Distant Reader

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created from a curated subset of CORD, a collection of more than 100,000 scholarly journal articles surrounding the topic of COVID-19. This resulted in a set of 244 item(s). The original versions of these items have been saved in a cache, and each of them have been transformed & saved as a set of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This website is a more verbose version of the narrative report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Provenance

This study carrel was originally named cord-2015. It was created on 2020-11-27 at 16:50 by emorgan@nd.edu. The following query, applied against the local copy of our CORD database, was ( ( * NOT ( pdf_json:nan ) ) OR ( * NOT ( pmc_json:nan ) ) ) AND year:"2015" .

Size & Scope

Your study carrel is 1,560,726 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 6,845 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following illustrate the overall size of your study carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, your documents have an average readability score of 47. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following illustrate the overall readability of your study carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of your carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

virus, cells, infection, study, patients, cell, also, protein, using, viral, disease, human, influenza, may, used, clinical, respiratory, i, data, results, analysis, two, one, treatment, activity, associated, viruses, high, studies, specific, infections, group, based, time, infected, however, health, different, cd, rna, response, dogs, pcr, gene, expression, risk, proteins, dna, control, immune

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are: 1) Respiratory Virus Vaccines, 2) Early IFN type I response: Learning from microbial evasion strategies, and 3) Identification of New Respiratory Viruses in the New Millennium.

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

mannich bases, respiratory syndrome, influenza virus, public health, ebola virus, acute respiratory, immune responses, virus infection, respiratory tract, united states, severe acute, immune response, infectious diseases, cord uid, doc id, clinical signs, mg kg, present study, avian influenza, syndrome coronavirus, amino acid, infected cells, cell lines, mg ml, type i, risk factors, time pcr, ns pro, respiratory syncytial, gene expression, immune system, syncytial virus, middle east, viral infections, reference drug, respiratory viruses, innate immune, health care, viral infection, viral load, escherichia coli, performed using, mhc class, mannich base, east respiratory, class i, dendritic cells, infectious bronchitis, viral replication, amino acids

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are: 1) Mannich bases in medicinal chemistry and drug design, 2) 157 Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and 3) Identification of New Respiratory Viruses in the New Millennium.

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in your study carrel include:

virus, rna, pcr, cell, ebola, mers, dna, patient, respiratory, protein, influenza, infection, ifn, sars, study, vaccine, tgev, pedv, hiv, health, disease, antibody, table, rsv, ibv, human, hcv, h7n9, group, ebov, cmv, china, united, system, sign, mic, isolate, hsv-1, hiv-1, h5n1, child, cat, vlp, vero, university, undp, und, stress, staphylococcus, site

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If your study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be virus, and Drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum: are recent advances a cause for optimism? is most about that word.

If your study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If your study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

virus, cells, protein - Hsp70 Isoforms Are Essential for the Formation of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Replication and Transcription Compartments
patients, study, respiratory - Research Communications of the 25th ECVIM‐CA Congress
pcr, strains, patients - 22 Levertransplantatie
health, risk, countries - Participants – Multilateral Organizations and International Financial Institutions
mannich, activity, bases - Mannich bases in medicinal chemistry and drug design

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

virus, cells, infection, patients, study, cell, protein, disease, influenza, data, analysis, activity, results, treatment, viruses, studies, time, infections, group, dogs, response, expression, proteins, gene, cases, risk, samples, type, strains, health, number, vaccine, control, model, use, system, antibodies, levels, mice, rate, days, years, role, sequence, blood, coronavirus, antibody, diseases, children, groups

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

using, shown, including, associated, based, increased, reported, found, compared, induced, identified, follows, infected, provide, bound, detected, performed, suggests, determine, described, contained, developed, caused, required, reduce, indicated, observed, occurred, lead, obtained, consider, related, mediated, isolated, expressed, tested, results, treated, involved, produced, presented, evaluated, given, make, demonstrated, targeting, known, generated, derived, remains

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

Fig, RNA, PCR, T, Mannich, C, IFN, mg, Ebola, S., SARS, DNA, •, Table, RT, CoV, A, S, II, E., HIV, MERS, B, United, D, N, PEDV, C., M, L, CD8, RSV, China, Health, CD4, TGEV, USA, States, HA, UK, H5N1, HCV, van, University, US, HIV-1, EBOV, DC, RFID, Golgi

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

we, it, their, its, our, they, i, them, his, he, us, she, her, itself, one, you, themselves, your, my, him, me, himself, trim21, αω, ns3/4a, wtvsv, ours, imagej, clustalx, pdcs, myself, mrnas, mg, herself, euthanasia, enos-, broader, ≤.20, Ò, whcih, u, trim30, thereof, sgp, se, samples:"you, rab1b, qcomp, puc::447, puc

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

viral, human, clinical, respiratory, high, specific, different, immune, positive, non, acute, new, infectious, significant, several, anti, similar, severe, first, important, higher, low, common, many, molecular, negative, small, single, present, novel, bacterial, multiple, lower, large, like, early, cellular, inflammatory, effective, potential, available, various, primary, resistant, possible, major, infected, genetic, public, recent

also, however, well, significantly, respectively, therefore, previously, highly, even, often, recently, especially, still, less, furthermore, moreover, generally, mainly, directly, approximately, commonly, first, usually, particularly, prior, currently, together, relatively, clinically, later, now, finally, specifically, rather, frequently, subsequently, interestingly, potentially, yet, statistically, much, indeed, almost, alone, least, similarly, likely, rapidly, naturally, widely

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

Thank you for using the Distant Reader.

Study carrel