Distant Reader - cicero-from-gutenberg

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-01-12 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader gutenberg process, and the input was the result of a query applied to a local mirror of Project Gutenberg -- author:"Cicero, Marcus Tullius". Then, for future reference, the results were saved to a Zip file complete with rudimentary bibliographics. The name of the file is input-file.zip. The Zip file was then unpacked and the contents saved to a cache as well as a directory of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 6 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 544,954 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 108,990 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 70. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

one, will, man, men, may, must, us, say, things, even, said, great, people, many, also, time, now, first, though, therefore, every, without, nature, nothing, good, life, indeed, shall, much, either, mind, kind, think, law, still, manner, gods, never, case, thing, republic, done, two, reason, whether, yet, senate, called, place, words

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, Volume 4, Cicero''s Tusculan Disputations Also, Treatises On The Nature Of The Gods, And On The Commonwealth, and Cicero''s Brutus or History of Famous Orators; also His Orator, or Accomplished Speaker..

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

roman people, let us, conscript fathers, wise man, old age, every one, marcus antonius, immortal gods, first place, one another, happy life, decimus brutus, next place, many things, young man, one thing, good men, caius caesar, must necessarily, just now, greeks call, will say, old man, take care, young men, say nothing, one else, servius sulpicius, every part, consular rank, every kind, common topics, many others, call greek, tiberius gracchus, accused person, great deal, civil law, old men, good man, marcus brutus, civil war, wise men, good faith, different kinds, may appear, every day, said brutus, opposite party, good fortune

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, Volume 4 Cicero''s Tusculan Disputations Also, Treatises On The Nature Of The Gods, And On The Commonwealth, and Cicero''s Brutus or History of Famous Orators; also His Orator, or Accomplished Speaker..

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

cicero, scipio, scaevola, roman, man, footnote, cato, thing, sulpicius, state, rome, latin, laelius, greek, good, friendship, cotta, caius, brutus, antonius, africanus, zeno, velleius, stoics, speaker, socrates, servius, romulus, quintus, pythagoras, publius, pompeius, plato, pansa, orator, orations, old, nature, mutina, mind, marcus, lælius, lucius, life, let, jupiter, italy, hortensius, homer, history

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be man, and Cicero''s Tusculan Disputations Also, Treatises On The Nature Of The Gods, And On The Commonwealth is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

men, man, people - The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, Volume 4
man, men, things - Cicero''s Tusculan Disputations Also, Treatises On The Nature Of The Gods, And On The Commonwealth
orator, language, eloquence - Cicero''s Brutus or History of Famous Orators; also His Orator, or Accomplished Speaker.
old, friendship, man - Treatises on Friendship and Old Age
friendship, footnote, friends - De Amicitia, Scipio''s Dream

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

man, men, things, people, time, one, nothing, life, nature, mind, kind, law, thing, case, manner, republic, reason, words, opinion, power, death, place, cause, others, part, friendship, name, virtue, order, war, language, body, way, anything, city, subject, day, age, friends, question, character, gods, something, person, account, friend, sort, laws, authority, son

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

is, be, have, are, was, had, has, been, were, do, say, said, being, think, did, done, does, called, made, am, let, see, speak, having, make, call, says, give, take, given, appear, know, speaking, come, consider, appears, wish, taken, used, find, thought, put, mentioned, brought, considered, derived, seem, seems, mean, show

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

_, senate, antonius, brutus, caesar, scipio, cicero, gods, greek, marcus, c., m., orator, greeks, caius, rome, lucius, plato, god, eloquence, cato, p., laelius, crassus, epicurus, greece, africanus, a., italy, footnote, state, stoics, aristotle, romans, dolabella, cotta, publius, pompeius, latin, heaven, commonwealth, sulpicius, quintus, jupiter, scaevola, gracchus, socrates, lælius, athens, l.

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

it, he, i, his, you, we, they, their, them, our, him, my, your, us, me, himself, its, itself, themselves, her, myself, she, one, yourself, ourselves, herself, yours, theirs, thy, ours, mine, oneself, yourselves, thee, hers, ye, word,--the, veniret_--"she, tychas.]--med, theseus, ripen''d, passions!--_this, notice.--the, metaphorically,--"_you, mariners?--they, agreeable,--that, --"what, --"_nobody

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

other, same, great, own, many, such, good, first, more, whole, roman, old, different, common, certain, able, greatest, wise, proper, much, necessary, very, present, happy, possible, little, public, greater, true, short, best, natural, general, last, excellent, important, few, particular, better, human, long, next, divine, least, desirable, most, full, second, illustrious, young

not, so, then, more, most, even, only, very, also, now, therefore, indeed, still, as, never, too, up, often, well, rather, ever, thus, much, always, out, yet, all, far, however, here, just, first, already, down, again, certainly, else, at, there, sometimes, likewise, especially, long, almost, before, perhaps, away, easily, once, entirely

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

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