仁

See also: 忈

仁	U+4EC1, 仁 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EC1

← 什
[U+4EC0]

CJK Unified Ideographs

仂 →
[U+4EC2]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

仁 (radical 9, 人+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人一一 (OMM), four-corner 2121₀, composition ⿰亻二)

Derived characters[edit]

𣲚, 𣏴, 𭸹, 𥄰, 𫴮, 𠣒, 芢, 𬿎, 𦓍, 𡛉, 佞

Descendants[edit]

に (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
ニ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)

References[edit]

KangXi: page 91, character 7
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 349
Dae Jaweon: page 193, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 107, character 1
Unihan data for U+4EC1

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.		仁
alternative forms		𡰥忎忈

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 仁

Warring States

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Liushutong (compiled in Ming)

Bronze inscriptions

Chu Slip and silk script

Qin slip script

Ancient script

Small seal script

Transcribed ancient scripts

**Bronze inscriptions**
b12242

**Small seal script**
s05656

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L31211	L31212	L31213	L31214	L31215	L31216	L31217	L31218
L04651	L04652	L04653	L04654	L04655

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (人) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
千	*sn̥ʰiːn
仟	*sn̥ʰiːn
芊	sn̥ʰiːn, sn̥ʰiːns
阡	*sn̥ʰiːn
汘	*sn̥ʰiːn
迁	*sn̥ʰiːn
杄	*sn̥ʰiːn
人	*njin
仁	*njin
朲	*njin
佞	*neːŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *njin): phonetic 人 (OC *njin) + semantic 二

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-niŋ (“heart; brain; mind”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Cognate with Tangkhul Naga ning (“mind”), Manipuri [script needed] (puk ning, “heart; mind”), Kinnauri [script needed] (stiŋ, “heart”), Garo taning (“brain”), Achang nhaiqlom (“heart”), Bisu [script needed] (nɯŋ ba, “heart”). Possibly related to Tibetan ཉིང (nying, “pith, essence”) (Schuessler, 2007).

For a parallel semantic development, compare Tibetan སྙིང་རྗེ (snying rje, “compassion; kindness; mercy”), from Tibetan སྙིང (snying, “heart; mind”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): rén (ren²)

(Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jan⁴
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): lîn / jîn

(Teochew, Peng'im): ring⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: rén
  - Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˊ
  - Wade–Giles: jên²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ren
  - Tongyong Pinyin: rén
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐən³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: jan⁴
  - Yale: yàhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jan⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yen⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐn²¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn
  - Tâi-lô: lîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liin
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen): /lin²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jîn
  - Tâi-lô: jîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: jiin
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ʑin¹³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ʑin²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ring⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jîng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /d͡ziŋ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: /ȵiɪn/

Rime
Character	仁
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	如鄰切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵiɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵin/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵin/
Li Rong	/ȵiĕn/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭĕn/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rén

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*niŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*njin/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	仁
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rén
Middle Chinese	‹ nyin ›
Old Chinese	/*niŋ/
English	kind
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	仁
Reading #	1/1
No.	10801
Phonetic component	人
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	仁
Old Chinese	/*njin/

Definitions[edit]

仁

compassionate
humaneness; benevolence; kindness
kernel
白芝麻仁 ― báizhīmárén ― white sesame seeds

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 仁

一視同仁／一视同仁 (yīshìtóngrén)
不仁 (bùrén)
不仁不義／不仁不义
亞麻仁油／亚麻仁油
仁丹 (réndān)
仁人 (rénrén)
仁人君子 (rénrén jūnzǐ)
仁人志士 (rénrénzhìshì)
仁兄 (rénxiōng)
仁厚 (rénhòu)
仁君
仁和坪 (Rénhépíng)
仁壽／仁寿
仁孝
仁宇
仁尊
仁弟
仁德 (réndé)
仁心 (rénxīn)
仁心仁術／仁心仁术 (rénxīnrénshù)
仁恕
仁惠
仁愛／仁爱 (rén'ài)
仁愛之家／仁爱之家
仁慈 (réncí)
仁政 (rénzhèng)
仁昭法外
仁智互見／仁智互见
仁武 (Rénwǔ)
仁民愛物／仁民爱物
仁波切 (rénbōqiè)
仁洽
仁澤／仁泽
仁王
仁瑞
仁福 (Rénfú)
仁義／仁义 (rényì)
仁義之師／仁义之师
仁義道德／仁义道德 (rényì dàodé)
仁者
仁者樂山／仁者乐山
仁聲／仁声
仁至義盡／仁至义尽 (rénzhìyìjìn)

欖仁樹／榄仁树
止戈興仁／止戈兴仁
歸仁／归仁 (Guīrén)
殘暴不仁／残暴不仁 (cánbào bùrén)
殷有三仁
殺身成仁／杀身成仁 (shāshēnchéngrén)
求仁得仁 (qiúréndérén)
法外施仁
為仁不富／为仁不富
為富不仁／为富不仁 (wéifùbùrén)
烏圖美仁／乌图美仁 (Wūtúměirén)
煦仁孑義／煦仁孑义
瓜仁
瓜子仁
當仁不讓／当仁不让 (dāngrénbùràng)
發政施仁／发政施仁
瞳仁 (tóngrén)
知水仁山
砂仁 (shārén)
種仁／种仁
積德累仁／积德累仁
純仁／纯仁
絕仁棄義／绝仁弃义
美仁 (Měirén)
義粟仁漿／义粟仁浆
聖手仁心／圣手仁心
能仁 (Néngrén)
至仁
興仁／兴仁 (Xīngrén)
苡仁
薏仁 (yìrén)
薏苡仁 (yìyǐrén)
蝦仁／虾仁 (xiārén)
見仁見智／见仁见智 (jiànrénjiànzhì)
見仁見知／见仁见知
見智見仁／见智见仁
觀過知仁／观过知仁
達仁／达仁 (Dárén)
里仁為美／里仁为美
麻仁
麻木不仁 (mámù bùrén)
麻痺不仁／麻痹不仁

References[edit]

“仁”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

仁

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

benevolence

Readings[edit]

Go-on: に (ni, Jōyō ^†); にん (nin)
Kan-on: じん (jin, Jōyō)
Nanori: きみ (kimi); く (ku); さと (sato); しのぶ (shinobu); じ (ji); と (to); のり (nori); ひと (hito); ひとし (hitoshi); ひろ (hiro); ひろし (hiroshi); まこと (makoto); まさ (masa); まさし (masashi); やす (yasu); よし (yoshi)

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

仁王(におう) (niō): the two guardian Deva kings
仁義(じんぎ) (jingi): humanity and justice
仁愛(じんあい) (jin'ai): benevolence, charity
仁術(じんじゅつ) (jinjutsu): benevolence act
仁義礼智信(じんぎれいちしん) (jingireichishin): the 5 Confucian virtues
仁徳(じんとく) (jintoku): benevolence, goodness

Proper noun[edit]

仁(ひとし) or 仁(じん) or 仁(まさし) • (Hitoshi or Jin or Masashi)

A male given name

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 仁 (MC ȵiɪn). Recorded as Middle Korean ᅀᅵᆫ (Yale: zin) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation[edit]

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [in]
Phonetic hangeul: [인]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

仁

Wikisource

仁 (eumhun 어질 인 (eojil in))

Hanja form^? of 인 (“benevolence”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

인덕 (仁德, indeok)
인자 (仁慈, inja)
인형 (仁兄, inhyeong)
인의 (仁義, inui)
인술 (仁術, insul)
인애 (仁愛, inae)
능인 (能仁, neung-in)
인천 (仁川, Incheon)
살신성인 (殺身成仁, salsinseong-in)

References[edit]

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

仁: Hán Nôm readings: nhân, nhơn

benevolence

References[edit]

Nom Foundation

仁

Contents

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

References[edit]

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