Daugh- ter Chap. IT. The Mix'd State. 315 ter Cornelia he had lately marry'd, a Lady of no lefs Accomplifhments than Beauty. This confiderably flrengthen'd Pompey's Interefts, who therefore now thought it no ways difficult to overthrow the Fortunes of Cafar, waiting only till Affairs were fome-what more ripe for Execution : But Calar by his great Policy and Induftry, by his noble Exploits abroad, and his bountiful Prefents at home, (till fecur'd himfelf a fufficient Party in the City. He caus'd a new Forum to be fet up at Rome,the Place whereof coil him I00000 Sefterces : He gave alfo to the People certain Plays, and a Publick Feaft, in Acknowledgment of the Honours done to his Daughter /ulia, being like-wife a particular Encourager of Learning. At this time,among many other learn'd Men flourifh'd u.C' a moil excellent Hiflorian, both for Matter and Stile. 7021 (War had now almoft compleated his Conquefts in Gaul,when the Troubles in Rome, and his Abfence occafion'd many of the Nations to endeavour once more the Recovery of their Liberty, purfuing their Defigns with greater Vigour than ever, chilling Ver-cingetorix for their General. Cafar refolving to lofe no time, forc'd his way over the Mountains, thro' vaft deep Snows ; and after fome various Succefs againft tha Enemies numerous Armies, he overthrew Vercingetorix, who, upon that, retir'd to Alefia, a City of the Mandubii, (hutting himfelf up with no lefs than 8o0oe, Men, and made all neceffary Provifions for a Siege. Cafar, notwithflanding the Hazard of filch' an Attempt, fhortly after invefted the Place ; and here he fliew'd an admirable Skill and indefatigable Indufiry, in his vaft and prodigious Works he rais'd againft this Place, both to defend himfelf, and diftrefs the Town; well knowing the great Numbers of the Succours that were marching to relieve it. For tho' the City, by the extraordinary Height of its Walls, and the Multitude of its Defendants, ap-pear'd to be impregnable, he encounter'd with greater Difficulties without, being in a Mort time befieg'd 3 i 8 roman Hillory. Book III. of an Alliance with Scipio, whom he join'd with him in the Confular Dignity for the laft five Months. The firft publick Appearance of theDivifion began from Pompey 's two Laws, publith'd in his Confulfhip ; the firft being, To enquire into the Mifiarriages of Officers for twenty Tears 41 pall ; and the latter, To forbid all abfent Perfons to demand any publick Employment ; both which were defign'd againit Cedar. But fill no great Violence was us'd, but all was manag'd with extreme Artifice and Cunning till the EleEtion of the new Confuls, who were 2zEmiliasPaulas, and Calidins Marcellm, a Kinfman of Marcas. Now every one with great Impatience expeded to find how the Con-fuls would declare themfelves ; the firft had been well fecur'd by a large Prefent of i5oo Talents from Ca-far ; but Calidius was Ccefar's Enemy, and being car-ry'd on by the fame Spirit with his Kinfman Marcos, follow'd alfo his Methods. Curio was likewife one of the Tribunes, a Perfon of the higheft Fame for his Eloquence and Pleadings, and of great Parts and Refolution, but now much burthen'd with Debts both for himfelf and others, and particularly for Marcas Antonius, one of his Collegues. Curio had been one of the moll violent againft Cafar's Inter& ; but Carar, who well knew all his unhappy Circum-fiances, quickly found a way to bring him over, by furnifhing him with means to quit himfelf of thole Incumbrances. Curio, after this, made ufe of PraEti-ces very refin'd, forbearing to declare himfelf of Ce-far's Party, the better to penetrate the Defigns of the other Party, and after that fought an Opportunity to break with Pompey. In order to which, he demanded to have the Charge of the High-ways conferred upon him, altho' he knew it wou'd be deny'd him ; and upon refufal, he flaew'd his Refentment ; and Toon after, when Marce.514 the Conful propos'd with great Earnefinefs the recalling Calar from his Government, Curio applauded his Wifdom, adding withal, That it was but yuflice that Pompey and Cxfar Aould be both cau'd Chap. II. The Mix'd State. card from their Governments together. All apprehended the meaning of this Propofal ; and Pompey's Friends began to be very troublefome to Curio, par- ticularly Appius, one of the Cenfors, who threaten'd to expel him the Senate, and propos'd it in one of the Affemblies. Curio fubmitted to any thing decreed againft himfelf in particular, but would yield to nothing where Cafar's Intereft was ftruck ar, and the Conful "Emi/ius fecur'd him from the Affront offer'd hint by Appius. Curio refolving not to be difcourag'd, made the fame Propofal to the People as he had done to the Senate, which was receiv'd with the greateft Ap-plaufe imaginable ; and as a further Teftimony of their Satisfation, they gave Power to Cafar to demand the Confulfhip without removing out of his Province. This caus'd Pompey to leave the City, under Pretence of going to his Government ; but he really went no further than a Country Houfe of his, where falling lick, he wrote to the Senate, 7'hat he was ready to re/Ign all his Employments, when Cxfar did the like, which he wou'd confirm upon his return to Rome. Curio immediately took this Advantage, and told him, It was his Duty to begin what he propos'd, and be would engage that his Example /7ou'd be f011ow'd by Cxfar. The Matter was then publickly debated, but ended only in an Order, that two Legions fhou'd be drawn out of Cafar's and Pompey's Army to be fent againft the Parthians ; and this was only to weaken Cafar's Army, for Pompey likewife demanded the Legions which he had formerly lent him. Cafar immediately apprehended the Reafon of this Order, and Pompey s Defigns ; neverthelefs he made no Oppofition, but furrender'd two Legions, generoufly giving each Man five and twenty Crowns. Cicero at this time return'd to Rome from his Government of Cilicia, where he pretended for his great Exploits, to have merited the Honour of a Triumph. His Abfence had hin-der'd him from joining with either Party, and his pre fent 3 1 9 316 The Boman Hiflory. Book In. befieg'd himfelf by 250000 of the choiceft of the Gauls. Yet by means of his double and treble Trenches, his mighty Lines of Contravallation, and his wonderful Management and Vigilance, he repuls'd the Relievers, and foon after he became Mailer of the Town, to his great Honour and Reputation, all other Places fubmitting without Delay. And thus ended Cafar's seventh Years Expedition in thefe Parts, which, as it was the moil hazardous and dangerous, fo it was the molt honourable and glorious that ever he undertook. The Gauls, notwithftanding their great Loffes, and the irrefiftible Power of Cafar's Arms, refolv'd to try their Fortune once more, and many of their Nations join'd again in Confederacy. Cedar having Intelligence of their Defigns, began his March from Bibrade, and made great Devaftations throughout the Territories of the Bituriges in Aquitain, and fub-du'd feveral of the People about thofe Parts. C. Fabius, one of his Lieutenants, alfo reduc'd fome Parties of 'em in the mean time, and Caninius, another of his Lieutenants, defeated likewise feveral other Parties; after which Cafar join'd him, and invefted Uxellodunum, a City of the Cadurci, a Place very prong by Situation ; yet he obtain'd it with little or no Bloodfhed, by turning the Courfe of the Springs that fupply'd the Place with Water. After this the reit of the Plsices in Aquitain fubmitted, and going to Nar-tone, he then clispos'd his Men into their Winter-Quarters, in Inch a manner, that they prov'd very ufeful to him afterwards in the Civil Wars. And this finifh'd Cafar's eighth and laff Year's Expedition in Gaul, and all the Parts thereabouts, after a long and almoft uninterrupted Courfe of many glorious Con-quefis and noble Vitiories, to the mighty Increafe of his own Honour and Renown, and the great Enlargement of the Roman Dominions and Riches, as well as the Terror of their Name and Authority. II. Now the Jealoufies between Cafar and Pompey began to be more confpicuous than and well might Chap. Ii The Mix'd State. 3 17 might a Rupture be expe&ed, when two Perfons, the greateft that ever Rome produc'd, were become Rivals in Glory ; efpecially when their Tempers were fuch, that the latter could not endure an Equal, nor the former a Superior. Calar had now rais'd himfelf to an extraordinary Height both as to Riches and Reputation; then the Grandeur of his Mein, his unbounded Generofity, and his noble Acaions, had intirely engag'd the Aftthions of his Soldiers to him, who all lov'd him almoft to Adoration. Again, a great many of the Senators Rood oblig'd to him for confiderable Sums of Money, which he had lent 'em without Intereft : He entertain'd with Magnificence all fuch as ferv'd under him, even to the very Slaves ; and his Army was a Refuge to all manner of Criminals, and fuch as were much in Debt, a great many of which he difcharg'd at his own Expence ; but for fome whofe Debts were larger than ordinary, he us'd to fay, That one Civil War wou'd make all even. All this was done at Gaul's Ex-pence, which might occafion this Obfervation, That Cxfar conquer'd the Gauls with the Roman Steel, and the Romans with the Gallick Gold. Pompey had ob-ferv'd, that Cafar in his Confulfhip had render'd him-felf very diftaftful to the Senate, therefore he made it his Bufinefs by his outward Carriage and fair Demeanour, to gain their Favour, which he did with good Succefs. Ceefar was aware of this, and for that Reafon endeavour'd vigoroufly for the Confulihip in his Abfence, and likewise to procure his Government to be prolong'd,trying all Ways and Methods to keep his Army till he cou'd get to be chofen Conful. But he foon found that this Affair did not fucceed according to his With, being chiefly hinder'd by Mar-cgs Marcellta, one of the prefent Confuls, and his great Enemy. Tho' he was fufficiently fenfible of Pompey's Jealoufy, he refolv'd to endeavOur once more to preferve his Friendfhip ; therefore offer'd him his Niece OElavia, and demanded Pompey's Daughter for himfclf ; but Pompey thought fit to make choice 3 2 0 The ZomanIvry. Book ILL prefent Pretenfions oblig'd him to be a Mediator between both, but no Propofals of Accommodation would be hearken'd to ' • for Appius, returning from Ceefar's Army, publifh'dabroad, That his Soldiers had do Efleem for him, and that they would certainly come over to the Senate's Party, whenever they recover'd this fide of the Alps. This Relation gave Pompey great Confidence, fo that Cicero could not be heard : And when fie afterwards ask'd Pompey what Forces he had to oppofe Cafar, his Anfwer. was, That he need but (lamp with his Foot, and an Army would, Hart out of the Earth. Many of the Senators began to talk very meanly of C.efar, and Cato himfelf fcornfully declar'd, That he wou'd bring him to an Account for his Anions, and that he fhou'd be treated as Milo had been before him. Cefar often writ to the. Senate, to defire to be con-tinu'd in his Government, as Pompey had been., or be recall'd both at the fame time, or elk be permitted to 'land for the Confulfhip by Proxy. Thefe Pro-pofals being reje&ed, he repafs'd. the Alps with the third Legion, and march'd to Ravenna, from whence he writ a Letter to the new Confuls, Cornelius Len-tulns and Clodius Mercellus, wherein, after an honourable mention made of his own Exploits, he figni-fy'd, That he was ready to refign all his Power, in cafe Pompey did the like ; otherwife they might reafonably ex-pen, that he cou'd not be wholly infenfible of the Injury that wou'd be done him, as well CO his Country. Great Debates, and violent Diffentions were rais'd about this Letter; but after a long time fpent, a Decree was at tail iffu'd out, That Cxfar fhou'd disband his Forces within limb a time, and if he refus'd Obedience,he fhou'd be declared an Enemy to the Commonwealth. And tho' this Decree was much oppos'd by many, yet immediately after follow'd another, publith'd only in Cafes of Extremity, That the Confuls and other Magifirates fhou'd take care that the Commonwealth re, eeied no Damage ; and Pompey was order'd to command what Troops were in a readinefs. From that moment Chap. II, Mix'cl State, 321 moment a Succeffor was order'd to Cafar, which was Domitiitsand all were up in Arms in Rome. Cafar re-ceiv'd a eptedy account of this from Curio,Anthony and Longinus, who fled to him in Slaves habits, in which Condition he thew'd 'em to his Army,telling his Men, That the Senate had dealt bafely and ungratefully by him,who had done' em fo many eminent Services ,as well unjufily and inhumanly by his Friends, whole Perfons were facred by their Office, but were now forc'd to conceal themfelves under the mean Habits of Slavery, tolbun the Fury of his Enemies ; and all for maintaining thofe undoubted Rights, which even raging Sy lla durft never violate. In fine,tearing his Robes, and falling into Tears, he conjur'd all his Soldiers, That they wou'd defend his Honour and Reputation, after their ferving nine rears under him with fo Much Glory and Renown. The Soldiers all with loud Acclamations an-rwer'd him, That they were ready to revenge all Injuries done to their General ; and thus began the famous Civil War, about four Years after the Death of Craffsis. u.0 III. Among the many Warlike Qualities of Cafar, his Diligence in preventing an Enemy, and purfuing a Vidory, was the moft adthirable; and here he found it mon neceffary,fince he had to deal with a Comman• der far more expert than any he had hitherto been en-gag'd with ; therefore his utmoft Skill and Policy was to be made ufe of at this Juncture. He firft fent a choice Party of Men, arm'd only with Swords,to put theM-felves as fecretly as poffible intpArminium, the firft City of his Province. He himfelffpent his time at Raven-pa, in feeing the Combat of the Gladiators; and when Night came, fat down at the Table with his Friends, but Toon role again,de firing 'em to make themfelves wel= come, and he wou'd be with 'em in a moment; but he had fecretly order'd forte Mules to be put in his Chariot, 7°5, in which Equipage he let forward towards ArminiuT, with fome few of his particular Friends:he had order'd to follow him feveral ways, and one Legion, which was all he had there. It was a troublefome journey; Dut they refolv'd to undergO it; fo fometimes on Foori aPot 3 2, 2. The Roman Hi]Ivry. Book III. and fometimes in his Chariot, Cafar arriv'd upon the Banks of the Rubicon, alittle River which parted Cif-alpine Gaul from the reft of Italy. Here he began to have fome Remorfe, and all the Misfortunes of the fucceeding War prefented themfelves to his melancholy Mind, which put him upon confidering, what Pofterity wou'd think of this Paffage. Sometimes he had Thoughts of going back, and turning himfelf to AfiniusIiio, 'Tis now in our Power, Pays he, to return; but if we ph this fatal River, our only Retreat mull be to our Arms. Some Authors fay, That juft by the Place where he Rood, of a fudden there appear'd a Man of extraordinary Stature, who made excellent Mufick with a Reed he play'd upon; which uncommon Sight drew many of the Soldiers to him, amongft the reft, a Trumpeter, from whom this an fnatch'd his Trumpet, and founding a Charge with a more violent Blaft than ordinary, threw himfelf into the Water, and pafs'd over to the other fide. Cafar, without further Confederation, pafs'd the River, crying, Let us go where the Gods fo loudly call, and the Fury of our Enemies drive us ! From thence he march'd diredly to Arminium, and poffefs'd himfelf of it without Refinance : So with 6000 Men only he began that famous War, fending Orders to the reft of his Troops to follow with all poffible Diligence. This unexpe&ed Enterprize gave moil dreadful Ap-prehenfions to the City of Rome, every one imagining Cafar at the Gates with all his Army ; and it was an odd Confufion to fee the Country People running to the City for fafety, and the Citizens flying into the Country for fecurity. Pompey himfelf was amaz'd,and Cicero under great difficulties, as appear'd by hisEpiflles upon this occafion; but what was the greaten Trouble to Pompey,was the biting and refleding Words of many of his ownParty,fome laying Indifcretion to his charge, others Injuftice ; and Favonius, a crack-brain'd Philo-fopher, and a pretended Imitator of Cato, bad him clamp with his Foot and produce his Armies as he had promis'd Chap. H. The Mix 'd State. 3 2 3 pro mis'd. At Taft Pompey told 'em, That they Aould not want an Army, if they wou'd follow hint: That it was neither their Houfes nor their Provinces that cou'd infpire'em with the Love of 1/ertue and of Liberty, but Men of Honour might find it in all Retreats ; and that their following him wou'd be the only way to put 'em in a Condition of returning to their Houfes with Glory. The Confiderati-on of the prefent Danger, made 'em refolve to quit the City ; fo the Confuls, and.almoft all the Senate, with great Precipitation, ollow'd him to Capua,where were the two Legions which Cafar had fent from Gaul. Pompey with all Diligence put his Affairs in order, and refolv'd to retire towards Brundufium. He left L. Domitius in Corfinium, and Cicero to command in Capua, who receiv'd his Commiffion with fome Reluatancy ; Pompey's Affairs feem'd to be in a better Pofture by Labienus's leaving Calar, and coming over to him, which he did upon fome Difcon-tent, expe&ing to have been made Equal with C4ar. Cefar feem'd little to value that, but either through Policy or Generofity, fent all his Money and Equipage after him. Still Pompey thought it moft convey flient to fend to Cefar with Propoials of Accommodation, which he did by Lucius Cafar his Kinfman, and Rofcius the Prator. But the Demands on both fides could not be agreed upon, for Pompey's Bufinefs was only to gain time, having his chief Reliance upon the Forces of the Eall, which were abfolutely n his Intereft. Cafar too depending upon the Va-zour and AffeEtion of his Soldiers, had no Defign of quitting his Arms, but only to make it appear as fairly is he cou'd, that he had taken 'em up with Juilice. Cefar now, without lofing any further time, feiz'd upon the Towns of Picenum, which lay in his way, and ln a very short time became Mailer of all that Pro-'ince. This Progrefs redoubled the Fears at Rome, nd Lentulus, who was come back to feize the publick ITreafure, was oblig'd to betake himfelf to flight. In :she mean time the twelfth Legion came to join Ca- Y 2 far, 3 24 The Roinan Hiftory. Book III far, who march'd to Afcaum, which Lentulus had poffefs'd himfelf of, with ten Cohorts ; but upon Cafar's Approach, retreated in Confufion, a great Part of his Soldiers deferring him, as they had done Curio not long before. Cafar march'd direly after Pompey, not offering to attack Rome, as knowing ic would fall of Courfe to the Conqueror ; and the firft Place that made any Refinance was Corfinium, the Metropolis of the Country of the Peligni, which was poffefed by Domitius, who had lately rais'd 20 Cohorts out of thofe Parts. Now as this was the firft Town that durft make Head againft Calm' all Per-foils, with great Impatience, expeded the Succefs of the Enterprize. Cafar made his Approaches with two Legions, and was engag'd by five Cohorts, who defended a Bridge about three Miles from the City ; but were loon driven back to the Gates of Corfiniurn, which thereupon was immediately invefled. Domi-tius prepar'd himfelf for a vigorous Defence, and wrote to Pompey, That now he had a fair-Opportunity to hem in Cxfar, if he would come up ; That it wou'd not be for his Reputation to leave fo many Senators and Knights which were now befieg'd, as well as fo many Soldiers, to the Mercy of the Enemy. Pompey's Anfwer was, That he was not then in a Condition to hazard ail in a Battle ; that Domitius had engag'd himfelf in Cor-finium contrary to his Opinion, and therefore he ought to think of making as fair and Ipeedy a Retreat as was pffible. Upon this Refufal it was that Cicero became fo angry with Pompey, as appears from one of his Epiftles to Atticus. Domitius conceard Pompey's Anfwer, giving our, that Pompey would bring fpeedy Relief ; But at the fame time confulted with his Friends how to make a private Retreat ; which being at laft difcover'd, his Men feiz'd on him, and fent to Cafar, offering to deliver him up, and furrender the Place. Cafar concluded the Offer ought not to be reje&ed, but however kept his Men from entring that Night, to prevent: all! Chap. II. 77)e Mix'd State. all Violences. Lentulm being in the Town, came out to him, and humbly begg'd Pardon, putting 11.1n in mind of their ancient Friendfhip, and acknowledging the many Favours he had formerly receiv'd at his Hands. Cafar interrupting him, told him, That he came not from his Province to injure any Man, but for his own Security, and the Refloration of the Tribunes Office, and the Liberty of Rome. Lentulm, fiifficiently encou-rag'd by this Anfwer, defied Leave to return into the Town to give the like Encouragement to others who were now defperate as to their Fortunes ; and the next Day Cafar fent to the Senators and Knights who were in Town, with their Children, and the Officers of the Garrifon, to come forth. All there he proteEted from the Infolence of the Soldiers, and having a little infifted upon the point of Ingratitude, he gave 'em all their Liberty to go where they pleas'd ; and to Phew that he as little fought after Money as the Lives of his Enemies,he reflor'd to Domitist 6000. Sefterces, which he had depofited in the Bank at Coy-finium, though he was fatisfy'd that it. was Publick Money, and given out by Pompey to pay Soldiers. He caus'd Domitirs?s Men to take the Military Oath to himielf, and after fever Days Rtfpite at Coiklium, he march'd through the Confines of the Marrucini, Tar e nt ini , and Larinates, and then enter'd Apulia. Pompey having Intelligence of what pass'd at Corfi-nium, immediately retreated to Brundufium, where the Con fuls firait embark'd for Dyrrachium in Epirm with thirty Cohorts, Pompey continuing in the Town with twenty others. Cafar fhortly after arriv'd before the Place, and having taken Magim, an Engineer of Pom-pey's, freely fet him at Liberty, with Orders to tell his General, That it might be for the common Interefls of 'em both, w well ad the Good of the Republick, for them two to have an Interview,and not to truft Matters to a third Per fon. Magi brought him no Anfwer back, which caus'd Cara), to endeavour the blocking up the Entry of the Port. To this purpofe he order'd a Bank or Dam to Y 3 be 325 3 2 6 The o. man Hiflory. Book III be rais'd on each fide the Haven, where it was nar-roweft, and the Water shallow enough ; but where it was too deep, he caus'd feveral Veffels to be fafien'd together thirty Foot fquare, moor'd with Anchors at each Corner, and plac'd 'em over-againft the Entry of the Haven, with defign to form a fort of a Stacade or Chain : The firft Bridge of thefe Veffels was co-ver'd with Earth and green Turf, that the Defendants might have firm Footing to fight upon, and the two Sides were furnifh'd with Hurdles in the nature of Parapets, and every fourth Float carry'd a Tower two Stories high, to defend the Works from Attacks and from Fire. It was eafy to judge for what De(ign all this great Labour and Pains was undertaken; therefore Pompey endeavour'd to ruin the Works, and to that purpose made ufe of feveral Merchant-Ships that were then in the Haven ; upon which he rais'd Towers of three Stories high, furnifh'd with Engines and all forts of Darts. Thefe he fent againif Calar's Veffels, hoping to feparate 'em, and hinder the Continuation of the Work, which occafion'd daily Tome little Skirmifhes with Darts and Arrows. Cafar was ifill forward enough to come to an Ac-: commodation, and fent to have an Interview with Pompey : But Anfwer was return'd, That the Confuls being abfent, no PropofItions of that kind cou'd be receiv'd. From this time he let hisThoughts wholly upon theWar,half his Bufinefs being already compleated, by reafon the Veffels which tranfported the Confuls were return'd from Dyrrachium, which Opportunity Pompey thought fit to make ufe of for withdrawing himfelf; and to fe-cure his Retreat, he caus'd all the Gates of the City to be wall'd up, and feveral Houfes to be demoliih'd in the crofs Streets. The Avenues of the Port.were cut off by certain Pits, fill'd with Stakes% and cover'd with Hurdles and Earth,two only being left free, and thole firongly defended with Pallifadoes and Joift, planted after the manner of Fraize. After thefe Precautions,he caus'd his Soldiers to embark with all imaginable Silence, Chap. II. 7ihe Ifix'd State. lenge,leaving only low Archers and Slingers upon the Walls, who were order'd to make theirRetreat in fmall Boats on purpofe, as loon as his Soldiers were got on board. The Inhabitants of the Town, provok'd by the Ruin of their Houfes, advis'd Ccefar of their Re-treat,who immediately put his Troops into Ordcr,and order'd Ladders to be planted at the fame moment that Pompey would give the Signal to his Archers,who notwithfianding fecur'd their Retreat by certain private Paths which they were acquainted with : So that Pompey got all his Troops on board, and immediately weigh'd Anchor : Cafar's Men got over the Walls, and had fallen into the Pits prepar'd for 'em, had not timely warning from the Inhabitants prevented it. This was a confiderable flop to 'em, but not fo great but they had time enough, with fame fmall Veffels, to feize upon two of Pompey's Ships, which through hafle had run themfelves aground, while the refl made what Sail they cou'd, and fav'd themfelves. Thus did Pompey with great Skill and Diligence make his Efcape ; and thus did Calar in 6o Days time become Mailer of all Italy with little or no Blood fhed. IV.Cxfarfinding he cou'd not followPompeyfor want of Shipping, refolv'd to pats over into Spain to drive out Pompey's Troops, all old Soldiers, under the Command sof Afranius and Petreius ; but firft he defign'd for Rome,to- fettle there fome fort of Government. He like-wife fent a confiderable Force into Sicily and Sardinia; the one kept byCato, and the other by AureliusCotta,but both were abandon'd by them upon the Arrival of Ca-far's Troops. Ccfar in his Journey to Rome gave Cicero a Vifit, but could not perfuade him to go thither with him,tho' much Civility pafs'd between'em. Upon his Arrival ax Rome,he compos'd a Body of fuch. Senators as he found there,and call'd them theSenate; and when they were alfembled, made,'em a plwfible Speech in Juflifitation of all his .Actions.; then he propos'd the fending of Ambaffadors to Pompey ; but finding none Y 4 to 32 3 t 8 The T97114111 Iliflory. Book III. to undertake that Office, he began to confider about furnifhing himfelf with Money, and his Recourfe was to the pOlick Treafury, which he wou'd have had open'd; but Metelln4 the Tribune boldly oppos'd him , in that, alledging, 7hat the Money was facred, that the Law forbad it, and horrible Imprecations had been denounced againfi fuch as touch'd it upon any Occafion but the. Gallick War. To which ajar reply'd, That Arms and Laws fildom agreed well together, and that he had re-Mov'd the former Reafons by reducing all Gaul to the Roman Obedience; and immediately went to the Doors of the Treaury, but the Keys cou'd not be found ; whereupon Cerfar fent to the People to break open the Locks; and when Metellt44 had fill the Boldnefs to difpnre it with him,in a great Rage he laid his Hand upon his Sword, threatning to kill him, with thefe Words; Know, young Man, that it is harder for me to fay this than to do it : Which fo terrify'd Metellm that he retied. Cala), took out 3000 Pound Weight of Gold out of the Treafury, and ever after that, had the Treafury at his Command in all his Wars. After this Ceefar departed from Rome upon his Spa-nijh Expedition,and knowing all Pompey's Circumfian-ces, Paid with his ufual Confidence,Tbathe went to find ran Army without a General, and then he wou'd come back to find a General without an Army. He receiv'd News in Provence, that the People. of Marfeilles had refolv'd to refute him Entrance,that Domitist had got thither with feven Gallies fill'd with Slaves, Libertines,' and Pea-fants that belong'd to his Lands, and that the Marfrit-lians had call'd down all the Inhabitants bf the neigh' bouring Mountains to their Affiflance.. When' Cafar 'fent to 'ern to fubmit, they return'd for Anfwerj 7hae they refolild to take part with neither Cxfat nor Pompey, to both whom they had equal Obligations. C•Efar, fncenfed at their Proceedinp,'s,imtnediately befieg"d-the, Town with three Legions, and order'd twelve,Ships of War to be built itAiles,whiCh weft- com pleated, in aMonth, and brbPght before :1111,:fe rA4iing the Siege like Chap. II. The Mx'd State. like to be very tedious, left D. Brutus to command the Ships, and C. Trebonigs to carry on the Siege, and fo departed for Spain with all fpeed, where Fabipts, whom he had fent before, join'd him with three Legions, which, together with his own Forces, made a noble Army. Upon a Report in that Country, That Pompey was coming by way of Mauritania to com- mand his Troops in Perfon, Cefar us'd extream Diligence ; and to allure himfelf of his Men, he bor-row'd Money of all his Officers, which he diftributed among his Soldiers, by that means engaging his Officers by their own Interefts, and his Soldiers by his Liberality. Afranim and Petreigs were then pofted nigh the City Ilerda in Catalonia, with fufficient Forces. Ca'far advanc'd towards 'em, and encamp'd along the River Segre, over which Fabim had laid two Bridges; but endeavouring to get between the River Herde and the Enemies Camp, a bloody Conteit en-fu'd, which continu'd for many Hours, in which Ceefar's Men were much surpriz'd with the Enemies irregular way of Fighting, fearing to be hemm'd in ; till by Cafar's incouraging 'em, they prefs'd forward into a dangerous Place, which they ftill maintain'd for five Hours, and then retreated in good Order, both Parties attributed to themfelves the Honour of the Viaory ; Carar for driving the Enemy before him, and Afraniso for keeping the Poll for which they fought. Afranius had greater Appearance of Advantage fhortly after ; for the continual Rains carry'd away Cafar's two Bridges, and hinder'd the River from being fordable any where : Which reduc'd him to great Streights, not being able to get Provifions, nor to join a Supply of Forces that came to him from Gaul, nor yet to rebuild his Bridges, by reafon of the Violence of the Stream, and the Oppofirion he met with from the Enemy, who lay on the other fide of the River. The News of this gave fuch great Hopes of Pompev's Party at Rome, that they went in great Numbers to Afraniui' 329 3 3 o The Hi]log. Book III, Afranius's Wife, to congratulate her Husband's good Fortune ; and feveral of the Senators, who were Neuters before, went over to Pompey, and among them Cicero himfeif, though he took aft Opportunity of leaving him again fhortly after. But all tlde. great Hopes vanifh'd by means of Calar's extraordinary Diligence, who caus'd flight Boats cover'd with Leather to be made, and while the Enemy were diverted, by endeavouring to intercept tome Gauls who were coming to join him, he carry'd the Boats in Waggons twenty Miles diftant from his Camp, put 'em upon the River, and with a wonderful Q9ick-nefs and Dexterity caus'd his Legions to pafs the River ; by which means he re-built the Bridges. Thus he re-eflablifh'd his Paffage, got Provifions, join'd the Forces which came to his Affifiance, by his great Skill af1onifh'd the Enemy, and gain'd fo much Reputation, as, together with the News of Brutus's beating the Marfeillians by Sea, gain'd him five confidera - ble Towns, and made feveral others capitulate. Cafar, who fpar'd no Pains to difIrefs his Enemies, threw up divers Intrenchments and Ditches, in order to cut off the Water from their Camp, and to make the Segre fordable. Afranius and Petreius dreading the Succefs of this Enterprize,after feveral Motions of both Armies, refolv'd to reach Ogogefa, fituated on the /berus,where they had fent a Party before to lay a Bridge over. In order to this Defign, they decamp'd at Midnight ; but Csfar fent his Cavalry after 'em, and oblig'd 'em to ford the River before they could come at their Bridge ; then leaving his Baggage in his Camp, he fuddenly crofs'd the River with his Infantry, and purlu'd them fo clofe, that .they cou'd neither reach their intended Place, nor return to their former Camp. By which means he reduc'd 'em to fuch Extremities of Hunger and Drought, that they were all oblig'd to yield to hisMercy without any Bloodfhed. Cerfar, to thew his kind and generous Temper, dif-mifs'd 'em all, and fatisfy'd'em with incredible Cour- tefies, Chap. II. The Mix'd State. tefies,fuch as were never pra&is'd elfewhere towards Enemies. And in a thou time after he became Mailer of all Spain, fending back -his Enemies loaden with Shame and Obligations, to publifh his extraordinary Clemency and Valour, while he himfelf departed for illarfiilles,which was then jai upon the Point of yielding. Upon Cafar's Arrival they capitulated : During which Time Domitius made his Efcape by Sea ; Cafar pardon'd the Inhabitants more upon the Account of their Name and Antiquity, as he told 'em, than for a- ny other Merit, and leaving two Legions in Garrifon, he departed for Rome. Upon his Arrival there, he was receiv'd with great Satisfaetion by moft People, and made DiEator by M. Lepidm the Prector ; but finding Dic.ixxi. this Office not well lik'd of, he laid it down after hold- u C. ing of it II Days, and caus'd himfelf to be chofen Con- 706. ful with Servilius Ifauricus. His Defign was now to procure himfelf as many Friends as poffible ; in purfuance of which purpofe he preferr'd feveral favourable Laws ; the firft was concerning the borrowing of Money for the War, which, as it ufually happens, having ruin'd almoft all Credit, and render'd a great. many Men incapable of Payment, Cafar order'd, that an,Eftimate fhould be made of Inheritances, at the . fame Value they bore before the War, and that Creditors fhould take them according to his Eilimation ;. by which Means he took away the Fears of a general Bankrup-cy, and fupported the Credit of the Debtors. Befides, he brought over to his Party all fuch as expeaed to be favour'd in this general Valuation, which was the principal Defign of the Law. The other Law was, for the calling home thofe who had been condemn'd during Pompey's.prefiding in the palling Sentences of ju-flice. Cafar likewife made feveral other Ordinances, and after having quitted the Name and Dignity of Difiator,,d-eparted for Brundufium to go againftPontpcy, before which time he receiv'd the bad- News of the Defeat and Death of Curio, whom he' had fent a-gainit Vants,iPompey's Lieutenant in Africk.- : a y. Pompey 331 3 3 a Me Roman Iliflory. Book Ili • V. Pompey, after his Departure from Italy into Epirus and Greece,had made all poffible Preparations for Re-fillance rawing over ail the Eafi to his In tereft ; and during ;he time of Ctefar's being at Rome, and in Spain had gather'd together very powerful Armies both by Sea and Land. His Land Forces confifted of 9 Italian Legions effc&ive, befides the two which Scipio, his Brother-in-Law, brought him ; and the Auxiliaries from the Eaflern Countries of 7000 Horfe, 3000 Archers, and 8 Cohorts of Slingers : Thefe Troops were difiributed into Dyrrachium and Appollonia, and over all that Coat, to oppofe the coming down of Calar. And more than this, he had prepar'd a noble Fleet of 500 large Ships, befides Gallies,Brigantines, and other leffer Veffels ; all which were commanded in chief by Bibulets,who executed the Office of Admiral : Be-fides thefe Forces, Pompey had drawn great Sums of Money out of Afia and Greece '• and to recompence himfelf in Tome meafure for the lois of Spain, had caus'd Dolabella and Calm- Antonius, who commanded for Co-far on the Coaft of Iiiyricum, to be attack'd, and with that Succefs, that the former was driven out, and the latter taken. Thefe Advantages, which daily kept up the Reputation of Pompey's Party, Bill engag'd more Perfons of Confideration to come and join them-felves with him, fo that he found he had in his Camp above zoo Senatorr, whereof he compos'd aBody, and they affembled themfelves in the Form of a Senate. With thefe M. Brutus had join'd himfelf, not for any Refpeet to Pompey, whom he hated ; but that fevere Vertue, of which he made Profeffion, and the Example of his Uncle, and Father-in-law Cato, had engag'd him in that Party, which he thought had the moll Juftice on its fide. In one of their Affemblies, by the politick Advice of Cato, it was determin'd,. That no Roman Citizen should be put to Death out of Battle, and that. no Town fubje& to the Roman Empire be.plunder'd. In effe&, this laudable Decree drew the good Wishes of the People upon. the Honourable Chap. II. Mix'd State, 3 3 3 nourable Authors of it, and gain'd the Reputation of great Juftice and Humanity to their Defigns, and likewise was the Occafion that the Fortune of Cajal, hung for a long time doubtful, and was afterwards made ufe of to juflify his Death. Notwithftanding thefe difadvantages onCafar'sfide, he proceeded with an uncommon Vigour, and undaunted Courage, and rendevouzing at Brundufium, he, without any delay, fhipp'd off c of his 12 Legions, which amounted to no more than 20000 Foot and 600o Horfe at this• time ;the mil were oblig'd to flay behind for want of Shippipg. Cafar very much incou-rag'd his Men, telling 'em what glorious Aelions they were going to undertake; and in fpight of the Rigour of the Seafon,upon the 4th of Tan. he weigh'd Anchor. This much furpriz'd the Officers of Pompey's Fleet, to find him venture fo boldly thro' the Dangers both of the Weather and their Navies. But Cafar tim.d it fo well, that he made his Paffage in one Day, and landed his Men at a Place call'd Pharfalus, not daring to venture into any known Port, which he believ'd to be pof-fefs'd by the Enemy . Having once got to Land, he fent back all the Ships to tranfport the ref} of his Legions under the Command of Calinus; but in their Paffage 3o of 'em fell into the Hands of Bibulus, PompeisAdmiral, who, fenfible of his former Negle&, in a great Paflion, let 'em all on Fire, deftroying both Owners and Sea-men,hoping by this Example to terrify the ma; and for the future he took more than ordinary Care in guarding the Coafts. In the mean time Cafar took Poffeffion of Oricum and Apollonia,which,at the fight of hisTroops, furrender'd themfelves ; by which means he cut off all Communication of Land from Bibulus as long as he ,laid to intercept his Fleet. Cafar dill took care to juflify his A6tions, and for that reafon he fent Rufus, whom he had twice taken Prifoner, to Pompey, once more to offer a Treaty, and to refer all to the Senate and People of Rome; which prov'd of no effete, for the People of Rome were too much of Cafar's Party to he trufled by Pompey. Pompey 3 34' The Hiflory. Book III. Pompey was now in Macedonia, where Rufus join'd him, and fearing left Cafar lhould become Mafter of Dyrrachium, where all his Ammunition lay, he march'd with his whole Army tat Qve the Place. Upon his Arrival at that City, the Lazinefs and Defertion of many of his new-rais'd Troops, made him caufe all his Soldiers to (wear, That they would never abandon their General, but follow him through all his Fortunes ; which Oath was likewife taken by all the Officers. He encamp'd by the River Apfus, and Cafar had po-fled his Army not far off, on the other Side of the River, to cover Apollonia; and both remain'd in this manner for fame time, impatiently expeaing the Succours that were to come up. But the Abfence of Ce-far's Legions at Brundufium was a fevere Vexation to him, whofe Paffage was chiefly obftrueted by Bibu-lus at Sea ; and Bibulus himfelf was in as ill a Condition, by being hinder'd of the Conveniencies of Land by C&far's Troops. At laft Bibulus dying of a Sicknefs at Sea, and leaving no Commander in Chief to fuc-ceed him, much lets Care was taken than before. Cafar was fenfible of this favourable Opportunity, but was almoft defpairing that his Troops were not arriv'd as Toon as he expeEed 'em, for he had written feveral times. At WI, his great Impatience drove him upon an A Edon, which nothing cou'd excufe but the extraordinary Confidence he always had in his good Fortune, which was this: He difguis'd himfelf in the Habit of a Slave, and with all imaginable Secrecy, put himfelf on board a Filher-man's Bark, at the Mouth of the River Apfus, with a defign to pats to Brundufium, where his Forces lay. They row'd off the beginning of the Night ; but a fluff Gale of Wind at the Mouth of the River, made the Water very rough, and the Mailer and Rowers made feveral Attempts to get out to Sea ; but the Winds increafing, he or-deed 'em to defift. War finding his Defign like to be fruitlefs,.on a fudden difcover'd himfelf; Fear nothing, faith he, for thou carriefi Cxfar and all his Fortune : The Mariners Chap. II. 71e Mix'cl State. Mariners, encourag'd by the Prefence of fo great a Man, made frefh Endeavours, and got into the Sea,but the Waves ran fo high,that they were at laft forc'd to return to Land. Cairo's Soldiers,at his Arrival, ran to him in great Multitudes, and told with a great Ten-tlernefs and Affedion, That he had refigled upon their courage, by going to fiek out new Forces, when they were fure to conquer without, whilfi he was pleas'd to head 'em. !.• In a fhort time after, Cafar receiv'd the good News of the fafe Arrival of molt of his Troops under the Command of Mark Anthony and Calenus, at Apollonia, which confifted of 3 Veteran Legions, one new rais'd, 'and Boo Horfe. They were clofely purfu'd by Caponius, Admiral of the Rhodian Squadron, i6 of whole Vef-fels perifh'd by the fudden running of the Wind, and the badnefs of the Weather. Bat two of Cafor's Ships behind there, were taken by the Enemy, and the Soldiers of one put to the Sword; but thofe of the other being old Soldiers, by bravely defending themfelves, efcap'd. The nigh difiance of Cafar's and Pompey's Armies, had occafion'd feveral Parleys as well as Skirmifhes ; and here the laft Propofitions of Accommodation were made. Pompey protefted, That he wou'd never endure that the World Aould fay, that his Life and Return was a Favour bellow' d upon him by Cxfar ; and Labienus cry'd out, That nothing cou'd make a Compolition but Ciefar's Head. Thefe Treaties therefore being fuc-cefslefs, Cafar decimp'd to join Anthony, and Pompey did the like to hinder his Defign. He had no River to pal-vas Cafar had, but went and polled himfelf in a Place which he thought moll convenient for an Ambufcade, which he had laid for Anthony ; but he being advis'd Of it by the Greeks of the Country, in-trench'd himfelf in an advantageous Poll, where he ftaid for Cafar, who Toon after arriv'd ; and Pompey fearing to be hemm'd in between the two Armies, retreated to Afparagus nigh Dyrrachiurn, leaving Anthony the liberty of joining Cxfar, which he did the fame Day. Thus thefe two great Men, Cafar and Pompey, at 3 3 5 3 3 6 Die trnan Hiflory. Book Ills at the Head of all their Troops, were in a readinefs to difpute the Empire of the World, and, what was Rill more valuable to 'em, the Pre-eminence of all that Glory and Renown which they had gain'd by their Arms, one in the Weil, and the other in the Eafi : And as thefe A&ions were perhaps more remarkable than any before 'ern in the Roman Story, elpecially as, to matter of Conduit, fo it may be convenient to be fomewhat more particular in relating of 'em. VI. Great Skill and excellent Management was us'd by both Generals ; and Cafar refolving nor to be out-brav'd by the Rival of his Honour, march'd direly towards Pompey at Afparagus ; and after three Days March he came in fight of the Enemy's Camp, and fortify'd his own, from whence the next Day he drew out his Troops to offer him Battle. Pompey Elite(' not, and from that moment Cafar perceiv'd he muff take other Meafures. And the next Day he decamp'd to go towards Dyrrachium, with defign either of reducing Pompey to Phut himfelf up in the Town, or to cut off his Paffage to fuch a very ufeful Place, which laff in part fucceeded. Pompey at firft believ'd that CaJar was oblig'd to draw off for want of Provifions ; but underflanding his Defign by Spies and others, the next Day began to march, hoping to prevent Cafar by a {porter way than he was forc'd to take. Which Cafar being aware of, incourag'd his Soldiers what he cou'd, and left 'em but a fmall part of the Night for Reit, and arriv'd the next Morning under the Walls of Dyrrachium, when they began to difcover the. Van of Pompey's Army, who immediately fecur'd a Hill call'd Petra, which commanded the Sea, under which was a fmall Shelter for Ships, where few Winds cou'd annoy them. Both Parties intrench'd them-, felves in the Polls they had taken ; and Pompey caus'd part of his Ships to come under his Camp, and immediately fent into A/ia and other Parts for Provi-fions and Ammunitions. Calar perceiving then that the Chap. IT. The Mix'd State. 3 3 7 the War was like to continue long, and finding the want of Corn, caus'd Magazines to be made in ad Parts not in the Enemy's Hands ; and notwithftand-ing all his Diligence and Care, the Difadvantages he labour'd under, caus'd his Army to be but ill furnifh-ed at laft. The Inconveniencies that were like to follow from hence, put C‘efar upon a new Defign : All round Pom-pey's Camp were certain little Hills high and veep, of which Cafar poffefs'd himfelf, and built Towers upon them in the nature of Redoubts ; then caufing Lines of Communication to be drawn from Hill to Hill, and other Works, he endeavour'd to block up Pompey by that Circumvallation. This was done chiefly to diminifh the mighty Reputation that Pompey had gain'd among Foreign Nations, when all the World should know that he was invefled by Cefar, and dar'd not hazard a Battel. But Pompey refolv'd to run the Hazard of any Scandal, rather than a Eat-tel at this time, or to quit either Dyrrachium or the Sea; fo that both Parties at prefent were employ'd in Defigns and Stratagems. Carfar's Men daily car-ry'd on their Works to firaiten the Enemy • and thofe of Pompey did the fame to enlarge themfelves, they having the Advantage as to Numbers ; befides, theirs being the innermoft Circumvallation, was not extended fo far as Calar's. Tho' Pompey declin'd coming to Battel, yet he feverely gall'd Ceifar's Men with his Archers and Slingers, which oblig'd 'em to make certain Blinds with Clothes and Skins for their Defence againft the Arrows ; and no Day pafs'd without fome Encounter 'or other, particularly when Cafar's ninth Legion was too far advanc'd, Cafar brought it off fafely, when Pompey before believ'd it impoffible. It was very remarkable to find Cafar be-fieging an Enemy ftronger than himfelf, and fup-ply'd with all Provifions by Sea, while he himfelf was redued to extreme Neceffity for want of Corn. Z Yet 3 3 8 71 egoman Hiflory. Book III. Yet his Soldiers bore all with admirable Conitancy, remembring what great Honours they had often gain'd after fuch Miferies as thefe. They made ufe of Beans and Barley, and a Root call'd Chara, which they mingled with Milk, Tome of which they often threw among Pompey's Soldiers, telling 'ern, That they would rather eat the Barks of Trees, than let Pompey efcape, now they had got him in their Power. Pompey was extremely furpriz'd at this, and faid, That he did not expect to have had wild Beafts to deal withal. But afterwards, when Summer came on, there was a great Change ; for Pompey's Army could hardly be kept alive, being moll difirefs'd for want of Water, which Cafar by Dams and other Methods had turn'd another way. On the contrary, Calar's Army was in very good Health, well furniih'd with Water and all Provifions, except Wheat ; of which alfo they had fair Hopes, Harveft being fo nigh. After this, follow'd feveral Skirmifhes ; and one Night Pompey underftanding Cafar was abfent a little way, attack'd his Works, but was beaten off with confiderable lots, and forc'd to retreat into his old Trenches. In this Encounter one Scava, a Centurion, behav'd himfelf with a wonderful Bravery, killing two Officers, after he had been wounded in the Eye, Shoulder, and Thigh, as Appian relates it, and receiving 23o Shots upon his Buckler. Cafar greatly rewarded him and many others, and encourag'd by this good Succefs, drew out his Men every Day, and offer'd Battel to Pompey within View of his Lines ; and tho' Pompey drew out alfo in Battalia, yet he always kept his Troops under Defence of his Ramparts, where Ce-far did not think fit to attack him. Cafar had now, by means of his Officers, drawn feveral Provinces of Greece to his Party ; and underftanding that Scipio was come into Macedonia, he fent to him to procure an Accommodation between him and Pompey, which he might eafily bring about, as having the Command of Chap. II. The Mix'd State. 3 3 9 of an Army. But Cafar finding this not to fucceed, apply'd himfelf more clofely to block up Pompey, and with the utmoft Art and Diligence, which brought him to a more dangerous Condition than ever; for his Horfe had confum'd all their Barley, and like-wife all the Leaves of the Trees, fo that there re-main'd no more Subfiftence for 'em, and they were now fcarce able to go on their Legs for want of Forage; all which gave very great Hopes to Cafar and his Soldiers. Thefe Troubles and Inconveniencies which en-compafs'd Pompey, made him refolv'd to break thro', efpecially after he had been inform'd of the Condition of Cafar's Fortifications by Rofiillm and "Eggs, two Brothers of confiderable Note, who deferted Ca-far, and came over to him. To carry on this De-fign, he gave Orders to his Light-harnefs'd Men and Archers to defend themfelves with Bavins and Faggots of Ofiers ; then drawing out 6o Cohorts, he put 'em on board his Ships, and attack'd Cafar's Works by the Sea, which had been too little regarded, and not well compleated. This was done with fuck Effe&, that all the Centurions of the firft Cohort were cut off except one ; and tho' Cafar and his Officers us'd their utmoft Endeavours to hinder Pom-pey's Defigns, yet by Means of his great ConduE and Forecafl, he got out of his Fortifications, and encamp'd in another Place by the Sea, where he had both the Conveniency of all Forage, and of his Shipping betides. Cafar perceiving the Lofs he had fuftain'd, and that the Courfe of the War had not fucceeded according to his Expetiation, refolv'd to change it, and fet down clofe to Pompey. In that Enterprize he defign'd to cut off a Legion of the Enemy which was polled by a Wood ; but this Aetiori brought on a general Battel, where his Men were all entangled within the Intrenchments of the old ips lately abandon'd ; and likewife fo furpriz'd Z z and 34° The Roman Hiflory. Book III. and over-power'd by Pompey's Forces, that in fpite of all Cafar's Endeavours, they fled with great Precipitation and Lofs. The greateft Part perifli'd in the Trenches, and on the River-Banks, prefs'd to Death by their Fellows. Pompey purfu'd his Vido-ry to the very Camp of Cafar, but durft not attack it, being both furpriz'd with the Suddennefs of the Vi&ory, and the Fear of Ambufcades : And this was his great Error in this Cafe ; for Cafar him-felf confefs'd, That he had been loft without Redrefs, could Pompey have known how to make ufe of the Villory: This Advantage gain'd by Pompey caus'd him to be faluted Imperator ; Labienn4 begging the Prifoners, caus'd 'em all to be (lain ; and Pompey's Party had fuch Afiurance, that not thinking any more of further Engagements and Dangers, they carry'd them-(elves as undoubted Conquerors, which they reported in all Places, not confidering the many Circum-fiances that occafion'd this Succefs. But Cafar being driven from his former Purpofes, refolv'd to change the whole Courfe of the War ; and affembling his Men together, with a fearlefs Mind, fpake toi'em after this manner : We have no reafon to be dejeted or dif: courag'd at our late Infuccefs, but have much more to be thankful to Fortune for the long and uninterrupted Courfe of her Favours, in thole many and glorious Conquefis in Gaul and Britain, and thofe happy and more fuccefsful I/glories in Italy and Spain. If after all thefe renown'd Exploits and noble Ass, one little Diforder, one Error of Inadvertency, or indeed of Defliny itfelf, has depriv'd vts of the Succefs we might reafonably have expelled, we ought to correE all by the Greatners of our Souls, and the Magnanimity of our Courages, After this Speech,he call:deed fome Enfigns ; but he needed to make no other Examples, for his Soldiers offer'd to punifh themfelves by any Labour or Danger, crying out with great Impatjence, To Arms, let to be reveled, or die ! But Cafar Chap. II. The Mx'd State. Calor thought it not convenient to put 'em to the Tryal till their Minds were fettled, therefore refol-ved to make a fair Retreat to Apollonia, which he did with that Diligence that Pompey could not overtake him ; only fome of his Cavalry came up with Cafar's Rear, but were repuls'd with Lofs. Cafar caus'd his Baggage to march before, and his Advantage of being eight Hours before Pompey, oblig'd Pompey in four Days to give over his Purfuit, and betake himfelf to other Refolutions. Cafar was conftrain'd to go to Apollonia to difpofe of his tick and wounded Men, and to mufter his Army ; but fearing left Pompey fhould furpriAe Domitins, one of his Lieutenants now in Macedonia, with three Legions, he haften'd with his utmoft Diligence to join him. Pompey perceiving which way he dirdied his March, was in as great a Fear for Scipio, now in Theffaly with the Syrian Legions, and immediately fet forward. So each General march'd with all the Diligence imaginable, both to fecure their Friends and furprize their Enemies. Pompey had the Advantage of the fhortnefs of the Way, and Domitim very narrowly efcap'd him, who coming to ./Eginiuns upon the Frontiers of Theffaly, there happily join'd Cafar. Calor Peeing all his Forces together, march'd direly to Gomphi, the firft Town in the way from Epirns to Theffaly. The Inhabitants, who before had promis'd Cafar Obedience, now chang'd their Minds, as many others had done, upon the Report of his being beaten, being perfuaded to it by the Praetors of Theffaly then in the City ; and after having fent to Scipio and Pompey for Succour, caus'd the Gates to be Phut againft Cafar. Scipio was now 2t Lariffa in Theffa/y, and Pompey was not arriv'd in this Province, which caus'd Cafar to attack Gomphi : He order'd Ladders, great Baskets fill'd with Earth, and Hurdles to be got ready with all Speed ; and after having reprefented to his Soldiers the great Advantages Z 3 of 341 3 41 The Doman HtfIvry: Book III of forcing a Place fo very rich and well furnith'd, he caus'd an Affault to be made, which was carry'd on and fupported with filch Fury and Bravery, that notwithftanding the extraordinary Height of the Walls, the Town was taken in a few Hours time. Cafar left it to be plunder'd, and, without ftopping, march'd his Army to Metropolis, which yielded to him upon the fight of the Prifoners of Gomphi. This Conduit of his brought over all the Towns in Thef-faly to his Subje&ion, except Lariffa, which Scipio had poffefs'd himfelf of. Pompey arriv'd at Theffaly within a few Days after the taking of Gomphi, and advanc'd near Pharfalia, whither Scipio went and join'd him with his Troops. He was receiv'd by his Son-in-law Pompey with great Magnificence, making him Partaker both of his Honour and Authority, and ordering the Trumpets to found every Morning at Scipio's Tent as well as his own. Cafar was all the time giving Orders for the Subfiftence of his Army, and with great Skill making Remarks upon the Inclinations of his Soldiers ; and finding them hearty and vigorous, caus'd 'em to ad- vance as far as the Plains of Pharfalia, where Pompey was now encamp'd. The Approach of thefe two noble Armies, in which were all the chofen Roman Legions, whole Valour was to decide the Fate of that great Empire ; the Hatred and Ambition of the Generals, animated by the Prize as well as the Glory of Inch a Conqueft, together with the (mall Appearance of an Accommodation, made it out of doubt, that nothing but a general Battel cou'd determine this famous Qgarrel. Pompey being the itrong-ex of the two, his Party did not queftion the Viao-ry, and fell into great Controverfies whO fhould be fucceffively Confuls, who fhould ha.ve.Cafar's Prieft-hood, and who fhould hive his Lands, Goods and Moneys, and likewife how all Dignities and Ma. giftracies fhould be difpos'd of, with a great many Things Chap. II. The Mix'd State. Things of the like Nature. In short, every one fet his Thoughts upon fharing the Fruits of the Vi&ory, without confidering how to gain it. But Calar was far otherwife employ'd, ufing all the Care and Skill imaginable to encourage and perfeEt his Men : He evtry'Day fent out Parties, and exercis'd the lufly young Men of his Legions to mingle themfelves among the Cavalry, and contend even with the Hodes for Swiftnefs ; fo tho' Pompey much furpafs'd in the Number of Horfe, yet Ceefar's being fo well and skilfully aflifted by thefe light-arm'd Foot,were not at all afraid of 'em, and in one Rencounter they defe4ted a great Number of 'em. Ccefar, now finding his Soldiers vigorous and defi-rous of A&ion, drew out of his Camp, and offer'd Pompey Battel. But that General had no fuch Defign at prefent, either fufpe&ing his Troops, or dreading the lofs of his Reputation ; and therefore endeavoured to wane Cvfar's Army with Fatigue and want of Provifions. He drew indeed fometimes out of his Camp, but always kept himfelf under his Trenches, at the Foot of the advanc'd Ground, where he was potted. Cafar could not attack him in that Place without great Difadvantage, fo that he refolv'd to decamp the next Day, that by frequent Motions he might weary out Pompey's Men, who were not fo harden'd to Toil and Labour as his. Upon the taking down of the Tents, Advice came that Pom-pey's Army was in Battalia, and far enough from his Trenches. Whereupon Cerfar caus'd all his Troops to halt, and with extream Joy told 'em, That now was the happy and long-wilh'd for Moment, in which they might gain themfelves immortal Honour. After which he drew up his Troops in Order, and advanc'd with 'em towards the Place of Battel. Pompey, on the other fide, was extremely troubled with melancholy Thoughts and prefaging Dreams; but now was no longer able to hold out againft the importunities and Mur- Z 4 murings 343 344 The Iliflory. Book III • murings of his Officers, and therefore at prefent did what he cou'd to encourage 'em, particularly by telling 'em, That the Strength of his Cavalry, who had pro-mis'd him to attack the Enemy's Flanks before they cou'd difcharge one Dart, was alone fujicient to gain the Viiiory. Labienus feconded his Speech, adding withal, That this was not the Army that Cxfar perfbrm'd fuch Exploits in Gaul and Germany with, which were all gone home, kill'd with Difiafrs, or defiroy' d at the lafi Battel at Dyrrachium.After which Labienus took a folemn Oath not to return into his Camp but with Viaory ; which Oath Pompey himfelf took, and the reit after him, not imagining that any thing could be fpoken vainly by fo skilful a Commander. Pompey's Army confified of 45 000 Foot, according to Plutarch, and 7000 Horfe ; Cafar's but of 22000 Foot, and not much above 1000 Horfe ; but Appian with fome Reafon excepts the Auxiliaries, which he fuppofes to have been great on both fides ; tho' all agree that Pompey's Forces were double the Number to Cxfar's. Pompey left feven Cohorts to guard his Camp, and drew up all his Men in three Lines, every Legion making three Battalions, and each Battalion was drawn up in half Cohorts, that is, 200 Men in Rank, and eight in File. The Syrian Legions were plac'd in the middle, under the Command of Scipio ; the Spaniards, whom Pompey moil rely'd upon, on the Right, under Domitius ./Enobarbus ; and on the Left was Pompey himfelf, with the two Legions Cafar had reilor'd at the beginning of the War, under Lentulus. The reit were in the fame Order, between SLipio's Legions and the Wings ; only the Auxiliary Troops, at leaft fuch as fought in Order, compos'd the Body of Referve ; for the others, they were drawn out without Order upon the Left, with the Archers, Slingers, and all the Cavalry, the Right being fortify'd by a River. Cecfar left two Cohorts to guard his Camp, and drew up in three Lines alfo, Chap. II. The Mix'd State. alfo, in the fame Order with Pompey ; the tenth Legion was upon the Right, and the ninth upon the Left, alrnoit join'd to the eighth. The refit of the Cohorts being drawn up between thefe Legions, were on the Center, where Domitius Calvinus commanded, ..S'ylitz having the Right Wing, and Anthony the I eft. Cafar put himfelf at the Head of the tenth Legion, whole Valour he had often experi-enc'd, ...kd with Defign to be oppofite to Pompey, who intended to tall fuddenly upon the Flanks of Cafar's Troops ; but he foon perceiv'd it by the Order of his Bartel, and thereupon he drew fix Cohorts out of all his Troops, of which he compos'd a Body of Referve. He exaEtly infiruCted them in their Duty ; and above all, gave them to underhand, That all the Hopes of ViElory depended upon their Valour and Conduit alone. Lately, he pIac'ci his Cavalry fo as to cover the Right of the tenth Legion, ordering over and above his third Line not to march, till they re-ceiv'd a Signal from him. Now it was that the Fate of the van Empire of Rome was to be decided by the greateft Generals, the braveft Officers, and the 'tout& Soldiers in the World, each Man almofi being infpir'd with the De-fire of conquering Glorioufly, or dying Honourably. As the Armies approach'd, the two Generals went from Rank to Rank encouraging their Soldiers : Pompey reprefented to his Men, The Yufiice and Merit of his Caufe ; the Advantage of their Numbers, firengthen'd by the Affiflance of fo many illuflrious Senators ; and the Glory lately obtain'd at the Battel of Dy rrachi-um. Cxfar was contented only to demonftrate, That he had endeavour'd by all poffible Means to obtain an honourable Peace ; and if his Enemies had pleas'd, they might have fpar'd the Blood of fo many brave Men. So feeing the Impatience of his Soldiers to fall on, he gave the Signal of Battel ; the Word on rompey's Side was, Hercules the invincible ; that on Cahr's, Venus the Viao- rims. 345 3 46 The12o,nan HifiOry. Book TiC125. There was now only fo much Space between the two Armies as was juft fufficient for the Place of Battel • but Pompey order'd his Men to receive the firft Shocl: without moving from their Places. Cajar's Soldiers feeing that, like Men of Skill, of their own Accord made a Halt in the midft of their Carreer ; and after taking a little Breath, ran furioufly upon the Enemy, firft difcharging their Javelins, then drawing their Swords, as Cafar had given 'em Orders. Pompey's Men receiv'd the Charge without the leaft Diforder, and falling on with their Javelins and Swords, a cruel and bloody Battel enfu'd, which for fome time feem'd equal. Then Pompey order'd his Cavalry to charge, which, with the Multitude of Archers and Slingers, loon oblig'd Ciefar's Men to give Ground, and got themfelves upon the Flank of his Army, as they firft defign'd. Whereupon Cafar immediately order'd the fix Cohorts to advance, which were his Body of Referve, to charge upon the Faces of the Enemy with their Pikes ported. This Contrivance diforder'd thofe nice and effeminate Knights ; and the fear of fpoiling their Faces, put'em into fuch Confufion, that upon the rallying of Cx-far's Cavalry, they were all broke in a Moment, and the Slingers and Archers being thus abandon'd, were all- cut to Pieces. Ccefar incluftrioufly following that Advantage, advanc'd and charg'd Pompey's Troops upon the Flank ; which Charge they flood with great Refolution, and the Allies bravely defended themfelves, when Ceefar gave the Signal for his third Line to advance ; which frefh Troops pouring in upon Pompey's, wearied out and attack'd on all fides, eafily broke 'em. The Flight began among the Strangers, tho' Pompey's Right-Wing fill valiantly maintain'd their Ground ; but Cafar caufing his Men to cry out Kill the Strangers, but fave the Romans, the Romans laid down their Arms, and receiv'd Quarter, but a miferable Slaughter was made Chap. H. The Mx'd State. made among the Strangers, who fled with all Speed. Cafar, now finding the ViEtory certain, and Pompey retreated to his Trenches, cry'd out to his Men, That they ought to purfue the Viaory, and take the Enemies Camp. It-was now Noon-day, and tho' they were wearied out with the Extremity of the Heat, yet upon teeing their General march a- foot at the Head ()Cern, they follow'd him with great Refolution, and falling on with frefh Courage, the Enemy all fled to the Mountains not far off. Pompey himfelf was fo extreamly difhearten'd and confounded, that here he cou'd perform nothing worthy of his great Courage or Reputation, but getting on Horfe-back, he fled to Larifia, and from thence to the Sea. Ce-far found throughout the Camp much rich Furniture in the Tents, Tables fpread with fine Linnen, and Cupboards cover'd with Plate, which fufficiently fhew'd the Luxury and Affurance of the Enemy. Cefar earnefily defir'd his Soldiers, Not to ami fe them-felves with Plunder, but to compleat this gloriom VIClory ; and by means of the great Refpeat they bore him, he prevail'd. So a Trench was immediately thrown up about the Mountain where the Enemy was retreated, who wanting Water, were forc'd to quit it, and retire to Lariffa. Cala), immediately follow'd 'em with four Legions, and after fix Miles March, drew up in Battaha, which caus'd the Enemy to betake themfelves to a high Hill, at the Foot of which ran a River. Now, Night approaching, Ca far's Men were almoft (pent, and ready to faint with the inceffant Toil of the whole Day ; yet dill by his obliging Perfuafions, he prevail'd with 'em to cut offithe Conveniency of Water from the Enemy by a "Trench. This immediately forc'd them to a Capitulation, only fome Senators made their Efcape in the Dark. The next Morning Cafar order'd all the Enemy to come down into the Plain, and lay down their 347 34$ The Zoinan Hiflory. Book III. their Arms, which they obey'd, and falling upon their Knees before him, in the moft fuppliant Po-fiure, begg'd for Mercy, which he granted em with all the Clemency and Kindnefs imaginable, and commanded his Soldiers not to offer 'em the leaf' Incivility, nor plunder their Baggage. Thus Cdfar, by his wonderful Skill and Courage, and by the indefatigable Induftry of his Soldiers, obtain'd the molt compleat, tho' not the moft bloody, Viftory that ever General in the World did, t5'000 of the Enemy being (lain in Battel, and 24000 furrender'd, he him-felf lofing a very inconfiderable Number. In the mean time, the Great Pompey, who juft before had been the glorious Commander of Kings, and all the Greatneis and Magnificence of Rome, now found himfelf reduc'd to feek Retreat with Tome few of his Friends in a poor Fifherman's Cabin : From whence he went aboard another Veffel, and made forward every Day as much as he could ; but the ungrateful Sound of his Defeat fill flew before him, which fo dejeaed and confounded him, that he could not think of any thing that might be ferviceable to him. His Affurance of Vidory made his Defeat molt intolerable, leaving him naked and difarm'd of all Relief: And his Misfortunes had fo infatuated his Mind, that he cou'd not so much as use thole Advantages he had fill by Sea, where he had a powerful and vielorious Fleet. He fail'd firft to Amphipolis, then to Lesbos, where he took his Wife, who bitterly complain'd of the ill Defliny which ally'd her to Craffus firfl, and afterwards to Pompey, only to caufe the Ruin of two fiich illu/1riost Families. Pompey from thence direEted his Courfe to "Egypt, where King Ptolemy, a Minor, was in War with his Sifter Cleopatra,whofe Father Pompey had fettled in his Kingdom. Pompey fent to him, That in regard of the an-tient HofPitality and Amity between him and his Father, le deic'd a Retreat of him in Alexandria, and that by his chat% II. The d State. his Wealth and Power he would Iiipport him, now fallen into the utincli Mifery and Calamity. The Meffage was well enough receiv'd ; but fuch as were ProteCtors of the King, and Guardians of the Kingdom now in his Minority, either induc'd by the Fear of the Armies being gain'd by Pompey, many of 'em having been his Soldiers, or elfe defpifing the lownefs of his Fortune, gave a civil Anfwer openly to the Meifengers, and defir'd him to come to the King : But fecretly, plotting among themfelves, fent Achillas, a principal Commander, and of great Boldnefs, together with Septimim, a Roman Tribune, to kill him. They met him with much Civility ; and Pompey knowing Septimins to have led a Company under him in his War againfi the Pirates, went aboard a little Bark, with a few of his Soldiers, and there was barba-roufly and treacheroufly murther'd by Achilias and Septimim, his Wife and Friends flying with what Sail they could make. His Head being cut off, they left the Body on the Shore, which was carefully taken up by Philip his Freed-Man, who gathering up fome Pieces of a broken Boat for a Pile, was furpriz'd by an old Roman Soldier of Pompey's refiding in izEgypt: Who art thou, Paid he, that art making theft fad Preparations for the Great Pompey's Funeral ? Philip an-fwered him, One of his Freed-Men. Ah, reply'd he, thou fbalt not have all this Honour to thy filf, but fu., me to partake in an AElion fo yuft and Sacred ; that among all the Miferies of my Exile, I may pleafe myfelf in having the Honour to touch the Body, and affill at the Funeral or the greatell and noblefl Soldier that Rome ever produc'd. After which they gave him the lad Rites, the Sad-nefs of which Ceremony was very peculiar. Such was the End, and fuch the Funeral of Pompey the Great, who after his efcaping fo many memorable and imminent Dangers, where he might have fallen with the Honour agreeable to the Greatnefs of his Charader, comes at laft to lofe his Life mifera- bly 349 3 50 The Zoinan Hiflory. Book 111. bly by the Hands of three or four Villains ; he being now in the 58th Year of his Age. This happen'd near two Years after his Breach with C‘efar, and this cut off the fecond Head of the Triumvirate, and made Way for Cafar's abfolute Power foon after ; and this happen'd in the 7o6th Year of the City, A. M. 3957, about 12 Years after the Beginning of the Triumvirate, and 46 before our Saviour's Nativity. lye; CHAP. III. From the Death of Pompey, to the Death of Ufar ; which finifb'd the Power of the FirJt Triumvirate, but Judi kept down the Consular State. Containing the Space of nigh Four Tears. U C. H US fuccefsful was Cala( in all his ACtions; 706. efpecially in the tali, which Advantage he re-folv'd to purfue to the utmolt ; and knowing that all his Enemies Hopes were lodg'd in the Perfon of Pompey, he follow'd him with his ufual Diligence : And as tho' Fortune was refolv'd never to forfake him, Caffius retreating into Afia with a Fleet of 6o Sail, fell in among Cefar's little Barks he had provided for his Troops ; and tho' he might eafily have ruin'd Cafar, yet Cafar's Prefence and Behaviour fo over-aw'd him, that he immediately furrender'd himfelf with all his Navy. Ccefar fhortly after arriv'd at Alexandria with two Legions and Soo Horfe, in ten Galleys of Rhodes, and a few Ships of Alia, ordering the reit of his Men to follow. Tho' thefe Forces Chap. III. The Mx'd State. 3 5 Forces were very inconfiderable, the Legions being reduc'd to 3200 Men ; yet the Confidence he had in his Vi&ories, and the high Reputation they had gain'd him, made him believe that he fhould meet with Obedience, where-ever he could find Men. Upon his landing at Alexandria, he was entertain'd with the News of the Death of Pompey, whofe Head was prefented to him, and his Ring which he us'd for his Signet. This mournful Speatacle immediately reviv'd the Thoughts of his former Friend-fhip, which, with the fad Imagination of the fatal Misfortunes that attend the greaten Men, drew Tears from his Eyes, and made him turn away his Face with Horror, keeping the Ring, and fending away the Meffenger in a Moment. He afterwards, to fhew his Refped to this great Man, caus'd a magnificent Sepulchre to be built by the Place where he was murder'd, with a Temple, which he call'd, 7'he Temple of Wrath. Cafar, upon his Entry into Alexandria, having his Arms and Fafces carry'd before him as Conful, the Multitude were much offended, as they were at his landing, crying out, That the King's Authority was diminifh'd ; which occafion'd Calar to give Orders for other Legions, which were enroll'd for Pompey's Service, to he brought to him out of Asia. In the mean time, as an Argument of his Confidence, he made great Entertainments, and affifted at the Conferences of Philofophers, who were in great Numbers within that City. But Photinus the Eunuch, who came to Alexandria with the young King, daily gave him frefh. Marks of his Diffatisfaetion, and Intention of making ufe of Arms ; till at length the Info-lence of this Perfon, and probably the Reputation of the admirable Beauty of Cleopatra, caus'd him to declare publickly, That the Controverfy between the King and his Sifler belong'd to the Cognizance of the People of Rome, and confe5uently to hirnfilf as Conful, and the rath2r 3 51 The tman Hiflory Book III. rather, becaufe old Ptolemey by his Will had left his eldejI Son and Daughter Heirs, and the People of Rome Executors. Upon this Account he intended to make up all Differences between 'em, and fent to 'em to have 'em rather to plead their Caufes before him, than to decide the Controverfy by the Sword. At this time Photinus had the Adminiftration of the Kingdom, and he difdain'd to come to Cafar's Propofals, but thereupon procur'd Achillas to march dire&ly to Alexandria at the Head of 2 2000 flout Men, many of'em being Romans. This forc'd Cafar to take great Care, after he had fecur'd the King's Perfon, to fecure himfelf in the Town, not being 'hong enough to fraud 'em in the Field, and to caufe his own Quarters to be ftrongly fortify'd, where, neverthelefs, he was shortly after attack'd by Achil-las. Ceefar's Soldiers bravely repuls'd the Enemy, whofe chiefeft Defign was to get Poffeffion of the 5o Ships and 22 Galleys which were in the Haven, which oblig'd Cafar, after a long and doubtful Fight, to poffefs himfelf of the Pharos, a Tower of wonderful Stru&ure in an Iflet juft by, and to let Fire to thofe Vefrels ; the Flames whereof being driven by the Wind upon fome Houfes nigh the Port, burnt 'em down, and among ‘'em unhappily confum'd one of the beft Libraries in the World, belonging to the Kings of "Egypt, and confifting, as fome Authors report, of 700000 Volumes. The Port made Cafar Mailer by Sea, tho' he was clofe shut up by Land, and the People of the Town were generally againft him. In the mean time the young Princefs Cleopatra came to Cafar with much Danger and Difficulty : She embark'd in a Shallop with only Appollodorus, one of her Domefticks, with whom she arriv'd that Night under the Cattle of Alexandria, and there it-pollodorus binding her up in a Packet of thofe Ne-ceffaries which he brought along with him, rook her upon his Back, and by that means deceiving f the Chap. IL The Mix'd State. the Egyptian Guards, carry'd her to Cafar. C‘efar was too fenfible of the Charms of Beauty, not to be touch'd with thofe of Cleopatra, who was now in the Prime of her Youth, and one of thofe fprightly Beauties, whereof every Feature had its particular Grace : All which join'd with an admirable Wit, and a Voice fo foft and bewitching, that even that PerfeEtion alone, without the Help of her Eyes, which were the fineft in the World, enflav'd the Hearts of all who heard her ; nor cou'd Cacfar refute her his ; but at &ft fight fhew'd himlelf of her ln-tere . Ptolemy her Brother quickly found it, and Ca-rar s Uneafinefs in his Love, made the InhabitantS more turbulent ; but he loon quell'd all, and as Con-Cul and Tutor to the young Princefs, in a general Affembly he read the Will of Ptolemy their Father, and promis'd to put it in Execution. In the mean time Photinus was flain in the City by a Tumult ; and Ganymedes the Eunuch, under Pretence of affifting Arlinoe, King Ptolemy's youngeft Si-, (ter, and by declaring her Queen, had caus'd Ach& las to be flain, and procur'd himfelf to be made General of the Army, who affuming the Paid thority, continu'd the Siege with much Vigour, re-duc'd Cafar to great Extremities, by fpOiling all his Erefh Water, which he loon remedy'd by his extraordinary Diligence, and digging abundance of Wells. Ceefar began now to expe& his Succours with Impatience, and being inform'd that the 24th Legion was arriv'd on the Confines of Africk, but could not come up by reafon of the Winds, he embark'd with his whole Fleet, but with only his Mariners, and let Torward to meet it. The Enemy knowing that he was without Soldiers„ attack'd him ' • but he loon worft-ed 'em, join'd his Legion, and return'd to Alexan-, dria. This firft Fight aftonifh'd the Alexandrians ; neverthelefs they refitted, and came againft Cafar with a limner Fleet than before, but were agar A a routed, 353 3 Y4 The rkman Fliftwy. Book III. routed, and forc'd to fly under the Peer of Pharos. Cafar was only Mailer of the Tower, and making an Attack upon the Peer with fome little Succefs, was neverthelefs at laft repuls'd with fo much Dif-order, that not being able to hinder his Soldiers from throwing themfelves on board his Ship, he fav'd himfelE by fwimming, but with fo much Pre-fence of Mind, that he loft none of his Papers, which he held out of the Water with one Hand, to preferve 'em from wetting, nor yet his Coat-Armour, which he carry'd in his Teeth. The Alexandrians, finding they were not able by Force to drive out Cafar, had recourfe to their old Arts of Diffimulation, demanding their King from him, pretending, That they were weary of the Command of Ganymedes and a Girl, and that they were defirom of making Peace with the Romans under the Authority of their lawful Prince. Cafar was fenfible of their perfidious Temper ; but finding the War might be more honourable, and not much more dangerous, prefent-ly deiiver'd him, who, as he expeEted, employ'd all his Forces againfl- him. But at this time Mithridates of Pergampts, a Man of noble Birth, of brave Spirit, and great Fidelity to Cafar, came with an Army to Cafar's AffiPcance. He firft took Pelufium by the way, and went to pafs the River Nile at a Place call'd Delta. Which Ptolemy being inform'd of, went in Perfon to oppoie him ; and Cafar did the fame to affift Mithridates ; who before the Arrival of either, had already beaten Ptolomey's Men in one Rencoun-ter% Cafar alto defeated others, before he cou'd join Mithridates ; after which he attack'd a (mall Fort between his Camp and that of Ptolemy, which he rook, and the next Day attack'd their very Camp, which he forc'd, and the King endeavouring to Pave himfelf by Water, was drown'd. After this Viaory, Cafar met with no Oppofition in all2Egypt, and the City of Alexandria was the firlt that fub- mitted ; Chap. III. The Mix ti State. witted ; fo he made his Entry as Conqueror, and pardon'd the Citizens in favour of Cleopatra, whom he eftablifh'd Queen with her younger Brother Ptolemy, according to the Intent of their Father's Will, driving out Arfinoe and Ganymedes. The reit of the Days he ftaid in "Egypt, he dedicated to the Love he had for this beautiful Princefs, and the Rejoicings for his Vicaory. He fpent much of his time in her Company ; and Tome Authors report that he went up the Nile with her in a magnificent Galley, and that he had gone as far as "Ethiopia, if his Army had not refus'd to follow him ; but however, he afterwards gave fuch publick as well as private Te-ftimonies of his Affeetion, that he left her with Child of a Son, whom he call'd Ccefario. II. About the Beginning of the Alexandrian War; Cafar had great Honours voted him by the Senate at Rome, who were now molt of 'em gather'd toge- ther : He was made Conful for five Years together; DiElator for a whole Year, and had the Power of Tribune for his Life ; and tho' he was out of Italy, he took the DiElatorfhip, and made Marc Anthony his Dic• Mailer of the Horfe, who as yet had not been Prator. lxxiii. Anthony, at fix Months End, was forc'd to lay down Annual. his Office, and was made Conful, the Augurs cry- U. C. ing, it was unlawful for any Mailer of the Horfe to 707. hold that Office above fix Months. But the princi- pal Caufe was his exercifing too great an Authority in that Place; which, with the outrageous Carriage of irebefiitts and Dolabella, both Tribunes, rais'd great Commotions and Difturbances in the City. Cafar's Pretence was now much wanted, and he might have been far fooner at Rome, if Cleopatra had not held him Taft by her Charms in "Egypt, which Hold the was at laft forc'd to let go after nine Months, and give way to a greater Violence, which hurry'd him out of her Embraces. This proceeded from A a z Phar- 35S 3 5 6 771e Roman Hiflory. Book III. Pharnaces, the Son of the great Methridates, who had formerly been left King of Bofphorus, and being ambitious of recovering of his Father's Dominions, he feiz'd Colchis with little Trouble, and all Armenia in the Abfence of Deiotarus the Tetrarch of that Kingdom, befides fame other Places. C afar being then employ'd in "Egypt, and hoping to reduce him by whets, had fent Domitius Calvinius againft him, with Orders to receive all the Forces that were in Afia. Do-mititt join'd with Deiotarus and Ariobarzanes, march'd (trait againft Pharnaces, then at Nicopolis, which Place he had lately taken. Pharnaces, affrighted at his Enemy, defied a Truce, which Domitius contemn'd, and refolving to fight, was confiderably worfted in the Engagement. Pharnaces, elevated with this Succefs, took in the reit of the Cities of Pontus, and march'd into Bithy-nia, hoping to meet with his Father's Fortune ; but was ftopp'd in his Career by the Revolt of 'gander, whom he had left in his Kingdom in Chief. He defign'd to march againft him, but was diverted by the News of Calar's coming, who upon thefe Occa-lions thought it not honourable to make any longer flay in .gyps. • Pharnaces was much more terrify'd at the Name of Ccefar than his Army, and as he ap-proach'el, fent often to him about a Peace, labouring by all ways to evade the prefent Danger, alledg-ing Cxfar's pardoning of Deiotarus, who had been a greater Enemy to him than he, not doubting, but early to renew the War after his Departure. Cafar fuf-ficiently apprehenfive of his Defigns, gave good Words to the Meffengers the firft and fecond time; but at the third time he objeCied, among other Crimes, His Ingratitude to Pompey his BenefaElor ; adding, That he receiv'd no left SatisfaElion in pardoning of all private Injuries, than in revenging lush as had been of-fer'd to the Republick. And thereupon ufing all Expedition, on one and the fame Day, he went and fought the , Chap. III. 11.7e Mix,a State. the Enemy, who at firm diftrefs'd him with their Horfes and Chariots that bore Scythes; but the Veteran Troops obtain'd the ViEtory in a few Hours ; and Pharnaces himfelf flying, and endeavouring to break into Bofphorus, was repuls'd and (lain by /Vander; the juft End of a Perfon fo rebellious to his Father, and fo ungrateful to his Friends. The ViEto-ry being fo fudden and effeEtual, made Cafar fay, That Pompey was very happy in gaining fo much Glory againfl this Enemy at fo eafy a rate. And in writing to Anciits at Rome, he exprefs'd the Celerity of this Expedition in three Words, Veni, Vidi,Vici; 1 came, Iview'd, I vanquilh'd. Cafar fettled Affairs in thefe Parts as well as his time wou'd permit him ; and after his beftowing the Government of Armenia upon Ariobarzanes, that -of gulta upon H;icanus and An-tipater, and that of Bofphorus upon .Mithridates, he embark'd and went into Italy with a Diligence which put all the World into Admiration. III. Upon Cafar's Arrival in Italy, Cicero and a great many others of Pompey's Party went out to him, and were receiv'd by him with the fame Civility as if they had always been of his. Intereft. This courteous and obliging Behaviour fo far gain'd him the Favour of the People of Rome, that he eafily ap-peas'd the Diffentions there ; and the time of his DiElatorlhip being expir'd, he was chofen Conful with lEmilius Lepidus. He cou'd not find time to make any long ftay at Rome, for the Remains of Pompey's Party had rally'd themfelves in Africk under Scipio and Cato, and yuta King of Mauritania, which made him halten thither, after he had ap-peas'd tome-Mutinies among his own Soldiers, who infolently demanded their Rewards and their Dif-charge; but upon C,efar's Pretence, and his telling 'em, They Aou'd not partake of the Honour of the Afri-cap Expedition, they fubmitted, fo as to offer them- A a 3 felves 357 3 5 8 The c&oinan Iliflory. Book III. (elves to be decimated. Cafar, after his ufual Diligence, landed in Africk with a fmall Party, but the reit Toon after follow'd : He was in fome Difirefs for want of Necefl'aries for a little time, but that he conquer'd with great Conflancy. After many Movements, and feveral Skirmifhes and fmaller Battels between both Parties, in which Cafar was fometimes in great Danger, Cafar refolv'd to come to a deci-five Battel if it were poffible. In order to this De-fign, he invefted the City Tapfus, fuppofing that Scipio wou'd attempt to relieve it, in which he was not mifiaken ; for Scipio joining with King Yuba, and encamping near Cafar, they fhortly after came to a general Battel, in which Cafar gave a final Defeat to all the Enemy's Forces, with little or no Lofs on his fide, and became Mailer of all their Bag and Baggage. Tapfim, Adrumentum, and Zama, immediately furren-deed ; Cato fled to Utica, and Yuba and Petreim one another in Defpair, and all y uba's Kingdom fubmitted to the Government of Rome. Sitim, one of Cafar's Lieutenants, fhortly after encounter'd Afra-nim and Sylla, as they were going for Spain, defeated their Forces, and took 'em Prisoners ; after which they were both kill'd in a Mutiny. Scipio himfelf, and feveral Senators being embark'd for Spain, were driven upon Sitipbs's Fleet, where they all were [lain by their Enemies, or by themfelves. Of the Generals ofPon pey's Party, Cato was only remaining, who had retreated to Utica, where he had efiabliffi'd a kind of Senate, compos'd of 300 Romans. He was at firft refolv'd to hold out the Town ; b:It finding the Minds of the Inhabitants much divided, he quitted that Defign for another more agreeable to his CharaEter and Philofophical Opinions. He defied his Friends, fome to fave themselves by Sea, and others to rely upon Cafar's Goodnefs, and embracing them with a more than ordinary Tenderners that Night, his Difcourfes to 'cm Chap. III. the Confular State. 'em being about Morality, where he defended that Maxim' That the Virtuoso were only happy and free, but wicked'Men were always miferable and Slaves. His Sons, fufpeeting his Intentions, at Supper took his Sword from him, which he mifs'd not when he arofe, but lying own in his Bed, read Plato's aa- logue call'd nada, concerning the Immortality of the Soul. Then miffing his Sword, he was very angry and diffatisfy'd till it was brought him ; then feeling the Point, he laid it by him, faying, / am Mailer of myfill He then took his Book again, which he had read twice over, and fell into a found Sleep ; but juft as Day began to appear, he took his Sword and thruft himfelf thro' the Breaft ; which not difpatching him, he ftaggering, fell upon his Bed, and at the fame time threw down a Table upon which he had drawn fome Geometrical Figures. At the Noife of this his Slaves came in, and with their Cries alto brought his Sons and Friends, who found him weltring in his Blood, and his Bowels out of his Body : His Eyes were yet open, which caus'd his Phyfician to eafe him upon his Bed ; then putting up his Bowels, which were yet unhurt, he clos'd up the Wound. Upon this, Cato recover 'd his Spirits, and being tranfported with Fury, thruft back the Phyfician, rent open his Wound again, and tearing his Bowels expir'd before their Eyes. Thus dy'd Cato, a Perron of fingular Juftice, Severity and Magnanimity ; upon the hearing of whole Death, Cafar Paid, Cato has envy'd me the Glory of flaying his Life ; and therefore do I envy his Death ; defigning, as was thought, to have conquer'd him by his Kind-nefs and Generofity : His Death compleatly finifh'd Cafar's War in Africk. Africk being entirely recuc'd to Subjation, Ca-far return'd to Rome in Triumph for all his Viaories; and firft to obtain the Favour of the People, he g ye itm to underitand, That his lafl Mary had gain'd A a 4 the 359 3 6o The Roman Hylory Book III. the Commonwealth of Rome, a Country JO large and rich, that it could yearly furnifh the City with 200000 Bufhels of Corn, and 3000coo Pounds of Oil, After this, he or-deed the Prqarations for his Triumph upon four fucceffive Days ; the firft defign'd for the Triumph over Gaul, fhew'd in a great many Tables the Names of Soo Nations and Boo Cities, conquer'd by the Death of a Million of Foes, whom he had defeated in feveral Battels. The fecond Triumph was over /Egypt. The third fhew'd the Defeat of Pharnaces in Afia. And the fourth that of King uba in Africk ; which Triumphs were over Foreigners, not Romans. Here was the utmoft Shew of Magnificence, and all the Roman Soldiers follow'd their great General, crown'd with Laurels, and in that Equipage he went to the Capitol, the Steps whereof he mounted upon his Knees, forty Elephants being rang'd on each fide, carrying great Candleflicks, fill 'd with Flambeaus. The Silver Veifels and Statues, of Goldfmiths Work, which were us'd in thefe Triumphs, amounted to 65000 Talents, which is above twelve Millions of our Money, betides 1822 Crowns of Gold, weighing 15033 lb. which were Prefents that the Princes and Cities had made him after his Viaories, according to the Cufloms of thole Times. Out of thefe Sums he paid his Soldiers, betides what he had prornis'd 'em in the Beginning of the Civil Wars. To every one 150 Pounds of our Money, as much more to the Centurions, and twice as roach as that to the Tribunes and Commanders of the Cavalry ; and for their Retreat after the Wars, he gave 'em Inheritances in feveral Places feparated from Italy. The People alfo were fenfible of his Bounty ; for he diftributed to each particular perfon ten Bufhels of Corn, and ten Pounds of Oil, and added 'co Denarii to the 300 he had promis'd 'cm before. After this he nobly crA:ertain"d the yvhplg people a; z zogo feveral T41?.!q$.. and Chap. III. 71.'e Mx'd State. 361 and that nothing might be wanting to the Pomp and Magnificence of thefe Feafts, he caus'd 2000 Gladiators to fight before the People, and make Re-prefentations of Sea and Land-Fights of four or five thoufand Men of a Side, betides all forts of Plays and Shows. Thefe Entertainments drew fo many People to Rome, that the greaten Part of them were forc'd to lie in the open Air, and a great many were Rifled in the Prefs; among the reit, two Senators. Many great Honours were after this conferr'd upon Cafar, among which was that of Mailer of Manners, as if the Name of Cenfor was too mean, for three Years ; all joining to chew their great For-wardnefs in preferring him, fome out of Love and Refpe&, others out of Fear and Flattery: And indeed many began to dread the Severities of Marius and Sylla ; but Cafar's extraordinary Civility to both Parties, and the Greatnefs of his Nature, in a great meafure freed 'em from any fuch Fears. He began now to fettle the Commonwealth, and make many new Laws: He committed the Power of Judicature to the Senators and Equites alone ; and both by Laws and his own Care, he reftrain'd the profule way of living of rich Perfons. And because the City was manifeftly exhaufled, by reafon of Multitudes quitting it, he propos'd Rewards to all Inch as had many Children. Then confidering that by his long Command in Gaul, he himfelf had Opportunity of eflablifhing an extraordinary Power, by a Law he ordain'd, That no Prcetor should command above a Year in his Province, nor a Conful above two Years after the expiring of his Office. Moreover, to chew that nothing should efcape his Care, he undertook to regulate the Roman Year, which was at this time very much confounded ; and thoi Aluma, the fecond King of Rome, had beflow'd much ?sins about ir, yct fli4 the Reckoning accord- ing 3 6 z the Zoman iliflory. Book III. ing to Lunar Months, and the odd eleven Days and a quarter, caus'd a great many Inconveniencies. Whereupon Ciefar, after his confulting the molt able Afironomers, being alfo himfelf very well inftrueted in that Science, whereof he had written, regulated the Year according to the Courfe of the Sun, allotting to each Year 365 Days, and adding one Day more every fourth Year, which was called the Bif-Textile ; and this is the Method which we to this Day follow, and goes ftill by the Name of the yulian Account and the Old Stile, whereas the New Stile is call'd the Gregorian Account. In this fame Year flou-rifh'd Catullus the Poet, one of the principal Epi-grammatills of all the Romans. IV. While C‘efar was thus employ'd in the Affairs of the Commonwealth, the two Sons of Pompey had fortify'd themfelves in Spain ; and as the People fill paffionately affe&ed the Memory of their Father, they Toon gather'd together a powerful Army ; they had alfo very good Officers, and among the reit Labients, which oblig'd Cafar to go in Perron to oppofe their Proceedings ; tho' not without fome Unwillin,Tnefs, by reafon that his beloved Miftrefs Cleopatra was now at Rome. He was now juft made Dic. Consul again, and likewife DiUator for another Year; ixxiv. and Lepidtts, who was Conful with him, he chofe Annual. for his Malley of the Horfe. Cefar proceeded in his U C. Expedition with his wonted Vigour and Celerity, 709- and arriv'd in Spain before the Enemy fo much as imagin'd it. Cnein.s, the eldeft of the two Pompeys, had laid Siege to the City of Ulla, and Sextus the younger Brother was in Corduba with a ftrong Gar-rifon. Cxfir, to raife the Siege, and to give fome paloury to Cneigs, advanc'd towards Corduba, which occafion'd him to raife the Siege before Ulla, and come and oppofe Cifar; but War finding he cou'd not draw him to a Bartel, went and invefted Attegna, a Place Chap. III. The Mix'd State. 3 63 a Place of great Importance, and full of Provi-vifions. The Siege laded fome confiderable time, and the Pompeys endeavour'd to throw in Succours into the Town, but in vain, till at laft it was confirain'd to capitulate. Cafar being Mailer of this, feveral other Places fubmitted to him; and the Pompeys marching up and down, and fearing the reit fhould revolt, were refolv'd to come to a general Battel ; their Army being now encamp'd in the Plains of Munda, and Caffar's not far diftant. Both Generals were equally impatient to come to an Engagement, fo that Cneins drew up his Men by Break of Day, well polling himfelf upon a Hill, and the ExaEtnefs of their Order fhew'd his Troops to great Advantage, efpecially his Cavalry, who were very well arm'cl. Cafar with great Art drew up his Troops likewife, and after he had advanc'd a little difiance from his Trenches, made a Halt, expeding the Enemy to come down from the Hill, This Delay made Cafar's Soldiers begin to murmur, and fo encourag'd thofe of Cneius, that they advanced upon the declining Part of the Hill ; fo both fides gave a Shout, and the Battel began. This was extraordinary (harp and dreadful on both fides, thofe on Cedar's fide were extremly incited by the Hopes of putting an End to all their Labours by this Battel ; and thole on Pompey's fide fought out of Neceffity and Defperation, most of 'em expeEdng no Pardon, as having their Lives formerly given 'ern, when they had been overthrown with A.franius and Petreius. The firft Shock was manag'd on both fides with fo much Courage, that Calar's Men, who had been almoft always us'd to conquer, found here a flop put to their Fiercenefs : The Battel continu'd for many Hours very obflinate, and C&far was never in fo great Danger as now ; he threw himfelf feve-ral times with great Rage and Fury amongft the midi of the Enemy, crying out to his Men, and ask- 364 The Hiftory. Book III, asking him, If they were not afham'd to deliver him into the Hands of Boys? So well did he encourage them by his Speeches, but much more by a thoufand brave and noble Aetions, which he perform'd himfelf; that at laft, with much difficulty, and a long time, he overthrew the Enemy, and 30000 upon the Spot. This Battel was fo fierce and dangerous, that Cafar often faid, That at all other Places he fought for his Glory, but at Munda for his Life. All his Enfigns were taken, and Varus and Labienus flain in the Battel. Cneius, with i 5o Horfe, efcap'd to Carteia, from whence, thinking to fave himfelf by Sea, he was forc'd by Didius, Cafar's Lieutenant, to return to Land, and being befieg'd within a Tower, was attack'd fo vigoroufly, that he was forfaken by his People, and (lain in a Cave where he had hid himfelf. But his Brother Sextus efcaping from Cordoba, fo well conceal'd himfelf, that Cafar could not find him. All Spain immediately fubmitted to Ca-far, and he exa&ed great Contributions from all the Enemies Cities, under Pretence of punifhing their Rebellion. After which he return'd to Rome with great Joy and Satisfaetion, that he had at Ian brought under Submiffion that Commonwealth which gave Laws to the greaten Part of the World. He enter'd Rome in Triumph; but this Triumph was by no means attended with any joyful Acclamations of the People, who were much concern'd to fee the Memory of their belov'd Pompey infulted over, and the Race almoft extirpated of one of the greaten Men in Rome. But Cafar did it the rather upon the account of bringing the Roman Dominions into Peace and Subje&ion, and the perfea Finifh-ing the Civil War ; which tho' it continu'd not much above Four Years, had been fo defiruCtive to the Roman People, that at a Cenfus jun before Cafar's hit Expedition, there were found but one hundred and fifty thoufand Heads of Families in ROW, Chap III. The Ali 'd State. 3 61 Rome, whereas in that Luftrum before, there were three hundred and twenty thoufand. V. Cafar had now rais'd himfelf far above all Romans, and above all Mortals in that Age, by his wonderful Ads, having fubdu'd and conquer'd the bell Parts of the World, in almoft as fhort a time as others could reafonably travel thofe Countries. And now the Senate again began to confer new Honours upon him, and thofe greater than ever : They made him DU-later in perpetuum, Conful for ten Di.lxxv. Years, fubjeEted all Magifirates, even Plebeian, to his Perpetual. Power, and ordain'd that he alone fhou'd command U. C the Armies, and raife Money ; which made him 709-Sovereign Prince or King in effed. Among other Titles, he had that of Deliverer given him, and fo was enter'd in the Pafli, and a Temple ere&ed to Liberty ; but above all that of Imperator ; not in that Imperator, Senfe as Generals were wont to have it given 'cm by their Soldiers after fome worthy Exploit ; but as it fignify'd the greateft Authority in the Commonwealth. From this yulius was deriv'd the Name of Imperator or Emperor, as likewife that of Cefar, to his Succeffors ; and this was the firlt beginning of the _Imperial State of Rome, tho' it was not perfe&ly fettled till fome .Years after. Carew was likewife made Cenfor for his Life-time, fo that now molt of the Magiftracies feem'd to center in him. As for the Confulfhip, he divelled himfelf of that for a certain time, and created Fabius and Trebonipps Confuls for the reit of the Year, of whom it happen'd that Fabigs dy'd the laft Day of his Magiflracy, and Ccefar fub- ilituted Canivius for the remaining Hours ; where- upon Cicero jeflingly writ in one of his Epistles, That during the ConfulAip of Canivius, not a Man din'd ; yet no Harm was committed in that time, for he was wonderfully vigilant, and ne'er flept throughout his whole Conful-_Pip. From this time forward the Confunip grew cheaper, 3 66 twin Hiflory Book III. cheaper, and few held it a whole Year, efpecially, when all its Authority and ancient Dignity, was, in a manner, fwallow'd up by the Imperial Power Toon after. Thus Ciefar had order'd the Confulfhip ; but for other Magittrates he pretended he would not concern himfelf with 'em, but leave 'em to the People to be nam'd, according to the ancient Cullom ; but it prov'd only a Pretence, for he made them him-felf, and fent 'em into the Provinces without the ancient way of Sortition. In other Magifirates the i6 Pr4- fame Number was obferv'd; only the Pretors, upon tors. the account of the Largenefs of the Roman Domi- 40 91,,,t-nions, were increafed to fixteen, and the Quallors to fiors. forty. Betides he had no other way to gratify thofe to whom he had made large Promifes, and this caus'd him to admit many into the Senate without Dillinaion, whether the Perfon was a Soldier or a Libertine by Original ; fo that the Number of the 000 Sena- Senate, by this means arofe to nine hundred. Ma- tors• ny he alfo brought into the Rank of Patritians, Con- Pares, and of thofe who had born other Offices ; which became a Cullom to thole who were afterwards Emperors. To his Friends he gave much away both in Money and Lands, which was very pleafing to them who made their Defigns ; bat others took it very heinonfly, and tellify'd their Re-fentments either by Words or Libels. The Management of Publick Money was now tranflated from the Qyeeflors to the ./Ediles, and afterwards re-turn'd no more to 'em, but at length was committed 6 .1Ltides. to Perfons of Pratorian Dignity. Six JEdiles were alfo made, of which two were Patritians, called Cu-rales, and four Plebeians. V. C. For the followino. Year Cafar enter'd upon the 7 1 o confulfhip again with Anthony, who was likewife his Maller of the Horfe ; and now he more clofely 'apply'd himielf to the Butinefs of the Commonwealth Chap. III. The Con fular State. wealth than ever. He firft took care to pardon all fuck as had been in Arms againft him, and greatly tax'd the Cruelty of Sylla, and thereby obtain'd as great a Name for Clemency, as before he had for Valour. Then, to thew his generous Temper, he caus'd Pompey's Statues to be Pet up again, to thew that he eiteem'd a great Soul and a magnanimous Spirit, even in his greateft Enemy ; which occafi-on'd Cicero to obferve in his Writing, ghat Cxfar by yefioring Pompey's Statues, fecur' d his own. In this fe-cond yulian Year, his Collegue Anthony procur'd by a Law, that the Month Qjtintilis fhould, in Honour of his Name, be afterwards call'd yuly ; and many other Laws were made. In the mean time, as he was no ways belov'd by thofe who were greateft in the Senate ; the' his Ordinances had no other Defign than the Publick Good, they forbore not to vilifie him by their Railleries. Now, tho' Cafar had Informations of their feveral Difcourfes, he bore it all with fo great a Moderation, that when Tome other People had yet the Boldnefs to violate his Reputation by Libels. he never fo much as inquir'd after them. All his Deigns fhew'd the Greatness of his Soul : He made a Propofition for adorning of the City of Rome with a magnificent Temple confecrated to Mars-, and with a Theatre, and likewife the building of a new Curia or Parifh to be call'd yulia. He rebuilt Carthage and Corinth, fending Colonies to both Cities : He undertook to level feveral Mountains in Italy, to drain the Pontine Marches near Rome, and to empty the Lakes, Works of prodigious Charge ; and likewife defign'd to dig through the Minus of Peloponnefits by Corinth. After there he defign'd an Expedition againft the Parthians, to revenge the Death of Craffus, and they being conqucr'd, to enter thro' Hyrcania, along the Banks of the Cafpian Sea, into Scythia, to open himfelf a Way thro' Germany into Gaul, and fo return to Rome : But all thefe vatt De- 3 67 3 6 8 The Doman Hitory. Book ILL Deigns loon came to an end, enjoying his Sovereign Authority but five Months. Calar's good Fortune, which had appear'd by fo many Vi6tories, his Merit and great Abilities, lup-ported by the Affedion of the People, and the Love of his Soldiers, had now rais'd him to a Degree above all other Romans. But as it ufuafly happens in Commonwealths, where every one valuing himfelf upon his own Merit, looks upon ablolute Command as a Right which he one Day in his turn may pretend to ; fo it was now, for that his extraordinary Advancement daily brought upon him the Jealoufy of the Senators. In the mean time, in an extravagant manner they continually flatter'd his Vanity with new Honours, preferring him in his Life-time in fome fort among the Gods, and declaring his Perfon facred and inviolable. They gave him the Title of Father of his Co,-;ntry, fiamp'd Money with his Image, order'd Publick Sacrifices on his Birthday, and his Statue to be fet up in all Cities, and in all the Temples at Rome. Some Authors have reported, that he procur'd thefe Honours by his Authority ; others, that they were freely beflow'd upon him. However, his accepting of all that was offer'd him, caus'd him much Hatred from many, which was difcover'd more plainly one Day, when the Senate had decreed him fome new Honours, and came all in a Body to the Temple of Venm, where he was, to acquaint him with their Decree ; and he, whether out of a Millake or Defign, rote not up, but receiv'd 'em fitting ; which Neglea much offended the Senators, and caus'd 'em to talk very freely and publickly about it, particularly laying, 'That he plainly afeEled the 7tle of King. He had indeed the Power in effe&, but only wanted the Name, which was odious to the Romans. Ctfar, who well knew the Eft-etas of that Averfion, very cautiouny defended himfelf from that Odium ; and one Chap. III. The Mix 'd State. 3 69 one Day, when fome People call'd him Lord and King, he made Anfwer, That he was Cxfar. Neverthelefs, he often let fome Difcourfes fall, which much pro- moted the Belief People had of his Ambition ; particularly, That a Republick was nothing but a weer Name and Notion, and that Sylla had difcover'd great Ignorance in laying down the Office of Diaator. Cafar fhortly after gave a frefh occafion of Sufpi-cion to the People, by his difplacing the Tribunes for imprifoning fome Perfons who had put Diadems upon his Statues. And by another Inflance Toon after, he Hill more plainly difcover'd the A ffealions of the People, at the Celebration of the Feafts call'd Lu-percalia, where he himfelf affified at the Show, feat-ed upon a Tribunal in a Chair of Gold, and his Triumphal Ornaments. Anthony palling thro' the People, who open'd to make him way, went up to the Tribunal, and prefented a Crown to Calm' ; fome clapp'd their Hands as if they approv'd of it ; but when Cafar put the Crown back, there was a general Applaufe : Anthony offer'd it a fecond time, but ifill with as little ? arks of Satisfadion from the People Cechy again refus'd it, which was follow'd with loud Acclamations on all fides. CaJar, who had laid this Delign before, now plainly underftood their Sentiments, and thereupon riling, commanded the Crown to be carry'd to the Capitol; neverthelefs he was Co concern'd, and fo little Mailer of his Diforder, that he faid that Night to his Friends, That he wou'dfreely offer his Throat to any Man that would cut it. And tho' he had a thoufand Teftimonies of the Hatred he lay under, he fo abandon'd himfelf to his Defigns, that from this Moment he negie&ed all manner of Means of feeuring himfelf againft his Enemies. When he was advis'd by fome not to truft Brutus too far, he open'd his Breall, Paying, Do jou believe that Brutus cares for fuch poor Pillage as this ? He was fometimes heard to fay That he had rather die once by B b Treafen, 37o The .(koman Iliflory. Book Hi. Treafon, than to be fo miftrable as always to live in fear of it. And at another time, That the Republick had more Interell in his Prefervation than himftlf ; that he had gain'd Glory and Power enough ; but after his Death, the Commonwealth wou'd be more harrafi'd with Civil Wars than ever it had been. And one Day being at Supper with Lepidus, as his Friends difputed among them-felves what Death was eafiefi, he reply'd to 'em, That which is mcfl fudden, and leaf? foreften. He dif-banded his Company of Spanilh Guards, and contented himfelf with the Prote&ion of his Friends ; which Proceeding of his much facilitated an Enter-prize upon his Life Toon after. The Defign upon Qfar's Life wascarry'd on with extraordinary Caution and Secrefy, tho' above three-fcore Senators enter'd into this Confpiracy, the principal whereof was Brutus, whole Life Cafar had fav'd after the Battel of Pharfalia, and Calm, both Prators at this time: The Name of Brutus had been famous in Rome ever (ince Brutus the firfi Con-ful, under the Foot of whole Statue was found written, you'd to Heaven thou went alive ; and certain Billets were thrown into the Prator's Tribunal, in thefe Words, Brutus thou art afleep, and not a true Brutus. Cafflus was Author of molt of thefe things, and he hated Cafar upon feveral Accounts, particularly for his naming Brutus the eldeft Preetor, when he was above him in Age, and for his hindring him from giving a publick Show to the People. His Behaviour towards Ctfar gave him fufficient Reafons to fufpe& hrn ; and when his Friends advis'd him to beware of Anthony and Dolabella, he told 'em, That it was not thofe perfum'd and plump Sparks that he difirufled, but thofe pale and meagre Gentlemen Never-thelefs he dill prepar'd for his Expedition againif the Parthians, and caus'd fixteen Legions to march, and i0000 Horfe for his Paffage into Alia. He de-fign'd to depart four Days after, when the Confpi- rators Chap. III. The Mix,61 State. 3 7 rators fpread a Report, That according to the Sibyl's Oracles, the Parthians could not be overcome but by a King; and upon this Pretence Cotta was to propofe the giving him that Title to the Senate. Caffisss took this Occafion to go and visit Brutus, demanding of him, If he wou'd be at the Senate-Houle when Cxfar's Friends were to propofe the declaring of him King? Brutus told him, That he would be abfent at that time. But, reply'd Caffiso, fuppofe you are called thither ? Then, anfwer'd Brum, 1 Ihould think it my Duty to fpeak, oppoje, yea, and die too, rather than part with the Liberty of Rome. Ah, reply'd Calligs, what generous Roman wou'd fuifer you to die for his Liberty ? rim are ignorant, Brutus, who you are, if you imagine that thofe Billets thrown into the Tribunal came from lets thanthan the moll illufirious and bravell Men of Rome. From other Praetors they demanded Games, Shows, and Plays ; but from you, whofe very Name is a rerror to Tyrants, they cry for the Ruin and Downfal of Arbitrary Power, being ready to expofe themfelves to the utmoil Haz.ards, in Ex-peElation of your aufpicim Aid. After this Converfa-tion, they parted ; but Brutus for Tome time after appear'd much difcompos'd in his Thoughts, which occafion'd his Wife Porcia, being in Bed with him, earnefily to enquire the Reafon of his Trouble. Brutus fearing fhe would difclofe the Secret if urg'd to it by Torture, Porcia immediately wounded her felf on the Thigh, and with a Mafculine Courage let him fee, That fhe fear'd no Torments, nor cou'd aEl any thing below Cato's Daughter ; by which means fhe learn'd the whole Defign, and became one of the Confpiracy. The Name of Brutus, whofe Perron was much efleem'd, engag'd a great many in the Confpiracy ; fo they refolv'd to put their Defign in Execution upon the very Ides of March, and in the Hall of the Senate. A great many Prodigies and Dreams foretold this Misfortune to Cafar ; and spurina, a famous Augur, B b 2 told The Doman F1flory. Book III. told him, That great Dangers threatn'd him upon the Ides of March. He dream'd the fame Night, that he was carry'd above the Clouds, and that he (hook Hands with Bove ; and his Wife Calpurnia alfo dream'd, that her Husband was affaffinated in her Arms, the Doors of tile Chamber opening at the fame time of their own accord with much Noife. This laa Accident fomewhat confounded him, and his Wife by her Prayers and Tears prevail'd fo, that he would not go abroad that Day. But another Brutus, call'd Decimus, who was one of the Confpi-rators, tho' of the Number of his intimate Friends, caus'd him to change his Refolution, telling him, He was much expetled at the Senate, and it wou'd be a great .Shame for him not to venture out of doors, but when it Auld pie*. Calpurnia to dream favourably: So De-cinzus carry'd him almoft by force out of his Lodgings ; and, as if every thing feem'd to contribute to his Defirudion, a Slave, who came to give him Advice of the Conspiracy, cou'd not get up to him, by reafon of the Croud of People that furrounded him. Artimedorus, his Hot and Friend, having given him a Letter to the fame purpofe, he mingled it, without reading of it, among other Papers that were given him : And Lena, who was one of the Con-fpirators, entertaining him a confiderable time in private as he came out of his Litter; the others, who believ'd themfelves difcover'd, thought already of killing themselves with the Daggers which they had under their Robes, when Lena quitted Cafar, and kiffing his Hand, gave them to underfland, that he thank'd him for Come Favour which he came to obtain. The Altembly of the Senate was at this time held in a Place which Pompey had built for that purpofe, and from thence was call'd the Court, or Hall, of Pompey, where was to be feen his Statue in Marble, rais'd upon a Pedeftal. Cafar, as he was entring, met Spu- rin4 Chap. III. The Mx'd State. rina, and fmiling, told him, The Ides of March were come: Yes, reply'd the Augur, but they are not pail. As Toon as he had taken his Place, the Conipirators mov'd towards him under Pretence of fainting him, and Tullius Cymber approach'd to ask Pardon for his Brother who was then in Exile. Cafar deferr'd the Matter, and put back Cymber, who press'd upon him fo far as to take hold on both fides of his Robe ; and when Cafar cry'd out, That this was Violence ; Cafca, who flood behind him, gave him the fiat Stab with a Poniard nigh the Shoulder; but the Weapon glancing, the Wound was not mortal. Cafar (truck Cafca through the Arm with his Dagger, crying out, Vile Traitor, what do you mean ? Cafca, on the other fide, call'd his Brother, and Cafar would have rais'd him-felf, but he receiv'd a mortal Wound in his Breaft ; and all the Confpirators charg'd upon him together with Co much Fury, that many of 'em were wounded themfelves. He neverthelefs made great Reffilance, rufhing and leaping among 'em like a Lion, till perceiving Brutus with his Dagger in his Hand, he itrug-gled no more, but cry'd, What, my Son, Brutus, and thou too? Then covering his Face with his Robe, and drawing his Skirts down to his Knees, that he might fa:1 decently, he funk down at the Foot of Pompey's Statue, having receiv'd Three and twenty Wounds, and the reit of the Senate looking on with Wonder and Amazement, not being able to affiff him. Thus fell the Great Yulitis Cafar, in the Seth Year of his Age, in the-Court of Pompey, and at the Feet of Pompey's Statue; a Perfon of the greateit Soul, the moil magnanimous Spirit, and of the moil wonderful Accomplifhments and Abilities that Rome, or perhaps the World, ever faw ; whether we confider him in his Care and Vigilance, in his Valour and Con-du&, or in his Knowledge and Learning; all which noble Qualities made him belo 'd an revcretic'd by B b 3 the 373 374 The Fliftory Book III. the People, honour'd and ador'd by his Friends, and efteem'd and admir'd even by his Enemies. And letting afide his Ambition, which was the Fault of the Times as well as his Temper, he was never much, or pity tax'd with any great Vice, but that of Women. His Death put an end to the firft Triumvirate, or rather the Power occafion'd by the firft Triumvirate, but did not re-eflablith the Confular Authority, nor reftore the Liberty of the Commonwealth, but oc-cafion'd its Ruin fhortly after, with as great Miferies as Rome ever fuffer'd. It happen'd in the 7 loth Year of the City, A. M. 3961. about i6 Years after the beginning of the Triumvirate, and 42 before our Saviour's Nativity. U. C. 710. C H A P. IV. From the Death of arar, to the Defeats of, and Deaths of Brutus and Catlius, by the fecond Triumvirate, O&avius, Anthony, and Lepidus which ruin'd all the Remains of the Commonwealth. Containing the Space of above Two rears. I. I Pon the Death of Cafar, fo great a Confufion and Diforder happen'd among the Senate and People of Rome, that the Confpirators loon perceiv'd that their Fa& was not like to meet with the general Approbation which fome expeaed. All the Senators, who were not Accomplices, fled with fuch halle and Precipitation from the Aftembly, that fome of 'em were in Danger of their Lives as they prefs'd Out Chap. IV. The Mix 'd State. 37 5 out of doors ; and the People alarm'd at the News, left all their feveral Employments, ran tumuituoufly about all Parts of the City, fome for Information, fome for Safety, and others for Plunder. Which Difturbances caus'd the Confpirators ail to retire to the Capitol, to which they were guarded by a con-fiderable number of Gladiators belonging to Deci-mus Brutus. What they gave out to jultify themfelves to the People was Liberty ; but that Pretence was not much regarded by them, for they had been fo ufed to fubmit of late, and were fo changed from their ancient jealous and vigorous Temper, that they much more dreaded the Effects of Poverty than Subjeation. Anthony, now Conful, and Lepidus, were extremely enrag'd at (War's Death, and were refolv'd to revenge it to the utmoft ; therefore the latter immediately got to a Legion of his jufl by, and led 'em into the Campus Martius, where Anthony, as Conful, commanded 'em. This much furpriz'd the Confpi-rators, and put 'em upon fending Deputies to Anthe-ny and Lepidus, defiring 'em to confider the fad Confe-quences of a Divifion at this time ; that no Hatred to Cx-lar's Per fon had put them upon that Dej7gn, but only their hearty Love( to their Country, which had already been fo drain'd by Civil Wars, that any new Difunion mul? carry rfthe miferable Remainder; that they believ'd them alto too generous to let any particular Hatred tra4ort them to the Prejudice of the Publick. Anthony began to confider, that Decimus, who was now Governor of the Hither Gaul, might fall upon him with a powerful Army ; therefore he refolv'd to gain what Time he cou'd, and endeavour'd to get over Decimw's Soldiers; and for that reafon return'd Anfwer, That tho' their Honours and their Oaths had engaid'em to revenge Cxlar's Death, and tho' they thought it more honourable to lirte without Reproach among a few good Men, than to draw uprn themfell es the Miferics due to Falibood ; yet they were net oillinate, but were content to have the Se- b 4 nate 3 76 The Roman Iliftwy. Book III. nate affembled, that they might be govern'd by fo many il-lufirious and dfcerning Peifons Which Anfwer was re-ceiv'd with much Satisfa6tion. The Senate was immediately call'd, where a great many Debates arofe, and feveral Opinions were urg'd, which at fait terminated in this, ghat they had but two things to chufe, either to declare Cxfar a Tyrant, or that his Murderers flood in need of Pardon. Anthony induftrioufly oppos'el the former, urging, That if the Memory of Cxfar were condemn'd, all his Orders ought to be cancell'd; and that wou'd be in effed to proclaim lo many itufirious Men as he had rais'd, unworthy of their Honours ; which, befides drawing upon them/elves the Contempt of other Nations, wou'd infallibly turn to the Conftilion of the Commonwealth, After many violent Heats and Difiurbances in the Houfe, and great Tumults at the Doors, the Senate at laft pass'd an Ad of Oblivion for all what was pall, and ratify'd Cafar's Ordinances, with this Reafon enter'd, Becaufe it was requifite fir the Good of the Commonwealth. This A& of Oblivion brought Matters to a more peaceable Pofture ; but Anthony finding the People much difcontented, refolv'd to purfue his Revenge upon the Confpirators, tho' he was feemingly reconcil'd to 'ern. The next Day therefore he order'd Cafir's Will to be publick-ly read before the Body of the People, which he knew wou'd have a con fiderable Influence upon 'em ; which Danger the Conspirators had been fo fenfible of, that they us'd their urmoft Endeavour to hinder its being read. In the Will it appear'd that Otiavias, the Grandfon of yulia, Cafar's Sifter, was adopted to take upon him his Name, and conflituted Heir of three Parts in four of all his Elate, and Pinariku and Pediss of the other fourth Part. To the Roman People he left the Gardens which he had on the other fide of the T'iber, and to every Citizen in particular, a certain Sum of Money. Among his fe-Gond Heirs, who were to inherit in cafe of Morta- lity, Chap. IV. The Mix 'c1 State. 377 lity, he fubilituted Decimus Brutus, one of the Confpi-rators. Several others alfo who had dipp'd their Hands in his Blood, were nam'd for Guardians for his Son, in cafe he had left one. Thefe Tokens of Cafar's Goodnefs, and his great AffeEtion for the People, began to move the Multitude extremely ; But B; utus's being an Heir, provok'd the Indignation of the whole Affembly. Immediately after this, Cafar's Body was brought forth with extraordinary Pomp and Solemnity, being borne by force of the mat Illufirious of the Senate : It was let down in the middle of the Forum, with a Guard of Soldiers ; in which Place was crated a little Temple of gilded Wood, according to the Model of that of Venus; and in this Temple was a Bed of Ivory, magnificently adorn'd with Curtains of Gold and Purple Trophies, and the Robe that he wore wnen he was affaffinated. All the People ran hardly to fee this Sight, weeping and lamenting afrefh, and thole who bore Arms made deep Complaints, as if they demanded Vengeance. Anthony afcending the Place, began Cafar's Funeral Oration in this manner: Romans, tho' 'alone prefent my felf to celebrate the Memory of this great Man, whofe Body you fee thus mangled here before ye, yet I can read in each Man's Look the AfeElions of his Mind, and the Thoughts of his Heart, which give nobler Praifes than my Tongue can exprefs : So that when I.lball recount to you the Extent of his glorious AEions, the Variety of his Noble Virtues, and the Number of the deferved H01101131 which the Senate and you have conferr'd upon him, not be fo much the Publifher of my own Sentiments, as the Interpreter of Tours. Then he mention'd all his Titles of Honour, his DiEtatorfhip, his feveral Confulfhips, with the molt deferving Name of Father of his Country ; from whence he proceeded to his Virtues, praifing his generous Courage, his exquifite Learning, his free Spirit, and, above all, his unbounded 3 7 $ The Zoman Hiftory, Book I' Clemency. After which he repeated the Oath whic the People of Rome had made to Cafar, by whic they fwore, That his Perfon /hould be Sacred and Inviolable, and call' d the Gods to witnefs that they would defend it with the hazard of their Lives. But obferving fome Alteration in feveral of the Senators, he concluded with Paying, That what had been done, ought rather to be forgotten, fince it was the Crime of fome infernal Spirit!, Enemies to Rome, rather than Men ; and nothing ought further to be thought of, than the honouring the Memory of this illuflrious Hero, and placing him among the Immortal Gods. At the end of this Oration, one of the principal Attendants, as if fome Fury had poffefs'd him, tore off Cdfar's Robe from the Trophy, and ihew'd it to the People, crying out, That it was the Spoil of a Per-fon belov'd of the Gods, and reverenc'd by the World even to Adoration. This and feveral other things he fpoke in a molt moving Tone, Wing many great Outcries and flrange Poftures of Sorrow, which extremely ilired up the People's Compaffion. At the fame time was expos'd Ceefar's Image in Wax, which mov'd it felf by Springs, and fhew'd the feveral Wounds which he had receiv d upon his Face and in his Body, and this Sight tranfported the People even to Madnefs, and made 'em cry out, That they wou'd inflifi the moll cruel Punifhments, and execute the moil dreadful Revenges upon the Heads of all his Murtherers. Upon the lighting of the Pile, all the old Soldiers who had ferv'd under him, with an unexpreffible Grief, threw into the Fire all their Coronets, Pikes, Bracelets, and ocher Tokens of Honours which he had given 'em. A great many Ladies of Quality al-fo threw in their Chi;dren's Robes and Ornaments, with every thing they had of Value about 'em. The People ran and tore up the Benches and Seats of the Magiftrates jufl by, and after that, with flaming Brands from the Pile, ran defperately to fet fire to the .:hap, IV. The Mx'd State. 379 the Confpirators Houfes ; and meeting with one Cinna, whom they miflook for another of that Name, they immediately tore him in a thoufand Pieces. The Confpirators themfelves being of the great& Families, and well guarded, with no great Trouble* repuls'd the People ; but neverthelefs fo great was the Rage and Threats of the People, that they thought it much more fafe to retire from the City. All the Strangers in Rome mourn'd after their Ca-{toms, and more particularly the yews, who watch'd feveral Nights at Cafar's Pile. At laft Divine Honours were given him, and an Altar created in the Place of his Burning, where OEavius Cafar, afterwards call'd Auguflus, caus'd a Temple to be built, and a Pillar of Jafper, twenty Foot high, with this Infcription ; TO the Father of his Country. At the fame time that Cafar was kill'd, his Heir and adopted Son OElavius, afterwards call'd Augu-fius, was at Apollonia in Greece, who upon the firft News of the Murther, notwithflanding the earned Advice of his Friends to fecure himfelf there, re-turn'd to Rome with all fpeed, with a full Refolu-tion to revenge his Death ; not quetioning but to find Anthony both a Friend and Affiftant in this De-fign. But Anthony now was fo much chang'd, and fo bufy employ'd in his Projects of railing and advancing himfelf, that he could hearken but little to fuch a Propofal ; and when O1avius publickly de-clar'd himfelf C,cfar's Heir, and demanded his Money of Anthony, or at leaf{ Tome part of it, he re-ceiv'd him with great Coldness, and Contempt of his Youth, refufing to give him any upon feveral Pretences. Yet neither Anthony's Repulses, nor his Friends Advices to the contrary, cou'd flop Oaa-vius from purfuing his Defigns, who was now about Eighteen Years old, of a great Wit, a lofty Mind, and of a molt infinuating Convetfation, and had a Face fo comely and graceful, that it acquir'd him 3 g© The IZo.man Hiflory. Book III. him a Veneration from all Men. That he might be certain to gain the People's Hearts, he fold all his Inheritance to pay off the Legacies given 'em by his Uncle War's Will, which procur'd him much Love, and Cafar's old Soldiers flock'd to him in confiderable Numbers, whom he accepted of out of Fear to Anthony, who daily became more fufpicious both to the Senate and People. Odavins manag'd his Affairs with fo much Skill and Dexterity, that thofe who before admir'd at his Boldnefs of oppofing Anthony, were now as much furpried at his extraordinary Addrefs and Authority. Anthony, on the other fide, being fenfibte of the paflionate Affeetion the People had for Pompey, to curry Favour, propos'd the promoting Sextgs, his only furviving Son; that in requital of his Father's Elate confifcated, he might have an Allowance out of the Publick, and the fame Command of the Seas and Navy that his Father formerly had. This was receiv'd with great Applaufe, and 'trait enaated ; fo Pompey was call'd back into Sicily, where he afterwards manag'd a sharp War a-gainft Odavigs. Anthony was Ilia refflefs, and refolv'd, if it were poffible, to procure Tome Province to be affigu'd him, that he might get the greater Authority ; and the Difference daily increafing between him and Oda-Vil4S, he defir'd to command the fix Legions which lay in Macedonia, and obtain'd them by deceiving the Senate with a falfe Rumour, that the Getce hearing of Cafar's Death, had invaded that Province. And becaufe the Senate lhew'd great Unwillingnefs to this Demand, and more Jealoufy of his Power, he endeavour'd to fatisfy 'em, by preferring a Law againft any Man's being Dilator for the future, and making it Death for any to offer at it. Thee Legions he defign'd to bring over into Italy, to awe and command all ; and the better to effeEt this, he preferr'd another Law for chaining of Provinces, and Chap. IV. The Afix'd State, and by that procur'd Macedonia for his Brother C. An-tonius, which had been aiiign'd to M. Brutus, and the hither Gaul for himself, which had been allotted to Decimus Brum& The Senate wou'd by no means admit of this Demand, but fent to D. Brutus, to flrengthen himfelf againfi the Pretenfions of Anthony; which caus Li Anthony to betake himfelf to the People, where partly by Force, and partly by Bribes, he ob-tain'd it. Due 11111 he was not altogether fo fuccefs-ful as he expeated ; for his daisy Quarrels with OEIa-vius, and his little Care of revenging afar's Death, gain'd him the Hatred of his Soldiers ; fo that when he had brought over his Legions, two of 'ern went over to 0Elavius, who now was very bufy in going through al Italy, and gathering together Soldiers out of the Colonies which his Uncle had planted. At length Anthony with a confiderable Army march'd into Gaul, from whence he commanded Decimas Brutus to depart, who gave way to him for Tome time; but at !aft retreated to Mutina, where Anthony Toon after ftraitly befig'd him : And thus a new War broke out in about three quarters of a Year after Cafar's Death. II. About this time new Confuls were made, which U. C were Hirtirs and Panfa, both great Friends of yuhus 711. Cafar, as well as Intimates of Cicero, the former of which ferv'd under Cafar, and gave the relation of the Wars of ./Egypt and Africk, which is annex'd to his Commentaries. Upon their affembling the Senate, Anthony was declar'd Enemy to the State, but efpecially by Cicero's Means, who now had made many ingenious and fevere InveEives againft him, which, in Imitation of Demofihenes, he publifh'd under the Name of Philippicks. This prov'd of great Advantage towards the bringing in, and preferring young 03avius ; for tho' the Senate, as being generally of Pompey's Faction, had little or no Efleem for 381, 3 8 2. The12oman Hiaory. Book IV. him, yet they refO:v'd to make Life of him for his Army's fake, and upon that account ereded him a Statue, made him a Senator, tho' at this Age, decreed that he fhould be conficier'd as ten Yeats older in refpe& of Publick Preferment, and likewife gave him equal Power and Authority with the Con-fuls themfelves, whom they fent with all (peed to relieve Decimus, now befieg'd by Anthony. Tho' the Senate had oblig'd 0Elavius by thefe Honours, yet their promoting and giving Provinces to all the Confpirators, much more displeas'd him ; and a Letter from Anthony, upbraiding him with advancing and affifling Cxlar S Murderers, gave him great Scruples ; but concealing his Defigns with a Prudence farpalling his Age, he march'd with the Confuls. The Confuls in a fhort time took Bononia, and Anthony fhortly after meeting Panfa, overthrew him ; but returning carelefly to his Camp, was worfted by Hirtius. Not many Days after, a general Battel was fought nigh Mutina, wherein Anthony with much Difficulty, and great Bloodfhed, was defeated, and fled to Lepidus, who then commanded in the further Gaul. Both the Confuls died of their Wounds, Penfa firm advifing OE avius to join with Anthony ; and Decimm being at this time fpar'd, tho' not par-don'd, by Ogavius, thought of getting to Brutus and Caffipts, now in Greece ; but his Soldiers, not pleas'd with the Journey, went over part to Oilavius, and part to Anthony ; and himfelF, endeavouring with a few Attendants to pals thro' Gaul, was taken and betray'd at Aqueleia by Sequanus Governor of the Country, who fent his Head to Anthony. This was the End of one of the chief Confpirators, which was attended with the Deaths ofTrebonito and Bafilius much about the fame time ; the former excluding Dolabella from Pergamus and Smyrna, by reafon the Senate had declar'd him an Enemy, _was taken by him, and after grievous Torments, had his Head cut off, 3 Chap. IV•, The Mixa State. off, which the Soldiers kick'd about after a moil contemptuous manner ; and the latter was murder'd by his own Slaves, whom before he had us'd very feverely. 0Elavius gain'd much Reputation in thefe Wars ; but the Senate now finding little or no Occafion for him, flighted him extreamly, and decreed all the Honour that he gain'd, to Decimus, whom he had re-liev'd Befides, they gave him many detraeling and reproachful Words, and deny'd him a Triumph when he demanded it. From this moment he refolv'd to join with Anthony and Lepidam, fending back all the Prifoners taken at the Battel of Mutina without kan-fom ; for fince the Senators were moll againft his Uncle, he cou'd not revenge his Death without fame new Affiflance ; and at the fame time that he wrote to thefe two, he fent zpo of his Soldiers into the City, in the Name of his Army, to demand the Confulfhip for him. The Senate was as ready to deny him as the other two were to join with him ; which caus'd OEavius to fend for Anthony and Lepi-dus into Italy. The News of their Approach, and at the Head of feventeen Legions, fo terrify'd and flartled the Senate, that they immediately declar'd OCiavius Consul with Pedius ; but upon the fudden Arrival of force new Troops, they as Toon repeal'd their Decree again ; and never was the Senate of Rome fo diflraaed between different Interefis, and fo guilty of Irrefolution, as at this time. Thefenew Troops not anfwering their Expeaations, the Senate again decreed him Conful, and moreover advanc'd him above all Example : They decreed, that after his Confulfhip he fhould take place of all Confuls ; and tho' formerly they were difpleas'd with his levying Forces, as being a private Man, now they defir'd him to increafe his Army, and order'd him the Legions of Decimus. The City was likewife committed to his Care, and Power given him to ad what he 384 The Zoman ilifiory. Book III. he pleas'd, tho' without the Prefcript of the Laws, which he retain'd to his Death. So that °Ravi:44 now, with no great Difficulty, procued Laws to condemn Brutus and Cafes, with their feveral Accomplices, and likewife to cancel thofe Decrees made againft Dolabella, and others of his Friends. In a short time after OE avim's Confulfhip, Anthony and Lepidus arriv'd in Italy, where OElavius met 'em nigh Mutina, and after three Days Conference enter'd into a ftriot Combination with them; in which it was agreed, That 06tavius fhould quit his Coterulihip, and leave the Title to Ventidius, Anthony's great Friend: That the Supreme Authority fhould be divided between thefe three, which they fhould keep for the fpace of five Tears under the Name of Triumviri, and in Quality of the Reformers of the Commonwealth: That they fhould caufe that Authority to be confirm'd by the Roman People That Anthony fhould have all Gaul, except Narbon, which Lepidus was to have with Spain, and 061aviusfhould have Africk, with Sicily and Sardinia : Italy and the Eaftern Provinces were for a while to remain in common. In this manner did thefe Men divide the World between 'em, as if it had been their Inheritance. They further agreed, That all their Enemies fhould be deliroy'd ; and this the Cafe of Cicero caus'd the greateft Conttoverfy ; for Anthony, his implacable Enemy, wou'd confent to nothing till his Death was determin'd : Lepidus was content with it, but Oilavius wou'd willingly have pre-ferv'd him, upon the Account of former Friendfhip; yet at laft he contented, and for that Reafon Lepi-dus permitted his Brother Paulus, and Anthony his Uncle Lucius, to be likewife profcrib'd. Lailly, it was agreed, That Lepidus fhould be made Conful for the following rear, and guard Rome and Italy, while the other two manaid the War againg Brutus and Caffius, who now were ftrongly poffefs'd of Greece and Sy-via, and had lately taken Dolabella in Laodicea, and 3 beheaded Chap. IV. The Mix'd State. beheaded him. In this manner was concluded the fecond Triumvirate, the Confequences whereof were fo dreadful, and which in effeet gave the lati Blow to the Liberty of the Roman Commonwealth. It was concluded on above a Year and a half after 7u-lius Cafar's Death, and was introduc'd, as fome Authors report, with many mange Prefages and frightful Prodigies. III. Now was the City of Rome in a very mile- The Se- table and deplorable Condition ; for the fire thing cond Tr:, done by the Triumviri, after Eitablifhment of their "'"'" Authority, was a dreadful Profcription of ;oo of the Senatorian, and about 2000 of the Equefirian Rank ; and nothing but Cries and Lamentations were heard through all the City, and Murders committed in all Places by the Soldiers. No Man dare refufe En- trance to any of 'em, who fearch'd the moll fecret Places; and Rome at this time appear'd like a City Wholly expos'd to Waite and Pillage. Great Num- bers of uncondemn'd Persons perifh'd in this Confu- lion; fome by Malice or Miftake, and others for concealing or defending their Friends : In fbort, all the moil Tragick Fury that either Revenge or Inte- reft could produce, and all the mol} generous Kind- nefs that Love or Fidelity cou'd infpire, were to be teen in divers Accidents relating to this Profcription. Though the Pretence was the revenging of Cafitr's Death, yet man" fuffer'd upon the Account of their great Eflates, others out of Malice and old Relent- ments, and fome for their convenient Houfes and Gardens. Among thole of greateft Note was the fa- mous Varro, who now living to fee and feel a fecond Trecipitina, as he calls it in his Writings, yet with much Difficulty efcap'd with his Life. But Cicero was the Man moll aim'd at by Anthony, which eaus'd him to get on board a Ship with all (peed 'Dut not being able to endure the Sea, he retarn'd to C c Land, 3S5" 3 8 6 The tnzan Hiflou. Book III. Land, laying, That he would die in his own Country, which he had fo often preferv'd. Being weary both of his Flight and his Life, he came to a (mall Villagea little above a Mile from the Sea. Here his Servants, terrify'd by feveral Prodigies, partly by Perfuafion, and partly by Force, put him again into his Litter, and were carrying him back to the Sea. But Cicero perceiving thofe that came to apprehend him, order'd his Litter to be fet down, and quietly laid out his Neck to Popilim Lena, the Tribune, whom formerly by his Eloquence he had fav'd from Condemnation. Lena cut off his Head and Hands, which he prefent-ed to Anthony, who could not forbear infulting over thole poor Members, and crying out, That his Revenge was compleated, and he had no farther occa/lon for the Profcription. But his Wife Fulvia's Hatred cou'd not be confin'd to Words, for fhe pierc'd his Tongue feveral times with a Golden Bodkin, after a molt fpiteful manner ; and Anthony order'd his Head and Hands to be fet up upon the Rofirum, where the People cou'd not without Horror behold thofe fad Remains of a Man who had fo often triumph'd there by the Force and Charms of his Eloquence. Thus fell the great Cicero, in the fixty third Year of his Age; A Man, as yulins Cvfar obferves, that ob-tain'd a Laurel ci much above all Triumphs, as the Enlargement of the Bounds of the Roman Wit was above that of the Bounds of the Roman Empire. About the fame time, Quintins, Cicero's Brother, was (lain, together with all his Sons; but Cicero's Sons efcap'd, for he had come time before fent 'em to Athens to be there educated. Still the City was fill'd with Slaughters, and the ordinary Price of the Head of a Profcrib'd Per fon brought to the Triumviri, was I00000 Sefterces, if done by a Freeman, and half as much if done by a Slave, with the Freedom of the City. This corrupted a great many, who forgetting both Duty and Natural Affe&ion, be- tray'd Chap. IV. The Mix'd State. 387 tray'd thole whole Prefervation they ought principally to have endeavour'd. Tho' many rare and admirable Examples of the Love of Wives to their Husbands, and of Slaves to their Mailers, appear'd, yet thofe of Children to their Parents were lefs common. However, Oppias AEt may (land for many, who, "Eneas-like, carry'd out his old and decrepid Father upon his Back, and convey'd him to the Sea, fometimes leading, and othertimes carrying him, till they both efcap'd into Sicily; from whence afterwards, upon his Return, the People, out of a jufl fenfe of his Piety, made him JEdile, in which Office, wanting Money to let out the ufual Games, the Workmen did all without Wages, and the SpeEta-tors enrich'd him by their voluntary Contributions. As many as cou'd efcape the Cruelty of the Proscri-ption, fled either into Macedonia to Bruttts, or into Africk to Cornificivps; but the great& Number went to young Pompey in Sicily, who was now very powerful, efpecially by Sea. His Generofity was at this time a very great Succour to many illuftrious Per-fons ; he fent Brigantines and other fmall Veffels to all the Coafi of Italy, to receive filch as made their Efcape, and treated them with much Kindnefs and Civility. The Triumviri having almoft fatisfy'd their Revenge, began now to think of Money, which they very much wanted to carry on the War againft Brutus and Caffius : For this Reafon they drew up a Lift of 1400 of the richeft Ladies of Rome, Mothers, Daughters, or any Relations of their Enemies : Thefe Alliances were far enough fetch'd, for Riches alone was fufficient to make 'em guilty in this Cafe. Thefe Ladies affembling themfelves, firft went to the Female Relations of the Triumviri, and after that to the Palace of thefe Magiarates, where, after feveral Repulfes, one of 'em was permitted to fpeak, upon condition that the reit wou'd be filent : This was C c 2 Hor- 3 8 8 The).171aii 1-hflory. Book III. Hortenfia, the Daughter of Hortenfius, who alone had been able to difpute with Cicero for Eloquence ; My Lords, faid the, theft unhappy Ladies, which you fee here imploring your 3(uflice and Bounty, would never have prefum'd to appear in this Place, had they not firfl made life of all poffible Means, which either their native Modefly might allow, or their Underflandings cou'd inform 'em. Tho' it be contrary to the Rules of Decency prefcrib'd to our Sex, which we have hitherto moll firiElly obferv'd; yet the Loft of our Fathers, of our Children, of our Brothers, and of our Husbands, is fufficient to excufe us ; nay, and to vindicate us too, when their unhappy Deaths are made a Pretence for our further Misfortunes. You pretend ye have been affronted, but what have the Women done that the, mutt be impoverifh'd? If they are as blameable as the ;TA why do you not profcribe them too ? In the mean time none of our Sex have ever declar'd you your Country's Enemies : We have neither plunder'd your Goods, nor fuborn'd your Soldiers : We have rais'd no 'Troops againfi you, nor oppofe thofe Honours and Offices to which you pretend. We pretend not to govern the Republick, nor is it our Ambition which has drawn the prefent Miferies and Misfortunes on our Heads; Empire, Dignities, and Honours, were never de-fign'd for our Sex. We, alas ! have done nothing to affront you, nothing to offend you, or fo much as move you to this fi-vere Treatment ; a Treatment which neither Cxfar nor Pompey ever propos' d in their Wars, nor Marius nor Cin-na ever thought of in their Cruelties ; no, nor Sylla him-. felf, who firfi Jet up Tyranny in Rome : Yet, after all, you adorn your felves with the glorious Title of Reformers of the State. This Difcourfe appear'd fo bold and dangerous to the Triumviri, that they immediatly fent their Uthers to caufe the Ladies to retire ; but perceiving the Multitude began to cry out againft fuck Violence, they adjourn'd the Affair till the next Day ; and, for the SatisfaEtion of the People, re.: trench'd the Number of the Ladies to 400, but at the fame time tax'd above i00000 Men, as well Ci- tizens Chap. IV. The Mix'cl State. tizens as Strangers. At laft the Triumviri went into the Senate to declare that the Profcription was at an end. Lepidus excus'd himfelf for what had pafs'd, alluring the Senators of a more moderate Conduet : But OUavius more politickly faid, He wou'd Ilia re-ferve to himfelf the Liberty of punjhing fuch as were guilty. After this, Anthony and Odavius with all Diligence march'd againft Brutus and Caffius. IV. The Confpirators had now made aconfidera- U C. ble Progrefs in the Eaft, and Cafflpts having got all 712. Syria into his Lower, thought of making an Expedition into I'Egypt againft Cleopatra, who had made great Preparations to an C a far and his Party. But Caffim was immediately recall'd by Brutus upon the News that Anthony and Cefar were now upon their March with forty Legions; of which eight had already pafs'd the Ionian Sea. Brutus in his Letter told him, That their powerful Armies were not defign'd for their particular Advancement, but the Liberty of their Country ; therefore they ought not fo much to aim at the Glory of new Conquefis, as the Defiroyingthofe who fought the Ruin of that Liberty. Caffius therefore leaving Syria to his Brother's Son with one Tingle Legion, he fent a con fid erable Party into Cappadocia,which flew Ariobar-zanes, as one who had confpir'd againft him, and there rais'd vaft Sums of Money. After many fe-vere ExaEtions, he came himfelf into the Leifer .4fia, and meeting Brutus at Smyrna, they there confulted about the prefent War. Brutus mov'd to have the Armies pafs over into Greece and Macedonia, and there meet OElavius and Anthony; but Caffius fo far prevail'd, as to have the Rhodians and Lycians &It re-duc'd, who had refus'd to pay any Contributions, and were very powerful at Sea. Both were fenfible how dangerous it was to have any Enemies behind 'em ; therefore this Expedition was immediately put in Execution, and in a short time compleated, and C c 3 extra- 3 89 390 The Roman Hiftory. Book III. extraordinary Contributions were rais'd by that means. The Rhodians were feverely plunder'd, and fcarce any thing but their Lives left 'em; but the Inhabitants of Xanthus made fuch an obitinate Re& fiance, that fcarce any were left alive, for they burnt their City, and deftroy'd themfelves with it. After the reducing of thefe Races, Brutn4 and Caffist met at Sardis, from whence, after feveral Conful-tations, they refolv'd to march againft Anthony and 08avin4. Here it was that Brutus is reported to have feen a Ghoft in his Tent after Midnight. He ever em-ploy'd the great& part of the Night in difpatching of Affairs, and in Reading; and one Night being thus employ'd, according to his Cullom, there was a general Silence through all the Camp, efpecially about his Tent, when of a fudden he heard an un-ufual Noife at the Door, which open'd of it felf at the fame time. Brutal cafting his Eye towards the Place, perceiv'd the frightful Figure of a hideous Spe&re, of a Proportion much more than natural, which prefented it felf before him : He had notwithftanding the Courage to fpeak to it, demanding, Art thou a God, or art thou a Man, and for what Reafon camefl thou hither ? I am, reply'd the Spirit, thy EvilGenim, Brutus, andthou 'halt fee me again near Philippi. Brutm very boldly anfwer'd, Well, 1 will fee thee ; and immediately it difappear'd. He prefently call'd up his Slaves, who all told him, That they had neither leen nor heard any thing. He con-tinu'd walking all the ref' of the Night, and early in the Morning went to give an Account of what happen'd to Caffius, who, being an Epicurean, told him, that all this proceeded from the Weaknefs of his Senfes, and the Strength of his imagination at that time. As for the refl, continu'd he, let us not believe that there are any fuch Spirits here, that have either Voice, human Shape, or Power over us; tho' 1 could 1.10 there were Chap. IV. The Mix'd State. were, that we might not only rely upon the Greatnefs of our Forces, but likewift upon the Affiance of thole immortal Beings, who cou dnot but be favourable to a Caufe foyuft and Sacred as ours is. This Difcourfe fatisfy'd Brutus, and Toon after they pafs'd over into Thrace, and to to Philippi, a City between that Country and Macedonia, nigh which the Forces of the Triumviri were pofted. It was with extraordinary Fear and Terror that all Perfons flood waiting the Succefs of thefe two powerful Armies, which were to decide the Fate and Fortune of the Roman Empire. The Confpi-rators Forces confifted of 19 Legions, and 20000 Horfe, and the Triumviri of the fame Number of Legions, but much better compleated, and of 13000 Horfe. Brum and Cafes encamp'd on a high and convenient Ground nigh the Sea, where they were fupply'd with Provifions in abundance. The other Party was much flraighten'd for want of Neceffa-ries, having only Macedonia and Theffay open to 'em ; for Pompey had cut off all Communication from Africk, and Marcus and ./Enobarbus from Italy, by their feveral Navies. This made Anthony extreamly deli-rous of coming to a Battle ; which Caffius being fen-fible of, refus'd to engage, tho' Brutus was very forward, Paying, That he was impatient to put an end to the Miferies of Mankind, by a glorious ViElory, or a noble Death. At Wit Anthony, with great Labour and In-duftry, made a Way through a large Fen, and Coffins threw up Works againft him, which, with the Soldiers forwardnefs, caus'd a general Battle, tho' much againft Caffius's Will, who declar'd, That he was forc'd, in the fame manner as Pompey was, to ex- pofe the Liberty of the Roman People to the hazard of a Battle. In the Morning juil before the Battle, Cal-fins ask'd Brutos's Opinion of what they ought to do if they were unfuccefsful ; and Brutus reply'd, ?'hat he had formerly in his Writings condemn'd the Death of C c 4 Cato, 391 392 The cPonian Hiflory. Book III. Cato, and maintain'd that fuch a manner of avoiding Difgraces, was an infolent Attempt againfl Heaven that fent 'em ; but that he had .now alter'd his Opinion, /ince he was not Mafier of his Li; e, having already facrzfic'd it to his Country, he was refolv'd to change it for a happier, if Fortune prov'd his Enemy. Cafflas embracing him, told him, Now we may venture againfi the Enemy; for either we will be Conquerors our [elves, or will have no Caufe to fear thofe that are fo. The Forces of the Triumviri were commanded by Anthony alone, Ogavixs being now fick; and both Armies being drawn up, Brutus's Party in a fhort time attack'd that of 0....Flavius with little Order, but with fo much Fury, that at the firfl Onfet they overthrew all that oppos'd, and presfing forward with great Slaughter, they enter'd the very Camp of 011avius, who had jut" retreated to Anthony's; Anthony was very hotly engag'd with Caffius, but in a fhort time found means to open a Paifage thro' the Lines, and charging Caffius's Troops upon the Flank, overthrew 'em with great Slaughter; then purfuing the Vi&ory, he Toon became Mailer of his Camp ; which Skill and Diligence he had learnt from Yulius Calar. Caffius retir'd to a Hill not far off, expe&ing the Event of the Battel on his Partner's tide; and by reafon of the Greatnefs of the Dull, he could not difcern whole Cavalry it was that made towards him at a diflance: He therefore fent Titinius to make the Difcovery. Titinius was receiv'd with great Joy by 'em, who were bringing Tidings of Viaory, but (laid fo long, that Caffius fearing Brutus had been routed, and his Friend taken Prifoner, cry'd out, Alas! to preferve the Remainders of a miferable Life, 1 have ruin'd my bell Friend. At thefe Words he retir'd into his Tent, and kill'd himfelf, or caus'd his freed Man to do it. litinius arriv'd immediately after with the Cavalry, all rejoicing ; but their Joy was fuddenly clafh.'d and Titinius firm accufing himfelf of Folly Chap. IV. 71e Mix'd State. 39 3 Folly and Lazinefs, in a great Rage flew himfelf upon the Body of his Friend. Brutus was extremely forrowful for the Death of his Companion, whom he call'd the hill of the Romans, caufing his Body privately to be remov'd and bury'd out of fight, left his Army fhouid be too much dejeCted. In the mean time he told his Friends, That he thought Caffius very happy in being beyond the reach of thofe Misfortunes which remain'd for them to fuffer. He for fome little time kept from Fighting, expe&ing to flarve his Enemies, who were now in extreme want of Provifions, their Fleet being lately defeated ; but at laft, being forc'd to it by the Fear of a general Defertion, and the Eagernefs of his Soldiers, he drew 'em up in Battaiia. It is reported, that the Spe&re which he had feen before, appear'd to him again the Night before this great Battel, but now Paid nothing. Whatever melancholy Apprehenfions he had upon him, he encou-rag'd his Men as much as poffible, promifing 'em the Liberty of plundering the two Cities of Lacedxmon and Thefralonica ; and when the Battel began, the Ea-gernefs of both Parties made 'em throw afide their miffive Weapons, and betake themfelves immediately to their Swords, fighting with great Fury, till after much time, and more Bloodfhed, Brutus's Party was borne down by main Force, and intirely defeated. Brutus himfelf fled to a Hill hard by, and there re-main'd all Night; and when in the Morning he law no way of efcaping, he began to cry out, 0 unhappy Vertue, Ifollow thee as a folid Good, but thou art only a meer Notion, a vain empty Name, or at bell a Slave of Fortune. Yet shortly after he told fome of his Friends, That he look'd upon himfelf much happier than any of his Conquerors,/ince he lhou'd enjoy that Reputation which always follows Vertue, and which Tyranny and Injuflice cou'd nrver deferve. Then going afide with a particular Friend call'd Strato, he with all Earneftnefs begg'd of 394 The Zoinan Thflory. Book III, of him, To jhew him the lafl Office of his Friendfhip ; and feeing him very unwilling to perform fo hard a Daty, he call'd for a Slave. Ah ! then cry'd Strato, it jhall never be .raid, that the great Brutus, in his lafl Extremity, flood in need of a Slave for want of a Friend; fo turning away his Head, he prefented the Sword's Point to Brutus, who threw himfelf upon it, and immediately expir'd. This was the End of thole two memorable Per fons, Brutus and Caffius; and, as fome write, they themfelves dy'd by the fame Weapons with which they kill'd Cafar, who had given 'ern their Lives after the Battle of Pharfahn, and after that, had loaden 'em with his greateft Favours ; which Favours fome make ufe of to aggravate the Ingratitude, and others to magnifie the Juilice of the ALS. All fuch as knew themfelves guilty of Cafar's Death, flew themfelves with their own Hands; but the reft rallying themfelves, fent Deputies to C‘efar and Anthony for an honourable Com-pofition, which the twoGenerals frankly allow'd of. By this famous Overthrow the Triumviri eitabliflfd their Authority fo far as to give the WI Blow to the Liberty of the Commonwealth; for the Op-pofition they met from Pompey was inconfiderable in refpeet of this, in which they were to difpute for one half of the Roman Dominions. This happen'd above two Years after Yulinz Cafar's Death, and about half a Year after the fecond Triumvirate, in the 712th Year of the City, and 40 before our viour's Nativity, CHAP. Chap. V. MA:',1 State. 395 C H A P. V. From the Death of Brutus and Cafilus, to the Banifhment of Lepidus ; which va-ry'dthe Courfe of the fecand Triumvirate's Tower. Containing the Sjace of fix Te4T.r. AS the laft Efforts and Struggles of a dying Commonwealth aregenerally the molt violent, fo were thefe of Rome the greateft that ever the had for the maintaining her Liberty. For in the Sedition of the Gracchi, and in the Wars of Marius and Sylla, Rome and Italy were only Sufferers; and tho' in the Diffentions of Cafar and Pompey, the Troubles were more general, yet federal of the Senators and People thought they might well einough nand Neuters out of their Refpe& to the Conimon-wealth, which Name in Appearance was fill reve-renc'd : Whereas in thefe laft Wars the Mask was wholly laid afide, and all things were carry'd oii in fuch an open manner, that there was an abfol'ute Neceffity of declaring for Liberty or againft it. But now all Pretence of Liberty was utterly ruined by the Defeats of Brutus and Caffius ; and from that Moment the Triumviri began to a& as Sovereigns, and to divide the Roman Dominions between 'em as their own by Right of Conqueft, though Lepidust was not much confider'd by the other two, as either having no (hare in this laft Battel, or little Intereft among the Soldiers. The following Days after the 3, Victory, 396 Theo.;nalz Hifloiy. Book III. Vi&ory, were employ'd by the Triumviri in punifhing their Enemies : Anthony facrific'd Hortenfius to the Memory of his Brother Catus ; Livius Brutm, the Father of that Livia who was afterwanis marry'd to Olavius, kill'd himself in his Tent; and Ouintilius Varus, adorn'd with all the Marks of thofe Honours he had borne, caus'd himfelf to be (lain by his freed Man. aclavius, upon this Occafion, appear'd more cruel than was agreeable to his natural Temper ; he fent the Head of Brutus to Rome, to be thrown at the Feet of his Uncle's Statue : -His Afhes were fent to his Wife Porcia, Cato' s Daughter, who, according to her Father's and Husband's Example, it is Paid, kill'd her feif, by fwallowing down hot Coals and Afhes. OEavius forcd a Senator and his Son to draw Lots for their Lives; but they both refus'd it; the Father voluntarily gave up himfelf to Execution, and the Son flabb'd himfelf before his Face. To another that begg'd of him to nave the Rites of Burial, he Paid, That that wou'd fon be at the Dif-pohl of the Ravens. Thefe bitter Words and rigorous Punifhments render'd him both odious as well as terrible to all the Prifoners who were brought before him. After the Triumviri had fatisfy'd their Revenge, they thought upon eflablifhing their Authority. Anthony undertook to go into Afia, to raife Money for the Soldiers Rewards in thofe Provinces that were tributary to the Romans; and OElavius took upon him to lead the old Troops into Italy, to put them in Poileirion of the Lands that were promis'd 'em. Anthony firft vilited Greece, as being the Country where Flattery was manag'd with the greateft Delicacy in the World, was familiarly prefent at the Conferences of the Philolophers at Athens, and made great Prefents to that City. Then leaving Marcus Cen/orius to command in Greece, he pafs'd over into .4ficz with all his Troops. There all the Princes of the Chap. V. 'Me State. the Eafi who acknowledg'd the Roman Power, came to make their Court to him, and the fair Princeffes ftrove to gain his Favour, either by the Charms of their Beauty, or the Magnificence of their Prefents. This Crowd of Sovereigns that daily waited in his Anti-Chamber, with their Praifes and Submiillons, did moft agreeably footh his voluptuous and ambitious Temper. He pardon'd all thole of Brums's Party that furrender'd themfelves to him, except Petronius and Quintus ; the firft was charg'd with being one of the Confpirators, and the other with betraying Do-labella in Laodicea ; but then he took away the Eflates of feveral wealthy Citizens to enrich his Flatterers and Buffoons ; and affembling the Deputies of all the Subjeas and Allies of the Romans in thole Parts, in a fet Speech he infifted upon his Neceffities and their Duties, and fo iqueez'd out of the Inhabitants almoft all that Money which had been left 'em by Brutus and Caffius. After which he went a Progrefs all over the Country, where he frequently gave extraordinary Demonftrations of Generofity and Good-nature. He pardon'd Lucius, Brother to Caffius, and feveral other of his Enemies in thofe Parts; but he fpar'd none that had a hand in C4'ir's Death, or were of the Number of the Confpirators; fo that never any Man's Death was more feverely reveng'd than his. Anthony then made himfeif Sovereign Judge of the Differences between the Kings of thole Countries, as in Cappadocia between Ariarathes and Syfenes, for whom the Bt:aury of his Mother Gla-phyra was fo powerful as to carry the Crown from. his Competitor. But among all thofe Sovereigns in the Eaft which depended upon the Romans, none were of fuch Note as Cleopatra Queen of Agypt, whole Condu& in there laft Wars had given her good Reafon to fear Anthony: For tho' the had affifted Dolabella, yet at the fame time Serapion, her Lieutenant in Cyprus, fought 397 398 The ckpnan Book HE fought for Calm. This the knew had not at all beer pleafing to the Triumviri, confidering what the ow'd to the Memory of yulius Cafar ; efpecially fince the Love of that great Man had been fulliciently, known to ail the World. Upon which the refoly'd to meet Anthony, and try how much her Wit and. Beauty could plead tor her, fince Reafon could do) fo little; as if the had been refolv'd to conquer and triumph over the Romans in the Perfons of their Generals. For betides the Addreffes of 3ulius Cafar,, the had receiv'd thofe of Pompey's eldefi Son ; fo that never Beauty was ever fignaliz'd with more il--luftrious Conquefis. She had fuch a high Opinion: of her Charms, that fhe queftion'd not but to revive: the Flame in Anthony's Heart, of which formerly,: he had given her a Tefiimony in "'Egypt, when hc, had fome Command there. But above all, it was her Wit that moil fupported this Affurance; for tho' her Perfon was admirable, and the Brightnefg of her Eyes not to be withftood, yet there were: fome at Rome that did not yield to her in the leaffi for Beauty ; but none could compare with her for: her agreeable Wit, and her charming Converfation,, which never fail'd both to pleafe and to perfaude. Thefe Perfe6tions, betides her wonderful Accom-. plifhments in Tongues and Learning, made her re-. folve to go in Perfon to Anthony in Cilicia, who hadi fent Dellius to cite her to give an Account of her late Conduet. Never did any Princefs appear in a more fingular: and magnificent manner than Cleopatra : Arriving at: the Mouth of the River Cydnus, fhe embark'd in a Veffel whole Stern was of Gold, the Sails of purple Silk, the Oars of Silver, which gently kept time to a Confort of excellent Mufick. The Queen was laid under a Canopy of rich Cloth of Gold, a-. dorn'd like Venus riling out of the Sea, with lovely Children about her like Cupids, fanning her, and1 her Chap. V. 71e d State. her Women habited like Nereids and Graces, leaning negligently on the Sides and Shrouds of the Vef fel : The Sweets that were burning perfum'd the Banks of the River, which were cover'd with an infinite Number of People, who ran thither with fuch Eagernefs, that Anthony, who was mounted on a Throne to make a chew of Majefty, was left alone, while the Multitude flock'd to the River with extraordinary Delight and Wonder. Anthony in Civility defir'd her to land and fup with him ; but the immediately defied his Company firft, which he would not deny for fear of appearing ill-bred. He was extremely furpriz'd at the Neatnefs and Magnificence of the Entertainment, and with the ingenious pla- cing of the Lights, and many other peculiar Contrivances. The next Day he in his turn would treat her, and endeavour'd to out-go her in Sumptu-oufnefs; but he Toon perceiv'd he was far fhort of it; whereupon he turn'd all into Mirth and Raillery, which fhe join'd with, and carry'd on with all the Delicacy and Dexterity imaginable; till at laft, taking a more ferious Air in her Difcourfes, fhe told him, That fhe came not thither to clear her fell, but to be recompenc'd for the great Services Jhe had done to him and Cxfar, in 4P/ling Dolabella, in commanding a Fleet in Perfon in fpite of Caffius and his Commanders, with many other Things, which fhe related with that Artifice and Cunning, and that Wit and Pleafantry, that Anthony could no longer defend his Heart ; but from that moment entertain'd a Paffion for her, which was the Caufe of all the future Misfortunes of his Life. He was fo firucken with her, that he left all his former Bufinefs and honourable Employments, and prefently follow'd her into "Egypt; where, firft facrificing to her Sifter Arfinoe, he liv'd with her all the following Year in all the Eafe and Softnefs to which his vicious Temper could prompt him, and all the Delights and Plea- fures 399  406 The Zonian Hiflou. Book III, fares with which that luxurious Nation cou'd fur-nifh him. U. C. H. While Anthony remain'd thus idle in ./Egypt, 7 13 • 0Elavirts was extremely bufie about fettling the Af—fairs of Italy, and dividing the Lands for fatisfying: the old Soldiers. This he found very difficult, and: not a little dangerous, by reafon it exasperated lb) many againfl him ; for it was absolutely neceffary for him to give up the feveral Towns allotted for: their Recompence, or elfe to fatisfie his Soldiers; with a proportionable Quantity of Money ; but that: cou'd not be rais'd fince the Treafury was fo much; exhaufted. Aimoft all the Inhabitants of the Towns,, concern'd in this Matter, came in great Multitudes; to Rome; and vaft numbers of Women with Chil-, dren in their Arms, whole tender Years and Inno-. cence drew every ones Compaffion, daily filrd the, Temples and publick Places with their Lamentations. The People of Rome talk'd very freely and boldly upon this Account, whole Complaints and Murmurings 03avivtis bore with all the Difcretion and Cunning imaginable ; &II borrowing what Money he cou'd ; but finding not that fufficient, he at laft broke through all Difficulties, and gave his Soldiers Places and Lands for their Inheritance, as he firm defign'd. The City of Cremona was one that fuffer'd moll in this Difiribution ; for being fo much of Brutus's Party, and Mantua by reafon of her Neighbourhood had more than her Share in thefe Misfortunes, in which the Mules Darling, the great-eft Wit and belt Poet that ever Italy produc'd, had like to have perifh'd. This was the great Virgil, who was a Party concern'd in this publick Calamity, for defending the Poffeffion of his (mall Eflate from Arrius the Centurion, and very narrowly e-fcap'd Death by fwimming crofs a River. And 'tis probable that this Adventure molt of all contribu- ted Chap. V. The Mix't1 State. 401 ted to his farther Reputation and Advancement, fince thefe Troubles were the Subjed of that excellent Eclogue which was the firm of his Bucolicks, he being now about 28 Years of Age. The many Diforders rais'd upon thefe Occafion$, and the frequent Dangers in which 04lavias was in-volv'd, gave Anthony's Wife Fulvia a fair Occafion of endeavouring to bring about her Defigns. Her principal Concern was the bringing back of her Husband, which the believ'd nothing but a War cou'd effed ; and therefore the refolv'd to prefe-cute thofe Methods to which her Rage and Jealoufie did then prompt her: Lucius, the Brother of Anthony, was then Conful, and to him the principally apply'd herfelf, who out of Refped to her who had been fo great a Friend to him, and out of a Diflafte to many of Oaavius's Proceedings, readily comply'd with her. Many plaufible Pretences were made ufe of to make a Breach with OEavius, and fuch cou'd never be wanting in fuch unfettled and troublefome Times as thofe. Rome was now in great Mifery, and Italy no lets; Pcovifions were extreme dear by reafon of Pompey's flopping all the Paffages by Sea from abroad, and at home the Troops confum'd ;all the Increafe of the Land, and befides committed ;a thoufand. Diforders in the Cities, fo that all Tra-(ding was ruin'd, and the Shops of molt People flint Lup. Lucius made great use of thefe Mifchiefs, and (05avias us'd a:l means to quiet the Soldiers, and ppacify the Country-People, who were driven from ttheir Poffeflions : He heard their Complaints, and rpromied to do 'em Jaflice, which much incens'd "Anthony's Soldiers, who were alfo ilia more and miore itired up by the Artifices of Fulvia. Cajar copenly complain'd of her, declaring, She wholly aned ,zgainfl the true interefl and Sentiments of her Husband J)it the hearken'd to none but her Friend Manius, who perfuaded her, nthat nothing but a IED cou'd _form D d Anthony 401 The °Man Flif101y. Book 111. Anthony from Cleopatra's Arms, and bring him into Italy ; and for Lucius, he had no other Sentiments but what were inilacne'd by thefe two. Thefe Lifturbances began in Words, Declarations, Manifefto's, and filch like ; but Toon came to an open Breach, notwithftanding all the Cafe and Caution of the molt prudent of both Parties. Many eminent Perfons were engag'd in this War ; and in regard that Lucius had declar'd againfi the 7ri-umvirate, mofi of the ancient Owners of the Lands repair'd to him, and the new Poffeffors to Otlavim and to Salvidienus, then coming out of Gaul with a great Power. Lucius march d to oppofe him, but was diverted by Agrippa, one of 0Elavius's great Friends, and a valiant Soldier. Notwithftanding the great Caution of Ventiditts and Afinius, two of: Anthony's Commanders, Lucien was fo hemm'd in,, and reduc'd to fuck Straits between Cajar and Agrippa, that he was confirain'd to retreat to Perufia, firong City of Hetruria, where he was cloftly be-fieg'd by Oaavius and his Party. Ventidim and Afi-nim attempted to relieve the Town ; but Oilavius. was so well polled, that they could not effed it, fa, that Lucius was in a fhort time reduc'd to great Extremities for want of Provifions for fo numerous Garrison. He made feveral bold and defperate Sallies, but with no proportionable Succefs; till finding his Soldiers reduc'd to the utmoft Miferies of: Famine, he at WI came out in Perfon, and giving; bimfelf up into OElavius's Hands, with great Ear--neflnefs interceded for his poor Soldiers, and begg'd,, That his Puniihment might atone for their Crimes. Oaa-vius receiv'd him very honourably, and with muck Generofity, and all Lucius's Soldiers were pardon'cL at the Defire of 0Elavius's own Men, who cou'd.i but pity the Miferies of their old Companions and Countrymen. The Town was defign'd to be plun-der'd; but one of the chief Inhabitants, call'd Ma- cedanicus, Chap. V. The Mix'd State, cedonicus, in a great Rage let Fire to his Houle, which confum d both him felf and the whole City_ Pentidius and the reft made no Refinance ; fo that this dangerous War was ended in a few Months time, Pompey making but fmall Advantage of it; and Oaa-vius return'd to Rome, where he entec'd in Triumphant Robes, and crown d with Laurel. Publick Feafis were alfo celebrated, and it was ordain'd, That whenever any General hereafter lbould merit the Honour of Triumph, and be Crown'd, Cxfar /hould have a Share in his Honour. III. During this lafl War, and while OEavius was fettling his own Affairs with all the Skill and Wif-dom of a moft able Politician, Anthony was inglo-rioufly paffing away his time at Alexandria, in the bewitching Company of Cleopatra, and there fix'd by the Charms of that Queen; regarding nothing but the Enjoyment of thofe Pleasures the every Day prefented him with, in fome new and delightful Shape. Never had Woman that exquifite Art of refining and heightning of Pleafures by the Charms of Novelty that fhe had ; the introduc'd 'em in the molt ferious Bufinefs, and even the moll inconfide-rable Trifles, when manag'd by her Skill, receiv'd fuck an Air as made 'cm the molt agreeable Di-verfions : So that whether they play'd, or treated, or hunted, the Queen Hill made one, and was the Soul of all, by her ingenious intermingling fome lively Pieces of Wit, or by her unparal:el'd Grace in relating fome pleafant Adventure. Among the fe-veral forts of Diverfions, Cleopatra had invented a Society, which the call'd, The inimitable Life, and thofe who made the moft fumptuous Entertainments, carry'd away the Prize; which Treats were prodigioufly expenfive, as appears by feveral Examples out of Plutarch and others. By all this Variety of Pleafures and Delights did Cleopatra charm this D d A great 403 404 77 eII inan Iliftwy. Book III. great Man, infenfibly carrying him from one Diver-fion to another, and entirely gaining the A ffedions of his Soul; fo that Anthony had almoft forgot the great Reputation and Glory he had formerly gain'd by his Arms, neglected the Toils and Fatigues of War, and was juft ready to let his former Glory be fwallow'd and loft in the more fofter Delights of Love. In thefe Circumflances was Anthony when he re-ceiv'd News, that his Brother had been overthrown by °Flavin's; that his Wife and all his Friends had quitted Italy; that 0Elavius had made himfelf Matter of Gaul, which belong'd to him, and had got all the Legions into his Hands which quarter'd there. From another Part he receiv'd Advice, That the Parthians, under Command of Pacorus, their King's Son, anted by Labienus and Barzapharnes, had made themfelves Matters of Syria: That they had likewife march'd as far as yerufalern, which they fack'd, and carry'd away Hircanus, the High-Prieft, and Herod's Brother, Prifoners, Herod himfelf having fled to the Mountains of yudea. Thefe Suc-ceffes, fo highly difadvantageous to Anthony's Affairs, now began to rouze him from the Lethargy of his Softnefs, and to make him confider how much his AEtions were like to difgrace the glorious Name of Conqueror; whereupon he gather'd together 200 Ships, and a confiderable Army, which he had ready in thofe Parts. His Deign was immediately to march againft the Parthians ; but the earneft Inftan-ces of his Wife Fulvia, and his Friends, oblig'd him to turn towards Italy. He went from Alexandria to Tire, from whence paffing by the Ifles of Cyprus and Rhodes, he arriv'd at Athens, where he met Fulvia. He much hlam'd her and his Brother Lucius for oc-cafioning the late Diforders, and here he underflood that arlavius had lately marry'd Scribonia, the Sifter ofLibor Pompey's Father-in-law. This Oaavius did t0 Chap. V. The Mix 'd State. 405 to gain an Alliance with Pompey, for the fake of his Shipping, not forgetting the leaft thing that might make for his Advantage; and he manag'd all things with that Secrefy, Skill, and Induftry, that the molt piercing Judgments could by no means penetrate into the Bottom of this exquitite Politician's Defigns. Anthony fufpe&ing OCiavius's Condu&, advanc'd towards Italy, without (hewing the leaft Concern for Fulvia, whom he left lick at Sycion ; which laft Neg-le& and Scorn finifh d what his Infidelity had begun, fhe dying Toon after. Anthony croffing the Ionian Sea, was there met by Domitius, who deliver'd up all his Fleet and Forces to him ; from whence they fail'd to Brundufium, where they were forbidden Entrance by a Garrifon plac'd there by Oflavius. This made fuck a Breach between 'em, that Anthony immediately block'd up the Place, and likewife pro-cued Pompey from Sicily to invade Italy. PElavins march'd direCtly to Brundufium, where the old Soldiers being unwilling to fight againft Anthony, the Army endeavour'd all ways to reconcile thefe two great Men, which Cocceias, Friend to both, at length with much Labour effe&ed; and Pollio on Anthony's fide, and Mecanas on 0Elavius's, both eminent Per-fons, as Delegates, made up this dangerous Breach. All Offences and Affronts were mutually to be forgiven, and a Marriage was propos'd between Anthony and Oc1avius's Half-Sifter Oilavia, and Widow of Marcellus, a Lady of molt extraordinary Beauty, and as extraordinary Vertues and Accomplifhments, Tho' Cleopatra had fo large a Share in Anthony's Heart, yet he cou'd not without Bafenefs refufe a Lady of Oaa-via's admirable Qualities; and to avoid all prefent Inconveniences, he marry'd her. Then a new Di-vilion of the Roman Empire was made between thefe Commanders, the Bounds of their Dominions being Codropolis, a Town of Pyricum, all from that Place D d 3 Weft- 406 719e Roman Hiftory. Book III. Weflward being to obey OE7aviui, and all Eaftward Anthony. Africk was left to Lepidus, whole Authority declin'd daily, and who having offended OFlavius, had been confin'd by him to that Province. According to this Di vifion, Anthony fent Ventidius into .Alia againft the Parthians ; but the Troubles at Home feem'd much greater to both Anthony and OElavius, who were now entertain'd with the fad and lamentable Complaints of poor People, ready to ftarve for want ot Provifions, which Pompey hinder'd from coming either from the Eaft or Weft, by means of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corfica, which he had in his Power, and from Africk by his Navy alfo, which was then moft powerful at Sea. 0Elavius, by rea-fon of fome former Affronts, would not be brought to any Accommodation with Pompey, notwithfland-ing the continual Cries and Prayers of the Multitude , whole Rage and Fury at laft came to that height, that he was nigh being flon'd by 'em, and Anthony too, by coming in to his Affiftance. At laft both he and Pompey were fo far perfuaded as to come to an Interview ; but the latter demanding large Privileges for the Profcrib'd Perfons, and to be admitted into the Power and Place of Lepidus, the Treaty was ineffeaual. Yet the preffing Neceffities and frequent Mutinies of the People brought 'em together a fecond time, where, among fome other Articles, it was concluded, That Pompey fhou'd retain all the 'gran& he had already, and Peloponnefus over and above ; that he fhou'd have the Privilege of demanding the Confulfhip in his Abjence, and of difcharging that Office by any of his Friends: That he fhou'd leave the Sea open, and pay the People what Corn was due out of Sicily ; and that the Profcrib'd Perfons, except fuch as were guilty of Czfar's Death, fhou'd have all their Liberty to return. And fo a Peace was concluded, to the great Joy and SatisfaEtion of all People, which they teftify'd by many Public!: Games and Paftimes. IV. And Chap. V. The Mix.'d State. 407 IV. All Civil Wars were now for a while at an U. C. end, and Oaavigs and Anthony were about taking the Field againil Foreigners; but before that time, they nam'd the Confuls for the four following Years, Anthony and Libo for the firfi, 0Elavias and Pompey for the fecond, Domitius and Sefiko for the third, and Anthony and OElavius for. the fourth, by which time it was hop'd and difcours'd that they wou'd reftore the Liberty of the Commonwealth. OCiavius, to keep his Soldiers in Military Difcipline, fent one part of his Forces into Illyricum, and led the reft into Gaul, where there were Come Diftur-bances. Anthony departed for the Egli againft the Parthians, which War Tientidius had manag'd with good Succefs, having got feveral Viories, kill'd fe-veral of their principal Commanders, and repell'd 'em in Media and Mefopotamia, being the only General that cou'd revenge Crabis Death, or that tri-umph'd over that Nation. Anthony there fettled the Affairs of Syria, and made Peace with Antiochus King of Comogena, who had Allied the Parthians; and he got the feveral Kings which he had efiabliih'd in thole Parts, to be confirm'd by Ordinance of the Senate, which were Darius in Pontus, Pharnaces in 'du-maa, Herod in /udea Amintas in Pi/idia, and Poled mon in Cilicia. The City of Athens he chofe to pals the Winter in with OElavia, in which Place he in-tirely gave himfelf over to his Pleafures and Diver (ions, quitting all the Tokens and Marks of his Authority to live like a private Perfon ; and in his Court there was no Bufinefs difcours'd of, but only Learning and Philofophy. As for Pompey, he feem'd for a while to be fatis- fy'd ; but as the Treaty between him and 051avitts only regulated their Pretenfions, not their Ambitions, a Breach was foon made again ; the Pretences of which was, That Anthony, who was oblig'd by d 4 Articles 714. 408 The titian Hiftory. Book III. Articles to quit Peloponnefus, wou'd not do it till Pompey had fatisfy'd him for fuch Monies as were due to him from the Inhabitants, Pompey wou'd by no means hearken to this, but immediately fitted out a new Fleet, and provided himfelf of Forces, perhaps giving Credit to Menodorus, who told him, Dna the prefent Settlement of Affairs was no true Peace, but rather a Ceffation of Arms. He then renew'd his Cruifings and Pyracies, which likewife renew'd the former Miferies and Grievances, and made the People cry out, That the Matter was only chang'd from three Tyrants to four. But Menodorus in a short time revolted to Cafar, bringing in with him Corfica, Sardinia, and three Legions; and Toon after Oilavius put to Sea to invade Sicily, but was beaten back by Pompey, and was in great danger of his Life; and afterwards his Ships lying at Anchor, were extremely fhatter'd, and molt of his Men raft away. Thefe Misfortunes oblig'd Oilavipts to fortify the Coafts of Italy, left Pompey fhou'd attempt an Invafion, and fent to Anthony for his Affifiance. Tho' he feem'd intirely taken up with fuch important Affairs, he found fome more agreeable in another Place; and Livia, the Wife of Tiberius, was the Subjed of 'em. The Beauty of this Woman, join'd with her refin'd and dextrous Wit, made a great Impreffion upon his Heart, which was much alienated from Scribonia, whom he divorc'd for her infupportable Temper; and either by his limeades or Authority, he oblig'd Tiberius to yield him Livia, whom he marry'd, tho' then big with Child, the Priefis all allowing of it. Anthony was now arriv'd at Brundufium with 300 Sail, giving out, He came to air& OEavius in this War. Oilavim.,5 having,not long before receiv'd the News of Agrippa's quelling the Gauls, and having ga-ther'd together a noble Fleet, cou'd willingly have cErpens'd with Anthony's Civility. He thought he was already too powerful, and therefore fought all U. C. -16 Chap. V. D.e Mix.'d State, Arts and Pretences to excufe his going to meet Anthony, which Proceedings did not a little difpleafc him, as having been jealous of Otiavius for a long time. Anthony had then particular need of Soldiers to employ againiI the Parthians ; and willing to (pare the Charge of a Fleet, he defign'd Ot-laviku fhou'd take that, and furnish him with Land-Forces. Whereupon O1avia generously &feed to go to her Brother, and clear all Mifunderflandings, and reconcile all Differences that were like to arife, which Anthony willingly agreed to. Cafar receiv'd her with a Courtefie fuitable to the great AffeEtion he had for her, but yet was fo backward in anfwering her Requefts, that the publickly addrefs'd her fell to his two great Friends Agrippa and Mec.enas, who had a profound Refpe& for her, both for her great Merits and high Birth. My Lords, laid the, you fee here OCtavia, a Woman of the greahli Quality of the World, now ready to be made the moft miferable of all her Sex, if your great Care and Wifdom prevent not thefe Misforr tunes. The whole Roman People have fix'd their Eyes en me, me the Sifter of Cxfar, and Wife of Anthony ; if my ill Defiiny fhou'd bring thefe two to Arms, you have the Chance of Fortune on your fide ; but 1 mutt fall whoever gains, and be reduc'd to the fatal Neceffity of lo-fing a Husband or a Brother This moving Argument, join'd with the Affeation 011avius had for his Sifter, brought him to an Interview with Anthony, where extraordinary Civility was (hewn to each other, all little Differences were accommodated, and Exchange made as Anthony defied ; and becaufe the time of the 7riumvirate let by the Senate was almoft expir'd, they prolong'd their Power for five Years more, without ever regarding the Suffrages of the Senate or People. After this, Anthony departed once more for Syria, leaving Oaavia in Italy, OElavius deferring his Expedition into Sicily till the following Year. 1s` duns, 405, 41 o The roman Hi'loot Book III. (Mavis's/5 determin'd to invade Sicily from three fe-veral Quarters •, Lepidas, who had now join'd him, was to make a beicent from Africk, Taurus from Ta- rentum, and he himfelf from Puteoli. Pompey was re- folv'd to oppofe each of thefe Commands, but at this time there needed not that Care ; for Oilaviso's Fleet was a fecond time fhatter'd and difabled by a Storm, which fo fwell'd Pompey with Vanity, that he ftyl'd himfelf Neptune's Son, However, Oaavins would not give over his Enterprize; for the fame Summer having recruited his Forces, and refitted his Navy, he fent it out under the Command of Agrippa, who firft overthrew Pompey's Fleet, then was again worfted himfelf; yet after that landed 21 Legions, and 2000 Horfe, betides 5000 Light-arm'd Men. No great or memorable Aftion happen'd on Land ; but Pompey fent to his Enemy to kno,fiif he would fight by Sea, much fearing the Land-Forces. Oila-vim accepted of his Offer, and in a general Battel, in which Agrippa perform'd great Aas, finally defeated him, having funk 28 of his Wife's. The reit were either taken or broken, feventeen only efcap'd ; and at the fight of this great Overthrow, all Pompey's Land-Forces furrender'd themfelves to Oilavins, fo that with his feventeen Veffels he fled to Anthony in Syria, from whom he expeded Prote&ion, in requital of what he had formerly given to his Mother yu-lia. Meffxna fill held out for Pompey ; but the Gar-rifon at laft yielded to Lepidus, and that brought all Sicily into SubjeEtion. This ViEtory, tho' fo advantageous to Oilavins, prov'd the Ruin of Lepidus, who now having got 22 Legions under his Command, and a thong Body of Cavalry, pleas'd himfelf with the ambitious Thoughts of getting all Sicily into his Hands, to which he pretended a Right, as firil invaded by him. Whereupon Oilavigs fent to him to complain of his froceedings ; to whom Lepidus fiercely reply'd, That Czfa Chap. V. The Mix'd State. Czar had taken upon him all the Authority of the Triumvirate, when he had as much Right to it as hirnfelf. At this Oilavinis with great Boldnefs went alone to Lepidas's Camp, with no other Milllance than that of his own Merit, and the Authority he had gain'd by his Viatories. The Soldiers of Pompey look'd upon him with great RefpeCt, and drew round about him ; which Lepidnis perceiving, he haften'd thither, and made Tome of his Men charge Oaavipts, who pre-fently receiv'd a Hurt by a Dart. Yet °Flavin's, with a great Prefence of Mind, went directly to the lace where the Eagles of the Legions were planted, and taking one of 'em, he advanc'd it in the Air ; whereupon all the Legionary Soldiers ran in Crouds, and faluted him as their General. Lepidm being thus a-bandoti'd by his Soldiers, quitted all the Marks of his Authority which he cou'd no longer keep, took deep Mourning, and came and threw himfelf at 0Elavins's Feet. Oaavigs was much mov'd at this mortifying Speecacle, to fee a Triumvir, who had difpos'd of the Lives of many noble Perfons, reduc'd to beg his own; but he dcfpis'd him too much to take his Life ; and tho' his Soldiers would have kill'd him, he fav'd him, but turn'd him out of all his Authority and Power, except that of Pontifex Maximus, and banifh-ed him to Circrum. Thus fell one Head of the Triumvirate ; and their Authority, without any Competitor, came wholly into the Hands of O7avius and Anthony; which Authority became almoft indifputable by the Death of Pompey, who was fhortly after (lain by Anthony's Order in Phrygia, having firft made feveral Commotions in thofe Parts. So that all Civil Wars were for a while ended in the Roman State, which fell out in the ath Year of the City, and the 7th of the Second Triumvirate, about 8 Years after Yulius Cajar's Death, 4nd 34 before our Saviour's Nativity. CRAP 411 412 The Zoinan Iliflory. Book III1. CHAP. VI. From the Banifhment ofLepidus, to the `Death of Anthony which made Way for Oda-vius's Abfolute Authority, and was the Step to the Imperial State. Containing the Space of fix Tears. u. c. I. R0 M E now began to take Breath after fc 18. many Domellick Broils, and OElavius was re-7 ceiv'd at the City with a general Joy, the Senators met him at the Gates, and concluded him to the Capitol, follow'd by all the People, crown'd with Garlands of Flowers; where, after he had given Thanks to the Gods, they waited on him to his Pa lace. OEiavius now thought of nothing fo much as the gaining the Hearts and Inclinations of the People, and he much endeavour'd to reflore the publick Peace of the City, which had of late been much difturb'd by Thieves and Robbers. For that End he order'd Sabinus, with his Troops, to purfue and bring to Puniihment all fuch as might be found, in Italy and Sicily, and likewife eftablifli'd at Rome fome Companies for the Guard of the City. This, and many other Things, he executed with fuch great Diligence and Dexterity, that the Romans began to have an extraordinary Veneration for a Man who had Inch a furprizing Underftanding at fo fmall an Age. Some Cities of Italy proceeded even to the erecting Altars to him, efpecially after one generous Act he did. Re had among Pompey's Papers a great Number Chap. VI., 4th 772C ,a U. C. MiX State. 719, Number of Letters and Memoirs of the chief Senators, enough to occafion many new Dillurbances. Tilde he brought into the Forum, and before all the People threw 'em into the Fire, protefling, That he there lacrific'd all his private Refentments to the Good of the Commonwealth, and defign'd to give up his Authority as loon as Anthony fhouM return from the Parthian Expedition. The People applauded him beyond Example ; and to thew that they ever defir'd to obey him, they chofe him Tribune for his Life ; and by this they likewife thought to oblige him to quit the odious Dignity of Triumvir. Oaavigs willingly accepted of the perpetual Tribunefhip, but defered the Suppreffion of the Triumvirate till Anthony's Return, and fent Bi-bulus to communicate his Defign to him; and after he had difpos'd of the Government of the Provinces, he march'd againft the Illyrians. It was believ'd, that the Death of Pompey wou'd have eflablifh'd a Peace through all the World ; espe-cially fince Anthony and OCiavius might in the Extent and Riches of the Roman Empire, have found all that could be defir'd for the fatisfying their Ambition : But the fecret Hatred between thefe two, which broke out upon all publick Occafiens, now began to raife new Commotions in the Roman State. The Paffion of Anthony for Cleopatra, and the extravagant Prefents of whole Provinces which he made her, ferv'd OCiavius for a plaufible Pretence to renew the War, and free himfelf from a Competitor fo formidable both for his Valour, and his Reputation among the Soldiers. Anthony had now call'd Cleopatra into Syria, and there gave her all Phoenicia, Colo-Syria, and Cyprus, with a great part of Cilicia, Arabia and yudaa ; which much difpleas'd the Roman People, who daily publifh'd fcurrilous D;Icour-fes of Anthony's Prodigality. Anthony being inform'd of thefe Libels by his Friends from Rome, immediately publifh'd an Apology, wherein he affirm'd, That 414 The Znizan Book IlE, That the Grandeur of the Roman Empire was never f() confpicuous for the Conquefis made, as for the Liberality Fraais'd in bellowing the conquer'd Provinces : That true: Nobility was enlarg'd and multiply'd by the numerous Po-flerity that Sovereign Princes left in feveral Parts of the: Woad ; and that was the Motive that induc'd Hercules;, from whom he deriv'd his Birth, not to fubjea himfelf to the Jingle rye of one Wife, but to leave the Foundation 0) feveral illuftrious Races in all Parts, where he extended hiss glorious Conquefts. Thefe falfe Reafonings, which wet-cc ciefign'd to jutlify his Pailion, prov'd more injurious to him, and made him appear odious to the: Romans, who made Profeffion of a much alder Morality. Anthony betides had march'd againft the Parthianis with a mighty Power, which made the Eafl tremble„ but with very ill Succefs ; for at the beginning the Enemy flew one of his Lieutenants, and entirely defeated two Legions, and even he himfelff was reduc'd to fuch Extremities, that he often de-fpair'd of his own Safety. At 'aft, after the lois of: the fourth part of his Troops, and all his Baggage„ he fav'd himfelf in Armenia, by the Advice of a: Roman who had been Prifoner among the Parthians: ever fence the Death of Craffus. Tho' Anthony in: this War behav'd himfelf with his ufual Bravery,, yet the great Lofs and fhameful Retreat of fuch at General as he, who in all probability was once able to have conquet'd his Enemies, extremely diminiih'cli his former Reputation : And what was Bill more difadvantageous to him, was the general Belief that: thefe Misfortunes were owing to his Paffion forr Cleopatra, which had caus'd him to take no Meafures aright, but fuch as fhou'd haften his Return to her. But what principally enrag'd the Roman's, was, the taking Artabazuz, King of Armenia, whom Anthony led in Triumph into Alexandria. This Rome could by no means bear, that a Roman General should impart Chap. IV. The State, impart fuck a peculiar Honour to a Foreign Nation, and that fhe fhou'd be depriv'd of the Glory of intuiting over vanquifh'd Kings, which for fo many Years the had enjoy'd. All thefe Faults of Anthony, Cafar made advantage of, and above all exaggerated the little Value he had for his Country : And when he found the People fufficiently exafperated againft him, he refolv'd to fend Oaavia to her Huf-band, that he might have a plaufible Pretence to declare War againft him, if he fhou'd offer her the Affront of fending her back without feeing her. Anthony was now at Leucopolis, between Tyre and Sidon, where he Raid with an Impatience he was not able to conceal, frequently leaving the Table to run to the Sea-fide himfelf, to fee if the Queen were coming. At WI fhe came with great Qiantity of Cloathing for her Soldiers, and a vaft Sum of Money ; at leaft Anthony gave her the Honour of it when he diftributed it. Almoft at the fame time Niger arriv'd from Otlavia, who Raid at Athenc, from whence fhe fent her Husband word that fhe had brought him Cloaths and Arms, Horfes and Prefents for his Officers, and 2000 chofen Soldiers well arm'd. This was very unwelcome News to Cleopatra, who fearing fhe cou'd not prevail againft fo powerful a Rival when the appear'd, immediately feign'd a deep Malancholy, abflaining from Food to make her felt lean ; and when fhe was near Anthony, fhe beheld him with languifhing Eyes, and a defparing Contenance, like one betides her fell with Love: She let fall Tears in his Pretence, and turn'd away her Face, as if the defir'd to hide from him thole Marks of her Grief. Thefe Artifices, together with the fmooth and cunning Flatteries of Cleopatra's Friends, •prevail'd fo much upon Anthony's Weaknefs, that they quite turn'd his Thoughts in favour of his Miftrefs. He broke off his honourable Enterprize againft the Parthians, notwithffand- 1 ing 415 416 The Zoman Rill ory. Book ILL, ing all the Inflances of the King of Media, who offer'd to join with him, and oppofe that People with his Cavalry, accuftom'd to their way of fighting. He only contented himfelf to make a Match between one of his Sons he had by Cleopatra, and a Daughter of that King; and after he had fent to OEavia, to return to Rome, he waited on Cleopatra to "Egypt. Here Anthony began to thew himfelf more luxurious acrd extravagant than ever, ereding a Rarely Throne of Silver in the mon publick Place in Alexandria, upon which were two Seats of Gold, one for himfelf, and the other for Cleopatra. There An-thony,drefs'd like Bacchus, and Cleopatra like /fis, were feated ; and in the Prefence of all the People he de-clar'd her Queen of 'Egypt, Cyprus, Lydia, and Lower Syria, affociating with her Cafario, the Son fhe had by Julius Cafar. To the Children he had by her he gave the Title of King of Kings; and for. their Dominions, to Alexander the eldefl he allotted. Armenia, Media, and Parthia, which he pretended he wou'd conquer in a little time ; and to Ptolemy the younger, Phoenicia, Upper Syria, and Cilicia; and all things were perform'd with the greaten Pomp and Solemnity imaginable. Anthony was fill carry'd away with new Pleafures and Delights by Cleopatra, and the Delicacy and Profufenefs of their Treats {lilt daily increas'd, till at laft the Queen promis'd him ,upon a Wager to give him a Treat of 60000 Pound Value of our Money. In this Treat was ferv'd up a Golden Cup with a very Prong diffolving Vine gar, in which Cleopatra put one of her Pendants, which was a Pearl of an ineflimable Value, and immediately drank it off. Plancus, who was to judge of the Wager, immediately fecur'd the other Pendant which the was then taking off, and gave Judgment that fhe had already won the Wager ; and Anthony himfelf was extremely troubled for the Lois off' Chap. VI. The Mix'd State. 417 of fuch a Jewel. The remaining Pearl, after the Death of Cleopatra, came into the Hands of Cafar, who caus'd it to be cut afunder, and made it into two Pendants for the Image of Venus, which he thought gloriouily adorn'd with half of this prodigal Queen's Sapper. U. C. 72o. II. 0Elavim was now much provok'd by Anthony's AEions, efpecially at his affronting his Sifter, and made Rport of all his Practices to the Senate, who began to have a far lefs Efleem for Anthony than ever. Oaavia us'd her utmoft Endeavours to reconcile there two, alledging, That her Interell ought not to oblige Ca:far to declare himfelf Anthony's Enemy, fence it wou'd be a Ihameful thing to have it reported in future Ages, that the Love of one Woman, and the Yealottfy of another, had caus'd the two Governors of the greatefi Empire of the World to plunge it into the illfiries of a Civil War. Her great Generofity, her mild Behaviour, together with the Love and Relpea to her Husband, dill further incens'd the People againfi Anthony, for his ill Ufage of a Lady of that extraordinary Merit. OElavius at laft refolv'd to declare War againif Anthony, but deferr'd for a while, being employ'd all this Year againfi feveral People of illricum; at which fame time Anthony alfo left "Egypt, and went into Media, where he enter'd into a League with that King. The following Year Oilavita chiefly employ'd in Preparations againfi Anthony, who was now fo fenfi-ble of OE7avius's Defigns, that he fent to Rome to complain of Oflavisils Condu&, alledging, That he had feied upon Sicily, without affording him a Share ; that he had difpoffefi'd Lepidus, and kept all his Governments to himfelf ; and that he had divided all Italy among his own Soldiers, and referv'd nothing for his in Afia. Olia-vius made Anfwer to thefe Accufations, ThatLepi-dus's Condull had oblig'd him to remove him ; that as for E e the 418 q?pman Hifloiy. Book the Conquefi he had made, Anthony fhou'd have a Share, when he had divided Armenia which he had conquer'd; and as for Anthony's Soldiers, that it was not likely that they wou'd value a few pitiful Lands in Italy, after they had conquer'd all Media and the Empire of the Parthi-ans, by the mighty Exploits they had done in following their General. Anthony was fo enrag'd at this Jeer, that he order'd Canidius, who commanded his Army, to march without Intermiffion with 16 Legions to pafs over into Europe, and he himfelf with Cleopatra came to Ephefus, where his Lieutenants had gather'd together Soo Veffels, of which Cleopatra furnifli'd 200, with. 20000 Talents, and Provifions for all his Forces. Anthony, by the Advice of Domitius, refolv'd to fend back Cleopatra into "Egypt till the War was ended; but the fearing left Otlavia should take an Advantage of her Abfence, and make her Peace, by large Prefents gain'd Canidiu to reprefent to Anthony a great Number of Inconveniences that her Departure wou'd occafion ; particularly, the depriving him of the Affiance of the /Egyptians, who were the bell Part of his Navy. Thefe Counfels, and her own cunning Infinuations , fo far prevail'd upon Anthony's deprav'd Temper, that he confented to her Stay. Anthony and Cleopatra went both to Samos, where, for Preparation for fo great an Enterprize, they began with all the Diverfions and Pleafures that cou'd be invented. Never were any Man's Cares fo plea-fantly divided as Anthony's; on one fide, all the Kings, Princes, and Potentates, from "Egypt to the Euxine Sea, and from Armenia to Illyricum, had Orders to fend Arms, Provifions, and Soldiers to Samos ; on the other, all the Comedians, Dancers, Muficians, and Buffoons, were oblig'd to repair to this Ifle: So that frequently when a Ship was thought to come laden with Soldiers, Arms, and Ammunition, it prov'd to be full of Players, Scenes, and Machines and Chap. VI. The Mix'd State. and while all the reit of the World was in extreme Mifery and Defolation, Joy and all kind of Pleafure reign'd here, as if they had all made choice of this Place to retire to. But how magnificent foever their Entertainments were, Anthony's Fear and Jealoufie had fo fower'd his Temper, that he began to fufpeft Cleopatra her felf, and wou'd eat nothing without a Taller. But Cleopatra, by her dextrous Management, by feveral Initances loon let him fee, That he cou'd have no Guard againfl her Addrefs, were not her Heart interefs'd in his Prefervation ; which made Anthony leave off his troublefome Precautions, which he found ufelefs againit the Arts of a Woman, who cou'd fo skilfully mingle inevitable Snares of Death among her Pleafures. Every City of Anthony's Empire had a Share in his Sacrifices, and fent an Ox thither to be offer'd, and the Kings who accompa-ny'd him contended who fhou'd make the nobleit Entertainments, fo that it gave Occafion to one to ask, What Rejoycings they would make for a Mao-ry, who made fuch magnificent Treats before a dangerous War? The Stay Anthony made at Samos was very favourable to Oaavius, who cou'd make but fmall Provi-fion for War, by reafon of the Difcontents of all the Italian Cities, occafion'd by the fevere Impofiti-ons laid upon 'em, and augmented by the News of Anthony's Approach with Inch formidable Forces. But when they law that Anthony's Preparations ferv'd chiefly to fill the Publick Places and Theatres of Sa-mos,0Elavius found Means to appeafe 'em, and to put himfelf in a Poflure of difputing the Empire with Forces equal to his Enemies. Still Anthony began to grow more odious to the Roman People; for having brought Cleopatra to Athens, and there honouring her beyond any Mortal before her, he fent to Rome with Orders to OElavia to leave his Houle, with all her Children. OE avia readily obey'd thefe unjuit E e 2 Orders, 419 410 The Zoman Hifloiy. Book Orders, without murmuring, only lamenting her hard Fate, becaufe was made to ferve for a Pretence to a War, whofe Confequences mull needs be fatal to her. Several of Anthony's Friends not being able any longer to bear with his Diforders, abandon d him, and OUa-vius having got Anthony's Will into his Hands, found new Matter to complain of to the Senate and People, which was Anthony's ordering, That if he dy'd in Rome, his Body fhou'd be carty' d in Funeral Pomp through the principal Places of the City, and then fent into !Egypt to Cleopatra. To this a Report was added, That Anthony defign' d to give Rome to Cleopatra, if his Arms were profperous, and to transfer the Seat of the Empire into !Egypt; fo that notwithftanding atl the Care of the more prudent fort, and all their Endeavours to reconcile thefe two great Men, it plainly appear'd that nothing but the Sword cou'd decide the prefent Controverfy. V. C. III. As Toon as OElavius found himfelf in a good Condition to carry on the War, he publickly pro- 722. claim'd it againft Cleopatra, and divefied Anthony of his Authority, which he had in a manner already parted with in favour of that Princefs. The Decree imply'd betides, That Anthony was now no longer Mailer of his own Will, fine Cleopatra, with her Philtres-, bad taken away the ufe of his Reafon ;fo that he was not to be (fleet); d as a Perfon engag'd in this War, which was only manag' d by Mardicon her Eunuch, and Iras and Charmia her Women, who were all his Governors. All ,4nthony's Followers were invited over with great Promifes of Rewards, but not declar'd Enemies, partly to prevent their growing defperate, and partly to render Anthony more inexcufable in making War againfr his Country, only for the fake of an .Egyptian Woman. The Forces of thefe two Generals were an-fwerable to the Empire they contended for, one drawing all the Fall, and the other the Weil to his Party Chap. VI. The Mix'cl State. Party. All the feveral Kings of Afia that were Allies of the Romans, follow'd the Fortune of Antho- ny ; fome by their Perfons, and others by their Troops alone ; all which, with Anthony's Forces, compos'd an Army of 500000 Foot and 12000 Horte, and his Fleet confifted of Soo Ships of War, whereof many were of the largeft Bulk. Odavias, in his Party had no Foreign Princes, and his Army amounted to no more than 80000 Foot, but was as firong. in Cavalry as his Enemies : In his Fleet were 25o Veffels, but all light, better Mann'd, and more convenient than Anthony's. This Year, by reafon of Anthony's recalling his Troops out of Media from the Pcote&ion of that Country, the Parthians became Mafters of it, and Armenia was likewife loft. The two great Men being now in readinefs for U. C. Action, they firft began to thew their Hatred by re- 723. fleaing Letters; and when Wiavigs reproach'd Anthony with his Love to Cleopatra, and the Prodigality of h:s Feafts, he, on the other fide, put him in mind of the famous Feafis of the Twelve Gods, where he and his other Guelis reprefented the Deities they ador'd. To which he added, his prepofterous Match with Livia, and his infamous Divorce of Scribonia, for not bearing the Infalence of that new Millrefs ; and all the Roman Ladies that 011avim had any great Familiarity with, were brought upon the Stage. He proceeded like-wife to tax OCiavias 'with Cowardice at the Battels of Mutina and Sicily; whereupon Oilavins wrote to him, That it was childifh to fight any longer with the Pen; but if he wou'd approach at the Head of his Army; he Aou'd have Ports in Italy to land without Moleflation that he wou'd draw his Troops fo far from the Sea, that Anthony fhou'd want no room for Encamping, and putting his Men in Battalia. To make Return to this Bravade, Anthony, tho' he were much the older, Oallened 0Elavius to fight a fingle Combat, or if he E e 3 421 4" Theonzan Hiflory. Book III. pleas'd, he wo.:ed give him Battle in the Plains of Phar-falia, where the great Cafar and Pompey had formerly decided their famous Diferences. Anthony was now at Aaium, a Town on the Coafts of Epirus, at the Entrance of the Gulph of Ambracia ; and while he lay there without A ation, OCiavius pafs'd over from Brundufium, and furpriz'd Toryne, a City nigh Atli-um. This Exploit amaz'd Anthony's Soldiers, becaufe his Legions were not yet arriv'd; but Cleopatra, to re-affume them, made flight of it, and in a jelling Way laid, What Damage is it for Oefavius to take the Scummer ? alluding to the Word Toryne, which fig-nifies a Scummer ; as if the Danger had been no greater than the taking of a Dinner. Anthony had brought all his Ships into the Gulph, whither OElavius the next Day after the taking of Toryne came forward, and offer'd him Battel. Anthony's Veffels were very ill-mann'd ; however he drew 'em into a fighting Pofture, with their Oars a-peek, as if he intended to bear down upon the Enemy ; but OElavius durft not engage him in that narrow Paffage, and therefore flood off to Sea; the other refus'd to follow; but as he perfe&ly knew the Country thereabouts, he cut off the Water from OElavius's Camp on every fide, which much diflrefs'd his Army. But the Succefs of Agrippa, in taking Leuca-dia, Petras, and Corinth, about this time, much reviv'd theSoldiers,and likewife occafion'dAmintas,Deiotarus, and Domitius, to go over to OElavius. To the latter of thefe, Anthony, according to his natural Genero-fity, fent his People and all his Equipage, which fo fenfibly touch'd Domitius, who was Fick already, that he was not able to out-live the Grief of abandoning a Man who thus by Kindnefs only had re-veng'd his Perfidioufnefs. In the mean time Cani-dius arriv'd with the Legions, who now began to change his Mind concerning Cleopatra, defiring Anthony, to fend her back, and go himfelf into Macedo- z nia, Chap. VI. The Mix 'd Rtate. nia, where he might fight by Land with fo much more Advantage, becaufe Dicomes, King of the Getes, had promi-fed him a powerful ARiance. He farther told Anthony, That it wou'd be a renouncing both Senfe and Reafon to put aViaory to the Hazard of the Seas and Winds, which they were certain of at Land, by the Valour and Experience of their General, who, to this Day, had kept up the Title of Invincible, and by the Hearts and Courages of their Soldiers, who had been try'd in fo many great Dangers. Anthony was much inclin'd to follow this Advice ' • but Cleopatra, whofe Words were Oracles, byafs'd him the other way, and oblig'd him againft his Will to hazard both his Empire and Life in a Sea-Fight ; and this, only that fhe might efcape with more Eafe, if Anthony fhould lofe the Day. Anthony had now refolv'd to fight by Sea, and while he was putting his Fleet in Order of Battel, a brave old Soldier, all cover'd with Scars, (poke thus to him aloud; My noble General, do you difpife this good Sword, and this old Arm, which all my Wounds cou'd neer yet weaken, that you fhou' d put your Confidence in little Boats and rotten Wood? Leave the Water to the Egyptians and Phoenicians, People born and nurs'd up in. that Element, but leave us Romans to the firm Land, where we may boldly meet Death, and fall like Men. Anthony anfwer'd nothing, only by the Motion of his Head feem'd to encourage him, tho' he himfelf was not well fatisfy'd ; for when his Officers propos'd taking away the Sails, he oppos'd it, alledging, That he wou'd have none of the Enemy efcape. That Day; and the three following, the Sea was fo rough, they could not engage ; but on the fifth, the two Fleets advanc'd towards each other in good Order. Anthony in his Brigantine went about encouraging his Men with the Remembrance of the many Vi&ories they had gain'd under his Conduet, telling em befides;. That the Largenefs of their Veifels gave 'em Opportunity of-fighting as firmly, and with as much Affurance as on dry E c 4 Land 42 424 The Hifiory. Book III. Land ; and that this Day as he expelled the Empire of the World from their Valour, fo they might expell Rewards anfwerable to fo noble a Conquefl. Otlavius on his fide gave no lefs Hopes to his Soldiers, efpecially firice they feem'd fearful of the Enemy's Fleet ; and among other things Paid, The Enemy's Veffels are laden indeed, but not mann'd ; and if they exceed us in Multitudes of Men, we furpafs them in Number of Soldiers. Be therefore now, as ye have ever been, Conquerors ; to fpeak more were to detain you from Viilory, only call to mind your ancient Valour ; and remember that I am Cxfar, and you Romans. It was both a noble and a terrible Sight, to .fee the Shore on on Side o'erfpread with z00000 fighting Men, and the Sea cover'd on the other with an incredible Number of Veffels fill'd with Soldiers. Nor was the Battel lefs remarkable, which began on both Sides with great Courage and Bravery, and fo con-tinu'd for a confiderable time ; when Cleopatra, weary'd with Expthation, or overcome with Fear, unexpeEtedly tack'd about, and fled towards Pelopon-nefus with fixty Sail. And what was Rill more fur-prizing, Anthony himfelf, who had formerly ihewn fo many eminent Marks of his Valour, now forgot the Care of his Honour and Safety, and fled after her, playing the part of a cowardly Soldier, while each of his Soldiers perform'd the Office of a courageous General. Thus Anthony abandon'd his Men that fo generoufly expos'd their Lives for his Inte-reit ; and getting into Cleopatra's Galley, he fat for a long time by himfelf in a confus'd melancholy rofture, without fo much as feeing the Queen, tho' he had follow'd her without any apparent Reafon but the Thoughts of her Abfence. The Battel, notwithflanding, continu'd with great Obffinacy till five in the Evening, when Anthony's Forces were partly confirain'd by the great Condu& of Agrippa, and party perfuaded by the obliging Promifes of 011avius, Chap. VI. The Mix'd State, ociavius, to fubmit ; and herein 0Elavius's Clemency did much efface the Memory of the Battle of Philippi, and the cruel Profcriptions of the Triumvirate. The Confequence of this ViEtory was very advantageous to Oilavius ; for all Anthony's Land-Forces, tho' very firm and refolute for force time, were in a little time after very willing to accept of fuch Conditions as 0E-lavius offer'd, and upon that all yielded to him, Ofiavius generously fparing all but a very fmall Number, who in a more particular manner were his de-clar'd Enemies. Anthony now was carry'd away with melancholy Refleetions and defpairing Thoughts, and through Shame or Anger refus'd to fee Cleopatra for feveral Days together; till arriving at Tenarus, her Women fo beflired themfelves, that they brought 'em to fee one another, and to eat together. Here News was brought him by feveral of his Friends of the Defeat of his Fleet ; but not fufpeling the Revolt of his Army, he wrote to Canidius to retreat through Macedonia, and return to Afia, and took what Care he cou'd for the Safety of his Friends that were about him, offering 'em what Money he had, and commanding 'em to leave him. After this he retir'd to Africk, from whence he fent Cleopatra into ./Egypt, and re-main'd almoft alone, without any other Company than Arifiocrates, and Lucilius ; one a Greek, and the other a Roman, both excellent Orators. Here Anthony heard of the Revolt of hisLand- Forces,which put him into fuch a violent Rage and Difpair,that he attempted to kill himfelf ; but was hinder'd from that fatal Refolution by the Prayers and Remonaranees of his Friends, who perfwaded him to return to Alexandria, where he found Cleopatra about an Enterprize that well fhew'd the Greatnefs of her Spirit. This Queen had drawn her Galleys upon Carriages for loo Miles over that Neck of Land which joins Afia to Africa, to the Red Sea; where the defign'd to embark her felf 425 426 The roman Ilifhoc Book III• felf with all her Treafure, and her choiceft Friends, and plant her felf in fome remote Part of the World. But the Arabians foon forc'd her to abandon that Defign, and thereupon fhe apply'd her felf to fortify the Avenues of her Kingdom, which were of very difficult Accefs. Anthony's Behaviour was very different, fhewing nothing but a fhameful Weak-nefs : He fhunn'd all Company, and built a Houfe near the Pharos, where he that himfelf up without either Friends or Domefticks, to imitate Timon, as he Paid, (ince he had no lens Reafon to hate Mankind than that Athenian, being betray'd by thofe whom he had moll oblig'd. But he cou'd not long force his natural Temper ; and therefore, as Debauching is a great Relief to People of his Humour, he quitted his Cell in a little time, and apply'd himfelf wholly to Feafling and Luxury, and many forts of Extra-vagancies. IV. Ogavim was now in Italy, whither he was re- call'd by Agrippa's Letters, after he had pafs'd one part of the Winter in Athens, and the other at Samos. The Occafion of his Return into Italy was the Mutiny of his Soldiers which he had fent to Brun-dufium after the Victory, who, after their ufual Cu- llom, had demanded their Rewards and their Dif-charge. Ofiavim flay'd at Brundufium but a fhort time, only while he appeas'd his Soldiers, and gave all neceffary Orders ; after which with his Fleet he fair(' into Syria, while his Army march'd along the Coafis of Africk to attack 22Egypt on the other fide. All the Kings of A/ia, Allies to the Romans, came to ail-Lire him of their Obedience ; and none ap. pear'd more forward than Herod King of yudaa, who went as far as Rhodes to lay his Crown at 0E1a-vius's Feet, and offer'd him both his Perfon and his Troops. This Prince was one of Anthony's greateff Friends, and for that Reafon he had fo little Hopes of U. C. 7:4. Chap. VI. The Mix' d State, of the Succefs of his Voyage, and in purfuance of his natural Bent to Cruelty, he left Order with two of his Confidents to put his Wife Mariamne to Death, whom he paffionately lov'd, in cafe he fhould mifcarry. The Secret was reveal'd to Mari-amne by one of his Infiruments ; and Herod being reproach'd with it at his Return, caus'd the Death of this unfortunate Princefs, who for her admirable Beauty, and her noble Race from that of the Maccabees, deferv'd a better Fate. Oilavitis, to give a famous Inflance of his Clemency, pardon'd Herod, gave him his Crown, and receiv'd him into Favour; but wou'd not fpare Alexas the Syrian, who had been Anthony's greaten Flatterer, and afterwards a mon perfidious Traytor to him. Anthony and Cleopatra feeing themfelves abandon'd by all their Allies, refolv'd at WI to fend Euphronius, their Children's Tutor, to make fome Propofals to OFlavius. Cleopatra privately fent a Golden Crown. and Sceptre, with a Royal Seat, to OElavius, asking the Kingdom of "Egypt for her Children ; and Anthony only defied he might live as a private Man at Athens, if O1avius was not willing he should tarry fill in 'Egypt. He abfolutely reje&ed Anthony's Propofitions, but fent to Cleopatra, That there was no manner of Favour which the might not reafonably expea, if "he wou'd either put Anthony to Death, or Banifh him. With this Anfwer Euphronius return'd, and with him Thyreus, a Freed-Man of Onavigs's, a Per-fon very cunning, and fit to manage any Intrigue ; who coming with a Menge from a young Emperor Ito an ambitious Princefs, poffefs'd with a mighty Opinion of her own Charms, had no difficult Ac-ccefs to her. But thefe fecret Conferences be-tteween Cleopatra and him, and the Honours the did I him, threw Anthony into Inch a furious Paffion of jealoufie, that he immediately order'd him to be ,:cruelly fcourg'd, and in that Condition fent him to OCIa- 427 428 Toe _OtZo.inan Hiftoiy. Book III. Oaavius with Letters, That he had chafliild Thyreus for inflating over him at a time when his bad Fortune had put him into an ill Humour ; but if this Proceeding offended him, he had his Freed-Man Hipparchus by him, whom he might ufe after the faine manner, and Jo be upon equal Terms: Which was a pleafant way of being reveng'd upon Hipparchus, the firil of Anthony's Freed-Men that went over to Cnfar. Cleopatra omitted nothing to clear Anthony's Mind of Jealoufy and Safpicion ; the redoubled her Fondnels and Careffes; and when her Birth-day came, the kept it as was fuitable to their deplorable Condition ; but Anthony's was oblerv'd with great Splendor and Magnificence, fo that all the Guefts were enrich'd by the noble Prefents the made upon his Account. In the mean time Oilavius having gacher'd all his Forces together, furpriz'd the City of Pelufium, which was surrender'd to him by Se/eucus; and it was immediately reported, that this Governor had done it by Cleopatra's Order ; but the, to clear her felf, deliver'd up his Wife and Children into Anthony's Hands. Near the Temple of Ifs the had built a (lately Building, defign'd for a Sepulchre. Into this Place the remov'd all her Treafure, as Gold, Silver, Jewels, and other Inch valuable things, and it befides with Torches, Faggots, Tow, and other combuflible Matter; fo that Oilavim was much afraid left out of Defpair the thould burn her felf in it, with all thole \Taft Riches. Therefore while he was marching towards Alexandria, he omitted no Occafion of givinc, her Affurance of his Re-fpeEt and kind Wage. The nigh Approach of fo formidable a Rival, began once more to rouze up Anthony, and reviv'd all thole Sparks of Greatnefs and Generofity in his Breall that feem'd to have been wholly extina. Anthony now knew that he had no Hopes but of dying like a Rimtan, and this he fully refolv'd upon: So he rally'd ail the Troops he had, made Chap. VI. Tle Afix'd State. made a brave Sally upon Onavias's Horfe, and beat 'em into their Camp, which he put into Diforder ; nor did Anthony ever Phew more Courage and Con-dud than now. Upon this Vidory, Anthony enter'd Alexandria as in Triumph, and went all arm'd to Cleopatra, to bring her the good News of his Succefs, prefenting one of his Knights to her, who had behav'd himfelf bravely in the Fight. The Queen rewarded his Valour with an Armour of Gold; but that very Night, this ungrateful Wretch went over to Oaavim, which dangerous Example much troubled Anthony. He try'd to provoke Oaavitis's Temper, and chal-leng'd him to a fingle Combat; but was coldly an-fwer'd, That Anthony had Ways enow to die without feeking that. Anthony now finding his Affairs in a dangerous Condition, refolv'd to make the laft Pufh both by Sea and Land, with a full Defign to conquer honourably, or die bravely. He order'd his People to treat him chearfully, and fill him his Wine plentifully : Perhaps, faith he, this may be the 141 Service you can do, for to morrow you may have another Mailer, while 1 lie extended upon the Ground, defpis'd by all Mankind. Finding his Friends much mov'd at this for-rowful Difcourfe, he added, However, I will not do you fo great an Injury as to lead you where Death is more certain than ViElory. At the Dead of Night, when the whole City was in a deep Silence, on a fud-den was heard a dreadful Noife of Voices, Inftru-ments, and Cries, like those of Bacchanals, which pafs'd thro' Alexandria, and went out of the Gate that fooled towards the Enemies Camp, as Plutarch relates ir. At Break of Day, Anthony polled thofe few Troops he had remaining upon the rifing Ground nigh the Town, from whence he fent Orders to his Gallies to engage the Enemy. They advanc'd in Order of Battle ; but as loon as Anthony's Ships approach'd the oti-xr, the So:diers all held down 429 430 The Zonian Hifiory. Book III. down their Arms, and fainted OCiavitbs's ; who returning the Salute, both Fleets join'd and flood over-againft the City. All his Cavalry feeing this, left him, and went over to OUavius's Camp, his In- fantry being forc'd to yield. This unfortunate General, abandon'd thus by his Men, and finding he could not die with Glory in the Field, return'd back to Alexandria, overcome with a dreadful Rage and Fury, running and crying out, That Cleopatra had betray'd him, when he had ruin'd all his Fortunes for her Sake alone ! The Queen hearing of this, in a great Fright retied to her Monument, fecur'd the Doors, and let down the Portcullis; and then made a Report to be fpread, that the was dead, which was Toon brought to Anthony. This fad and fudden News recall'd all that Love and Tendernefs he had for this Princefs ; 0 wretched Anthony, cry'd he, What haft thou here in this World, when Fate has fnatch'd the only Thing for which thou cou'dfl endure to live? Then retiring to his Cabinet, he laid afide his Armour, and renew'd his Complaints; 0 Cleopatra, Paid he, our Separation is not my greatefl Grief, for we (hall meet again; but what afiliEls me moll, is, that I, who have commanded fo many gallant Men, Aou'd be out-done by a Woman in Courage. Immediately he call'd Eros, the molt faithfull of his Freed-Men, whom he had engag'd by Oath to kill him when he fhould think it neceffary, and now bad him perform his Promife. Eros drew out his Sword, as if he defign'd to perform that fatal Duty ; and turning afide, gave himfelf a Wound, which threw him dead at his Mailer's Feet. Dear Eros, cry'd he, I thank thee for teaching me to do what I ought my frlf ; and upon that he thrufl himfelf into the Belly, and fell backwards upon his Bed. Tho' the Wound was mortal, yet the Blood flopping, he came to himfelf, and moft earneftly begg'd of his Friends to difpatch him; but they all fled from him Chap. VI. 77)e Mx'd State. 431 him, leaving him in a miferab.le Condition, roiling and ftruggling with the Anguiih of his Pain, whilft Diomedes came to carry him to Cleopatra. Anthony undeftanding Cleopatra yet liv'd, begg'd and treated in the moft moving Manner in the World to be carry'd to her; and with much Difficulty and Pain they lifted him up to the Door of the Monument. Cleopatra, having. only her two Women, durft not open the Door, but let down Cords from the Window. All the People of Alexandria were prefent at this fad Spedacle, and nothing appear'd fo lamentable as to fee this great Man, renown'd for his Conquefts and Vidories, bath'd in his Blood, and juft expiring, holding out his Hands to Cleopatra, and faintly endeavouring to raife himfelf ; and to fee this famous Queen ftriving with her Body juft out of the Window, with the feeble Affiftance of her Women, to pull him up, the People all that time feeming to affift her with their Cries and Tears. When after much Pain the had drawn him up, the embrac'd him, and laid him gently upon her Bed, tearing all her Cloaths in a molt violent Pailion, beating her Face and Breaft, and calling Anthony her Lord, her Husband, her Emperor ! and tho' her own Misfortunes were very great and afto-niihing, yet the forgot them all at the fight of this deplorable Objea. Anthony begg'd of her to moder-rate her Grief and 7ranfports, and ask'd for fome Wine, either becaufe he was thirfty, or becaufe he thought it wou'd loon end him. After he had drank, he exhorted Cleopatra to endeavour to fave her Life, if Jhe gou'd do it with Honour, and for that End Proculus wou'd be her bell Friend in Cxfar's Camp ; that Jhe wou'd not too deeply refleEl upon the cruel Turn of Fortune which he felt in his la fl Days, but rather think what Glory and Renown he had liv'd in, famous for fo many noble Viilories, umphss and Dignities ; and that after he had been the firli Man 43 2' The.oinan H'log. Book Man of the World, and the mofl Illufirious of all the Romans, he was at laft overcome by a Roman. At the finishing of this Difcourfe, Anthony expired, in the 53d Year of his Age ; a Perfon of as great Spirit and Valour as any among the Romans !ince the Death of Yulius Cafar; yet foften'd, overcome, and entirely ruin'd by a Woman. His Death put an end to all the Civil Wars, and gave Oilavius Opportunity to make his Fortunes as he pleas'd ; and from this Period many Hiflorians date his Reign ; others three Years after ; and fome from Yulius Calar's Death. This happen'd in the 724th Year of the City, the 3d of the 187th Olympiad, and the i3th of the fecond Triumvirate, about 14 Years after yulius Calar's Death, and 28 before our Saviour's Nativity. f CHAP. VII. From the Death of Anthony, to the perfea Settlement of the Empire by Odavius ; which finifh' d allDiflurbances,and brought Rome to its utmofi Glory. containing the Space of about Three Tears. u. C. I. 0 Ctavius fhew'd great Satisfa6tion at hisSuccefs 724. and Fortune ; yet when Anthony's bloody Sword was brought to him, the Sight of it oblig'd him to retire into his Tent, where he cou'd not refrain from Tears, when he refle&ed upon the deplorable End of a Perfon fo eminent both for Birth and Valour, and one with whom he had contrafted fo Chap. VII. The Mbc'd State. 433 fo arid a Friendfhip and Alliance. He call'd his Friends in, to whom he declar'd, That he had contributed nothing to the Overthrow of Anthony, through any Hatred or Ambition ; Chewing 'em the Copies of the Letters he had writ to him, which contain'd nothing but jull and reafonable Propofals, and Anthony's An-fivers full of Paffion and Difdain. After this he fent Proculus to employ his utmost Addrefs to feize upon Cleopatra, extremely defiring to Pave her Trea- lure, but more efpecially to grace his Triumph with this Queen, who had fo long triumph'd over the Roman Commanders. Cleopatra refus'd Proculus Entrance, but, through the Door, demanded "Egypt for her Children; which caus'd Prcculus, after obferving the Avenues of the Monument, to return to Oilavius, who the fame Inftant fent Gallus with him to make her new Propofitions. While Gallus was difcourfing with Cleopatra below, Proculus with two others en-teed by the Window at which Anthony had been drawn up ; which one of her Women perceiving, prefe ntly Chriek'd out, Wretched Princefs thou art taken alive ! Upon which Cleopatra turn'd quick, and drew out her Dagger to ftab her felt; but Proculus caught hold of her, Paying, Madam, will you at once injure your felf and Cxfar, in depriving him of the moll illutiri-ousreflimony he can give of his Generofity ; and make the heft and genteleli Prince in the World pars for Cruel and Barbarous? Whereupon he difarm'd her, fearch'd her left any Poifon ihou'd be conceal'd about her ; and after he had fecur'd her, he return'd to Oaavius with this joyful News. Oliavius was extremly fatisfy'd to find this haughty Queen at his Difpofal, who before had lifted the Crown of itgypt above the Empire of the Romans. He firft commanded Epaphroditus to guard her with the greateft Care, and yet to ferve her like a Queen ; after which he made his Entrance into Alexandria F f after 43 4 Die man Hiji-oiy. Book III. after a folemn and pompous Manner. The Ma-jelly of OElavius, follow'd by fo many arm'd Soldiers, who breath'd nothing but Deffruftion, drove the ./Epptians into great Fears and Apprehenfions, imploring his Mercy upon their Knees. OElavius told 'em, He pardon'd 'em for the fake of their illufirious Founder Alexander, for the extraordinary Beauty of the City, and for his great Efleem he had for Arrius, their Fellow Citizen and Philofopher. Several Kings, Princes, and Roman Senators, begg'd of him the Body of Anthony, to pay their laft Refpeets to him ; but he wou'd not deprive Cleopatra of a SatisfaCtion fo dear to her ; and more than that, he took Care to fur-nifh her with what was needful for the Pomp of the Funeral, which fhe folemnized with extraordinary Magnificence. OElavius took further Care that nothing fhou'd occafion the Increafe of Cleopatra's Afflietions ; but the Greatnefs of her Soul, and the Noblenels of her Courage, made the Lofs of her Liberty infupportable to her. Her exceffive Melancholy, and the many Blows fhe had given her Breaks, put her into a flow Fever, which gave her great Hopes of ending her Sorrows, and her Life in a thort time. She had beaks refolv'd to abflain from Eating, if her Phyfician had not difcovered this Secret the had trufted him with to 03avius, who immediately threaten'd to put her Children all to Death, if fhe perfifted in her Obilinacy : This was the only thing the could he fenfible of, and the Thoughts of this caus'd her to comply, and receive whatever they prefcrib'd her. After this, 03avius refolv'd to vitt Cleopatra, and by his Civilities give her frefh Affurance of his Fa- vour. He found her vpon a plain Bed, and as foon as the perceiv'd him, (he rote in her Shift to throw her Pelf at his Feet, with her Hair in diforder, her Face torn, her Breafis bruis'd, her Eyes red with weep- Chap. VII. 71)e Mix'd State. 43 5 weeping, and her Voice weak and trembling; all which Accidents cou'd not deface the Brightnefs of her Eyes, nor the charming Air of her Face. Oaa-vius civily lifted her up, and fat down by her, and immediately the enter'd upon the juftifying her Condu& ; but when her Art and Skill fail'd her againft manifeft Proofs, the turn'd her Difcourfe into humble Supplications, and deliver'd him an Inventory of all her Treafure and Jewels. Seleucus, her Treafurer, accufing her of concealing feveral things, Cleopatra, in a great Rage, threw her felf out of her Bed, dragg'd him by the Hair, and beat him fe-verely; which fome think was only a Pretence of Ihewing 0Elavius her beautiful Shape and Body, which The had too great a Confidence in. However OElavius only fmilid at this Aetion, and led the Queen to her Bed. 0 Cxfar, cry'd the, after the Honour of vifiting me in this miferable Condition, is it not cruel and barbarous, that a vile Slave fhou'd accufe me of laying afide a few Trifles ; alas ! not to adorn my felf, but to prefent 'em to Livia and Oaavia, that their generous Intercegion may in fome meafure procure your Favour ? This Difcourfe gave great Satisfa6tion to 0E1avius, imagining it imply'd a Defire fhe had of living ; and thereupon he affur'd her, She might keep her Yewels, and that he wou'd ufe her more generoufly than fhe cou'd reafonably hope for ; and fo retied, much fa-tisfied with his Succefs, having, as he fuppos'd over-reach'd her. Cleopatra being loon after inform'd by Dolabella, one of OElavius's Favourites, and her Admirer, that 0Elavius had refolv'd within three Days to fend her and her Children away, earneftly begg'd of OElavi-us to fuffer her to pay her 1 ail Oblations to the Memory of Anthony, which he granted her. Where-, upon fhe was carry'd to the ftately Sepulchre where Anthony was laid ; and only attended by her too F f 2 Wo. 4> The oman Iliftory. Book III. Women, the fell upon her Knees, embrac'd his Tomb with extreme Grief and Paflion ; and after a Flood of Tears, the cry'd, My dearefl Lord, I was a Queen, and wore no Chains when I fir plac'd thee in this Monument, but now I pay my Duties. I'm Fortune's Slave ; my fervile Body is referv'd to grace the Triumph of thy Res, on which I dare not fo much as print the Marks of my Grief Thefe Tears, thefe Pangs of Grief, are the lafi Tokens of the Love and Duty of thy Cleopatra, who now mull be forc'd far from thee : No Chance cou'd feparate us while living, but our cruel Defliny will part us in our Deaths : And as by a firange turn of Fate 'Egypt has afforded thee a Tomb, fo Rome will me, the only Courtefie I fhall receive from the Country : Tet 1 hope the Heavenly Powers that guard your happy Abode, (for ours have betray'd us) will /lem the Conqueror's Pride, and fuller him not to triumph over thee in my Perfon. Hide me therefore here, and receive me into thy Tomb ; for among a'l my bitter Griefs and heavy Allitaions, none e'er prefs'd my Soul fo hard as living thus long without thee. Upori the finifhing of thefe fad Lamentations, the crown'd the Tomb with Garlands and Flowers, embracing it as if the defign'd to grow to it, till her Women took her from thence to a Bath ; after which the attir'd her felf after a moft gorgeous manner, and eat as fumptuonfly as the cou'd. After Dinner the clear'd the Room of ail except Iras and Charmia ; and having procur'd an Afp to be fecretly brought in among Figs, Grapes, and Flowers, the apply'd it to her Arm ; juft before which the fent a Letter to OEavius,wherein wherein the molt pafflonately com-plain'd of her hard Fate, and very earnefily befeech'd him, That it might be permitted her to be buried in thefame Tomb with Anthony OElavius in all hafle fent fome Meffengers, who found her dead upon a Golden Bed, adorn'd with her Royal Robes, in Poflure of one Chap. VII. The Mex. d State. one asleep, with Iras alfo dead at her Feet, and Charmia juft breathing, and placing her Diadem right. One of the Meffengers very angrily ask'd, Is this well done, Charmia ? Extremely well, reply'd the, and becoming a Prince's defcending from fo noble a Race of Monarchs ; at which the expir'd at her Miftrefs s Feet. 0Elavius was extremely troubled at Cleopatra's Death, as being depriv'd of the nobleft Ornament of his Triumph : However, he cou'd not but admire the Greatnefs of her Courage, who, notwithflanding the Weaknefs of her Sex, preferr'd Death before the Lofs of her Liberty, or the Appearing below her Quality. He order'd her a magnificent Funeral, laying her Body by Anthony's according to her De-fire ; and her Women were interr'd with confide-irable Pomp in Memory of their Fidelity. She was I then thirty eight Years of Age, having reign'd itwenty two, twelve whereof the pafs'd with Antho-Fny and her Death put an end to the 'Egyptian 'Kingdom, which had flourifh'd for many Ages. IHer Son Cafario, which the had by Julius ',was thorny after (lain by OEavius's Orders, who was told by Arrius the Philofopher, That many Cxfars =ere of dangerous Confequence. "Egypt was now in-tirely reduc'd into a Province, and Oilavius caus'd his Soldiers to cleanfe the Channels of the Nile, which much improv'd the Fertility of the Soil : And fence this Kingdom much enlarg'd the Roman Dominions, efpecially as to Riches, and his entire Viatories brought Peace to the Roman State, at his Return he was receiv'd at Rome with an univerfal Joy and Sa-tisfa&ion, as a Perfon who had put an End to the Miferies and Calamities in the greateft Part of the World. He triumph'd three Days ; for Illyrium, or the Battel of AElium, and the Conqueft of "E-ypt, with extraordinary Splendor and Magnificence ; 11 which were attended with f a happy fbutting th oe f F 3 437 438 The Hiftory. Book III. the Temple of yanus, which had flood opea z os Years. v C. II. Oaavius Cafar now finding himfelf Lord and Governor of the Roman Empire, partly by the Au- 72 5. thority with which the People had at feveral times invefted him, and partly by the Ruin of his Enemies ; after this refolv'd to exercife all the Clemency of a Tweet temper'd Prince, and all the Cunning of an exquifite Politician. To allure himfelf of Anthony's Adherents was his firft and principal Care, to which End he publickly reported, that he had burnt all Anthony's Letters and Papers, without reading them ; well knowing, that as long as any thought themfelves fufpeeled Adverfaries, they wou'cl never thew themfelves real Friends. To the Senators and Magifirates he made fumptuous Feafis and Treats ; to the Plebeians and Common. Sort he exhibited magnificent Shews and Plays; and both he entertain'd with fuch Variety of Plea-fures, as might reafonably banith their Sorrows for the old Profcription, and remove their Fears of a new. With great Wifdom and Dexterity he regulated many Abufes and Corruptions in the State ; and tho' he would not give up the leaft part of his Authority, yet he exercis'd it with that Difcretion and Moderation, that the Commonwealth was more happy under his Government, than when it enjoy'd all its Privileges. He allow'd the People all their due Liberties, only retrench'd the Liberty of making FaEtions and Diffentions in the State, and to the Senate he reftor'd their ancient Splendour, but banith'd their late Corruption : He contented himfelf with a moderate Power, which wou'd not afford him the Freedom of doing Ill ; but he made it abfolute, when it impos'd upon others the Neceffity of doing Well. So that the People were not lefs free, but in Mat- Chap. VII. The Mix d State. Matters of Sedition ; nor the Senate lefs powerful, but in Matters of Injuftice ; and the Romans feem'd to have loft nothing of the Happinefs that Liberty might produce, but only the Misfortunes it might occafion. Oilavius having eftablifh'd fo good an Order,found himfelf extremely embarafs'd with various Thoughts and 'Opinions, and long confider'd with himfelf, whether he ought to retain the Government of the 'Empire, or reftore the People to their firft Liberty. The eminent Examples of Sylla and yttlius Calar put him to many Doubts and Scruples, when he confider'd that the former, who had voluntarily quitted his Authority, dy'd peaceably in the midft of his Enemies ; and the latter, for retaining of it, was affaffinated by his moft intimate Friends. But then he confider'd on the other fide, that the Com-cmonwealth had been fo extremely harrafs'd and broken by violent Faetions and Civil Wars, that the Yoke wou'd prove their greatest Relief, fpeci-ally a: he wou'd manage it. He found likewife that- the People of Rome had loft moft of their ancient Vigour and Defire of Liberty, and the Senate as much of its ancient Firmnefs and Refolution ; and that there were fuch numerous Corruptions and fuch dangerous Diftempers in the State, that nothing but a Change cou'd cure or corre& 'em. As he confi-der'd that both Senate and People never wanted a Head fo much as at prefent, the Advantage of which they. were in this short time fenfible of, fo thefe Confiderations gave him great Hopes, and almoft as great Refolutions. However, this moft wary Prince thought it highly neceffary for his own Security to confult his two intimate Friends Agrippa and klecifenas, the former moft famous for his Courage and Valour, and the latter for his great natural Endowments. 0Elavitis taking thefe two into his Clo- F f 4 fet, 439 440 Theo,tizent HJ1o;y. Book III. fet, ask'd their Ad ice, telling 'em among other things, That they were his Friends,' ,therefore he had made 'em his yudges, as Men that were able to fpeak Soundly, and willing to fpeak Freely : That he knew 'em to have a greater Care of his Honour than his Profit, but more of the Commonwealth than of both. Agrippa return'd the fiat Anfwer to this purpofe : nu may well admire, my generous Lord, that I, who am certain of an uncommon Promotion under your Empire, fhou'd advift you to a private Retirement, but ince 1 efleem your Honour above my own Profit, and the Publick Good before my particular Preferment, I am fore you will pardon me. You have now glorioufly fini/h'd the Civil Wars, and brought an honourable Peace to your Country ; but what will the Advantage be, without a Refloration of that Liberty for which thole Wars were begun ? Or what Benefit can the People reap from fo noble a ViElory, if it be us'd only as an Inarument for their greater Slavery ? A Word fo odious to the Roman Nation, that whenever that has fee2n'd to have been aim' d at by any Perfon, no Venues cou'd ffiield him, no Merits proteEl him, no Services fe-cure him, from the Rage of the People ; no, net thofe of your great Father Julius : And can you hope to efcape ? But fay, That the Divine Power fhou'd fo proteEl you as to outlive fuch Dangers, wou'd you alfo out-live your Glories ? Are you willing that Poflerity fhould brand you with Tyranny, and perhaps with Bafenefs, in curbing and putting a flop to the Fame and Grandeur of your Country ? A Country which has gain'd all its Renown and Reputation, and owes all its great and glorious Ans to a Government quite contrary to what you teem inclin'd; and a Government under which other Nations have generally been mofl profperous and flourifhing. Therefore your Generofity fiou'd had you to let your Country free, and (ince you are already Mafler of the World's Forces, and without Rival in the Empire, and have both Senate and People at your Mercy ; to do it now would flrike allDetragion dumb, and make future Chap. VII. The Mix'd State. future Ages (land amaz.' d at the Greatnefs of your Temper. Mecanas on the other fide declar'd his Thoughts after this manner : Be not deceiv'd, moll noble Prince, with the fpecious Shew of Words and Names ; but lime jufl Heaven has ordain'd you a Father, as well as a Mafler of our Country, rather hearken to her real i'l/ants and Neceffities, than to the fallacious Clamours of the Rabble, who, like Children, cry for what wou'd be their Ruin. Our Republick is a Ship fraught with Multitudes of various Nations, and deflitute of. a Pilot, which for many Tears has been mifirably tofs'd and fhatter'd, and is now ready to be call away, without your relieving Hand to lave it. In former times indeed this thriving Empire did not fen?: to want a Monarch ; but it is now grown too vafl and unweildy, to fulfill without one. Formerly the Stria-ners of the Roman Discipline and Morality, and the Fears of rival Nations, kept the Commonwealth from finking : Tet in thofe pure times, what Commotions in State, what Revolutions in Government, what Divifions and Difiraai-ons were occafion'd by the Tribunes Rage and Peoples Mad-net. s? Camillus, Rome's fecond Founder, and Scipio, that Scourge of Carthage, were difgrac'd, and the great Coriolanus banifi;d, only becaufe their Worth alone had lifted 'em above the ordinary Pitch of Subjeas. But then to mention all the numerous Troubles and dreadful Wrier of thefe latter Times, were to revive our Sorrows, which you in a great meafure have allay'd ; and ince by your I Means your Country has recover'd orne of her Spirits, it is your Duty to eflablifh her in per ea Health, which can be no ways done but by retaining the Empire. And this Advice is not only for the Good of your Country, but aljo for the Security of your Perfon : For the refigning of your Authority wou'd be the parting with your Safety. Pompey was contemn'd after the Disbanding of his Army at Brundufium ; and tho' your Uncle Julius fell, it was not for warning his Power, but for grafping of it too 2, firongly, 44t 442 TheZo.man Hiftory, Book III, flrongly, which you know better how to manage. In the gaining of an Empire, there is no Medium between the Death of an Enemy, and the Life of a Prince ; and fine you have already gone fo far, you mall either refolve to be Greatefl in the State, or leafl among the People, to be Ca:- far or Nothing. Oilavius thank'd 'em both for their friendlyAdvice, and,after force dubious Expreffions, declar'd himfelf rather inclin'd to Macanas's Opinion ; withal telling them, That he was but the Inflrumene of the Defli-nies, fo put their Wills in Execution ; and fince they had already (hewn themfelves fo favourable to him, he had all the Reafon to hope that his Friends wou'd not be backward in their Councils, or any other neceffary Affiflance. Upon which Mec&nas proceeded to give him many wife In-ftru&ions and DireEions, how to manage his Affairs to the bell Advantage, both as to his Countries Hap-pinefs, and his own Security, as may be feen at large in Dion. Caffius. Among a great many other things, -he told him, That his virtuous Behaviour wou'd be a greater Security to him than all his Forces : That if the People found him modefl and unblameable in his Life, not exatling Money from others while he abounded in Riches, not pinching others while he was luxurious, nor pun Thing others while he was loofe and licentious, they would certainly love and honour him as a true- Father and Preferver of his Country. But this he told him as his principal Rule by which he ought to guide himfelf ; Always to preferve the Love of his Subjetis ; and if he wou'd do exaElly as he himfelf wou'd expea from his Prince, if he were a Sub:jet-1, then he fhou'd not fail of being profperous in his Defigns, happy in his Life, and famous in Hi/lory. He concluded all with telling him, That if in taking upon hith the Sovereign Power, he fear'd the Name of Kingdom as odious, he might omit that, and manage all under the Title of Cxfar : if he thought not that fufficient, they wou'd give him Chap. VII: The Mix'd State. him that of Imperator, and wou'd adorn him with fome other venerable Note of Honour ; fo that he might enjoy all the Privileges of a Kingdom without the envious Name of a King, which the Romans could not endure. All thefe things confirm'd Cafar in his former Opinions ; and from this time he began to pur-fue his Defigns with more care and Diligence than ever. III. The Romans were now arriv'd to their utmoft Height as to polite Learning, and an exquifite Talk of Things, as appears from their feveral Writings For befides Virgil, formerly mention'd at this time flouriih'd the two great Wits, Ovid and Horace, the plealanteft and perfeeteft Poets in their Kinds; and likewife Livy, the Prince of all the Roman Hiftorians ; all which had a great {hare in Odavitts's Familiarity, as well as Mecanas's. OE avius was a great Promoter of 111 forts of Learning, and having brought a General Peace to the Roman Empire, he had a fairer Opportunity both of encouraging that, and of following his other Defigns. He had an admirable Faculty of difcerning and penetrating into the Humours and Ambitions of the principal Men ; in which he was much affifted by the Letters found in Anthony's Coffers, which he carefully preferv'd, and fecretly made ufe of as he found Occafion. As for Words and Libels, he took little or no notice of, having learnt that both from his Uncle yithus and Meceenas, Never to be con-concern'd at what was fpoken again fl him. And this Maxim he found much to his Advantage ; for by this he not only underftood the Minds and Affe&ions of the People more eafily, but perceiv'd that as long as the Common Sort retain'd this Liberty of Speech, they were the Ids fenfible of the Lofs of Liberty in State. Oaavius 443 444 Tie Boman Iliftory. Book III. OEavius was now in his fifth Confulfhip, and by the Advice of Mtceenas, he took upon him the Title of lmperator ; not in that Senfe it was anciently wont to be given for Viaories obtain'd, but in re-fpe& of the chief Command or Authority, as it had been decreed to his Uncle gruius. And the great Induftry of Agrippa was no lefs ferviceable to him than the wife Counfels of Mec,enas ; and not-withfianding he had at firfi advis'd him to contrary Methods, he now prov'd as ufeful an Affiftant as the other. Shortly after he was made Cenfor, and Agrippa with him ; and among other things belonging to his Office, he took great Care to purge and reform the Senate, into which many Equites and unworthy Plebeians had crept, during the late Civil Wars, and then increas'd their Number to 1000 Se- a Thoufand, which his Uncle had brought to nators. nine Hundred. All this he did with great Moderation and Difcretion, always (hewing much Re-fpe& to that venerable Affembly ; and tho' he continually diminith'd their Power and Authority ; he fill preferv'd their ancient Glory and Dignity, well knowing that 7ulius's Contempt of the Senate, did moft of all forward his Ruin ; he put two Perfons, namely, Cluilius and Furnius, into the Rank of Confulares, becaufe they had been defign'd for Confuls, tho' prevented by others. He alto rank'd certain Families among the Patricians, be-caufe moff of thofe had perifh'd in the late Wags. One great and publick Way of bridling the Nobility, was his publifhing an Edi&, forbidding any Senator to travel out of Italy without his Leave ; a thing very Maly obferv'd by his Succeffors For he well knew that the Prefence and Authority of Perfons of that honourable Rank might raife great Commotions in an unfettled State. Yet not wholly to imprifon 'em, he gave em Liberty to Chap. VII. The Mix'd State. to vifit Sicily, and Gallia Narbonnenfis, Provinces adjoining to the Continent of Italy, altogether un- furniiI'd for Wars, and by reafon of their Variety of Pleafures, 'more likely to weaken their Minds, than to arm their Bodies. In the following Year, OElavius having enter'd U. C. upon his firth Confulihip, together with Agrippa his 726. Colleague, made a Lufirum, which was many Years after the laft Celebration of one, and in this were four Millions and 63 Thoufand Polls of Romans, in which Number mull be reckon'd all Women, Children, Servants, and Slaves ; a Number almoft incredible, if compar'd with the prefent Cities of the World; but the lets, if we confider the prodigious Bignefs of the City and Suburbs, which good Authors affirm to have been fifty Miles in Com-pafs at this time. OElavius at that time likewife celebrated Games, which had been decreed in. Memory of his Vietory at AElium, and it was or -deed that they fhou'd be renew'd every fifty Year, four Colleges of Priefts taking care of em ; namely, the Pontifices, Augurs, Septemviri, and Ztindecem-yiri, by Courfes. He caus'd many other delightful Games and Exercifes to be made, all at his own Colt and Charges, ufing all poffible Methods to divert the People from fixing their Minds upon his Aetions, and their ancient Freedom. He or-deed that two Perfons of Prectorian Rank ihou'd yearly overfee the Treafury, and gave to the People four times as mach Corn as they were wont to have ; to fome Senators he gave Money, fome of this Rank being fo poor, that they cou'd not bear Offices belonging to their Dignity. All Engagements and Debts to the Exchequer he made void, that flood good before the Battel at Anium, except what concern'd Buildings. He fuffer'd no Sacrifice to be offer'd to A;gyptian Gods with- in 445 446 Theloty. Book III. in the Pomerium, and took great Care about fettling Religion, and repairing of the Temples. And be-caufe many unjuft Things had been ordain'd during the late Seditious and Civil Wars, efpecially in the hit Triumvirate, he made 'em all void by one Edi&, and caus'd 'em to ceafe from his fixth Confulfhip. Thus OElavius more and more fettled the Peace of the City, and gain'd the Hearts and Affeaions of the People. U. C. IV. OElavius now entring upon his feventh Con- 7 2 7' fulfhip, and finding all matters ripe for his Pur-pofe, he went to the Senate-houfe, after he had prepar'd all the Senators who were for his Inte-reit, and, in a fiudied Speech, fpoke to this Effea : When I confider with my felf the immenfe Greatnefs and boundlefs Extent of the Roman Empire, 1 am flrucken with Surprize, nay, and Amazement, to imagine that any Mortal dare undertake the Pole Adminifiration of fo a State. What Nation hath not either begg'd Peace at our Gates, or felt the Fury of our Arms at their own ? And what Countries have not we conquer'd and brought to Subjethon ; making the Riling and Setting of the Sun the Bounds of our Dominions ? Therefore it mull proceed from a wild and extravagant Opinion of their own Abilities, when they pretended to bear that Burden which none but the Immortal Gods cou'd fuflain. As for my own Part, who may with Modefly affirm, that I have put an End to all Domeflick Wars, and have brought Peace to the City, I dare not prefume to attempt it: Tho' I am invited to it by all the powerful Charms of commanding the greatefl People upon Earth, and the moll glorious Empire next Heaven, and alfo entic'd by the fair-efl Opportunity of eflabli/hing my felf that ever Roman:, bad ; yet I freely dive my felf of all that Power and Authority,. which my Arms have gain'd, and you have:, given me : An AElion which I prefume is no lefs glo— rious r Chap. VII. The Mix'd State. rious than jufl, far exceeding the Conquefis of Gau1, of Britain, and of _Egypt ; an '4E-lion no left hardy than thofe bold Performances of Cocles, of Scxvola, of Curtius, of Regulus, and of the Decii. And further to Phew you, that the true Spirit of the ancient Romans is not extinEl in me, I do not only reflore to you all your former Laws and Privileges, and fuch Things as I have been intrufled with, but likewife all that I have further acquir'd fince my firfl Authority ; and may this Aaion prove aufpicious and fortunate to my Country. Oilavius enlarg'd much upon'the Particulars; and upon the finifhing his Speech, the Minds of the Senators were variously affeaed. Many knew his Defign, and therefore agreed with his Intentions; the reit either fufpeaed his Aim, or believ'd his Words. Of thefe, fome admir'd his Policy in concealing his Purpofes ; others were concern'd at his Defign, fome at his Cunning, and others at his Refufal of the Government. Many hated the popular Form of Government as dangerous in thefe Times, and approv'd of the Change, being well fatisfy'd with 03.7vius's Adminifiration. Mott of the reit being worn and weary'd out with their many vain Strugglings for their Liberty, and very defirous of Eafe and Reit, chofe rather the Prefent Eitate with Security, than to firive to recover the Old with Danger. So that the Produ& of their feveral Affections were the fame ; for thole who wifh'd he was reduc'd to a private Condition, were very fearful of what might follow ; and fuch as defir'd he might retain his Power, were as forry for the Lofs of their Hopes. Neither cou'd they who did not believe him, reprehend him ; for fome wanted the Will, and others the Courage to do it. No Man. whether he be-liev'd his Speech or nor, dull commend it, be- 447 448 Zonzan 1-1iftwy. Book HI. becaufc a great many were displeafed with it, and as many afraid of it. Wherefore having often interrupted him whilft fpeaking , foon after he had done, they unanimoutly befought him with many Words and Intreaties, That he alone wou'd take upon him the Adminifiration of the Government ; and atter many Arguments and Perfuafions, they compell'd him, as it were, to accept of the Sovereignty. And that his Perfon might be more fafely preferv'd, they immediately decreed the Pay of his Guard to be double to that of all other Soldiers. Thus 03avius Cafar, by his Artifice of pretending to lay down all his Power and Authority, got it con-firm'd to him both by Senate and People. Yet that he might feem to be Popular, he refus'd to govern all the Provinces, or to have a perpetual Power over fuch as he fhou'd take care of; therefore the weaker and inward Provinces being in a more peaceable Pofture, he left to the Senate ; the molt powerful and outward Provinces, and thole moft expos'd to Enemies, he kept to himfelf, Paying, That he defir'd that the Fathers might enjoy their Power with all Eafe and Safety, while he him- felf undergo all the Labour and Danger. But by this politick Contrivance, he render'd the Senate ufelefs and of no el/ea, and by this he engrofs'd all the Soldiers and Militia to himfelf. To the Senate and People were left Africk and Numidia, Libya call'd Cyrenaica,Ajia Minor, Greece, with Epirus, Dalmatia, Macedonia, Crete, Sicily, Sardinia, and that Part of Spain call'd Boetica. Cafar kept the reit of Spain, all Gaul and Germany, as alfo Syria, Phoenicia, "Egypt, e7c. which were Frontier Provinces. Over thefe Provinces he atrum'd the Government but for ten Years, well remembring how dangerous the Word Perpetual had been to his Uncle yu/i-us ; and adding, That as foon as he tou'd quit the*, he Chap. VII. The Mix'd State. he wou'd quit his Power. After this he let over the Provinces of both forts of Men of Patritian Dignity, but over Egypt one of the Equefirian Rank only, and with the loweft Title of all other Go-vernours, fearing left a Perfon of the higheft Rank, prefuming upon the Wealth and Situation of that Country, fhould prove dangerous to the Roman State. He allotted Africk and Afia to Senators, and the reit of the Provinces to Pratorians ' • but forbidding either to take upon 'em this Employment within five Years after they had born Offices in the City. They held their Government but for a Year ; and as foon as Succeffors were fent 'em, they were immediately to depart the Provinces, and not to fail of being at Rome within three Months. As foon as Onavitos had but made his Oration about refigning his Command, and difiributing the Provinces, many Honours were conferr'd on him, as that Laurel fhou'd be planted before his Gates in the Palatium, and upon thofe Trees Oaken Gar- lands to be hung, as for one who was a perpetual Conqueror of Enemies, and Preferver of Citizens. The Houle of the Emperor alfo was for the fu- ture cali'd the Palatium or Palace, not by any De- cree, but becaufe Oaavias liv'd on the Palatium or Palatium; Palatine Hill, and there was his Pratorium : His Houle alfo receiv'd Tome Dignity from the Mount it felf, becaufe Romulus liv'd there ; therefore afterwards, if the Emperors were remov'd elfewhere, yet the Houfes were dill call'd Palatia, or Palaces. Immediately after the Provinces were divided, and all Publick Affairs fettled, it was debated in the Senate, whether Oilavias ought to have the Title of .Romulta, becaufe he had founded the Empire ; but the more venerable Name of A UG UST US, Auguitus. propounded britfunacias Planclo, at length feem'd G g molt 449 5 o The kman Z if$ofy. Book III. molt agreeable; for facred Places and Temples con-fecrated by Augurs were term'd Augufla by the Romans. Cal:1r, tho' he much defied that of Romulus, yet perceiving he fhou'd be fufpated of affed-ing the Title of King, declin'd it, and was furnam'd Auguflus, intimating fomething in him more than Mortal ; and this he accepted of, as a Title expref-fing more Dignity and Reverence, than Authority. And Things are call'd Augufla, which are moil worthy of Honour, and molt Sacred ; wherefore the Greeks exprefs it by ziCas-&., or Venerable. From this Day forward began the Sovereign Power and Authority to be in the Hands of one Man, and by a Law call'd Lex Regia, all the Power of the People and Senate was transferr'd upon Auguflus. When his ten Years was expir'd, ten more were added, and after that as many more, fo that he had his Authority 1E11 continu'd for his Life ; for which. Caufe his Succeffors, tho' they had the Power fettled, on 'em for the Term of Life, yet at the End of e-. very ten Years, folemniz'd as it were the Renewing; of it. Thus Auguflus Cafar became Supreme Governour: of the Roman People, neither by Inheritance, nor: Ufurpation, nor Conqueft, nor Elation, yet by/ means of 'em all. This great Change of Govern--ment happen'd in the 727th Year of the City, A. M. 3978, in the fecond Year of the 188th Olympiad„ 48 2 Years fince the Beginning of the Cod ular State„ 3o3 fince the Beginning of the Macedonian Empire„ 33 fince the Beginning of the Mix'd State, 17 fince the Death of YuliusCafar, and 25 before our Saviour's Nativity. Here ended the greaten Commonwealth in thc. World ; and at the fame time began the greateft Mo+ narchy ; a Monarchy fo well fix'd, and firmly fet-:. tied, that not all the Tyrannical Carriage of thofe. Monfter:1 Chap. VII. The Mix'd State. Monfters 'of Mtn that fucceeded Auguflus, cou'd shake it ; a Monarchy, which if it be confider'd with others, as to its Power and Riches, together with its Extent and Continuance, there is fcarce any room left for Comparifon ; and a Monarchy which the Romans, for many Years, believ'd in-diffoluble and immortal. The Roman Dominions were now almoil brought to their utmoft Extent,con-raining in Europe, Italy, both the Gauls, Spain, Greece, Illyricum, Dacia, Panonia, with fome Part of Britain and Germany : In Afia, all thofe Provinces which went under the name of Afia Minor, Armenia, Syria, yuchea, with Part of Mefopotamia and Media ; and in Africa, Egypt, Africk, Numidia, Mauritania, and Lybia : befides many Elands, and fome Parts of other Provinces. All which comprehended the greateft, and far the beft Part of Europe, with very large Parts of Afia and Africa, being no lefs than between 3 and 4000 Miles in length, and about half as much in breadth. Asa° the yearly Revenues of the Empire, by a moderate Computation, it has been reckon'd at nigh forty Millions of our oney, whereof Gaul paid five, and that with- out being extremely burthenfome to the People. But what fill makes it feem greater, is,what Vefpafian told the Senate at his coming to the Empire, that he wanted 40000000 of Seflertiums to fettle the Commonwealth, which amounts to 312000000 of our Money. As for the Romans themfelve-s, they had now nothing fo elevated a Temper, either for the Greatnefs of Genius, or the Force of the Soul, as in fome time in the Republick ; but had fomething more Polite and Sociable ; and never were more glorious; or at leaf more pleafant Times than now, all Wars and Contefts ceafing, all Arts and Sciences flourifhing, and all Riches and Pleafures increafing, g 2 In 451 45 2 Hiftory. Book III. In {lion, Mugu flies made the World happy, and was happy in the World • he had nothing to defire of the Publick, nor the Publick of him: And confidering the many Evils he occafioned before he came to the • Empire, and the great Good he did after he was. Emperor, it was faid with good Reafon, That he fiou'd never have been born, or never have di d. But for his. /lotions afterwards, and his further Settlement of the Empire, I muff leave to the other Volume of this Hiflory. An I N D E X of the principal Things, relating more parLicularly to the Ancient Magiftrates,Laws, Buildings, Cufioms, &c. of Rome. Equites, 242, 243. Kbruarius, 241, 242. Fecial, 21, 31, 32. I. Yanuarito, 23. Yangs, 21. lmperator, 365. laterrex, 18. Yugum' i o6. Julian Year, 361, 362. 7uly, 24, 367- 3une, 24. 7upiter Feretritts, 12. yupiter hikes, 3. Ytts Civile, 113. It ,r-es Honorarium, 113. L. Legatm, 115. Legio, 14. Liaor, it. Ludi Fefiennini, 150, 192. Ludi Seculares, 192. Ludi Terentini, 193. Lufirum, 42, 124. i. Magifier Equitum,75,3 55: Maia, 24. Mancipium, 43. Manipulares, 6. Mars, 23. G g 3 A. Ctio 7uris, Pag. 113. dEdilis, 185. Curulis, 148, 149, 366. "traria Lex, 96. ..elprilis, 23. Augu.fias, 49. C. Candidatus, 80. Capitol, 37, 49, 264. Celer, II. Cenfor, 124, 152, 365. Cenfus, 41, 42. Centuria, 41. Claffas, 141. Client, 9. Cloaca, 37. Comitia Centuriata, 42. Comitia Curiata, 9. Comitia Tributa, 102. Conful, 59, 60, 65, 147, 152, 292, 3(4, 365. Curia, 3. D. December, 24. Decemviri, 110. Decuria, 9. DiElator, 74, 75, 76, 151, 204, 207, 267, 355, 365, 380. Duumviri, 28. Menet I N D ,Mercedonius, 23. Months, 23, 24. N. November, 24. Nundina, 16. 0. OE3ober, 24. Opima ,cpolia, 12, 126,196. Ovatio, 71. P. Pagus, 22. Palatium, 449. Patres Confiripti, 10. Patres minorum Gentium, 35- Patritius, 9. Fatronus, 9. Pecunia, 44. Plebeius, 9. P le bifiitum, 13.7 POMXriUM, 7. Pompilian Year, 23, Pontifex, 2 I . 24. PraftElus Urbis, lo. Praetor, 147, 148, I do. 195, 219, 366. Principalis Conflitutio, 113 Publicanus, 243. Quadrata, 14. Quaflor, 65, 129, 366. Quintilius, 24, 367. Quirinu5, 17. uirites, 14. E X. Rex, 8. Rex Sacrorum, 53: Rofira, 16o. S. Salius, 21. Satires, 192. SenatUS, 10, 14, 35, 3661; Senatus Confultum, 113.. September, 24. ,S'extilis, 24. Slaves, 43. T. Tarpeia Rapes, 13: Yribus, 8, 15, 41, 70,143; 151, 161, 165, 167, 192. Tribuni Militum, 123,12% 131, 147• Tribuni Plebis, 83,84, 87.: 89, 90, 106, 268, 292, 355. Tribunus Celerum, Triumvirate Firft , 293; Triumphus, 7 I . 295. Triumvirate Second, 3 84, 385• Triumviri Capitales, 169. Twelve Tables, 112. V. Vefial Virgins, 2 r, 35; Vindiaa, 63. A N AN INDE Of the Principal MEN and MATTERS IN THIS HISTORY. A. A Ctium See Battel. dErnilius Paulus, his Aaions in the fecond Mace- donian War, Page 228, 229. Eneas , his Arrival and Settlement in Italy, 3. Afranius and Petreus, their War againfi Julius Cxiar, and their Lojfes, 329, 33o. Their Deaths, 3 c8. Agrippa, Menenius : See Menenius. Agrippa, Vipfanius, beats young Pompey, 410. And Anthony's Forces at Aatium, 424. His Speech to O&avius about his laying down the Empire, 440, 44'. Allobro g i ck War, 251,2 5.2. Ancus Martius, the fourth king of Rome, his Reign, 30 to 34. See Hannibal. his ill Succeffes, and 184,185. Antiochus King of 221 to 224. Annibal the Carthaginian General, Annibal the Carthaginian Admiral, Death, Anthony : See Antonius Marcus. Antiochian War, or the War with Syria, G g 4 INDEX. Antonius, Caius, the Conful defeats Cataline, 288. Antonius, Marcus, his Management in relation to Julius Cxfar's Death, 375 to 378. His Attempts of railing himfelf, 379, 380, 381. Is beaten at, Mutina, 382. He joins in the fecond Triumvirate, 384, 385. His Ails againfl Brutus and Caffius, 391, 392. His Ea-flern Yourney, 396, 397. Falls in Love with Cleopatra, 399. His luxurious and prodigal Life with her, 403, 416 to 419. HisMarriage with Oatavia, 405. His ill Succels againfl the Parthians, 414. Falls out with 061avius, 417, Stc. He challengeth OEtavi-us twice, 421, 429. Is beaten by him at A&ium, 424,425. Treats with OCtavius, 427. His Defpair, Death and Chart:tier, 430, 431, 432' Antonius, Lucius, his Brother raifes a War againfl O&avius, and is worfied, 401, 402, 403. Appius, one of the Decemvirate, his ambitious Defign, 11, i12. His 7:yranny, Lufl and Death, 116 to 119. Archimedes, his famous Works and Death, 209. Ariftobulus, King of Judaea, conquer'd by Pompey, 282, 283. B. Battels, the principal were at ACtium, 423, 424, 425., At Allia, 137. At Cannx, 205, 206. At Dy tra-• chium, 339, 340. At Munda, 363, 364. Ar Pharfalia, 343 to ;48. At Philippi, 392, 393. At Trebia, 200, 201. At Thrafymene, 202. Att Regillus, 76, 77. At Zama, 216, 217., Brutus, Pecimus, one of the Confpirators with M. Brutus againfl Julius Cxfar, his AElions and Death, 38 „ 38.2— Brutus, Lucius Junius, his politick Deigns, 49, 50. He" overthrows the Kingdom of Rome, 52 to 55. Caufes f the r Auguitus Cxfar: See OCtavius. Authors : See Writers. INDE X. the Execution of his own Sons, 6z, 63. His Death, Brutus, Marcus, joins with Pompey, 332. Together with Caffius, confpires againft Julius Cxfar, and kills him, 370 to 373. .His and Caffius's Swat's in the Eafl, 389, 39o. Sees a Ghoft, and his Thfcourfe with Caffius concerning it, 39o, 391. Another Difiouife with him before the Battel at Philippi, 391, 392. Both their Defeats and Deaths, 392, 393, 394- C. Cxfar : See both Julius and OEavius. Calpurnia, Wife to Julius Cxfar, her Dream, 372. Calpurnius Flemma, his great Valour, 185. Camillus, Furius, takes the City of Veii, 132, I 33. His extraordinary Generofity at Falerii, 134. His Banifh-ment, 135. He faves his Country, 141, 142. His after AE1s both at home and abroad, 142 to 149. Capitolinus: See Manlius Capitolinus. Carthaginian War : See Punick War. Caflius the Conful, his ambitious Defigns and Death, 95, 96. Caflius the Prtetor, furrenders his Fleet to Julius Cxfar, 35o. For his other AElions, fee Brutus Marcus. Cataline, his Confpiracy againfl the State, 283, 284. Is reprimanded by Cicero, and leaves the City, 2'._;5. 15 defeated and (lain, 288. Cato Porcius, the Elder, his Behaviour towards the Women and his Soldiers, 221. And towards Scipio Africanus, 225. His great Enmity to Cartha ge, 23o. Cato Porcius, the Tounger, his Grandfon, his Management in Cataline's Confpiracy, 287, 288. Oppofes Pompey, 291. And Julius Cxfar, 292. His Opinion concerning Bribery, 296. He is fint from Rome by Claudius's Means,300. His nice Advice in Pompey 's Camp, 332, 333. His remarkable Death, 358, 359. caudium, the diAonourable Treaty, and its EfeEs, 164, 1[65 Cicero.. iND E. X. Cicero, t4 ren4wn'd Qrater,.lrocures .19.Tpcy his ,firfi great Authority, 277. Nis skilful Managernent in Ca.-talinesCofriracy , 284 to 288. His Baniihment, 299, 30o. lla. Refloration, 303, 304. Pleads for Milo in Main, 314: Degas a Triumph without Success,_ 319, 320. Procures Anthony to be declar'd Enemy' to the State, 381. His Death ,by the fecond Triumvirate, and Charaier, 385, 386. Cilnbrian War, 251, 252. Cincinnatus, Quintius, is a chofen Conful and DiEator both times from the Plough, io5, 106. Cinna, the Conful, joins with Marius, and ans in. the firft Civil War, 259, &c. His Death, 263. Cifalpine-Gallick War, 195, 196. Civil War, the Ali between Marius and Sylla, 258 to 271. The fecond between Julius Cxfar and Pompey, 321 to 348. Continu'd by Cato and Pompey's Sons, 357 to 364. The third between the fecond Triumvirate and Brutus and Caffius, 389 to 394. The fourth between 06tavius Czar and M. Anthony, 420 to 432. Clelia, her great Bravery, 6S, 69. Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, her Interview with Julius Cxfar, 352. The Favours 'he receiv'd from him, 355. Her Chart:tier and famous Interview with M. Anthony, 397, 398, 399. Her Management of 'him, 403, 404, 415. Her Prodigality, 416, 417. Her great Designs, 425, 426. Treats with O&avius, 427. She retires to the Temple of his, 428. Her Carriage towards Oaavius, 434, 435. Her Lamentations over An- thony's Tomb, and Death, 436, 437. Clodius, his Attempts upon Julius Cxfar's Wife, 289. His Tribunefhip, 298, 299, 300. The Diflurbances. rais'd by him, 303, 304. His Death by Milo, 358, 359. Ccecles, Horatius, hi/extraordinary Valour, 67. Commanders : See Generals. Corolianus, Marcius, his great Valour, 86, 8-7. His Beba.: INDEX. Behaviour exafperates the People, 88. His Trial and Banijhment, 89, go. Turns againfl his Country with great Succefs, 9', 92, 93. Is per fuaded by his Mother to defifl, and is afterwards (lain, 94. Corvus, or Corvinus : See Valerius Corvus. Craffus his Suppreffion of Spartacus, 272. He joins in the fill Triumvirate, 293. Gains the Confulihip with Pompey by Force, 3oy. His Eaflern Expedition, Overthrow, and Death, 311, 312. Curiatii : See Horatii and Curiatii. Curio, his ferviceable iffiflance to Julius Cxfar, 318, 319. His Death, 33 I. Curius Dentatus, overthrows Pyrrhus, 177, 178. Curfor : See Papirius Curfor. Curtius, his incrtclible Bravery, I50. D. Decimus Brutus : See Brutus Decimus. Decius Mus, his dying for his Country, 158. Decius Mus, his Son, his fame PraEice, 168. Dentatus: See Curi us Dentatus and Si cents Dentatus. Drufus, his unfortunate Attempts, and Death, 254. F. Fabii, their Generofity, Valour, and DefiruElion, 98, 99. Fabius Maximus, his cautious Proceedings againfl Han- nibal, 203, 204, 205. Fabricius, his great Steadinefs and Generofity, 173, 174, 175. Flemma : See Calpurnius Flemma. Fulvia, M. Anthony's Wife, her Hatred to Cicero, 386. Retires a Civil War againfl Oetavius, 4o t. Her Deaths 4°5. G. INDE X. G. Generals or Commanders, the principal were Romulus, Tullus Eoftilius, Ancus Marcius, Tayquinius Prifcus, Coriolanus, Cincinnatus, Camillus, Manlius, Papirius Curfor, and Curius Dentatus, among the ancient Romans. Among the latter were Fabius, Maximus, Marcellus, Scipio the Greater, Scipio the Leff, Emilius Paulus, Marius, Sylla, .Sertorius, Lucullus, Pompey, Julius Cxfar, and M. Anthony. Gracchus the Elder, or Tiberius, his Laws, feditious Attempts and Death, 237 to 24Q. Gracchus the Tounger, or Caius, his many Attempts and Alterations in the State, and Death, 241 to 246. Gauls, their principal Wars with the Romans, 135 to 142 H. Hannibal, the Carthaginian General, his March over the Alps 199,200. Beats the Romans at Ticenum and at Trebeia, zoo, 201. At Thrafymene, 2o', 203. And at Cannx, 205, 206. Be declines, 207 to 213. Is entirely beaten by Scipio, 216, 217. His after Acts, 222, 223. His Death and Refleilions up- on the Romans, 226. Herod, King of Judxa, his Submion to O&avius, and Cruelty to his Wife, 426, 427. Herfilia, her generous Behaviour, 14. Horatii and Curiatii, their Combat for their Country,27, 28. Horatius Ccecles : See Ccecles, Horatius. Hortenfia, her Behaviour and Speech to the fecond Tri- umvirate. 387, 388. INDEX. I. Janus, its Temple built and /hut the firfi time by Numa Pompilius, 2 I . A fecond time, 193. A third time by Uttavius, 437, 438. Illyrian ar-ar, 193, 194. Italian War : See Social War.. Jugurthine War, 248, 251. Juhus Cxfar, his danger in Sylla's Profcription, 266. He favours Pompey's fill great Authority, 277. His Behaviour in relation to Cataline's Confpiracy, 286, 287. His Rife and A1s in Spain, 288, 289, 29o. He quits his Triumph, and joins with Pompey and Craffus in the firfl Triumvirate, 292, 293. His Confulfhip, 296, 297,298. His Expeditions againfl the Gauls, Germans, Britons, &c. 30o to 304. and 306 to 31 0 and 315, 3 x 6. Falls out with Pompey and the Senate, and becomes Mailer of all Italy, 3 zo to 3 2 7. His Expedition againfl Afranius and Petreus in Spain, 328 to 33 x. Againfi Pomey in Illyricum, 333 to 341. And in Theifily, 342 to 348. His Wars in Egypt, and Love to Cleopatra, 35 x to 355. Againfi Pharnaces in Alia, 356, 357. Againfl Cato and others in Africa, 357, 358, 359. His magnificent Triumph, 36o, 361. He regulates the Roman rear, 361, 362. His Expedition againfl Pompey's Sons in Spain, 362, 363,364. His great Honours and Ails at Rome, ;65 to 37o. His Death and CharciEler, 371 to 374. His remarkable Funeral, 377, 378) 379. L. Lepid us joins in the fecond Triumvirate with 06tavius and M. Anthony, 384, 385. He is confin'd to A - frck by Oaavius, 406. And after that bani/h'd by him, 4 1 k• Lucius Junius Brutus : See Brutus, Lucius Junius. Lucre- INDEX. Lucretia, her Rape and voluntary Death, 5 r3 S2. Lucullus, his Aas and Succefs againfl Mithridates, 271, &c. Is flopp'd in his Progrefs by the Senate, 274. Falls out with Pompey, 278• M. Macedonian War, the firfl, 218 to 22 r . The fecond, 226 to 229. MX1111S, his popular Defigns, and Death, 125, 126. Manlius Capitolinus, his Valour in laying the Capitol, 141. His Defigns, Trial, and Execution, 143, 144. Manlius Torquatus, his Combate with a Gaul, 151. His fevere guflice, 158. Marcellus, his Succefs againfl Hannibal, 207. His AEIs in Sicily, 208, 2c9 His Death, 212. Mariamne, Wife to King Herod, her Death, 426,427. Marius, his firfl Rife and AEIs againfl Jugurth King of Numidia, 25o, 251. Againfl the Cimbrians, 251, 252. In the Social War, 156. Occafions the firfl Civil War, and his Danger, 257, 258, 259. His AEIs and Cruelties in this War, with his Death, 259,260,261. Marius, the younger, his Son, his ill Succefs in the firfl Civil War, with his Death, 264, 265. Mafaniffa, his remarkable Paffion, 215. Mecxnas, his Speech and Advice to Oaavius in rela- tion to the holding the Empire, 441, 442, 443. Menenius Agrippa, his skilful Management of the fi- ditious Commons, 8 r, 82. Metullus Numidicus, his Nis againfl King Jugurth, 249, 250. His Troubles and Recovery, 252, 253. Milo the Tribune oppofes Clodius, 303, 304, At kill kills him, 3i3. And is banifh' d, 314. Mithridatick War, the firfl, 257, 262. The fecond, 268. The third, 271 to 274. and 277 to 281. Mithri- dates his Death, 281, 282. Mutius Scaevola : See Scazvola Mutius. Mutius : See Decius Mus. N. INDEX. N. Nxvius, his Augury, 3S. Numa Pompilius, the fecond King of Rome, his back-wardnefs to accept of the Kingdom, 155 20. His Reign, 21 to 24. Numantia, its Siege. 235, 236. 0. O&avia, Sifter to Auguflus Cxfar, her Worth, and Mar.. riage to M. Anthony, 405. Reconciles her Husband and Brother, 409. Her generous Speech in relation to both Parties, 417. Her Compliance, 419, 42o. 06-1avius Cxsar, declares himfelf Heir to Julius Cxfar, with his Suceefr, 379, 3 8o, 381. Marches againft M. Anthony, 381, 382. Falls out with the Senate, 383. Yoins with Anthony and Lepidus in the fecond Triumvirate, 384, 385. Marches againfl Brutus and Canis, and by Anthony's *fiance overthrows 'em, 3 9 3, 394, 3 9 5 . His Cruelties after tkeir Deaths, 396 His troublefome Divifion of Lands, 400. His War with Lucius Antonius, and Succefs, 401, 402, 403 And with young Pompey, 408, 410. His Marriage with Livia, 408. Is chofen perpetual Tribune, 413. Falls out with Anthony, 417, &c. Proclaims War againfi him, 420. Beats him at A&ium, 424, 425. Rifts Cleopatra, 434, 435. Reduces Egypt, and (huts the Temple of Janus, 437, 438. His grand Confultations with Agrippa and Mecxnas, 439 to 443. His Ordinances, 444, 445, 446. His Speech to the Senate, 446, 447. His Efiablifhment of the Roman Empire, and his taking the Title of Au- guflus, 448) 449) 45°. P. INDEX. P. Papirius Curfor, his Xis aginft the Samnites, 163. 165, 166. Paulus Emilius : See Emilius Paulus. Perufian War, 401, 402, 403. Petreus: See Afranius. Pompey the Great, his Ails in the firfl Civil War, 164, 165. In Africk, 265. Againfl Sertorius in Spain, 269, 27o Againfi the Pirates, 275, 276. Againft Mithridates, Tigranes,and many other Eaflern Kings, 278 to 283. His magnificent Triumph, 290, 291. is oppos'd by the Senate, 292. And joins in the firfl Triumvirate, 293. Affifis Julius Czefar in his Con-fulfhip, 297. Procures Cicero's Rejioration, 303,304. Gains the Confulfhip with Craffus. by Force, 3o5. His fole Confulfhip, 314. Falls out with Julius Cxfar,32o. Abandons Rome, 323. And a/fa Italy, 326, 327. His Wars with Julius Cxfar, 332 to 347. His Mis- fortunes, Death and Funeral, 347 to 350- Pompey, Sextus, his Son, joins with his elder Brother Cneius,againfl Julius Cxfar, 362 363, 364. Has great Authority procur'd him by M. Anthony, ;Fo. Relieves many profcrib'd Perfons, 387. He feverely mo-lefts Italy, and comes to a Treaty with O&avius Cat-far, 405,4.06. His Wars with him after that, and Death, 4o8 to 411. Pontius Cominius, his bold Attempt, 140. Poplicola, Valerius, his feveral AEls and Death, 61 to 70. Porcia, Daughter to Cato the Tounger, her Courage, 371. Her firange Death, 396. Porfena, King of Hetruria, befieges Rome., and 'hews great Generofity to the Romans. 66 to 69. Prokriptions, the firfl by Sylla, and its EfeEls, 266,2(7. The fecond by the fecond Triumvirate, and its EfeEls, 385 to 389. Punick INDE X. Punick or Carthaginian War, the firlf, 181 to 1917 The fecond, 19 8 to 217. The third, 230, to 33 3 Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, his Succeffes againfl the Ro- mans, and Civility, 17r to 176. He is at laft worfled, and abandons Italy, 177, 178, 179. Q Quintius Cincinnatus : See Cincinnatus Quintius: Quintius Flaminius, his Succefs againfl King Philip in the fill Macedonian War, 219, 220. Regulus, his Aeir againfl the Carthaginians, and Defeat, 186. His extraordinary Bravery and Death, 189, 190. Remus, falls out with his Brother Romulus, and is gain, 6, 7. Romulus, his Birth, 5. Re-inthrones his Grandfather Numitor, , 6. Founds the City of Rome, 7. His Reign, 8, to 18, Saturninus, his Sedition and Death, 252, 253: Scxvola, Mutius, his extraordinary Courage and Bold- nefs, 67, 68. Sceva, his great Valour, 338. Scipio Africanus, his firfl Rife, 211. His great Succefs in Spain, 213. And in Africk, 214, 215. Where he at overthrows Hannibal, 216, 217. Goer Lieutenant under his Brother into Afia, 223,224. His noble Carriage to his Accufers, with his Retirement, and Death, 225, 226. Scipio Africanus the Younger, or Amilianus, his Encouragement of Learning, 229. His Xis againfl Carthage in the third Punick War, 2 3 I, 23 2, 23 3. And H I; In INDE X. in Spain, 236. His Death, 241, 242. Scipio Aiiaticus, Brother to the Senior Africanus, his Succefs againfl King Antiochus, 223, 224 His Dif- grace, 226. Scditions,the principal befides thole that caus'd a Separation, were, that about Marriages, 121. That concerning Honours and Dignities, 145, 146, 147. That of the Elder Gracchus, 237 to 24o. That of the Munger Gracchus, 241 to 246. That of Saturninus, 252, 253. That of Dr u fus, ti 254. Separations, between the Patritians and Plebeians ; the firfl, 90. The fecond, 119. The third, 169. Sertorius, his valiant offs in Spain, and Death, 269, 27o. Servius Tullius, the 'bah King of Rome : He obtains the Kingdom by Policy, 39, 40. His Reign, 4i to 46. Sextus, Son to the !all Tarquin, his Stratagem, 48, 49. Raviyhes Lucretia, 51, 52. Sibyl's Books, the Story, 49, 50. Siccius Dentatus, his noble Speech, zo8. His great Va- lour and Death, 116. Sieges, the principal are, of Melia, 315, 316. Of Alexandria, 352, 353. Of Brunduflum, 325, 326, 327. Of the Capitol, 139 to 142. Of Carthage, 231. 232, 233. Of Numantia, 235, 236. Of Syra- cufe, zo8, 209. Of Veii, 13o to 133, Social War, or the Italian War, 254 to 257. Sophonisba, her tragical Story, 215. Spartacus, his Rebellion and Suppreffion, 272. Sylla, his firfl Skill in War, 25'I. His Aas in the Social War, 256, 257. Againli Mithridates, 461, 462. In the firfl Civil War, 263, 264, 265. His great Cruelties, 266. His perpetual Dielatorfhip, 267, 268. His Death, 269. Syracufe, its Siege, 208, 209. INDE X. T. Tarpeia, betrays the Capitol, and is /lain, 13. Tarquinius Prifcus, the fifth King of Rome, his far fi Settlement in the City, 33. His Reign, 41 to 46, Tarquinius Superbus, the feventh and hill King of Rome, he murders his Prince, and obtains the Kingdom by Force, 45, 46. His Reign, 46 to 54. His Banifh-ment, 54, 55. His f; fl Efforts to regain his kingdom, 6o, 6t. His fecond, 64. His third, 61, &c. His fourth and lafi, 73, &c. His Death, 78. Tatius, King of the Sabin es, his War againfl Rome, 13. is made King of Rome with Romulus, i4.. His Death, 15. Tigranes, King of Armenia, his Pride, and ill Succefs againfi the Romans, 273, 274. Refufes to receive Mithridates after his Defeat, and makes a Peace with the Romans, 279, 280. Torquatus : See Manlius Torquatus. Tuilus Hoftilius, the third King of Rome, his Reign, 25 UP 30. V. Valerius Corvus, his remarkable Combat with a Gaul, 153. Valiant Men, betides Generals, the moll remarkable were, the Horatii and Curiatii, Ccecles, Scavola, the Fabii, Siccius Dentatus, Curtius, Manlius Tor-quatus, Valerius Corvus, Calpurnius Flemma, and Scxva. Veii, beliefd and taken after ten Tears, 13o to 133 Ventidius, his Succefs againfi the Parthians, 407. Veturia, Mother to Coriolanus, her generous Care for her Country, and Succefs, 93, 94. Virginia, her tragical Story, 116, 117,118, H h 2 W. INDE X. Wars, the moll remarkable by Name were, the Allobro-gick, Antiochian, Cimbrian, Cifalpine-Gallick, Civil Gallick, Illyrian, Jugurthine, Macedonian, Mithridatick, Perufian, Punick or Carthaginian, Py rrhian, Social or Italian. Writers and Learned Men mention' d in this Book, are Li-vius, Andronicus, Ennius, and Vxvius, 192. Plautus, 221. Terence, Scipio, and Lxlius, 2 29. Lu-cillus, 236. Lucretius, 2.53. Varro, 271. Sal-lull, 3 r 5. Virgil, 400, 401. Livy, Horace, and Ovid, 443. In other Places fee Cicero, Cxfar, Cato, &c. X. Xantippus, overthrows the Romans, and is murder'd, x86.  • 13 0 0 l(S printed for R. and J. Bon-wicke, and R. •Wilkin, in St. Paul's Church-Yard, J. Walthoe, and T. Ward, in the Temple. 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