World Database of Trust
Compiled by
Updated August 2007
Welcome to the World Database of Trust!
In compiling research on trust, I have divided it into theoretical, empirical, and other designations. These designations are only approximate. Some empirical studies will make a theoretical contribution, and some theoretical papers contain empirical results. Nevertheless, I have made every effort to fit the papers and books as closely as possible to the main theoretical or empirical contribution of the work.
I am also beginning to compile definitions of trust and, to be added later, empirical measures of trust and trust-related concepts, such as trustworthiness and the like.
If you have any comments, suggestions for improvement, or know of papers or books that should be listed here, please e-mail me at hjames@missouri.edu.
Definitions of Trust
“Trust … is reliance on another's good will
… Where one depends on another's good will, one is necessarily vulnerable to
the limits of that good will. One leaves others an opportunity to harm one when
one trusts, and also shows one's confidence that they will not take it.
Reasonable trust will require good grounds for such confidence in another's
good will, or at least the absence of good grounds for expecting their ill will
or indifference. Trust then … is accepted vulnerability to another's possible
but not expected ill will (or lack of good will) toward one.”
“Trust … is letting other persons (natural
or artificial, such as firms, nations, etc.) take care of something the trustor cares about, where such 'caring for' involves some
exercise of discretionary powers.”
- A. Baier, “Trust
and Antitrust,” Ethics, 96, 1986, pp. 234, 235, 240
Trust “is the mutual confidence that one's
vulnerability will not be exploited in an exchange.”
- J.B.
Barney and M.H. Hansen, “Trustworthiness as a Source
of Competitive Advantage,” Strategic Management Journal, 15 (Winter
Special Issue), 1994, p. 177
“Trust is an expectation that alleviates the
fear that one's exchange partner will act opportunistically.”
- J.L. Bradach and R.G. Eccles, “Markets
versus Hierarchies: From Ideal Types of Plural Forms,” in W.R. Scott (ed.), Annual Review of Sociology, 15, 1989, p.
104
“Trust is the expectation that arises within
a community of regular, honest, and cooperative behavior, based on commonly
shared norms, on the part of other members of that community.”
- F. Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity,
“Trust (or, symmetrically, distrust) is a particular
level of the subjective probability with which an agent assesses that another
agent or group of agents will perform a particular action, both before he can monitor such an action (or
independently of his capacity ever to be able to monitor it) and in a context in which it affects his own action.”
- D. Gambetta,
“Can We trust Trust?” in D. Gambetta
(ed.), Trust: Making and Breaking
Cooperative Relations,
“Trust is the reliance by one person,
group, or firm upon a voluntarily accepted duty on the part of another person,
group, or firm to recognize and protect the rights and interests of all others
engaged in a joint endeavor or economic exchange.”
Trust is
“the expectation … of ethically justifiable behavior – that is, morally correct
decisions and actions based upon ethical principles of analysis.”
- L.T. Hosmer,
“Trust: The Connecting Link Between Organizational Theory and Philosophical
Ethics,”
“In the language of economics, trust can be
viewed as an expectation, and it pertains to circumstances in which agents take
risky actions in environments characterized by uncertainty or informational
incompleteness. To say 'A trusts B' means that A expects B
will not exploit a vulnerability A has created for himself by taking the
action.”
- H.S. James, Jr.,
“The Trust Paradox: A Survey of Economic Inquiries into the Nature of Trust and
Trustworthiness,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 47(3), 2002,
p. 291
“Trust can be defined as the belief or perception by one party (e.g. a principal) that the other party (e.g. an agent) to a particular transaction will not cheat, where the payoff structure internal to the transaction can be characterized by a prisoner’s dilemma or principal-agent game.”
- S. Knack,
“Trust, Associational Life and Economic Performance,” J.F.
Helliwell (ed.), The
Contribution of Human and Social Capital to Sustained Economic Growth and
Well-being,
Trust is the “undertaking of a risky course
of action on the confident expectation that all persons involved in the action
will act competently and dutifully.”
- J.D. Lewis and A. Weigert,
“Trust as a Social Reality,” Social Forces, 63, 1985, 971
“Trust
can be defined as the judgement one makes on the
basis of one's past interactions with others that they will seek to act in ways
that favor one's interests, rather than harm them, in circumstances that remain
to be defined. Trusting judgements inevitably remain
tentative, rather than certain, since they are based on a limited knowledge of
others rather than a precise calculation of their interests.”
- E. Lorenz, “Trust, Contract and Economic Cooperation,”
Trust “is
the perceived likelihood of the other not behaving in a self-interested
manner.”
- A. Madhok, “Revisiting
Multinational Firms' Tolerance for Joint Ventures: A Trust-based Approach,” Journal of International Business Studies,
26(1), 1995, p. 120
Trust is “the willingness of a party to be
vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the
other will perform a particular action important to the trustor.”
- R.C. Mayer, J.H. Davis, and F.D. Schoorman, “An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust,”
Trust is
“the extent to which a person is confident in, and willing to act on the basis
of, the words, actions, and decisions of another.”
- D.J. McAllister, “Affect- and
Cognition-based Trust as Foundations for Interpersonal cooperation in
organizations,” Academy of Management
Journal, 38, 1995, p. 25
“Trust in things or people entails the
willingness to submit to the risk that they may fail us, with the expectation
that they will not, or the neglect or lack of awareness of the possibility that
they might.”
“'Real' trust, or trust in the strong sense,
is an expectation that things or people will not fail us, or the neglect of
lack of awareness of the possibility of failure, even if there are perceived
opportunities and incentives for it.”
- B. Nooteboom, Trust: Forms, Foundations, Functions,
Failures and Figures,
Trust broadly defined is “the expectation
that a partner will not engage in opportunistic behavior, for whatever reason,
including control of his conduct.”
Trust more narrowly defined is “the
expectation that a partner will not engage in opportunistic behavior, even in
the face of short-term opportunities and incentives, in the absence of control.”
- B. Nooteboom, “Social
Capital, Institutions and Trust,” Review
of Social Economy, 65(1), 2007, p. 37.
“Trust is a psychological state comprising
the intention to accept vulnerability based upon positive expectations of the
intentions or behavior of another.”
- D.M. Rousseau, S.B. Sitkin, R.s.
Burt, and C. Camerer, “Not So Different After All: A
Cross-discipline View of Trust,” Academy
of Management Review, 23, 1998, p. 395.
Trust is a person's “expectations,
assumptions, or beliefs about the likelihood that another's future actions will
be beneficial, favorable, or at least not detrimental to one's interests.”
- S.L. Robinson,
“Trust and Breach of the Psychological Contract,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 1996, p. 576
“Trust is a state of mind, an expectation
held by one trading partner about another, that the other behaves or responds
in a predictable and mutually expected manner.”
- M. Sako, Prices, Quality, and Trust: Inter-firm
Relations in
Trust
“may be defined as a reliance upon
information received from another person about uncertain environmental states
and their accompanying outcomes in a risky situation.”
- B.R. Schlenker,
B. Helm, and J.T. Tedeschi,
“The Effects of Personality and Situational Variables on Behavioral Trust,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
25, 1973, p. 419
Trust is a “belief, attitude, or expectation concerning the likelihood that the actions or outcomes of another individual, group or organization will be acceptable or will serve the actor’s interests.”
Trust is the “belief in a person's
competence to perform a specific task under specific circumstances.”
- S.B. Sitkin and N.L. Roth, “Explaining
the Limited Effectiveness of Legalistic 'Remedies' for Trust/Distrust,” Organization
Science, 4, 1993, p. 368, 373
“Trust is
the willingness to permit the decisions of others to influence your welfare.”
- J. Sobel, “Can We Trust Social
Capital,” Journal of Economic Literature,
40(March), 2002, p. 148.
“When we
trust other people, we expect that they will fulfill their promises, either
because we know that they have usually done so in the past … or because we
believe that we shall fare better if we presume that others are trustworthy.”
- E.M. Uslaner,
The Moral Foundations of Trust,
“From a
sociological perspective, trust is defined as a set of expectations shared by
all those involved in an exchange.”
- L.G. Zucker,
“Production of Trust: Institutional Sources of Economic Structure, 1840-1920,” Research in Organizational Behavior, 8,
1986, p. 54
Books on Trust
Axelrod, Robert, The Evolution of Cooperation,
Barber, Bernard, The Logic and Limits
of Trust,
Braithwaite, Valerie, and Margaret Levi, (eds.), Trust and Governance,
Casson, Mark, Studies in the Economics of Trust,
Cook, Karen S. (ed.), Trust in Society,
Gambetta, Diego (ed.), Trust: Making and
Breaking Cooperative Relations,
Govier, Trudy, Social
Trust and Human Communities, McGill-Queen's
University Press, 1997.
Govier, Trudy, Dilemmas of Trust, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999.
Hardin, Russell, Trust and Trustworthiness,
Hardin, Russell (ed.), Distrust,
Hardin, Russell, Trust, Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2006.
Kramer, Roderick M., and Karen S. Cook (eds.), Trust and Distrust in Organizations: Dilemmas and Approaches,
Misztal, Barbara, Trust in Modern Societies: The Search for the Bases of Social Order, Polity Press, 1995.
Nooteboom, Bart, Trust: Forms, Foundations,
Functions, Failures and Figures,
Ostrom, Elinor, and
James Walker, (eds.), Trust and Reciprocity,
Ridley, Matt, The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of
Cooperation,
Seligman, Adam, The Problem of Trust, Princeton University Press, 2000.
Sztompka, Piotr, Trust: A Sociological Theory, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Uslaner, Eric M., The Moral Foundations of
Trust,
Surveys, Overviews, General Discussions
Baier, A., “Trust and Antitrust,” Ethics, 96(January), 1986, 231-260.
Barney, J.B., and M.H. Hansen, “Trustworthiness as a Source of Comparative Advantage,” Strategic Management Journal, 15(Winter), 1994, 175-190.
Das, T.K., and Teng, Bing-Sheng, “The Risk-based View of Trust: A Conceptual Framework,” Journal of Business and Psychology, 19(1), 2004, 85-116.
Dasgupta, P., “Trust as a Commodity,” in D. Gambetta (ed.) Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative
Relations,
Gambetta, D., “Can We Trust in Trust?” in D. Gambetta (ed.) Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative
Relations,
Hardin, R., “The Street-Level Epistemology of Trust,” Politics & Society, 21(4), 1993, 505-529.
Hardin, R., “Trustworthiness,” Ethics, 107(1), 1996, 26-42.
Hardin, R., “Conceptions and Explanations of Trust,” in K.S.
Cook (ed.), Trust in Society,
Hardin, R., “Distrust: Manifestations and Management,” in R. Hardin (ed.), Distrust,
James, H.S., Jr., “The Trust Paradox: A Survey of Economic Inquiries into the Nature of Trust and Trustworthiness,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 47(3), 2002, 291-307.
Koehn, D., “Should We Trust in Trust?” American Business Law Journal, 34(2), 1996, 183-203. See also Fort, Timothy L., “Trust and Law's Facilitating Role,” American Business Law Journal, 34(2), 1996, 205-215.
Leibenstein, H., “On Some Economic Aspects of a Fragile
Input: Trust,” in G.R. Feiwel
(ed.), Arrow and the Foundations of the Theory of Economic Policy,
Levi, M., “When Good Defenses Make Good Neighbors: A Transaction Cost
Approach to Trust, the Absence of Trust and Distrust,” in C. Menard, (ed.) Institutions,
Contracts and Organizations: Perspectives from New Institutional Economics,
Nooteboom, B. “Social Capital, Institutions and Trust,” Review of Social Economy, 65(1), 2007, 29-53.
Perelman, M., “The Neglected Economics of Trust: The Bentham Paradox and Its Implications,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 57(4), 1998, 381-389.
Sitkin, S.B., and N.L. Roth, “Explaining the Limited Effectiveness of Legalistic 'Remedies' for Trust/Distrust,” Organization Science, 4, 1993, 367-392.
Williamson, O.E., “Calculativeness, Trust, and Economic Organization,” Journal of Law and Economics, 36, 1993, 453-486. See also Craswell, Richard, “On the Uses of 'Trust': Comment on Williamson, 'Calculativeness, Trust, and Economic Organization,'“ Journal of Law and Economics, 36(April), 1993, 487-500.
Theoretical Models
Bhattacharya, R., T.M. Devinney,
and M.M. Pillutla, “A
Formal Model of Trust Based on Outcomes,”
Bohnet,
Coleman, J.S., “Relations of Trust,” in Foundations
of Social Theory,
Colombo, F., and G. Merzoni, “In Praise of Rigidity: The Bright Side of Long-term Contracts in Repeated Trust Games,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 59(3), 2006, 349-373.
Güth, W., and H. Kliemt, “Competition or Co-operation: On the Evolutionary Economics of Trust, Exploration and Moral Attitudes,” Metroeconomica, 45(2), 1994, 155-187.
Huang, P.H., and H. Wu, “More Order without More Law: A Theory of Social Norms and Organizational Cultures,” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 10(2), 1994, 390-406.
Huck, S., “Trust, Treason, and Trials: An Example of How the Evolution of Preferences Can Be Driven by Legal Institutions,” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 14(1), 1998, 44-60.
Hwang, P., and W.P. Burgers, “Properties of Trust: An Analytical View,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 69(1), 1997, 67-73.
James, H.S., Jr., “On the Reliability of Trusting,” Rationality and Society, 14(2), 2002, 159-186.
Kreps, D.M., “Corporate
Culture and Economic Theory,” in J. Alt and K. Shepsle
(eds.), Perspectives in Positive Political Economy,
Lahno, B., “Trust and Strategic Rationality,” Rationality and Society, 7(4), 1995, 442-464.
Snijders, C., and G. Keren, “Determinants of Trust,” in D.V. Budescu, I. Erev, and R. Zwickm (eds.), Games and Human Behavior: Essays in Honor of Amnon Rapaport, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999, 355-385.
Markets, Institutions and Society
Aulakh, P.S., M. Kotabe, and A. Sahay, “Trust and Performance in Cross-border Marketing Partnerships: A Behavioral Approach,” Journal of International Business Studies, 27(5), 1996, 1005-1032.
Bjørnskov, C., “The Happy
Few. Cross-Country Evidence on Social Capital and Life Satisfaction,” Kyklos, 56, 2003,
3-16
Bjørnskov, C., “Determinants of Generalized Trust. A Cross-Country Comparison,” Public Choice, forthcoming.
Blair, M.M., and
Doney, P.M., and J.P. Cannon, “An Examination of the Nature of Trust in Buyer-Supplier Relationships,” Journal of Marketing, 61(2), 1997, 35-51.
Gefen D., “E-Commerce: The Role of Familiarity and Trust”, Omega: The International Journal of Management Science, 28(6), 2000, 725-737.
Gefen, D. “Nurturing Clients’ Trust to Encourage Engagement Success During the Customization of ERP Systems,” Omega: The International Journal of Management Science, 30(4), 2002, 287-299.
Gefen, D., “What Makes ERP Implementation Relationships Worthwhile: Linking Trust Mechanisms and ERP Usefulness,” Journal of Management Information Systems, 21(1), 2004, 275-301.
Hwang, P., “Asset Specificity and the Fear of Exploitation,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 60(3), 2006, 423-438.
Lorenz, E., “Trust, Contract and Economic Cooperation,”
Moorman, C., R. Deshpande, and G. Zaltman, “Factors Affecting Trust in Market Research Relationships,” Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1993, 81-101.
Pavlou, P.A. and Gefen, D., “Building Effective Online Marketplaces with Institution-Based Trust,” Information Systems Research, 15(1), 2004, 37-59.
Pavlou, P.A., and Gefen D., “Psychological Contract Violation in Online Marketplaces: Antecedents, Consequences, and Moderating Role,” Information Systems Research, 16(4), 2005, 372-399.
Rose-Ackerman, S., “Trust, Honesty, and Corruption: Reflection on the State-Building Process,” European Journal of Sociology, 42, 2001, 27-71.
Shapiro, S.P., “The Social Control of Impersonal Trust,” American Journal of Sociology, 93(3), 1987, 623-658.
Zak, P., and S. Knack, “Trust and Growth,” The Economic Journal, 111, 2001, 295-321.
Zak, P., and S. Knack, “Building Trust: Public Policy, Interpersonal Trust, and Economic Development,” Supreme Court Economic Review, 10, 2002.
Zucker, L.G., “Production of Trust: Institutional Sources of Economic Structure, 1840-1920,” Research in Organizational Behavior, 8, 1986, 53-111.
Organizational Trust
Beccerra, M., A.K. Gupta, “Trust Within Organization: Integrating the Trust Literature with Agency Theory and Transaction Cost Economics,” Public Administration Quarterly, 23(2), 1999, 177-203.
Creed, W.E.D., and R.E.
Miles, “Trust in Organizations: A Conceptual Framework Linking Organizational
Forms, Managerial Philosophies, and the Opportunity Costs of Controls,” in R.M. Kramer and T.R. Tyler
(eds.), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research,
Dirks, K.T., and D.L. Ferrin, “The Role of Trust in Organizational Settings,” Organizational Science, 12(4), 2001, 450-467.
Grey, C., and C. Garsten, “Trust, Control and Post-bureaucracy,” Organization Studies, 22(2), 2001, 229-250.
Hall, MA, E. Dugan, B. Zheng, and A. Mishra, “Trust in Physicians and Medical Institutions: What is it?, Can it be measured? and Does it matter?” The Milbank Quarterly, 79(4), 2001, 613-639.
Hansen, M.H., J.L. Morrow Jr., and J.C. Batista, “The Impact of Trust on Cooperative Membership Retention, Performance, and Satisfaction: An Exploratory Study,” International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 5, 2002, 41-59.
James, H.S., Jr., and M. Sykuta, “Property Right and Organizational Characteristics of Producer-owned Firms and Organizational Trust,” Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 76(4), 2005, 545-580.
James, H.S., Jr., and M. Sykuta, “Farmer Trust in Producer- and Investor-owned Firms: Evidence from Missouri Corn and Soybean Producers,” Agribusiness: An International Journal, 22(1), 2006, 135-153.
Kramer, R.M., “Trust and Distrust in Organizations: Emerging Perspectives, Enduring Questions,” Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 1999, 569-598.
La Porta, R., F. Lopez-de-Silanes, A. Shleifer, and R.W. Vishny, “Trust in Large Organizations,” American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 87(2), 1997, 333-338.
Mayer, R.C., J.H. Davis,
and F.D. Schoorman, “An
Integrative Model of Organizational Trust,”
Miller, G., “Why is Trust Necessary in Organizations? The Moral Hazard of
Profit Maximization,” in K.S. Cook (ed.), Trust in
Society,
Morrow, J.L., Jr., M.H. Hansen, and A.W. Pearson, “The Cognitive and Affective Antecedents of General Trust Within Cooperative Organizations,” Journal of Managerial Issues, 16(1), 2001, 48-64.
Nooteboom, B., “Trust, Opportunism and Governance: A Process and Control Model,” Organization Studies, 17(6), 1996, 985-1010.
Nooteboom, B., H. Berger, and N. Noorderhaven, “Effects of Trust and Governance on Relational Risk,” Academy of Management Journal, 40(2), 1997, 308-338.
Ole Borgen, S., “Identification as a Trust-Generating Mechanism in Cooperatives,” Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 72(2), 2001, 209-228.
Wicks, A.C., S.L.
Berman, T.M. Jones, “The Structure of Optimal Trust:
Moral and Strategic Implications,”
Zaheer, A., B. McEvily, and V. Perrone, “Does Trust Matter? Exploring the Effects of Interorganizational and Interpersonal Trust on Performance,” Organization Science, 9(2), 1998, 141-159.
General Empirical Studies
Alesina, A., and E. La Ferrara, “The Determinants of Trust,” NBER working paper 7621, 2000. Available on the Internet at http://www.nber.org/papers/w7621.
Bjørnskov, C., “The Multiple Facets
of Social Capital,” European Journal of
Political Economy, 22(1), 2006, 22-40.
Glaeser, E., D. Laibson, J. Scheinkman, and Christine Soutter, “Measuring Trust,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3), 2000, 811-846.
Experiments
Berg, J., J. Dickhaut, and K. McCabe, “Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History,” Games and Economic Behavior, 10(1), 1995, 122-142.
Bohnet,
Buchan, N.R., and R.T.A.
Croson, “The Boundaries of Trust: Own and Others'
Actions in the
Buchan, N.R., E.J. Johnson, and R.T.A. Croson, “Let’s Get Personal: An International Examination of the Influence of Communication, Culture and Social Distance on Other Regarding Preferences,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 60(3), 2006, 373-398.
Carpenter, J.P., A.G. Daniere, and L.M. Takahashi, “Cooperation, Trust, and Social Capital in Southeast Asian Urban Slums,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 55(4), 2004, 533-551.
Chaudhuri, A., S.A. Khan, A. Lakshmiratan, A Py, and L. Shah, “Trust and Trustworthiness in a Sequential Bargaining Game,” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 16(5), 2003, 311-340.
De Cremer, D., “Trust and Fear of Exploitation in a Public Goods Dilemma,” Current Psychology, 18(2), 1999, 153-163.
Eckel, C.C., and R.K. Wilson, “Is Trust a Risky Decision?” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 55(4), 2004, 447-465.
Engle-Warnick, J., and R.L. Slonim, “The Evolution of Strategies in a Repeated Trust Game,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 55(4), 2004, 553-573.
Gächter, S., B. Herrmann, and C. Thöni, “Trust, Voluntary Cooperation, and Socio-economic Background: Survey and Experiment Evidence,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 55(4), 2004, 505-531.
Gefen D. and Straub, D.W., “Consumer Trust in B2C e-Commerce and the Importance of Social Presence: Experiments in e-Products and e-Services,” Omega: The International Journal of Management Science, 32(6), 2004, 407-424.
Henrich, J., “Does Culture Matter in Economic Behavior? Ultimatum Game Bargaining Among the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon,” American Economic Review, 90(4), 2000, 973-979.
Holm, H., and P. Nystedt, “Intra-generational Trust—A Semin-experimental Study of Trust Among Difference Generations,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 58(3), 2005, 403-419.
Malhotra, D., and J.K. Murnighan, “The Effects of Contracts on Interpersonal Trust,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 47, 2002, 534-559.
Parks, C.D., and L.G. Hulbert, “High and Low Trusters' Responses to Fear in a Payoff Matrix,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 39(4), 1995, 718-731.
Renner, E., and J.R. Tyran, “Price Rigidity in Customer Markets,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 55(4), 2004, 575-593.
Tullock, G., “Non-prisoner's Dilemma,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 39, 1999, 455-458.
Trust and Risk Communication
Hunt, S., and Lynn J. Frewer, “Trust in Sources of
Information About Genetically Modified Food Risks in the
James, H.S., Jr., “The Effect of
Trust on Public Support for Biotechnology: Evidence from the U.S. Biotechnology
Study, 1997-1998,” Agribusiness: An International Journal, 19(2), 2003,
155-168
James, H.S., Jr., “Trust in
Scientists and Food Manufacturers: Implications for the Public Support of
Biotechnology,” Journal of Agribusiness, 24(2), 2006, 119-133
Kasperson, R.E., D. Golding, and S. Tuler, “Social Distrust as a Factor in Siting Hazardous Facilities and Communicating Risks,” Journal of Social Issues, 48(4), 1992, 161-187.
Lang, J.T, K.M. O'Neill, and W.K. Hallman, “Expertise, Trust, and Communication about Food Biotechnology,” AgBioForum, 6(4), 2004, Article 6.
Peters, R.G., V.T. Covello, and D.B. McCallum, “The Determinants of Trust and Credibility in Environmental Risk Communication: An Empirical Study,” Risk Analysis, 17(1), 1997, 43-54.
Renn, O., and D. Levine, “Credibility and Trust in
Risk Communication,” in R.E. Kasperson
and P.J.M. Stallen (eds.) Communicating
Risks to the Public,
Siegrist, M., “The Influence of Trust and Perceptions of Risks and Benefits on the Acceptance of Gene Technology,” Risk Analysis, 20(2), 2000, 195-203.
Sjöberg, L., “Limits of Knowledge and the Limited Importance of Trust,” Risk Analysis, 21(1), 2001, 189-198.
Slovic, P., “Perceived Risk, Trust, and Democracy,” Risk Analysis, 13(6), 1993, 675-682.
Williams, B.L., S. Brown, and Michael Greenberg,
“Determinants of Trust Perceptions Among Residents Surrounding the
Social Psychology of Trust
Deutsch, M., “Trust, Trustworthiness, and the F-scale,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61, 1960, 138-140.
Gurtman, M.B., “Trust, Distrust, and Interpersonal Problems: A Circumplex Analysis,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1992, 989-1002.
Orbell, M., R. Dawes, and P. Schwartz-Shea, “Trust, Social Categories, and Individuals: The Case of Gender,” Motivation and Emotion, 18, 1994, 109-128.
Quigley-Fernandez, B., F.S. Malkis, and J.T. Tedeschi, “Effects of First Impressions and Reliability of Promises on Trust and Cooperation,” British Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 1985, 29-36.
Sorrentino, R.M., J.G. Holmes, S.E. Hanna, and A. Sharp, “Uncertainty Orientation and Trust in Close Relationships: Individual Differences in Cognitive Styles,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1995, 314-327.
Neurobiology and Trust
Fehr, E., U. Fischbacher,
and M. Kosfeld, “Neuroeconomic
Foundations of Trust and Social Preferences,” Institute for the Study of Labor
discussion paper no. 1641, June 2005.
King-Casas,
B., D. Tomlin, C. Anen, C.F. Camerer,
S.R. Quartz, P.R. Montague, “Getting to Know You:
Reputation and Trust in a Two-Perons Economic
Exchange,” Science, 308, 2005, 78-83.
Kosfeld, M., M. Heinrichs,
P. zak, U. Fischbacher, and
Zak, P.J. “Trust: A Temporary Human Attachment Facilitated by Oxytocin,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, forthcoming.
