愛

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See also: 爱
愛 U+611B, 愛
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-611B
← 愚
[U+611A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 愜 →
[U+611C]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
13 strokes

Han character[edit]

愛 (radical 61, 心+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 月月心水 (BBPE), four-corner 20247, composition ⿳爫冖𢖻)

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 395, character 13
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10947
  • Dae Jaweon: page 732, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2323, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+611B

Chinese[edit]

FWOTD – 8 April 2020
trad. 愛
simp. 爱
alternative forms
 
㤅
𢙴
𢛭
𢜤
𤔠
㤅
𢙴
𢛭
𢜤
𤔠
𤔤
𢟪
𢖻

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 愛
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
愛-bronze-warring.svg 愛-seal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (愛) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
愛 *qɯːds
曖 *qɯːds, *qaːds
僾 *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ
靉 *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ
薆 *qɯːds
璦 *qɯːds
瞹 *qaːds

Originally 㤅, a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qɯːds): phonetic 旡 (OC *kɯds) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

As early as the Qin dynasty, a meaningless component 夊 (“foot”) was added to the bottom of the character, as with some other characters depicting people. Compare 憂 (from 㥑).

Further corruption turned the original phonetic 旡 into ⿱爫冖.

Etymology[edit]

Based on Baxter's (1992) Old Chinese reconstruction /*ʔɨts/, STEDT suggests that it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋ-(w)aːj (“to copulate; to love; to be gentle”). Compare Proto-Karen *ʔai (“to love”), whence Pa'o Karen [script needed] (ʔái, “to love”), S'gaw Karen အဲၣ် (ʼeh̀, “to love”); Southern Bai e⁴⁴ (“love”); Mizo hma-ngaih (“to love, to like”); Jingpho nwai (“to respect, to love”), ngwi (“to be gentle”); Burmese [script needed] (ŋwé, “to be gentle, moderate”). The Chinese word is related to a Tibeto-Burman allofam without initial *ŋ-. STEDT states that an Old Chinese reconstruction of /*ʔɨjs/ for 愛 is also possible because Old Chinese rhyming does not provide direct evidence of contacts with *-t.

However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/, which ends in *-p-s instead. The Old Chinese contrast between *-p-s and *-t-s was lost at a late stage of Old Chinese. The final *-p is not reflected in the Tibeto-Burman comparandum provided by STEDT, making the likelihood that the Chinese form is related to the rest very low (Sagart, 2019). Behr (2016) suggests a derivation from a verbal root meaning "to draw in; to inhale; to suck in", relating it to 吸 (OC *qʰ(r)əp, “to inhale”), 欱 (OC *qʰˁ[ə]p, “to sip”), 愾 (OC *qʰəp-s, “to sigh with regret”), 僾 (OC *qˁəp-s, “to pant”), 氣 (OC *C.qʰəp-s, “vapour; breath”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
Note:
  • ái - literary;
  • ó̤i - vernacular.
  • Min Nan
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    Rime
    Character 愛
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 影 (34)
    Final (韻) 咍 (41)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 烏代切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ʔʌiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʔəiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ʔɒiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʔəjH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ʔᴀiH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɒiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʔɑ̆iH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		ài
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 愛
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		ài
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ʔojH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[q]ˁə[p]-s/
    English to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 愛
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 1
    Phonetic
    component         		愛
    Rime
    group         		隊
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		愛
    Old
    Chinese         		/*qɯːds/
    Notes 說文本從心旡聲

    Definitions[edit]

    愛

    愛

    1. to love
      我愛你。 / 我爱你。  ―  Wǒ ài nǐ.  ―  I love you.
      你愛他嗎？ / 你爱他吗？  ―  Nǐ ài tā ma?  ―  Do you love him?
    2. to treasure; to value
    3. to like; to be fond of; to be keen on
      他愛說話。 / 他爱说话。  ―  Tā ài shuōhuà.  ―  He likes to talk.
      我不愛吃豬肉。 / 我不爱吃猪肉。  ―  Wǒ bù ài chī zhūròu.  ―  I don't like to eat pork.
    4. to begrudge; to be reluctant
    5. to be prone; to be easy to
      愛發脾氣 / 爱发脾气  ―  ài fāpíqì  ―  to be short-tempered
      鐵愛生鏽。 / 铁爱生锈。  ―  Tiě ài shēngxiù.  ―  Iron rusts easily.
    6. love; affection
      愛國 / 爱国  ―  àiguó  ―  patriotism
      遺愛人間 / 遗爱人间  ―  yí'àirénjiān  ―  to leave love behind
    7. love; benevolence
    8. something one loves; someone whom one loves
      割愛 / 割爱  ―  gē'ài  ―  to sacrifice something one loves to someone else
    9. Honorific for someone else's daughter; variant of 嬡／嫒 (ài).
      令愛 / 令爱  ―  lìng'ài  ―  your precious daughter
    10. affectionate
      愛情 / 爱情  ―  àiqíng  ―  love
    11. beloved
      愛妻 / 爱妻  ―  àiqī  ―  beloved wife
    12. (Cantonese, Hakka, Wu) to want (an object)
      我唔愛咁多。 / 我唔爱咁多。 [Cantonese]  ―  ngo5 m4 oi3 gam3 do1. [Jyutping]  ―  I don't want that much.
    13. (Hakka, Min) to want (to do)
    14. (Hakka, Min) to need to; must
      有一點愛注意的。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
      有一点爱注意的。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
      Ū chi̍t tiám ài chù-ì--ê. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      There's one thing you must bear in mind.
    15. (archaic) Alternative form of 薆 (ài, “to hide”).
    16. A surname​.

    Usage notes[edit]

    • When used for people, 愛／爱 usually refers to romantic love. When used like this, older Mandarin speakers often describe the use of this term as overly 肉麻 (ròumá, “cheesy”). For this reason, the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan, “to like”) might be used instead. Using the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan) literally means like, but when used in a romantic context (especially boyfriend/girlfriend), it actually means love. However, younger Mandarin speakers seem to have been influenced somewhat by Western culture, and are now using the verb 愛／爱 much more often than was socially acceptable in the past.

    Synonyms[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (愛):
    • → Japanese: 愛(あい) (ai)
    • → Korean: 애 (愛, ae)
    • → Vietnamese: ái (愛)

    Others:

    Further reading[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    愛

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    愛
    あい
    Grade: 4
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC ʔʌiH).

    Compare modern Mandarin 愛／爱 (ài).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    愛(あい) • (ai) 

    1. love
      愛(あい)は強(つよ)く。
      Ai wa tsuyoku.
      The love is strong.
      愛(あい)は勝(か)つ。
      Ai wa katsu.
      The love wins.
    2. affection
      Synonym: 愛情 (aijō)
    3. tenderness
    4. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
      Synonym: 愛想 (aiso)
    5. (Buddhism) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    6. (Christianity) agape
    Synonyms[edit]
    Derived terms[edit]

    Proper noun[edit]

    愛(あい) • (Ai) 

    1. a female given name
    2. a surname

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    愛
    まな
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi
    Alternative spelling
    真

    Originally a compound of 真 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na), an Old Japanese version of modern Japanese の (no, possessive particle).[3]

    The use of 愛 here is an example of ateji (当て字).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Prefix[edit]

    愛(まな) • (mana-) 

    1. before a common noun, expresses a sense of admiration or value: good, genuine; compare English the real deal
    2. before a noun describing a person, expresses praise or fondness: dear, beloved
    Derived terms[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    愛(まな) • (mana) 

    1. (archaic, derived from prefix sense) something dear or loved

    Proper noun[edit]

    愛(まな) • (Mana) 

    1. a female given name

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Used as ateji in various names. 愛 is a very common element in many, many names.

    Proper noun[edit]

    愛(あづみ) or 愛(ああい) or 愛(あいか) or 愛(あいす) or 愛(あき) or 愛(あこ) or 愛(あみか) or 愛(あおい) or 愛(ありさ) or 愛(あや) or 愛(あゆ) or 愛(ちぎり) or 愛(ちか) or 愛(ちかし) or 愛(えりな) or 愛(はあと) or 愛(ひかり) or 愛(いと) or 愛(いとし) or 愛(いつみ) or 愛(いずみ) or 愛(かな) or 愛(かなえ) or 愛(かなさ) or 愛(きずな) or 愛(こころ) or 愛(このむ) or 愛(まどか) or 愛(まなぶ) or 愛(まなみ) or 愛(めづる) or 愛(めご) or 愛(めぐ) or 愛(めぐみ) or 愛(めぐむ) or 愛(めい) or 愛(なる) or 愛(なるこ) or 愛(のぞみ) or 愛(らぶ) or 愛(るい) or 愛(さら) or 愛(さらん) or 愛(つぐみ) or 愛(つくみ) or 愛(うい) or 愛(よし) or 愛(よしき) or 愛(よしみ) • (Azumi or Āi or Aika or Aisu or Aki or Ako or Amika or Aoi or Arisa or Aya or Ayu or Chigiri or Chika or Chikashi or Erina or Hāto or Hikari or Ito or Itoshi or Itsumi or Izumi or Kana or Kanae or Kanasa or Kizuna or Kokoro or Konomu or Madoka or Manabu or Manami or Mezuru or Mego or Megu or Megumi or Megumu or Mei or Naru or Naruko or Nozomi or Rabu or Rui or Sara or Saran or Tsugumi or Tsukumi or Ui or Yoshi or Yoshiki or Yoshimi) 

    1. a female given name

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    3. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC ʔʌiH).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • Phonetic hangeul: [애ː/에ː]
      Long vowel distinction only applies at the initial position. Most speakers no longer distinguish vowel length at any position.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    愛 (eumhun 사랑 애 (sarang ae))

    1. Hanja form? of 애 (“love”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    愛

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Old Japanese[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Originally a compound of 眞 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na, apophonic form of possessive particle の (no2)).

    Noun[edit]

    愛 (mana) (kana まな)

    1. something dear or loved
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3462)
        安志比奇乃夜末佐波妣登乃比登佐波爾麻奈登伊布児我安夜爾可奈思佐
        asi-pi1ki2 no2 yamasapabi1to2 no2 pi1to2 sapa ni mana to2 ipu ko1 ga aya ni kanasisa
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)

    Derived terms[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    • Japanese: 愛 (mana-)

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    愛: Hán Việt readings: ái[1][2][3][4][5], áy[4]
    愛: Nôm readings: ái[1][2][3][4][5][6], áy[1][2][3][4][5][6], ải[1]

    1. Hán tự form of ái (“love”).
    2. Nôm form of áy (“troubled; anxious”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bonet (1899).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Génibrel (1898).
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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