bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
respiratory syndrome	491
porcine reproductive	408
syndrome virus	355
infectious bronchitis	300
porcine epidemic	274
diarrhea virus	252
epidemic diarrhea	243
escherichia coli	227
clinical signs	225
bronchitis virus	214
canine parvovirus	196
ck ch	173
amino acid	162
cell culture	154
fecal samples	150
porcine circovirus	139
infected pigs	128
respiratory disease	122
transmissible gastroenteritis	121
sequence analysis	115
type i	114
viral rna	110
previously described	110
bovine rotavirus	105
immune response	104
calf diarrhea	104
serum samples	103
cord uid	102
doc id	102
vet microbiol	102
microbiol doi	102
infected cells	100
nucleic acid	99
virus infection	97
chain reaction	94
cell cultures	94
polymerase chain	93
infectious peritonitis	92
diarrheic calves	92
vero cells	91
feline infectious	90
avian infectious	89
experimental infection	86
type ii	85
bovine coronavirus	85
ibv strains	82
present study	82
pigs infected	80
cell line	77
recombination events	77
circovirus type	76
lymph nodes	74
virus replication	74
closely related	73
parvovirus type	73
room temperature	72
gastroenteritis virus	72
monoclonal antibodies	71
virus isolation	71
spike protein	69
epithelial cells	69
canine coronavirus	69
molecular characterization	68
newborn piglets	68
feline coronavirus	67
mg ml	66
described previously	66
tcid ml	66
time pcr	65
negative control	65
united states	65
bovine viral	63
genetic diversity	62
respiratory tract	62
significantly higher	61
north american	61
nucleocapsid protein	60
phylogenetic analysis	60
performed using	60
rna recombination	59
immune responses	59
swine fever	58
ch jt	58
clinical disease	58
viral genome	56
pedv infection	56
monoclonal antibody	56
viral replication	56
copies ml	55
kv adj	55
acute respiratory	54
veterinary microbiology	54
samples collected	54
structural proteins	54
innate immune	53
respiratory coronavirus	53
well plates	53
days post	53
western blot	53
experimentally infected	53
bcv isolates	52
pcr assay	52
influenza virus	52
three times	51
virus strains	51
vaccine strain	51
nucleotide sequence	51
respiratory signs	51
blood samples	51
severe acute	50
cell lines	50
positive samples	50
fever virus	50
ch lgx	50
complete genome	49
nrtw i	48
wasting syndrome	48
virus strain	47
multisystemic wasting	47
small intestine	47
results showed	47
african swine	46
electron microscopy	45
negative controls	45
spike gene	45
viral load	44
persistent infection	44
old spf	44
ozonized water	44
tested positive	43
neutralizing antibodies	43
porcine rotavirus	43
previous studies	43
syndrome coronavirus	43
strains isolated	43
viral diarrhea	43
mdbk cells	42
vaccine strains	42
control group	42
porcine parvovirus	42
vp gene	42
field strains	42
reverse transcription	42
pcr products	41
south korea	41
antibody response	40
vaccine virus	40
prrsv infection	40
genomic rna	40
healthy calves	40
pasteurella multocida	40
ibv strain	39
human rotavirus	39
postweaning multisystemic	39
vero cell	39
phylogenetic tree	39
prrsv isolates	39
enterotoxigenic escherichia	38
amino acids	38
viral dna	38
open reading	38
tw ibv	38
bovine serum	38
disease virus	38
time rt	38
cytopathic effect	37
blot hybridization	37
lymphoid tissues	37
strain ck	37
mature mo	37
lung lesions	37
rna viruses	36
lamina propria	36
specific antibodies	36
enteric coronavirus	36
nested pcr	36
genome sequence	36
reference strains	36
statistically significant	36
persistently infected	36
porcine respiratory	35
ch ldl	35
diarrhoea virus	35
protein gene	35
total rna	35
enteric pathogens	35
molecular epidemiology	35
animal health	35
pcr assays	35
goat anti	35
tissue samples	35
rotavirus vaccine	35
asfv genomes	34
highly pathogenic	34
pcv antigen	34
rotavirus strain	34
gel electrophoresis	34
important role	34
i strain	34
positive cells	33
parental virus	33
reverse transcriptase	33
infected piglets	33
neonatal calf	33
buffered saline	33
virus isolates	32
middle east	32
north america	32
ped virus	32
spike glycoprotein	32
sequence identity	32
rotavirus infection	32
enteric disease	32
rotavirus serotypes	32
field isolates	32
ldl i	32
tissue tropism	32
reverse genetics	31
dot blot	31
immune system	31
control pigs	31
dq cells	31
nonstructural protein	31
current study	31
cell monolayers	31
significant differences	31
commercially available	31
taken together	31
positive selection	31
genbank accession	31
gross lesions	31
antibody titers	31
genotype ii	31
interstitial pneumonia	31
linked immunosorbent	30
acid probes	30
rotavirus strains	30
prc cmv	30
structural protein	30
acid sequence	30
swine influenza	30
eae stx	30
lymph node	30
wild pigs	30
fisher scientific	30
hybridization assay	29
bile acids	29
infectious clone	29
primer pairs	29
gnotobiotic calves	29
coronavirus infection	29
peritonitis virus	29
log tcid	29
deduced amino	29
membrane protein	29
causative agent	29
canine respiratory	29
coli strains	29
cells infected	29
swine enteric	29
pedv rna	29
previous study	28
virus shedding	28
point mutations	28
two different	28
vaccine candidates	28
human coronavirus	28
fusion protein	28
epidemic diarrhoea	28
host range	28
day old	27
clinical symptoms	27
microscopic lesions	27
lelystad virus	27
tissue culture	27
situ hybridization	27
economic losses	27
pedv strain	27
agarose gel	27
neutralizing antibody	27
immunosorbent assay	27
high mortality	27
strain i	27
fecal specimens	26
feline calicivirus	26
minute virus	26
antigenic variants	26
significant difference	26
cell cycle	26
viral infection	26
repeated elements	26
rna virus	26
specific primers	26
virus neutralization	26
orally inoculated	26
days old	26
chicken eggs	26
feline coronaviruses	26
fcov type	26
whole blood	26
higher levels	26
molecular mass	26
infected animals	26
dna polymerase	26
lps administration	26
western blotting	26
intestinal epithelial	26
previously reported	25
sialic acid	25
veterinary medicine	25
control cells	25
viral proteins	25
two groups	25
porpv swh	25
gnotobiotic pigs	25
applied biosystems	25
bronchitis coronavirus	25
gene segment	25
viruses isolated	25
even though	25
infectious diseases	24
modified live	24
old pigs	24
culture medium	24
thermo fisher	24
genotype i	24
avian coronavirus	24
weaned pigs	24
prrsv replication	24
highly virulent	24
inoculated pigs	24
one pig	24
vaccinated pigs	24
orf gene	24
severe clinical	24
shiga toxin	24
prrsv strains	24
berne virus	24
virus binding	24
rights reserved	24
plaque assay	24
st cells	24
virulent strains	24
post infection	23
family coronaviridae	23
fold dilutions	23
significantly lower	23
rapid detection	23
infectious agents	23
results suggest	23
equine arteritis	23
low stringency	23
canine distemper	23
genomic sequence	23
arteritis virus	23
neutralising antibody	23
tw ibvs	23
breda virus	23
neutralizing activity	23
reading frame	23
determine whether	23
gene expression	23
inhibition assay	23
cpe inhibition	23
hepatitis virus	23
rectal temperatures	23
pcv dna	23
mouse anti	23
endoplasmic reticulum	23
phylogenetic trees	23
maternal antibodies	22
epitope fusion	22
results indicated	22
mouse hepatitis	22
log copies	22
faecal samples	22
per ml	22
per well	22
allantoic fluid	22
analyzed using	22
antibody titres	22
protein expression	22
ethidium bromide	22
porcine garv	22
hexamethylene amiloride	22
primer pair	22
gene segments	22
organ cultures	22
derived antibodies	22
acid sequences	22
virus isolated	22
lung tissue	22
infected groups	22
results obtained	22
alveolar macrophages	22
immunostimulated pigs	22
first report	22
viral infections	22
infectious virus	22
pigs inoculated	22
mock group	22
stranded rna	22
villous epithelium	21
experimental period	21
del pedv	21
time points	21
dendritic cells	21
enteric coronaviruses	21
intact pedv	21
nucleotide sequences	21
time point	21
antibody responses	21
porcine garvs	21
homologous recombination	21
iga antibodies	21
polyacrylamide gel	21
blot analysis	21
indel pedv	21
positive control	21
also observed	21
like viruses	21
infected cell	21
high levels	21
fetal bovine	21
conjugated goat	20
weaned piglets	20
pcr product	20
live attenuated	20
severe disease	20
cell lysates	20
immature mo	20
different strains	20
samples stored	20
pcr using	20
attenuated vaccine	20
like strains	20
east respiratory	20
mock swh	20
recent years	20
essential medium	20
experimental infections	20
calf diarrhoea	20
prrs virus	20
genomic sequences	20
bovine plasma	20
indirect elisa	20
reading frames	20
viral shedding	20
bovine torovirus	20
pregnant sows	20
infected group	20
sweden jn	20
type porcine	20
complete genomic	20
neutralization tests	20
state university	20
winter dysentery	20
viral antigen	20
intestinal dcs	20
capsid protein	20
infected dogs	20
virus attachment	20
pi animals	20
week old	20
two viruses	20
adult dogs	20
tl ch	19
slt i	19
also detected	19
like protease	19
attenuated strain	19
cpv infection	19
nursing pigs	19
watery diarrhea	19
risk factors	19
cdna clone	19
viral diarrhoea	19
distilled water	19
strain ns	19
mini kit	19
virus vaccine	19
domestic pigs	19
elevating virus	19
live virus	19
coronavirus hku	19
outer membrane	19
distemper virus	19
intestinal contents	19
ch ldt	19
gottfried gene	19
mm tris	19
observed among	19
lactate dehydrogenase	19
cell proliferation	19
dairy calves	19
authors declare	19
host cell	19
aa identity	19
viral antigens	19
mean ae	19
sybr green	19
spf chicken	19
specific pathogen	19
inactivated vaccine	19
virulent strain	19
infectious clones	19
genome copies	19
positive villous	19
i interferon	19
prrsv isolate	19
jn sweden	18
conventional pigs	18
latex agglutination	18
accessory proteins	18
coronavirus infections	18
pigs showed	18
analysis showed	18
coronavirus spike	18
copy numbers	18
innate immunity	18
may play	18
old piglets	18
sequence alignment	18
like virus	18
plp dub	18
treatment groups	18
maintenance medium	18
bat coronavirus	18
swine herds	18
prrsv rna	18
maternally derived	18
mouse igg	18
recombination event	18
binding protein	18
crypt epithelium	18
neonatal calves	18
rna genome	18
rotavirus serotype	18
cell surface	18
sequence data	18
van reeth	18
producing escherichia	18
cpv variants	18
pigs coinfected	18
canine infectious	18
molecular evolutionary	18
rna polymerase	18
calculated using	18
different serotypes	18
whole virus	18
vaccine development	18
second lps	18
diarrheic fecal	18
graphpad prism	18
clinical samples	18
prrsv strain	18
tw i	18
exposed pigs	18
bp fragment	17
antiviral activity	17
neutralizing epitopes	17
day post	17
infectious cdna	17
dogs infected	17
coronavirus infectious	17
highly conserved	17
highly contagious	17
prrsv vaccine	17
piglets infected	17
isothermal amplification	17
brv strains	17
virus rna	17
passive immunity	17
mediated isothermal	17
genetic characterization	17
results indicate	17
ii strains	17
mucosal disease	17
three groups	17
epidemiological studies	17
protective immunity	17
feline enteric	17
villous enterocytes	17
high frequency	17
serial dilutions	17
igg antibody	17
porpv mock	17
lymphoid tissue	17
virus neutralizing	17
viral titres	17
two pigs	17
dairy cattle	17
viral loads	17
binding activity	17
lysis buffer	17
life technologies	17
type strains	17
ml trypsin	17
reverse primer	17
bovine respiratory	17
er stress	17
infectious respiratory	17
neonatal diarrhea	17
bovine herpesvirus	17
equal volume	17
two types	17
peripheral blood	17
positive fecal	17
lsc i	17
medium containing	17
rectal swabs	17
length cdna	17
swedish isolates	17
untranslated region	16
nonstructural proteins	16
fecal shedding	16
yn strain	16
molecular analysis	16
analysis revealed	16
pcr amplification	16
rabbit anti	16
types i	16
sg mrnas	16
another study	16
host immune	16
experimental reproduction	16
binding sites	16
high degree	16
bronchitis viruses	16
infected cats	16
cystic oviducts	16
gene sequence	16
nucleic acids	16
yn attenuated	16
antigenic differences	16
oral administration	16
plasmid dna	16
envelope protein	16
european isolates	16
virus production	16
genbank database	16
virus infections	16
vhs virus	16
epithelial cell	16
effective vaccines	16
evolutionary genetics	16
mixed infections	16
ibv isolates	16
may also	16
spf chickens	16
swedish pigs	16
inoculated groups	16
antibody levels	16
severe diarrhea	16
vaccinated groups	16
mean group	16
isolate ck	16
ml well	16
animal care	16
fusion proteins	16
accession number	16
three different	16
porcine deltacoronavirus	16
first time	16
live vaccine	16
bovine enteric	16
reproductive failure	16
mvc strains	16
cdna probes	16
differences among	16
affected pigs	16
genome sequences	15
respiratory distress	15
specific antibody	15
murine coronavirus	15
reference strain	15
hypervariable region	15
cattle herds	15
intestinal disorders	15
mortality rates	15
pcr results	15
ch lsc	15
systemic disease	15
porcine enteric	15
positive scores	15
pedv replication	15
culture supernatant	15
serum antibody	15
dub activity	15
wide range	15
samples tested	15
molecular biology	15
terminal domain	15
nucleotide identity	15
peav gds	15
results show	15
intestinal villi	15
intestinal tract	15
like toxin	15
animal species	15
rescued virus	15
poultry industry	15
crfk cells	15
osu gene	15
kidney cells	15
similar results	15
commonly used	15
suckling piglets	15
two isolates	15
capsular types	15
considered positive	15
positively selected	15
disease complex	15
novel coronavirus	15
minimum essential	15
serum neutralization	15
genetics analysis	15
relationships among	15
host innate	15
genetic analysis	15
i ubiquitination	15
body temperature	15
two strains	15
sars coronavirus	15
clinical pmws	15
animal experiments	14
prrsv antibody	14
calf serum	14
master mix	14
gene sequences	14
interferon production	14
original type	14
mycoplasma hyopneumoniae	14
pcr positive	14
viral evolution	14
bacterial infections	14
yield reduction	14
viral particles	14
broiler farms	14
mild respiratory	14
rectal temperature	14
saturable binding	14
swine industry	14
diseased pigs	14
gastroenteritis coronavirus	14
serum dilution	14
reporter asfv	14
piglets born	14
garv infections	14
selective pressure	14
antiviral effects	14
hev infection	14
joining method	14
new genotype	14
naturally infected	14
pcv infection	14
mm edta	14
least one	14
coli isolated	14
vaccine candidate	14
parvovirus infection	14
accession numbers	14
buffered formalin	14
organ samples	14
among prrsv	14
independent experiments	14
gene cdna	14
may result	14
young pigs	14
comparative sequence	14
feline panleukopenia	14
enteric alphacoronavirus	14
experimental model	14
pg ml	14
final concentration	14
research institute	14
strains circulating	14
expressing cells	14
spray dried	14
mouth disease	14
acid binding	14
virus variants	14
control groups	14
different ages	14
internal organs	14
lymphoid organs	14
gene probe	14
two distinct	14
field conditions	14
high level	14
inhibitory effects	14
horseradish peroxidase	14
antigenic relationships	14
american type	14
nasal swabs	14
btov strains	14
amplification products	14
adsorbent materials	14
new variant	14
washed three	14
us strains	14
lps exposed	14
serum sample	14
virus particles	14
newborn calves	14
recombination detection	14
using monoclonal	14
southern china	14
virus nucleocapsid	14
two genotypes	14
positive serum	13
wild boar	13
three strains	13
technical assistance	13
aa changes	13
copies per	13
whole genome	13
pig industry	13
bovine coronaviruses	13
selected sites	13
chicken flocks	13
brv strain	13
acute gastroenteritis	13
phylogenetic analyses	13
inoculated piglets	13
infectious disease	13
recombination region	13
nasal discharge	13
crcov isolates	13
sg mrna	13
study day	13
virus type	13
duplex rt	13
may lead	13
software version	13
tested negative	13
swab samples	13
primary antibodies	13
positive semen	13
samples taken	13
histopathological changes	13
cell epitopes	13
randomly assigned	13
reduction assays	13
embryonated chicken	13
three pigs	13
also showed	13
tmuv infection	13
determined using	13
blood agar	13
wild carnivores	13
inactivated prrsv	13
phylogenetic incongruence	13
pedv positive	13
viral species	13
strain ncdv	13
positive results	13
gastrointestinal tract	13
pcr analysis	13
pedv icpc	13
recent study	13
capsular type	13
atcc vr	13
virus stock	13
molecular weight	13
also tested	13
coli strain	13
measured using	13
unpublished data	13
two weeks	13
standard curve	13
pedv strains	13
recombinant virus	13
commercial inactivated	13
reticulum stress	13
type iii	13
white blood	13
porcine intestinal	13
pseudorabies virus	13
virus yield	13
recombinant plasmid	13
comparative analysis	13
virus porcine	13
also found	13
antiviral effect	13
reaction mixture	13
data obtained	13
dead chickens	13
tissue sections	13
surface projections	13
pathogenic porcine	12
us porcine	12
slt ii	12
accessory genes	12
first described	12
strain isolated	12
wild birds	12
beaudette strain	12
possesses aa	12
acid identities	12
vn antibody	12
two major	12
upper respiratory	12
naturally occurring	12
coronavirus associated	12
oral vaccine	12
different concentrations	12
oral swabs	12
attenuated vaccines	12
broad spectrum	12
coronavirus strains	12
attenuated tgev	12
mouse serum	12
genetic heterogeneity	12
pcr kit	12
detected using	12
vhs rna	12
garv strains	12
structural genes	12
highly significant	12
ml per	12
tracheal organ	12
ibv genome	12
lactogenic immunity	12
relatively low	12
pathogen free	12
international committee	12
phosphate buffered	12
statistical analysis	12
economically important	12
three independent	12
using graphpad	12
genetically diverse	12
lung lavage	12
four pigs	12
better understand	12
american isolates	12
wild boars	12
severe gastroenteritis	12
associated lymphoid	12
forward primer	12
three washings	12
cryostat sections	12
serum albumin	12
monkey kidney	12
nervous system	12
like particles	12
ch gd	12
porcine rubulavirus	12
salmonella spp	12
online version	12
commercial vaccines	12
live vaccines	12
agarose gels	12
dual infections	12
young calves	12
american strains	12
viral pathogens	12
rotavirus shedding	12
attenuated strains	12
streptococcus equi	12
korean porcine	12
i strains	12
novel genotype	12
encephalomyelitis virus	12
complete spike	12
novel swine	12
blood cells	12
sequence analyses	12
bovine rotaviruses	12
viral hemorrhagic	12
acute phase	12
bvdv rna	12
virus genome	12
lx genotype	12
replication cycle	12
strains ns	12
simple method	12
genome encodes	12
experimental conditions	12
type prrsv	12
dna probes	12
central nervous	12
genetic recombination	12
coding regions	12
diarrhoeic dogs	12
gene encoding	12
vtec isolates	12
epithelium showed	12
small intestinal	12
signaling pathway	12
porcine alveolar	12
pp ab	12
disease caused	12
secondary bacterial	12
vaccine efficacy	11
nursing piglets	11
virus titers	11
multocida isolates	11
dmem containing	11
neutralising antibodies	11
probe technology	11
attenuated viruses	11
acid hybridization	11
challenge virus	11
purified using	11
common ancestor	11
conserved regions	11
classical swine	11
finishing pigs	11
sequence homology	11
ae se	11
rna copy	11
specific sirnas	11
two calves	11
umbilical cord	11
different time	11
virus may	11
data indicate	11
aa mutations	11
oral inoculation	11
young animals	11
may contribute	11
immunisation failure	11
parental strain	11
diarrhea cases	11
canine adenovirus	11
hi test	11
green monkey	11
phylogenetic group	11
virus vaccines	11
water buffalo	11
dromedary camels	11
fnov gene	11
large numbers	11
dengue virus	11
indel strain	11
cpv vaccines	11
results demonstrated	11
lavage fluid	11
hev specific	11
serum anti	11
body temperatures	11
eastern grey	11
significant association	11
way anova	11
quasispecies evolution	11
membrane proteins	11
ee outbreak	11
hemorrhagic septicaemia	11
virus infected	11
previous reports	11
coronavirus avian	11
prrsv vaccines	11
binding capacity	11
pcr reaction	11
novel serotype	11
future studies	11
assay using	11
ii viruses	11
large intestine	11
mlv vaccines	11
respiratory symptoms	11
feral swine	11
free water	11
quantitative pcr	11
fowl cholera	11
serum igg	11
lesser extent	11
actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae	11
inoculated boars	11
without fip	11
authors thank	11
toxin antigens	11
antibody titer	11
secondary antibody	11
vp protein	11
significantly reduced	11
conducted using	11
cells transfected	11
new variants	11
serum antibodies	11
data suggest	11
rna interference	11
ibv genotypes	11
dairy herds	11
molecular cloning	11
mm sodium	11
coronavirus ibv	11
clinical cases	11
nephropathogenic infectious	11
study showed	11
phase cell	11
diarrheic pigs	11
mammalian cells	11
igg antibodies	11
genetic variation	11
rna extraction	11
fcov types	11
genus alphacoronavirus	11
enteric viruses	11
long time	11
macroscopic lung	11
intestinal epithelium	11
currently available	11
reassortant rotavirus	11
inhibitory effect	11
cv strain	11
genus betacoronavirus	11
serological survey	11
growing pigs	11
lung lobe	11
within days	11
new york	11
first days	11
field strain	11
neutralization test	11
porcine cell	11
stem region	11
haemophilus influenzae	11
pedv antibodies	11
infection may	11
virulence genes	11
plaque reduction	11
also known	11
negative peptide	11
results suggested	10
virus infectivity	10
molecular mechanisms	10
transcription polymerase	10
protein may	10
age groups	10
mm nacl	10
strain cb	10
forming units	10
dmem supplemented	10
light microscopy	10
hybridization probe	10
antimicrobial resistance	10
pedv inoculated	10
negative virus	10
individual pigs	10
acid probe	10
first isolated	10
large number	10
virulent tgev	10
well plate	10
disease signs	10
strains ncdv	10
gel extraction	10
mortality rate	10
considered statistically	10
detection frequency	10
viral genomic	10
selection pressure	10
time qpcr	10
swine infertility	10
older animals	10
sense rna	10
infected chickens	10
pathological changes	10
mediated rig	10
serum collected	10
sequence alignments	10
like ibv	10
mm mgcl	10
inoculated strains	10
high stringency	10
bovine norovirus	10
pig model	10
linked glycosylation	10
canine coronaviruses	10
first detected	10
bronchial lymph	10
rna copies	10
mucosal immunity	10
fold serial	10
jun signaling	10
pig groups	10
hybridization probes	10
viral strain	10
domestic animals	10
high morbidity	10
order nidovirales	10
groove binder	10
viral protein	10
oral immunization	10
crystal structure	10
using mega	10
inflammatory cytokines	10
based vaccines	10
fatal disease	10
mrna synthesis	10
vaccine vector	10
bivalent vaccine	10
table i	10
scrambled sirna	10
many different	10
statistical significance	10
single infection	10
bronchial trachea	10
bvdv infection	10
gnotobiotic piglets	10
systemic infection	10
subviral particles	10
pcr system	10
samples positive	10
year period	10
washed twice	10
mlv vaccine	10
wasting disease	10
coronavirus strain	10
four groups	10
performed according	10
high affinity	10
iib strains	10
egg production	10
alexa fluor	10
pedv specific	10
rna extracted	10
sus scrofa	10
pigs compared	10
microscopic lung	10
rainbow trout	10
immunisation failures	10
like agent	10
south china	10
strong positive	10
fragment length	10
inoculated strain	10
foreign gene	10
dcs infected	10
extraction kit	10
host cells	10
kindly provided	10
immunohistochemical staining	10
adherence inhibition	10
vn antibodies	10
quantitative rt	10
blocking percentages	10
polyclonal antibody	10
coli associated	10
dog population	10
mild clinical	10
host species	10
northern blot	10
inflammatory responses	10
lps administrations	10
acute infection	10
antigenic epitopes	10
field cases	10
dna viruses	10
rectal swab	10
strain llr	10
ccov rna	10
panleukopenia virus	10
embryonated eggs	10
isolates obtained	10
ic values	10
minor groove	10
dna probe	10
mabs recognize	10
adult animals	10
low level	10
fcov fipv	10
based elisa	10
highest viral	10
strains detected	10
rotavirus excretion	10
lung injury	10
novel herpesvirus	10
distantly related	10
interspecies transmission	10
bucov strains	10
provide protection	10
coronavirus rna	10
european countries	10
vt probe	10
macropodid herpesvirus	10
replicase gene	10
specific monoclonal	10
lena strain	10
coronavirus isolated	10
detection limit	10
tembusu virus	10
recombinant pedv	10
wild type	10
tgev infection	10
prrsv alone	10
eae gene	10
avian influenza	10
ad libitum	10
like coronavirus	10
infected calves	10
strains used	10
recombinant plasmids	10
two continents	10
gibco brl	10
cats without	10
virus titration	10
available vaccines	10
spray drying	10
cytopathic effects	10
coinfected groups	10
final extension	10
biological properties	10
secondary infections	10
infection group	10
like covs	10
restriction fragment	10
neonatal pigs	10
effacing lesion	9
black tea	9
use committee	9
among groups	9
one isolate	9
calculated based	9
bvdv isolates	9
new antigenic	9
cells using	9
experimental groups	9
laboratory cats	9
length polymorphism	9
inoculated group	9
antigenic variation	9
heterologous strains	9
dna copies	9
related viruses	9
van kasteren	9
transmission electron	9
bor infected	9
culture supernatants	9
parvovirus strains	9
orf protein	9
ciliary activity	9
virus nonstructural	9
real time	9
two dogs	9
readily detected	9
saudi arabia	9
per bird	9
phylogenetic relationships	9
control study	9
mrna transcription	9
lelystad isolate	9
homologous rna	9
coinfection group	9
swine testis	9
genetic changes	9
weeks later	9
currently circulating	9
ct values	9
mda titres	9
clostridium perfringens	9
remains unclear	9
strains showed	9
remains unknown	9
chicken erythrocytes	9
two new	9
neonatal piglets	9
sequence comparisons	9
recent studies	9
prrsv genome	9
vaccine groups	9
sequence comparison	9
weaning multisystemic	9
influenza viruses	9
labelled virus	9
inoculated calves	9
experimentally induced	9
primer sequences	9
cell tropism	9
examined daily	9
primary antibody	9
using anti	9
subgenus embecovirus	9
enteric pathogen	9
dna sequencing	9
virus titer	9
significantly decreased	9
recombinant dna	9
leader sequence	9
microtiter plate	9
attenuated virus	9
vaccination programs	9
multiple pathogens	9
inclusion bodies	9
prrsv may	9
nsp gene	9
cryptosporidium parvum	9
pcr buffer	9
previous work	9
pigs experimentally	9
sequence diversity	9
rna segments	9
rotavirus isolates	9
crude extract	9
ch ibvs	9
united kingdom	9
strain nrtw	9
stringency conditions	9
colistin resistance	9
mda interference	9
isolated virus	9
samples contained	9
polyacrylamide gels	9
cdna synthesis	9
high genetic	9
ng ml	9
rabbit hemorrhagic	9
commonly detected	9
antigenic properties	9
high prevalence	9
beef cattle	9
low virulent	9
cdna fragments	9
primary vaccination	9
lawsonia intracellularis	9
uninfected control	9
economic impact	9
genetically different	9
virus isolate	9
southern blot	9
strains may	9
inflammatory response	9
bp mismatch	9
attenuated group	9
widely distributed	9
syncytial virus	9
mammary gland	9
least two	9
dmem rpmi	9
european strains	9
rnase free	9
candidate compounds	9
base pair	9
continuous cell	9
immunodeficiency virus	9
first week	9
cause disease	9
cultured cells	9
natural infection	9
mgb probe	9
orf ab	9
horseshoe bats	9
intestinal mucosa	9
lymphoid depletion	9
clinical scores	9
four isolates	9
samples obtained	9
step rt	9
negative sera	9
pathological examination	9
years ago	9
diarrheic piglets	9
using rt	9
dog populations	9
using polymerase	9
subtype strains	9
different virulence	9
maximum likelihood	9
reported previously	9
necropsy reports	9
rotavirus infections	9
sample collection	9
estimating fifty	9
african green	9
type ibv	9
first detection	9
bat coronaviruses	9
diagnostic tests	9
fimbrial adhesin	9
rnase digestion	9
catenin signaling	9
comparative studies	9
fluorescence microscope	9
high sensitivity	9
microtiter plates	9
infectious dose	9
graphpad software	9
commercial vaccine	9
agar plates	9
different geographic	9
parvovirus vaccine	9
histological lesions	9
newcastle disease	9
aichi virus	9
protein levels	9
accessory protein	9
coronavirus type	9
one sample	9
host factors	9
bvdv strains	9
rna isolation	9
histopathological examination	9
initial peaks	9
developed severe	9
coronavirus vaccine	9
recorded daily	9
septicaemia virus	9
shiga toxins	9
rabbit igg	9
spike proteins	9
coronavirus oc	9
respiratory syncytial	9
containing mm	9
weeks old	9
also possible	9
ccov type	9
hemorrhagic disease	9
also present	9
cpv mlv	9
showed clinical	9
inoculated onto	9
serum ifn	9
cpv vaccination	9
pcr detection	9
green i	9
one dog	9
inoculated nursing	8
severe respiratory	8
ibv variants	8
whole cell	8
immunofluorescence assay	8
one strain	8
stranded dna	8
danish pigs	8
post inoculation	8
lung viral	8
virus induced	8
hi titers	8
attachment sites	8
south dakota	8
ct value	8
tissues collected	8
bvd virus	8
type cpv	8
three compounds	8
pig nos	8
candidate vaccines	8
cell passage	8
previously shown	8
genomic characterization	8
also reported	8
bovine diarrhea	8
electron microscopic	8
lesion scores	8
reproductive tract	8
diagnostic methods	8
false layers	8
umbilical cords	8
hscas i	8
prrsv infectious	8
cpv strains	8
vaccine group	8
increased pathogenicity	8
mucosal lesions	8
nasal tonsil	8
developed diarrhea	8
humoral immune	8
clinical significance	8
vaccinated sows	8
new coronavirus	8
quantitative real	8
samples using	8
remained negative	8
postmortem examination	8
dodecyl sulfate	8
expression vector	8
reovirus type	8
vaccinia virus	8
data set	8
animal welfare	8
viral nucleic	8
total wbc	8
mucosal immune	8
industry worldwide	8
antigenically distinct	8
genotype infectious	8
per segment	8
data indicated	8
bovine virus	8
cells showed	8
swine farms	8
grey kangaroos	8
specific binding	8
culture collection	8
proteins encoded	8
natural infections	8
sensitive detection	8
pfu ml	8
ml dmem	8
shed virus	8
acute prrs	8
virus comparison	8
least three	8
institutional animal	8
dependent enhancement	8
coronaviridae family	8
remaining two	8
liquid nitrogen	8
ovine rotavirus	8
sentinel pigs	8
specific probe	8
monolayer assay	8
bat cov	8
antigenic relationship	8
visual inspection	8
new porcine	8
gds strain	8
coronavirus nucleocapsid	8
te ovud	8
strains representing	8
following inoculation	8
dutch btovs	8
aa insertion	8
mesenteric lymph	8
captive mob	8
higher incidence	8
cell entry	8
protein inhibits	8
porcine transmissible	8
envelope proteins	8
recombinant protein	8
type vaccine	8
lymphoid follicles	8
type isolates	8
vn titers	8
coinfected pigs	8
multiple sequence	8
ii positive	8
dependent manner	8
live canine	8
group coronavirus	8
pigs porcine	8
edema disease	8
spf embryonated	8
using primers	8
expression levels	8
stx strains	8
montanide tm	8
abdominal breathing	8
water bath	8
tw strains	8
old pups	8
molecular methods	8
pedv igg	8
coli bacteria	8
qiaamp viral	8
exudative epidermitis	8
vaccine containing	8
radiolabelled virus	8
border disease	8
pedv cv	8
tgev strains	8
associated disease	8
cd dcs	8
nonglycosylated form	8
acid identity	8
multocida strains	8
using trizol	8
pedv shedding	8
high virulence	8
ovud ita	8
pigs developed	8
variant cpv	8
equi subsp	8
diagnostic laboratories	8
veterinary research	8
swedish ibv	8
mortem examination	8
remaining pigs	8
diagnostic laboratory	8
protein genes	8
fip cases	8
sp antigen	8
peptide inhibitors	8
tracheobronchial lymph	8
virus spike	8
infected immature	8
genotype subtype	8
respiratory epithelium	8
vero cytotoxin	8
reduced expression	8
conserved region	8
two additional	8
induced cpe	8
elisa kit	8
induced disease	8
longitudinal study	8
test compounds	8
culture plates	8
cd cells	8
sodium dodecyl	8
calves infected	8
iii interferon	8
national veterinary	8
lung lesion	8
canine parvoviruses	8
takara bio	8
stx genes	8
early stage	8
genetics system	8
viral diseases	8
immunoperoxidase monolayer	8
viral clearance	8
veterinary institute	8
foster city	8
herpesvirus infection	8
hybridization results	8
equal volumes	8
cause severe	8
four times	8
american swine	8
two piglets	8
swine pedv	8
genomic region	8
different prrsv	8
omp profiles	8
viral titer	8
expected size	8
avian species	8
specific genes	8
acid substitutions	8
blood lymphocytes	8
genome profiles	8
nested polymerase	8
mutant virus	8
antigenic variant	8
restriction endonuclease	8
recombination regions	8
foetal calf	8
domestic swine	8
tissue homogenate	8
congenital prrsv	8
treatment group	8
massachusetts type	8
growth curve	8
genomic analysis	8
macconkey agar	8
wild ruminants	8
dual infection	8
bat origin	8
serially diluted	8
also isolated	8
highest serum	8
boars i	8
porcine plasma	8
financial support	8
specific igg	8
supplementary data	8
histological changes	8
serotype i	8
restriction enzymes	8
iowa state	8
test using	8
rotavirus rna	8
toxin producing	8
rpmi medium	8
gelatin plug	8
subtype strain	8
statistical analyses	8
ifn production	8
significantly different	8
rpd cells	8
crude theaflavin	8
virus inoculum	8
cell responses	8
biological characteristics	8
cattle farms	8
strain bor	8
villous atrophy	8
viral titers	8
pigs exhibited	8
protective efficacy	8
like particle	8
culture media	8
novel virus	8
thank dr	8
enteropathogenic escherichia	8
rneasy mini	8
five times	8
korean btovs	8
subcellular localization	8
orf encodes	8
transcription factor	8
shedding pattern	8
pedv wv	8
farm animals	8
membrane filters	8
cfu ml	8
old calves	8
described elsewhere	8
abi prism	8
early stages	8
cell types	8
streptococcus suis	8
showed high	8
coronavirus isolates	8
negative results	8
protein encoded	8
vp genes	8
amplification product	8
gene showed	8
wild pig	8
second passage	8
viral infectivity	8
isolate vr	8
syndrome viruses	8
control measures	8
group control	8
protective immune	8
infected mdbk	8
crypt epithelial	8
human rotaviruses	8
heterologous rna	8
skin lesions	8
highly divergent	8
days later	8
nucleotide sequencing	8
pathogenic prrsv	8
expression level	8
rva strains	8
primary infection	8
may occur	8
experimental studies	8
bal fluids	8
apparent molecular	8
extracted using	8
lung tissues	8
human immunodeficiency	8
field isolate	8
divergent evolution	8
avian coronaviruses	8
strain gds	8
omph proteins	8
randomly selected	8
whole genomic	8
study also	8
study days	7
geographic regions	7
gel st	7
cells seeded	7
method described	7
test serum	7
stc infected	7
nasal cavity	7
tissue homogenates	7
particle associated	7
duck peripheral	7
phosphate broth	7
pantropic canine	7
first reported	7
coding sequence	7
strains identified	7
stomatitis virus	7
affected piglets	7
previously demonstrated	7
economic loss	7
trizol reagent	7
apoptotic pathway	7
rabbit polyclonal	7
secondary antibodies	7
bp dna	7
clay minerals	7
capsular pcr	7
provide valuable	7
bovine kidney	7
binding domain	7
cattle industry	7
epidemiological survey	7
investigated whether	7
hours post	7
outer capsid	7
simian hemorrhagic	7
two main	7
confluent monolayers	7
deletion mutant	7
viral attachment	7
phosphate buffer	7
respiratory diseases	7
cell monolayer	7
pcv alone	7
gene fragments	7
spf weaned	7
mutant viruses	7
target genes	7
better understanding	7
resistance genes	7
different times	7
locate vetmic	7
cell nuclei	7
diagnostic assays	7
virus associated	7
small number	7
allantoic cavity	7
diseased cats	7
sialic acids	7
veterinary diagnostic	7
haemorrhagic enteritis	7
old embryonated	7
i ifn	7
irf activation	7
cdna clones	7
crossover region	7
prrsv type	7
vaccinated broiler	7
severe lesions	7
epitope fusions	7
domestic dogs	7
heterologous field	7
adj vaccinated	7
line ipec	7
weaning piglets	7
chickens challenged	7
dna ladder	7
chimeric viruses	7
sigma chemical	7
square test	7
weight gain	7
com locate	7
isolates tested	7
recombinant proteins	7
old specific	7
antibody production	7
body junction	7
randomly divided	7
additional studies	7
piglets inoculated	7
type infection	7
significantly associated	7
vaccinated pig	7
diarrhea viruses	7
using real	7
uninfected pigs	7
experimentally inoculated	7
membrane fusion	7
indicate significant	7
samples containing	7
pcr reactions	7
large intestines	7
culture propagated	7
acid substitution	7
coli infection	7
using two	7
year old	7
assay kit	7
blocking elisa	7
virus recovery	7
may help	7
also obtained	7
acute disease	7
virus infectious	7
infected cattle	7
cattle herd	7
specific probes	7
enterocyte fractions	7
prrsv nc	7
significant increase	7
two cell	7
aa residues	7
shxb strain	7
respiratory disorders	7
red foxes	7
primer set	7
prism software	7
extended host	7
copy number	7
systemic immune	7
mediated immunity	7
specific fluorescence	7
herd immunity	7
immune evasion	7
vaccinated animals	7
time period	7
synthetic peptide	7
bone marrow	7
investigate whether	7
major outer	7
transcriptional activity	7
purified protein	7
bcov infection	7
morphological changes	7
tryptose phosphate	7
indirect immunofluorescence	7
rich fraction	7
th day	7
pedv vaccine	7
adenovirus type	7
us ibv	7
family arteriviridae	7
numbers ml	7
hemorrhagic fever	7
findings suggest	7
american prrsv	7
virus serotype	7
originally isolated	7
per cell	7
ng level	7
lower respiratory	7
hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis	7
lower levels	7
suckling pigs	7
antibody testing	7
th passage	7
md cases	7
strain showed	7
mammalian orthoreovirus	7
syncytium formation	7
well documented	7
well microtiter	7
median age	7
virulence factors	7
vesicular stomatitis	7
simultaneous detection	7
without clinical	7
virus neutralisation	7
major cause	7
dried porcine	7
vaccinated dogs	7
cell receptors	7
uninfected cells	7
peav infection	7
passive transfer	7
dried samples	7
may cause	7
antiviral efficacy	7
equine coronavirus	7
strand rna	7
acid residues	7
high titers	7
nasal secretions	7
molecular characterisation	7
blot assay	7
dna synthesis	7
rotavirus group	7
porcine rotaviruses	7
cycle progression	7
medium supplemented	7
cell growth	7
roman numeral	7
ma cells	7
new species	7
two large	7
high sequence	7
virus antigen	7
oral vaccines	7
without enrichment	7
primers fecv	7
different parts	7
multiplex real	7
animal experiment	7
old group	7
viral genomes	7
polyclonal antibodies	7
boar i	7
virulence determinants	7
primers used	7
virus structural	7
time quantitative	7
positive animals	7
mononuclear cells	7
nt sequence	7
ml reaction	7
bromide staining	7
important cause	7
like genotype	7
intravascular macrophages	7
persistent infections	7
retrospective study	7
received ml	7
hypervariable regions	7
significant changes	7
bovine enterovirus	7
positive puppies	7
analysis based	7
virulent pedv	7
major structural	7
gene among	7
gene copies	7
isolation kit	7
agarose beads	7
may facilitate	7
free pigs	7
congenital prrs	7
strain pc	7
genome organization	7
several studies	7
synonymous substitutions	7
ibv infection	7
different superscripts	7
ibv vaccine	7
infected nursing	7
inactivated vaccines	7
rna probes	7
trim expression	7
viral reduction	7
pathogenic potential	7
severe economic	7
mvc isolate	7
among different	7
atypical prrs	7
orf recombinant	7
recently identified	7
examination revealed	7
animals may	7
human beings	7
two residues	7
considered negative	7
studies showed	7
pedv infectivity	7
clinical specimens	7
major parent	7
high fever	7
complete genomes	7
incubation period	7
human rectal	7
signal transduction	7
sample containing	7
two mabs	7
junction sites	7
pigs persistently	7
fip symptoms	7
aa sequence	7
ulcerative cloacitis	7
selected regions	7
subgroups present	7
rotavirus genome	7
genomic copies	7
gp protein	7
necrosis factor	7
domestic cats	7
genetic characteristics	7
siga antibodies	7
high rate	7
pig populations	7
mitochondrial apoptotic	7
higher prevalence	7
porcine arterivirus	7
standard deviation	7
also confirmed	7
specific primer	7
observation period	7
mean age	7
parental viruses	7
different ibv	7
neonatal diarrhoea	7
fresh organ	7
bvdv type	7
subunit fedf	7
suppurative bronchopneumonia	7
bubalus bubalis	7
us strain	7
bi analysis	7
naturally acquired	7
bio inc	7
plasma membrane	7
rapid diagnosis	7
pig farm	7
considered significant	7
postmortem findings	7
detect viral	7
vulpes vulpes	7
coronavirus genome	7
molecular evolution	7
virulent prrsv	7
immune activation	7
infected mature	7
low levels	7
supplementary material	7
artificial insemination	7
blood cell	7
first two	7
sow herds	7
frequently observed	7
large amounts	7
antigenically different	7
new zealand	7
approximately kb	7
software package	7
protein expressed	7
prrs vaccine	7
toxin genes	7
pcv template	7
recombinant tw	7
fatal outcome	7
strain ili	7
obviously higher	7
one hundred	7
van gucht	7
cultures inoculated	7
parent strain	7
san diego	7
poultry farms	7
high specificity	7
become infected	7
neutral red	7
different species	7
following virus	7
tmuv serum	7
weaning diarrhea	7
isolate atcc	7
commercial elisa	7
mean zo	7
respiratory tissues	7
optical density	7
dependent rna	7
pigs tested	7
two peptides	7
viral gene	7
lamp reaction	7
rva infection	7
nucleocapsid gene	7
amplified using	7
washing three	7
neutral buffered	7
supplemented media	7
ihc staining	7
mc index	7
bordetella bronchiseptica	7
protein sequences	7
hscas ii	7
three tests	7
chemical co	7
cells cultured	7
rhesus monkey	7
varying degrees	7
pathogenic strain	7
fecal sample	7
natural host	7
analysis using	7
type virus	7
laboratory manual	7
conserved among	7
viral titre	7
within min	7
high nucleotide	7
mock infected	7
massachusetts genotype	7
partial characterization	7
may provide	7
biosecurity measures	7
genome sequencing	7
attenuated live	7
mystery swine	7
microtiter assay	7
kidney cell	7
restriction enzyme	7
ha activity	7
prototype strain	7
data show	7
viral disease	7
public health	7
weight loss	7
swine disease	7
different animal	7
new virus	7
amplified products	7
diaphragmatic lung	7
lamp assay	7
single stranded	6
inhibitory peptides	6
minimal essential	6
virulent lena	6
swedish isolate	6
eastern europe	6
clinically healthy	6
bat species	6
western immunoblot	6
length genome	6
variable regions	6
prrs pigs	6
stable toxin	6
pbs containing	6
diverse strains	6
veal calves	6
enzyme mix	6
relationship among	6
cells well	6
point mutation	6
ch strains	6
clinical manifestations	6
new insights	6
palm civets	6
highly susceptible	6
control animals	6
replication slippage	6
start codon	6
mice immunized	6
different genotypes	6
dr dcs	6
strains belonged	6
protein interacts	6
red blood	6
protein antagonizes	6
three isolates	6
ml streptomycin	6
elisa plate	6
assays based	6
immunized mice	6
animal shelter	6
gene set	6
virus expressing	6
binder probe	6
species transmission	6
highest dilution	6
presenting cells	6
old type	6
neutralization assays	6
increased numbers	6
mild diarrhea	6
diagnostic test	6
uc davis	6
thermo scientific	6
young dogs	6
gnotobiotic calf	6
inoculated intranasally	6
orally immunized	6
porcine coronavirus	6
animal disease	6
reaction volume	6
various tissues	6
reference brv	6
pigs exposed	6
proinflammatory cytokines	6
newborn piglet	6
pedv genome	6
global distribution	6
vitro transcription	6
direct detection	6
studies demonstrated	6
piglets experimentally	6
infected naturally	6
ibv reference	6
porcine small	6
two sets	6
etiological agent	6
methods used	6
infectious pedv	6
inhibition assays	6
ecov infection	6
three viruses	6
peak titer	6
remained seronegative	6
containing mg	6
genome segments	6
case reports	6
south america	6
cat populations	6
virus followed	6
rotavirus genotypes	6
disease syndrome	6
cycling conditions	6
nested rt	6
new strains	6
hev transcription	6
may account	6
virus evolution	6
lung sections	6
interferon induction	6
gene revealed	6
strictly related	6
strain black	6
leptospira interrogans	6
bloody diarrhea	6
infection caused	6
key role	6
reaction assay	6
novel human	6
virus detection	6
interferon response	6
four piglets	6
dna load	6
direct contact	6
functional groups	6
virus virulence	6
following experimental	6
brachyspira hyodysenteriae	6
observed daily	6
chinese qx	6
passaged times	6
health status	6
strain vr	6
bat covs	6
taq polymerase	6
cdna using	6
several countries	6
competing interests	6
tissues examined	6
salt solution	6
reverse transcribed	6
enterohemolysin activity	6
low pathogenic	6
mem containing	6
viruses belonging	6
cecal tonsil	6
essential regions	6
among rotaviruses	6
antibody titre	6
see section	6
dendritic cell	6
avian strains	6
immunoglobulin classes	6
will help	6
large white	6
infected vero	6
inactivated porcine	6
bootstrap values	6
old female	6
regulatory sequence	6
tumor necrosis	6
silver staining	6
showed severe	6
rhesus rotavirus	6
brazilian strains	6
dually infected	6
nine pigs	6
significant economic	6
potential role	6
evolutionary history	6
remaining three	6
asymptomatic infection	6
guangxi province	6
infected mo	6
iu ml	6
month old	6
frequently detected	6
na na	6
examined using	6
pathogens associated	6
group mean	6
protein induces	6
thermal cycler	6
envelope glycoprotein	6
different isolates	6
diarrheic foal	6
using conventional	6
perfringens type	6
adaptive immune	6
tm gel	6
infections may	6
group i	6
based real	6
poor growth	6
experimental animal	6
pid onwards	6
new ibv	6
rna replication	6
gene insertion	6
prrsv orf	6
gene insertions	6
rotavirus llr	6
vaccine based	6
target cells	6
jun expression	6
log ffu	6
ifn antagonism	6
type dna	6
spread rapidly	6
five samples	6
chicken embryos	6
co incubator	6
slightly higher	6
cov rna	6
del pedvs	6
strain gx	6
virus molecular	6
enteric infections	6
negative samples	6
cells supporting	6
mouse erythrocytes	6
positive controls	6
also performed	6
new vaccines	6
present mvc	6
pcv isolates	6
detection methods	6
cov hku	6
i prrsv	6
rapid identification	6
diversity within	6
replication kinetics	6
monitored daily	6
potentially involved	6
btov infections	6
showed disorganization	6
type culture	6
guinea fowl	6
two viral	6
vice versa	6
serum dilutions	6
weeks post	6
well tissue	6
ace receptor	6
vaccination guidelines	6
aa deletion	6
pcr typing	6
antiviral agents	6
aa substitutions	6
utero infection	6