bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
respiratory syndrome	985
virus infection	893
infected cells	805
viral rna	644
amino acid	573
type i	540
syndrome coronavirus	523
immune response	519
influenza virus	516
immune responses	506
virus replication	487
acute respiratory	486
viral replication	468
ebola virus	461
middle east	415
east respiratory	400
viral infection	377
severe acute	372
respiratory tract	371
cell lines	348
zika virus	347
innate immune	346
rna viruses	334
infectious bronchitis	307
neutralizing antibodies	288
respiratory syncytial	285
cell culture	283
epithelial cells	282
immunodeficiency virus	278
syncytial virus	278
gene expression	277
viral proteins	272
antiviral activity	270
endoplasmic reticulum	254
vero cells	251
cell line	250
cell surface	244
cord uid	243
doc id	243
viruses doi	243
dengue virus	240
bronchitis virus	240
fever virus	239
host cell	228
encephalitis virus	225
viral infections	225
syndrome virus	225
porcine reproductive	222
porcine epidemic	221
rna synthesis	219
west nile	219
dendritic cells	213
amino acids	212
epidemic diarrhea	207
plasma membrane	203
feline infectious	203
rna polymerase	203
previously described	203
infectious peritonitis	202
nile virus	199
diarrhea virus	196
immune system	191
virus type	189
marburg virus	189
human coronavirus	188
i interferon	186
innate immunity	186
spike protein	185
structural proteins	185
electron microscopy	185
authors declare	184
viral genome	184
vaccinia virus	183
rift valley	182
i ifn	182
valley fever	181
infected cats	180
bat species	180
western blot	176
cov infection	174
performed using	174
phylogenetic analysis	171
stranded rna	169
life cycle	169
clinical signs	165
hemorrhagic fever	163
herpes simplex	161
disease virus	159
human immunodeficiency	158
host cells	158
previous studies	158
simplex virus	157
cells infected	157
closely related	156
clinical trials	156
novel coronavirus	151
rna replication	150
capsid protein	149
nucleocapsid protein	148
rna virus	148
feline coronavirus	147
cell death	146
room temperature	145
well plates	145
protein expression	145
time pcr	145
sars coronavirus	144
united states	144
like receptor	143
virus entry	142
infectious virus	142
viral particles	140
viral protein	140
virus infections	139
cell entry	138
membrane fusion	137
coronavirus infection	137
signaling pathway	137
important role	137
results showed	136
sialic acid	131
significantly higher	130
nucleic acid	130
viral entry	130
antiviral response	128
lassa virus	127
public health	125
lassa fever	123
dependent manner	122
animal models	121
nipah virus	121
serum samples	121
dependent rna	121
present study	121
virus particles	121
natal rgn	120
may also	119
influenza viruses	119
zikv natal	118
time points	118
infectious diseases	118
neutralizing antibody	117
respiratory viruses	117
reverse transcription	117
human papillomavirus	117
rsv infection	117
days post	116
host immune	116
treated cells	115
cell lysates	115
open reading	113
bovine serum	113
binding domain	113
complete genome	112
dromedary camels	111
human metapneumovirus	110
cell responses	110
like particles	110
virus disease	108
bone marrow	108
adaptive immune	108
genomic rna	108
thermo fisher	107
genetic diversity	107
host factors	107
binding site	107
goat anti	107
feline immunodeficiency	107
receptor binding	106
described previously	106
ubiquitin ligase	106
highly pathogenic	106
host range	105
zikv infection	105
nonstructural protein	105
poly i	105
transcription factor	105
monoclonal antibody	104
flow cytometry	104
negative control	104
specific antibodies	104
lower respiratory	103
viral load	103
iav infection	103
monoclonal antibodies	103
mouse model	102
japanese encephalitis	102
three times	101
natural products	101
cell types	101
like viruses	101
orf protein	101
binding protein	100
fusion protein	99
antibody titers	98
high levels	98
yellow fever	98
respiratory disease	98
antibody responses	98
vesicular stomatitis	97
rabies virus	97
highly conserved	97
influenza vaccine	97
fisher scientific	97
fcov type	96
previous study	95
stomatitis virus	95
nucleotide sequences	95
strand rna	95
nervous system	95
reporter gene	95
target cells	94
leukemia virus	94
structural protein	94
tissue culture	94
pregnant women	94
borne encephalitis	94
analyzed using	93
binding sites	93
infected mice	92
chikungunya virus	91
human respiratory	91
regulatory factor	91
membrane protein	90
peer review	90
determine whether	90
enveloped viruses	90
chain reaction	90
risk factors	89
human coronaviruses	89
results suggest	89
polymerase chain	89
significant differences	88
cellular proteins	88
cellular immune	88
mammalian cells	88
replication complex	87
vaccine development	87
significant difference	87
central nervous	87
dna viruses	87
porcine circovirus	87
ion channel	86
fruit bats	86
taken together	86
upper respiratory	86
avian influenza	86
clinical samples	86
open access	85
genome sequence	85
saudi arabia	84
virus production	84
tcid ml	84
sequence identity	84
acid sequence	84
rna extraction	84
membrane vesicles	84
virus glycoprotein	83
crystal structure	83
mice immunized	82
results indicate	82
west african	82
cell cultures	82
hong kong	82
genome sequences	82
avian infectious	81
extracellular vesicles	81
viral genomes	81
lipid mixing	81
reading frame	81
hepatitis virus	80
class i	80
supplementary materials	80
available online	80
secretory pathway	80
sense rna	80
envelope protein	80
transmissible gastroenteritis	80
newcastle disease	80
antiviral activities	79
well plate	79
spectrum antiviral	79
recent study	79
hela cells	79
three independent	78
coronavirus replication	78
er stress	78
animal model	78
cleavage site	78
virus strains	78
article distributed	77
host proteins	77
virus rna	77
viral envelope	77
ebov gp	77
recombination events	77
protein kinase	77
time rt	77
commons attribution	77
rhesus macaques	77
access article	77
experimentally infected	77
type ii	77
creative commons	77
transcription factors	76
expression levels	76
wt mice	76
interferon regulatory	76
previously reported	76
tract infections	76
protective immunity	76
protein levels	76
virus titers	76
terminal region	76
even though	75
transfected cells	75
viral dna	75
membrane rearrangements	75
endothelial cells	75
antiviral agents	74
binding affinity	74
wdnhbe cells	74
clinical trial	74
nk cells	74
replication cycle	74
coronavirus infections	74
ibv infection	73
independent experiments	73
signaling pathways	73
two different	73
mice infected	73
pcr assay	73
infected cell	73
san diego	72
fluorescent protein	72
myeloid cells	72
nonstructural proteins	72
pcr assays	71
virus genome	71
antibody response	71
virus ns	71
mouth disease	71
pcr products	71
positive samples	70
acid sequences	70
live attenuated	70
dub activity	70
positive control	70
cdna clone	70
total rna	70
like receptors	69
flying fox	69
coronavirus spike	69
antiviral effects	69
fetal bovine	69
wide range	69
phylogenetic trees	69
reverse transcriptase	68
replication complexes	68
airway epithelial	68
insect cells	68
packaging cells	68
recombinant viruses	68
rna genome	68
inflammatory cytokines	68
inhibitory activity	68
nucleotide sequence	67
active site	67
ifn signaling	67
immune cells	67
pedv infection	67
black flying	66
protein synthesis	66
antiviral effect	66
human cytomegalovirus	66
mg ml	66
cell cycle	66
mouse hepatitis	66
lymph nodes	66
positive cells	66
cells treated	66
nonhuman primates	66
western blotting	66
antiviral responses	65
ct values	65
vaccine strain	65
cell fusion	65
ns protein	65
terminal domain	65
oxidative stress	65
viral titers	65
phase i	65
virus vaccine	64
also found	64
infected patients	64
matrix protein	64
genbank accession	64
escherichia coli	64
feline leukemia	64
accession number	64
i ii	64
health organization	63
envelope glycoprotein	63
statistically significant	63
forest virus	63
per well	63
infected animals	63
lymphocytic choriomeningitis	63
mrna levels	63
reservoir hosts	63
experimental infection	63
ifn response	62
widely used	62
weight loss	62
human cells	62
lysis buffer	62
guinea pigs	62
least one	62
protein interactions	61
choriomeningitis virus	61
life technologies	61
many viruses	61
fecal samples	61
replicative structures	61
world health	61
plaque assay	61
another study	61
vaccine candidates	60
conformational changes	60
sindbis virus	60
recombinant baculovirus	60
reverse genetics	59
naturally infected	59
positive selection	59
electron tomography	59
secondary antibody	59
semliki forest	59
virus strain	59
ond pi	59
dh ond	59
protein translation	58
circovirus type	58
cell response	58
day post	58
peripheral blood	58
large number	58
equine encephalitis	58
genome replication	58
protein response	58
recent years	57
inhibitory effect	57
new world	57
based vaccine	57
linked immunosorbent	57
data suggest	57
infectious cdna	57
sequence analysis	56
unfolded protein	56
vaccine candidate	56
luciferase reporter	56
stimulated genes	56
specific cd	56
denv infection	56
quality control	56
pandemic influenza	56
blot analysis	56
supplementary table	56
alexa fluor	56
hydrogen bonding	56
cells expressing	55
clinical features	55
similar results	55
also showed	55
clinical isolates	55
virus neutralization	55
reading frames	55
severe rsv	55
low levels	55
transmembrane domain	55
membrane proteins	55
also known	55
i ifns	55
respiratory infections	55
post infection	55
protective efficacy	55
study showed	55
fruit bat	55
graphpad prism	55
age groups	55
molecular characterization	55
generation sequencing	54
host species	54
interferon signaling	54
immune evasion	54
gastroenteritis virus	54
adaptive immunity	54
causative agent	54
samples collected	54
cell membranes	54
interferon response	54
ck ch	54
virus transmission	54
young children	54
host interactions	54
data indicate	54
viral loads	54
viral life	53
swine fever	53
dna polymerase	53
rd cells	53
culture supernatants	53
commonly used	53
infected pigs	53
sudv vlps	53
respiratory virus	53
pedv nsp	53
significantly lower	53
ebov infection	53
antiviral immunity	53
immunized mice	53
also observed	52
fold change	52
better understand	52
molecular mechanisms	52
mers coronavirus	52
coronavirus oc	52
applied biosystems	52
human infection	52
three different	52
cell viability	52
west africa	52
hendra virus	52
pfu ml	52
significantly increased	52
nucleic acids	52
human transmission	52
detected using	52
significantly reduced	51
recombinant virus	51
rgn srips	51
culture medium	51
virus titer	51
feline calicivirus	51
determined using	51
novel viruses	51
inflammatory response	51
coronavirus nucleocapsid	51
spedv virus	51
also identified	51
critical role	51
buffered saline	51
systematic review	51
sequence data	50
filovirus infection	50
hd cells	50
cell type	50
control groups	50
measles virus	50
frog virus	50
mouse igg	50
viral sequences	50
bagv isolates	50
control group	50
plaque reduction	50
translation initiation	50
viral gene	50
recent studies	50
cultured cells	50
cell membrane	50
conjugated goat	49
southern china	49
prrsv strain	49
emerging viruses	49
coronavirus infectious	49
current study	49
mouse anti	49
dendritic cell	49
calculated using	49
green fluorescent	49
specific igy	49
chronic hepatitis	49
fast proteins	49
future studies	49
ibv beaudette	49
thermo scientific	49
genogroup i	48
uninfected cells	48
mosquito cells	48
pattern recognition	48
coronavirus disease	48
nlrp inflammasome	48
chadox schikv	48
whole genome	48
innate antiviral	48
cells well	48
capsid proteins	48
animal species	48
acid residues	48
virus hemagglutinin	48
wild type	47
washed three	47
od values	47
hcmv infection	47
cytopathic effect	47
different cell	47
virus isolation	47
infectious disease	47
confocal microscopy	47
virus assembly	47
time point	47
induced apoptosis	47
serially diluted	47
specific igg	47
tested positive	46
one study	46
spike glycoprotein	46
vaccine vector	46
persistent infection	46
sequence alignment	46
new virus	46
sudv gp	46
cellular receptor	46
mhc class	46
recognition receptors	46
gene mutations	46
rnase activity	46
sialic acids	46
phylogenetic tree	46
human bocavirus	46
human monoclonal	46
growth factor	46
nanopore sequencing	46
cellular membranes	46
converting enzyme	46
incubation period	46
total number	46
transmission electron	46
results indicated	46
canine parvovirus	45
magnetic bead	45
genome sequencing	45
coding region	45
dna vaccine	45
envelope proteins	45
way anova	45
three days	45
standard deviation	45
also used	45
viral diseases	45
ge healthcare	45
kidney cells	45
two viruses	45
associated protein	45
approved drugs	45
respiratory distress	45
two groups	44
international committee	44
mosaic virus	44
body weight	44
inflammatory responses	44
several studies	44
venezuelan equine	44
specific antibody	44
envelope glycoproteins	44
small molecule	44
blood samples	44
subcellular localization	44
barr virus	44
negative controls	44
infection induces	44
complete protection	44
gel electrophoresis	44
measured using	44
immunosorbent assay	44
signal peptide	44
spinal cord	44
copy numbers	44
mrna expression	44
ev replication	44
protein interaction	44
two weeks	43
related viruses	43
molecular epidemiology	43
fast protein	43
cells using	43
rna sequencing	43
novel human	43
tract disease	43
prrsv infection	43
marburg viruses	43
infectious clone	43
hcv replication	43
species transmission	43
golgi apparatus	43
primary human	43
borne viruses	43
host innate	43
type virus	43
surface expression	43
humoral immune	43
neutralizing activity	43
higher levels	43
membrane structures	43
felv infection	43
feline coronaviruses	43
least three	43
challenged birds	42
subunit vaccines	42
ibv infected	42
accessory proteins	42
disease severity	42
analysis revealed	42
previous reports	42
domestic cats	42
sf cells	42
bat populations	42
dh cells	42
statistical significance	42
culture supernatant	42
kindly provided	42
mass spectrometry	42
accession numbers	42
light chain	42
human airway	42
antiviral drugs	42
fluorescence intensity	42
inhibitory effects	42
tissue samples	42
virus nonstructural	42
mononuclear cells	41
murine coronavirus	41
epithelial cell	41
recombination event	41
cfu ml	41
early stages	41
cell activation	41
od value	41
zoonotic viruses	41
proinflammatory cytokines	41
perk inhibitor	41
immune cell	41
pedv strains	41
expression level	41
significant increase	41
ic activity	41
growth kinetics	41
medium containing	41
serum albumin	41
antibody levels	41
viral genomic	41
tract infection	41
transcriptional activity	41
ic values	40
cov replication	40
may provide	40
subunit vaccine	40
lymphoid tissues	40
maximum likelihood	40
infectious particles	40
human population	40
virus nucleoprotein	40
significantly different	40
stranded dna	40
virus expressing	40
log copies	40
proteins involved	40
key role	40
fusion proteins	40
severe disease	40
statistical analysis	40
hcv infection	40
seasonal influenza	40
human disease	40
antiviral innate	40
hstat ki	40
molecular weight	40
virus shedding	40
cell tropism	40
years old	40
drug repurposing	40
clinical symptoms	40
interferon production	40
may play	40
enteric coronavirus	39
vp protein	39
clinical manifestations	39
js strains	39
syncytium formation	39
viral antigens	39
specific primers	39
channel activity	39
likely due	39
first time	39
high throughput	39
productive infection	39
nuclear factor	39
increased expression	39
viral families	39
like virus	39
like particle	39
viral membrane	39
genome segments	39
rabbit anti	39
proteasomal degradation	39
equine coronavirus	39
fidelity tc	39
sequencing data	39
airway epithelium	39
newly synthesized	39
two distinct	39
intensive care	39
mediated antiviral	39
acid binding	39
consensus sequence	39
plasmacytoid dendritic	39
vaccinated animals	39
ifn production	38
acidic ph	38
avian species	38
peritonitis virus	38
cov spike	38
mm tris	38
viral shedding	38
ch lsc	38
north america	38
analysis showed	38
healthy adults	38
reference genome	38
viral pathogenesis	38
mock infected	38
ion channels	38
thermofisher scientific	38
lsc i	38
biliary cirrhosis	38
proteasome system	38
using anti	38
signal transduction	38
human cases	38
cleavage activity	38
mutant virus	38
respiratory pathogens	38
induced membrane	38
cells per	38
protease inhibitor	38
new england	38
primary biliary	38
infected dh	38
new zealand	38
virus challenge	38
investigate whether	38
severe respiratory	37
fcov shedding	37
african green	37
south africa	37
ml penicillin	37
infected individuals	37
canine distemper	37
proteolytic processing	37
broadly neutralizing	37
healthy cats	37
takes place	37
cellular protein	37
fcov rna	37
dipeptidyl peptidase	37
ang ii	37
filovirus entry	37
human health	37
papillomavirus type	37
egfp replicon	37
age group	37
different concentrations	37
antigenic sites	37
fold increase	37
virus detection	37
host protein	37
er membrane	37
treated group	36
hcv rna	36
library preparation	36
two independent	36
north american	36
avian coronavirus	36
endocytic pathway	36
antiviral signaling	36
vaccinated mice	36
closantel sodium	36
classical swine	36
viral fusion	36
initiation factor	36
post transfection	36
class ii	36
live virus	36
stool samples	36
correlated evolution	36
natural killer	36
bars represent	36
may contribute	36
mm nacl	36
also demonstrated	36
european bat	36
haemorrhagic fever	36
mdbk cells	36
cells transfected	36
hepg cells	36
copies ml	36
genetic characterization	36
iu ml	36
antiviral drug	36
virus vaccines	36
secondary structure	36
error bars	36
generated using	36
emerging infectious	36
stem cells	36
visualized using	36
activated protein	36
attenuated vaccines	36
clinical disease	35
cytokine production	35
cytopathic effects	35
nucleolar localization	35
horseradish peroxidase	35
rsv bronchiolitis	35
fox cells	35
green fluorescence	35
transgenic mice	35
reproductive tract	35
viral titer	35
immunized via	35
secondary antibodies	35
hydrogen bond	35
plp dub	35
pi cells	35
rna recombination	35
sodium arsenite	35
infectious clones	35
least two	35
high level	35
necrosis factor	35
cmv promoter	35
vaccinated challenged	35
pcr amplification	35
serial dilutions	35
lymph node	35
ibv isolates	35
master mix	35
essential role	35
recombinant proteins	35
virus taxonomy	34
evolutionary history	34
comparative analysis	34
magnetic beads	34
inhibit viral	34
immunofluorescence staining	34
step rt	34
statistical analyses	34
gene sequences	34
full genome	34
homologous recombination	34
increased risk	34
recent advances	34
rna interference	34
one hour	34
binding proteins	34
liver transplantation	34
immune complexes	34
th cells	34
real time	34
cpg odns	34
coronavirus hku	34
ibv strains	34
first report	34
jx jx	34
kinase activity	34
nuclear export	34
protein vp	34
genomic characterization	34
protein sequences	34
cell signaling	34
next generation	34
viral metagenomics	34
different time	34
nested pcr	34
sequence similarity	34
current knowledge	34
naturally occurring	34
direct contact	34
live vaccine	34
analytical sensitivity	34
total igy	34
results demonstrated	34
may represent	33
respiratory viral	33
virus genomes	33
european bats	33
autophagic flux	33
luciferase activity	33
pcr product	33
high prevalence	33
proteins may	33
stress granule	33
bat flies	33
natural product	33
embryonated eggs	33
protease inhibitors	33
restriction factor	33
recently reported	33
significantly decreased	33
viral capsid	33
cynomolgus macaques	33
viral spread	33
risk factor	33
different viruses	33
vaccine virus	33
replication kinetics	33
might also	33
subgenomic rna	33
newly discovered	33
structural basis	33
respiratory infection	33
ligase activity	33
tissue tropism	33
polymerase ii	33
extracted using	33
england biolabs	33
ns proteins	33
reporter genes	33
mini kit	33
rna binding	33
rna copies	33
myocardial injury	33
zaire ebolavirus	33
cell lysate	33
patients infected	33
primary antibody	33
viral vectors	33
pcr using	33
isa vg	33
virus particle	33
expression system	33
old world	33
major histocompatibility	33
gfp expression	33
standard error	33
reticulum stress	33
reservoir host	33
washed twice	32
sequencing reads	32
virus isolates	32
stimulated gene	32
interspecies transmission	32
bat cells	32
potential role	32
lethal challenge	32
ha protein	32
tumor necrosis	32
cell imaging	32
protein sequence	32
protein degradation	32
i ubiquitination	32
borne zoonotic	32
gfp gene	32
proteasome inhibitors	32
several viruses	32
acid identity	32
also detected	32
swab samples	32
neutralization assay	32
transmembrane protein	32
broad range	32
rousettus aegyptiacus	32
membrane alterations	32
polyclonal antibody	32
new coronavirus	32
low ph	32
viruses may	32
health care	32
interacting proteins	32
cellular membrane	32
glycosylation sites	32
african bagv	32
copies cell	32
expression vector	32
phylogenetic analyses	32
late endosomes	32
disease control	32
existing antibodies	32
lymphoid cells	31
intestinal contents	31
respiratory illness	31
deep sequencing	31
sinv infection	31
molecular basis	31
vectored vaccine	31
existing immunity	31
vectored vaccines	31
pathogenic viruses	31
sanger sequencing	31
nuclear localization	31
flavivirus infection	31
results obtained	31
read pairs	31
antigen presentation	31
positive controls	31
ultrathin sections	31
tissue damage	31
also shown	31
past decade	31
cells compared	31
south korea	31
swine influenza	31
vaccine strains	31
negatively regulates	31
borne flaviviruses	31
reverse primer	31
cats without	31
macrobrachium rosenbergii	31
beta interferon	31
living cells	31
nucleotide identity	31
molecular biology	31
genome segment	31
small animal	31
recombinant baculoviruses	31
dna virus	31
firefly luciferase	31
cells via	31
distemper virus	31
gem particles	31
jurkat cells	31
like protease	31
purified using	31
results show	31
throat swabs	31
human primates	31
virus isolated	30
virion assembly	30
muc ac	30
mock cells	30
results demonstrate	30
multiple sequence	30
coronavirus nsp	30
ifitm clustering	30
virus envelope	30
zoonotic potential	30
crystal violet	30
lesser extent	30
novel virus	30
significant reduction	30
viral pathogens	30
nuclear translocation	30
throughput screening	30
host defense	30
human pathogens	30
molecular patterns	30
previously published	30
well known	30
interferon induction	30
genomic sequences	30
alveolar macrophages	30
virus factories	30
virus propagation	30
pcr kit	30
pedv strain	30
cd cd	30
neutralizing mabs	30
graphpad software	30
viral particle	30
primary antibodies	30
congo basin	30
virus discovery	30
infection may	30
stat signaling	30
seven days	30
ubiquitin ligases	30
biosafety level	30
antiviral defense	30
stress granules	30
brain barrier	30
inflammatory monocytes	30
mediated endocytosis	30
free water	29
mg kg	29
using graphpad	29
human ace	29
golgi complex	29
marburg hemorrhagic	29
rna genomes	29
flow cell	29
metagenomic sequencing	29
rgn replicon	29
economic losses	29
host response	29
plasmids expressing	29
viral population	29
remains unclear	29
nasal discharge	29
dna replication	29
genomic sequence	29
acid level	29
tgev miller	29
democratic republic	29
surface proteins	29
fiv infection	29
infect humans	29
restriction sites	29
ifn responses	29
viral polymerase	29
santa cruz	29
first identified	29
electron microscope	29
coronavirus rna	29
untranslated region	29
fusion peptide	29
coronavirus nl	29
throughput sequencing	29
multiplex real	29
control measures	29
positive results	29
mrna level	29
virus growth	29
sample collection	29
small molecules	29
previously shown	29
incubated overnight	29
newly identified	29
protein level	29
ifitm proteins	29
cellular entry	29
ev infection	29
transmembrane proteins	28
primer pairs	28
conformational change	28
one day	28
induces apoptosis	28
respiratory coronavirus	28
recombinant vaccinia	28
nucleotide level	28
buccal swab	28
antiviral immune	28
cerebrospinal fluid	28
negative cells	28
oxygen species	28
viral attachment	28
host responses	28
two novel	28
immunofluorescence assay	28
acid changes	28
poorly understood	28
lymphotropic virus	28
bead rna	28
specific immune	28
cells grown	28
histocompatibility complex	28
quantitative real	28
elongation factor	28
emerging viral	28
broad spectrum	28
positive cats	28
viruses isolated	28
one week	28
borne flavivirus	28
dmem containing	28
mixed infection	28
gene segments	28
gp i	28
tax bp	28
much higher	28
associated molecular	28
heparan sulfate	28
antimicrobial peptides	28
pcr system	28
final concentration	28
angiotensin ii	28
distress syndrome	28
type iii	28
reactive oxygen	28
presenting cells	28
marv gp	28
better understanding	28
persistently infected	28
national institute	28
i interferons	28
blocking buffer	28
sepharose beads	28
mk cells	28
induced autophagy	28
author contributions	27
lasv infection	27
cause severe	27
cytoplasmic tail	27
virus vp	27
functional receptor	27
studies will	27
huh cells	27
inactivated vaccines	27
wide variety	27
surface protein	27
dmem supplemented	27
mortality rate	27
copy number	27
new insights	27
autophagy pathway	27
ablv infection	27
associated virus	27
pig id	27
ebola viruses	27
live vaccines	27
cellular receptors	27
ml streptomycin	27
susceptible cell	27
study demonstrated	27
ifitm signal	27
expression plasmid	27
cellular processes	27
cellular immunity	27
data analysis	27
protein transport	27
cleavage sites	27
virus induced	27
secreted protein	27
experimental data	27
molecular evolutionary	27
cd cells	27
sendai virus	27
cancer cells	27
illumina miseq	27
sequences obtained	27
using lipofectamine	27
standard curve	27
challenge virus	27
human igg	27
also reported	27
adenovirus type	27
receptor signaling	27
restriction factors	27
empty vector	27
constructed using	27
replication factories	27
virus life	27
lung epithelial	27
feline enteric	27
cellular stress	27
innate lymphoid	27
specific pathogen	27
ki mice	27
bovine herpesvirus	27
first isolated	27
high affinity	27
parainfluenza virus	27
nuclear import	26
arteritis virus	26
ssrna viruses	26
length cdna	26
nibv infection	26
different species	26
virus interacting	26
pc cleavage	26
double membrane	26
remains unknown	26
crystal structures	26
analysis using	26
core protein	26
forming units	26
th day	26
expressing cells	26
amplified using	26
sequence homology	26
filovirus gp	26
igg antibody	26
ex vivo	26
reference strains	26
genetically engineered	26
equine arteritis	26
using different	26
influenza vaccines	26
acute phase	26
dependent translation	26
genetic analysis	26
genes involved	26
reduction assay	26
viral inhibition	26
recycling endosomes	26
per ml	26
conserved among	26
human influenza	26
plaque formation	26
genetics analysis	26
associated coronavirus	26
untranslated regions	26
intercat ifn	26
agarose gel	26
different mechanisms	26
infection induced	26
bat lyssavirus	26
influenza hemagglutinin	26
cpv infection	26
gfp bac	26
deficient mice	26
total protein	26
transfected packaging	26
fluorescence microscope	26
viral copies	26
cell epitopes	26
fatality rate	26
differential expression	26
induced type	26
may lead	26
retinoic acid	26
inflammasome activation	26
parental virus	26
prrsv plp	26
binding activity	26
human lung	26
virus induces	26
host immunity	26
linear regression	26
nucleoside analogs	26
bat coronaviruses	26
case fatality	26
induce apoptosis	26
test whether	26
time reverse	26
ifitm expression	26
side effects	25
fluorescence microscopy	25
important roles	25
first step	25
neutralization test	25
virus spread	25
apn positive	25
enteric tropism	25
universal influenza	25
ebola hemorrhagic	25
conjugated anti	25
target cell	25
gene products	25
membranous web	25
significantly inhibited	25
length genome	25
samples using	25
attachment factors	25
loading control	25
like structures	25
virus release	25
control cats	25
ng ml	25
early endosomes	25
minor capsid	25
increasing concentrations	25
hpv infection	25
cells containing	25
histone acetylation	25
serum igg	25
flag antibody	25
recent work	25
inactivated vaccine	25
currently available	25
bronchial epithelial	25
antiviral state	25
feline panleukopenia	25
phase ii	25
pbs containing	25
yeast two	25
zoonotic dis	25
mean values	25
rvfv infection	25
foamy virus	25
sierra leone	25
cdna synthesis	25
four days	25
lasv gp	25
high degree	25
growth medium	25
cell receptor	25
findings suggest	25
animal cells	25
vaccine design	25
mm edta	25
studies showed	25
denv replication	25
btb kelch	25
deer mice	25
recombinant protein	25
high mortality	25
igg antibodies	25
green monkey	25
perk signaling	25
gene encoding	25
hiv infection	25
cpg odn	25
cell attachment	24
plus poly	24
adult horses	24
attenuated vaccine	24
cause disease	24
united kingdom	24
vaccine protects	24
quantified using	24
viral hemorrhagic	24
plasma cells	24
human norovirus	24
lymphoid tissue	24
buffer containing	24
five days	24
ank pranc	24
rgn strain	24
clinical characteristics	24
three groups	24
promoter activity	24
arf proteins	24
cell binding	24
first reported	24
mouse models	24
type infection	24
immune signaling	24
new viruses	24
oxford nanopore	24
previous work	24
vector borne	24
viral rnas	24
surface glycoproteins	24
df cells	24
ifnb expression	24
south china	24
immune activation	24
global health	24
primary cells	24
immune systems	24
human infections	24
dmv formation	24
target proteins	24
protective immune	24
rapid detection	24
particle release	24
antiviral agent	24
hmpv infection	24
vg plus	24
extracted rna	24
hev infection	24
copies per	24
reproduction number	24
small number	24
blood mononuclear	24
without fip	24
te cells	24
polyacrylamide gel	24
cohort study	24
natural host	24
bovine respiratory	24
coronavirus associated	24
relatively high	24
clinical studies	24
vaccine efficacy	24
basic residues	24
cov strains	24
hydrogen peroxide	24
protects mice	24
acid change	24
infection results	24
outer capsid	24
inducible gene	24
coronavirus envelope	24
dna sequencing	24
viral diversity	24
direct rna	24
type cytokines	24
infectious agents	24
host factor	24
hff cells	24
sequence alignments	24
evolutionary genetics	24
commercially available	24
egfp srips	24
renilla luciferase	24
veroe cells	23
golgi network	23
cpe inhibition	23
multiple sclerosis	23
two proteins	23
stress response	23
mortality rates	23
structural genes	23
differentially expressed	23
mutation rates	23
selected sites	23
cell epitope	23
ros production	23
two days	23
indicated time	23
ebola outbreak	23
hemorrhagic fevers	23
rna structure	23
fusion loop	23
rna sequences	23
virus clearance	23
directed mutagenesis	23
integral membrane	23
viral clearance	23
misfolded proteins	23
tc route	23
antibody titer	23
marv infection	23
acute infection	23
molecular mechanism	23
polymerase activity	23
rhesus monkeys	23
positively selected	23
alpha beta	23
per reaction	23
may cause	23
enteric disease	23
animal care	23
eukaryotic cells	23
foreign gene	23
marv vp	23
sg formation	23
may reflect	23
mesenteric lymph	23
heavy chain	23
mammalian species	23
brown bats	23
zikv strains	23
bronchitis viruses	23
family coronaviridae	23
porcine deltacoronavirus	23
antigenic indexes	23
transplant recipients	23
dependent protein	23
associated degradation	23
cats infected	23
quantitative pcr	23
paired membranes	23
luciferase assay	23
lipid metabolism	23
central african	23
nasal swabs	23
severe cases	23
rubella virus	23
reference sequences	23
insectivorous bats	23
viral disease	23
mk mk	23
viruses detected	23
bovine viral	23
leukaemia virus	23
weeks post	23
highly similar	23
viral components	23
lipid bilayer	23
veterinary medicine	23
high viral	23
plasmid dna	23
inclusion bodies	23
viral transcription	23
coronavirus nonstructural	23
multivesicular bodies	23
forward primer	23
study reported	23
surface receptors	23
technical assistance	23
mediated cell	23
six months	23
whole cell	23
higher viral	23
rna extracted	23
based vaccines	23
windowed averages	23
protective effect	23
lipid droplets	23
mediated inhibition	23
viruses infecting	23
also inhibited	23
central africa	23
ectopic expression	23
progeny virus	23
functional domains	23
pathogenic avian	23
studies suggest	23
aedes albopictus	23
nucleocapsid proteins	22
years ago	22
genomic organization	22
gold standard	22
green monkeys	22
cell differentiation	22
determined whether	22
ha antibody	22
borne virus	22
natural reservoir	22
diversifying selection	22
liver transplant	22
rabbit igg	22
vaccines based	22
human neutralizing	22
interferon responses	22
human cell	22
old piglets	22
protein folding	22
capsid igg	22
sample buffer	22
mouse brain	22
antiviral compounds	22
therapeutic agents	22
cold pbs	22
cellular responses	22
cell monolayers	22
proviral dna	22
virus protein	22
ion conductivity	22
pyrimidine biosynthesis	22
positive sense	22
specific cellular	22
i strains	22
low level	22
close proximity	22
copies cells	22
may help	22
human viruses	22
order nidovirales	22
antigen expression	22
also present	22
vaccine expressing	22
accessory protein	22
egfp reporter	22
lung injury	22
highly susceptible	22
virulent pedv	22
zoonotic transmission	22
bat origin	22
gastroenteritis coronavirus	22
restriction enzyme	22
binding domains	22
also tested	22
late endosomal	22
viral assembly	22
antiviral therapy	22
mycophenolic acid	22
highly virulent	22
cell apoptosis	22
mucosal immune	22
based assays	22
also included	22
vesicular structures	22
human parainfluenza	22
human embryonic	22
new species	22
ring finger	22
four different	22
bat coronavirus	22
reporter assay	22
nascent rna	22
replication organelles	22
assay kit	22
sigma aldrich	22
sybr green	22
viral mrna	22
viral nucleic	22
transmission events	22
fatality rates	22
confirmed cases	22
influenza infection	22
blood donors	22
viruses including	22
adaptor protein	22
reactive antibodies	22
endosomal acidification	22
may result	22
survival rate	22
bacteria detection	22
molecular evolution	22
vaccine vectors	22
major role	22
porcine respiratory	22
animal health	22
indirect immunofluorescence	22
like protein	22
guinea pig	22
human rhinovirus	22
disease onset	22
two major	22
replicase gene	22
rabv infection	22
nucleotide exchange	22
investigated whether	22
big brown	21
modified vaccinia	21
apn negative	21
genomic analysis	21
membrane curvature	21
quantitative rt	21
virus attachment	21
transmission dynamics	21
neutrophil extracellular	21
virus proteins	21
coli bl	21
glycosylation site	21
ectromelia virus	21
ribosome entry	21
metagenomic analysis	21
phosphorylated eif	21
evaluated using	21
serum antibody	21
late stages	21
genetically distinct	21
cell population	21
point mutations	21
limited number	21
convoluted membranes	21
genes encoding	21
cap structure	21
human adenovirus	21
jc virus	21
acute gastroenteritis	21
bluetongue virus	21
protein interacts	21
type strains	21
vaccine platform	21
replication sites	21
respiratory symptoms	21
febrile illness	21
assembled contigs	21
surface hs	21
fold higher	21
surface display	21
different types	21
rna segments	21
viral vector	21
conjugated secondary	21
pedv replication	21
viral stock	21
nuclear bodies	21
membranous replication	21
transfection reagent	21
syrian hamsters	21
viral respiratory	21
population size	21
bd biosciences	21
new york	21
flying foxes	21
mammalian viruses	21
acid substitution	21
intracellular localization	21
functional analysis	21
confocal microscope	21
hydrogen bonds	21
pathogenic coronaviruses	21
related coronavirus	21
survival rates	21
rna molecules	21
different viral	21
heat shock	21
close contact	21
disease progression	21
san jose	21
igg titers	21
geographic distribution	21
expression plasmids	21
sequenced using	21
novo assembly	21
neutralizing monoclonal	21
vaccine induced	21
prism software	21
possible role	21
reporter plasmid	21
new viral	21
humoral immunity	21
molecular detection	21
infected vero	21
drug candidates	21
protein involved	21
previously identified	21
virus variants	21
vitro studies	21
mice vaccinated	21
immunocompromised patients	21
electron microscopic	21
vesicle transport	21
protein genes	21
clinical outcomes	21
host antiviral	21
cdna clones	21
lower levels	21
acid extraction	21
strongly inhibited	21
signaling technology	21
spike proteins	21
also inhibits	21
extraction kit	21
family members	21
feline leukaemia	21
recently identified	21
internal ribosome	21
plant viruses	21
vlp entry	21
ablv replication	20
vertical transmission	20
dengue viruses	20
mediated immune	20
conducted using	20
pranc proteins	20
breast cancer	20
kidney cell	20
virus fusion	20
sample size	20
animal experiments	20
simian immunodeficiency	20
neutralising antibodies	20
data showed	20
vectors expressing	20
among different	20
serum antibodies	20
default parameters	20
protein binds	20
bagv genome	20
packaging cell	20
rna detection	20
go terms	20
first line	20
cd expression	20
cell lysis	20
hunov vlps	20
family flaviviridae	20
cell nucleus	20
results revealed	20
hcv entry	20
assays using	20
antiviral genes	20
trvlp infection	20
aedes aegypti	20
foreign genes	20
feline herpesvirus	20
drug development	20
culture plates	20
mature virions	20
higher risk	20
elisa formats	20
monkey kidney	20
strong evidence	20
previous report	20
furin cleavage	20
er membranes	20
induced signaling	20
field strains	20
entry site	20
allantoic fluid	20
potential therapeutic	20
csfv ires	20
docking scores	20
heptad repeat	20
plate reader	20
fusion conformation	20
mice treated	20
hours post	20
image series	20
identified two	20
still unclear	20
main protease	20
based assay	20
np interaction	20
containing fbs	20
viral structural	20
like proteases	20
gene product	20
signal intensity	20
evidence suggests	20
novo aih	20
multiplex pcr	20
length infectious	20
vaginal virome	20
severe covid	20
internal control	20
viral transmission	20
viral genes	20
protein induces	20
south america	20
antibody binding	20
studies using	20
lavage fluid	20
aquatic birds	20
distantly related	20
isg conjugation	20
egg yolk	20
transmembrane domains	20
rsv ns	20
id route	20
irf activation	20
dependent pathway	20
pcr positive	20
serological assays	20
cytokine storm	20
circulating strains	20
foster city	20
ring domain	20
assessed using	20
purified recombinant	20
neutral ph	20
viral replicase	20
specific viral	20
molecule inhibitors	20
myxoma virus	20
virus non	20
three drugs	20
virus encephalitis	20
worth noting	20
fcov antigen	20
infected group	20
papillomavirus infection	20
rabbit mab	20
serological evidence	20
efficient replication	20
entry inhibitors	20
protein function	20
dna vaccines	20
microplate reader	20
egyptian fruit	20
peripheral er	20
structural analysis	20
coding sequences	20
hek cells	20
autophagy machinery	20
receptor expression	20
per group	20
correlation coefficient	20
codon usage	20
natural infection	20
crucial role	19
guanine nucleotide	19
os cells	19
will help	19
polyclonal antibodies	19
observed using	19
post inoculation	19
stop codon	19
virus infected	19
reference sequence	19
eidolon helvum	19
neutralizing epitopes	19
antibody detection	19
virus budding	19
considered significant	19
viral glycoproteins	19
evasion strategies	19
host transcription	19
sva reads	19
associated proteins	19
sum test	19
protein production	19
well understood	19
viral release	19
mitochondrial membrane	19
neurological diseases	19
mock group	19
programmed cell	19
finger protein	19
phosphate buffered	19
molecular clock	19
entry receptor	19
frameshifting efficiency	19
nh cl	19
caspase activation	19
uric acid	19
affect viral	19
amphipathic helix	19
protein bands	19
protein binding	19
highly variable	19
artibeus jamaicensis	19
candidate vaccine	19
irf activity	19
exchange factor	19
virus cell	19
kelch proteins	19
virus classification	19
study using	19
intracellular membranes	19
virus isolate	19
using pcr	19
virus may	19
replicon particles	19
entry process	19
virus species	19
tgev purdue	19
highly divergent	19
containing protein	19
performed according	19
pairwise sequence	19
adverse events	19
common cold	19
study revealed	19
ectopically expressed	19
infectious laryngotracheitis	19
nucleotide substitution	19
acute flaccid	19
recombinant plasmid	19
biological functions	19
different regions	19
specific viruses	19
two types	19
sodium dodecyl	19
dalhousie university	19
pressure freezing	19
immunofluorescent staining	19
may indicate	19
prrsv strains	19
wild birds	19
may explain	19
viral diarrhea	19
synergistic effect	19
direct assay	19
rabbit polyclonal	19
values obtained	19
also play	19
weeks old	19
inflammatory cytokine	19
diarrhoea virus	19
animals infected	19
virus vectors	19
positive patients	19
wilcoxon rank	19
study also	19
rank sum	19
bagv sequences	19
single amino	19
feline morbillivirus	19
strain jxwn	19
blocking activity	19
ibv replication	19
viral bronchiolitis	19
egyptian rousette	19
old mice	19
essential medium	19
reverse genetic	19
model system	19
much lower	19
proteasome pathway	19
date palm	19
specific antiviral	19
obtained using	19
autophagy induction	19
using real	19
phosphate buffer	19
early steps	19
mucosal immunity	19
particles expressing	19
feline ifn	19
interferon alpha	19
play important	19
mucin domain	19
monkeypox virus	19
four structural	19
tandem multiplex	19
murine hepatitis	19
common ancestor	19
orf ab	19
tadarida brasiliensis	19
kda protein	19
respiratory samples	19
tested negative	18
infection using	18
standard deviations	18
rhesus macaque	18
genetic variability	18
eptesicus fuscus	18
point mutation	18
ovo cpg	18
enveloped virus	18
antibodies specific	18
strand synthesis	18
tgev infection	18
spinal cords	18
secondary infections	18
disease outbreaks	18
attachment protein	18
factor alpha	18
viral hepatitis	18
localization signals	18
cellular ace	18
shed light	18
protect mice	18
nasal lavage	18
fluorescent intensity	18
dna fragments	18
xbp splicing	18
bronchitis coronavirus	18
viral persistence	18
dependent enhancement	18
mm sodium	18
cysteine protease	18
globular head	18
three weeks	18
virus pathogenesis	18
later stages	18
virus using	18
extracellular traps	18
viral species	18
plasma membranes	18
national institutes	18
viral infectivity	18
western africa	18
superscript iii	18
total reads	18
infection compared	18
tested whether	18
maternal antibodies	18
zikv mr	18
mechanical ventilation	18
two species	18
take place	18
fusion activity	18
infection dynamics	18
infection rates	18
medical research	18
assay using	18
study found	18
oral infection	18
different cellular	18
cell subsets	18
acute hepatitis	18
fold dilutions	18
human hepatitis	18
zikv replication	18
genus flavivirus	18
lung function	18
controlled trial	18
different genotypes	18
acute lower	18
clinical cases	18
receptor signalling	18
bl mice	18
particle production	18
protein inhibits	18
animal viruses	18
fatty acid	18
substitution model	18
coding regions	18
highly contagious	18
exosome release	18
reaction mix	18
life sciences	18
strains isolated	18
cells without	18
host specificity	18
virus nucleocapsid	18
might play	18
viral growth	18
case study	18
also involved	18
bats may	18
infected pbmcs	18
transspecies transmission	18
untreated cells	18
cov pseudovirus	18
early stage	18
rna levels	18
calf serum	18
diagnostic tests	18
popc liposomes	18
different host	18
viral evasion	18
several different	18
palm sap	18
nucleoside analog	18
infection control	18
genetic material	18
healthcare workers	18
reverse primers	18
ifitm clusters	18
genome copies	18
different animal	18
target bacteria	18
knockout mice	18
four hours	18
virus gp	18
crispr cas	18
embryonic kidney	18
orf igg	18
cell proliferation	18
viral mrnas	18
primary feline	18
infectious dose	18
ebov vp	18
phase iii	18
central role	18
specific virus	18
slightly higher	18
viral core	18
evolutionary relationships	18
novel antiviral	18
feral cats	18
negative regulator	18
jev genome	18
induced higher	18
current status	18
highly efficient	18
likelihood method	18
fatal outcome	18
first study	18
endosomal compartments	18
mobility group	18
ii seroindeterminate	18
full length	18
husavirus strains	18
derived dendritic	18
membrane binding	18
serological studies	18
cov transmission	18
human macrophages	18
percentage cpe	18
data sets	18
data show	18
see table	18
cellular components	18
many years	18
aegyptiacus bats	17
virus vector	17
global burden	17
two years	17
mammalian cell	17
five times	17
cycle progression	17
penicillin streptomycin	17
phylogenetic relationships	17
antiviral mechanism	17
rearrangements induced	17
i signaling	17
secreted proteins	17
virus activity	17
respiratory pathogen	17
vector expressing	17
similar levels	17
amniotic fluid	17
induced activation	17
genome encodes	17
structural rna	17
genetics system	17
aa metabolism	17
mediated immunity	17
pivotal role	17
selective autophagy	17
plasmid containing	17
isa adjuvant	17
disease pathogenesis	17
type specific	17
purification kit	17
review will	17
autophagosome formation	17
clinical specimens	17
kj gx	17
time interval	17
cells producing	17
less likely	17
significantly associated	17
promyelocytic leukemia	17
effective vaccine	17
receptor cd	17
increased levels	17
impaired ifn	17
newly formed	17
well characterized	17
scale bar	17
antiviral efficacy	17
related virus	17
like symptoms	17
outdoor access	17
fatal disease	17
virus evolution	17
dimensional architecture	17
translational modification	17
expressing nsp	17
phosphorylated irf	17
virus encoded	17
gene sequence	17
molecular dynamics	17
mutation rate	17
direct interaction	17
therapeutic options	17
mouse mab	17
dna binding	17
whether doxorubicin	17
virulence factor	17
ifn regulatory	17
polyclonal antisera	17
virus replicon	17
factor receptor	17
virus family	17
african republic	17
pcr method	17
nonhuman primate	17
following infection	17
thermal stability	17
viruses identified	17
relative expression	17
wt np	17
blot assay	17
mediated degradation	17
lung inflammation	17
elevated levels	17
pp ab	17
neuroblastoma cell	17
human host	17
significant decrease	17
secondary lymphoid	17
enrichment pcr	17
genetic variation	17
block viral	17
one hand	17
vacv genome	17
neutrophil recruitment	17
dk services	17
also performed	17
pass reads	17
arabian peninsula	17
ha antibodies	17
ndv strains	17
dna synthesis	17
cell biology	17
lipid membrane	17
jx kj	17
examined using	17
genetic recombination	17
apoptotic cells	17
highly sensitive	17
approved drug	17
humoral responses	17
rna concentration	17
human sars	17
sexual transmission	17
result showed	17
three samples	17
structural studies	17
past years	17
using mega	17
respiratory diseases	17
jev replicon	17
human monocytes	17
antiviral function	17
new human	17
susceptible cells	17
long time	17
cells lacking	17
provided protection	17
unclear whether	17
control cells	17
healthy donors	17
bat rabies	17
factors required	17
transferred fragments	17
bacterial artificial	17
vertebrate species	17
different levels	17
reducing conditions	17
statistical computing	17
higher titers	17
potent anti	17
respiratory failure	17
african swine	17
odn pre	17
coding sequence	17
immune protection	17
relatively low	17
like domain	17
viral reads	17
ebov entry	17
associated factor	17
grand island	17
polyubiquitin chains	17
virus polymerase	17
also contribute	17
feline interferon	17
mice compared	17
type viruses	17
type strain	17
final volume	17
early time	17
secondary structures	17
bk virus	17
cancer therapy	17
jnk activation	17
antiviral properties	17
single stranded	17
bat population	17
evolutionary dynamics	17
apoptotic pathway	17
primary pams	17
simian foamy	17
dna sequences	17
niv infection	17
time quantitative	17
southeast asia	17
lethal infection	17
transferred onto	17
sin nombre	17
driven transduction	17
recombination detection	17
tumor suppressor	17
protein may	17
simple method	17
nsp proteins	17
nivsg group	17