This is a table of type trigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.
trigram | frequency |
---|---|
as well as | 233 |
of the host | 229 |
the evolution of | 209 |
the number of | 190 |
the presence of | 157 |
of the virus | 156 |
the role of | 150 |
one of the | 131 |
the development of | 126 |
the emergence of | 123 |
the case of | 117 |
in the host | 104 |
the use of | 103 |
a number of | 99 |
in the case | 99 |
it has been | 94 |
of the human | 90 |
the study of | 87 |
such as the | 86 |
of infectious diseases | 85 |
west nile virus | 84 |
the spread of | 83 |
in addition to | 81 |
the importance of | 80 |
in order to | 80 |
the host cell | 80 |
due to the | 79 |
emerging infectious diseases | 79 |
influenza a viruses | 78 |
a variety of | 77 |
p p accommodation | 76 |
as a result | 75 |
the ability to | 74 |
host defence peptides | 72 |
the effect of | 71 |
the host population | 71 |
a result of | 71 |
influenza a virus | 70 |
based on the | 70 |
of the viral | 70 |
the absence of | 69 |
understanding of the | 68 |
to be a | 67 |
the transmission of | 67 |
our understanding of | 64 |
can be used | 64 |
there is a | 63 |
and evolution of | 62 |
be used to | 62 |
to the host | 62 |
some of the | 62 |
the effects of | 61 |
likely to be | 61 |
in terms of | 60 |
severe acute respiratory | 60 |
that can be | 59 |
hepatitis c virus | 59 |
acute respiratory syndrome | 59 |
involved in the | 59 |
the risk of | 58 |
part of the | 58 |
herpes simplex virus | 58 |
the dynamics of | 57 |
been shown to | 56 |
in response to | 56 |
the production of | 56 |
of influenza a | 55 |
the probability of | 55 |
the ability of | 55 |
on the other | 55 |
in the absence | 54 |
evolution of the | 54 |
the host and | 54 |
members of the | 53 |
the impact of | 53 |
of the disease | 53 |
of a host | 53 |
type i interferon | 52 |
are likely to | 52 |
to be the | 52 |
role in the | 52 |
of the most | 52 |
there is no | 51 |
the ecology of | 51 |
of the pathogen | 50 |
the host immune | 50 |
within the host | 50 |
the fact that | 50 |
the origin of | 49 |
appears to be | 49 |
is associated with | 49 |
with respect to | 49 |
the relationship between | 49 |
it is not | 48 |
a new host | 48 |
the identification of | 47 |
the expression of | 47 |
the level of | 47 |
of the infection | 47 |
the other hand | 46 |
in the human | 46 |
analysis of the | 46 |
the rate of | 45 |
the context of | 45 |
in some cases | 44 |
the distribution of | 44 |
of infl uenza | 44 |
of the pandemic | 44 |
of a virus | 44 |
appear to be | 44 |
have been identified | 43 |
the virus to | 43 |
human immunodeficiency virus | 43 |
large number of | 43 |
on the host | 43 |
the concept of | 43 |
the immune system | 43 |
in the context | 43 |
of ebola virus | 42 |
associated with the | 42 |
has also been | 42 |
the course of | 42 |
in which the | 42 |
the basis of | 41 |
with the host | 41 |
the human genome | 41 |
a range of | 41 |
a role in | 40 |
is likely to | 40 |
an increase in | 40 |
tissue and organ | 40 |
wide range of | 40 |
found in the | 40 |
found to be | 39 |
the potential for | 39 |
of a new | 39 |
the surface of | 39 |
have also been | 39 |
the nature of | 39 |
avian influenza viruses | 38 |
the introduction of | 38 |
and organ tropisms | 38 |
of the viruses | 38 |
in the s | 38 |
the immune response | 38 |
the frequency of | 38 |
it is also | 38 |
the most common | 38 |
has been shown | 37 |
the united states | 37 |
of a pathogen | 37 |
of the parasite | 37 |
in the environment | 37 |
more likely to | 37 |
many of the | 37 |
well as the | 37 |
host immune response | 37 |
of host shifts | 37 |
of their hosts | 37 |
a wide range | 37 |
and the evolution | 37 |
of these viruses | 37 |
life cycle of | 37 |
are toward the | 36 |
from the host | 36 |
evolution of virulence | 36 |
of the genus | 36 |
organ tropisms are | 36 |
that have been | 36 |
depending on the | 36 |
transmission of the | 36 |
the life cycle | 36 |
and the host | 36 |
in wild birds | 36 |
an example of | 36 |
can also be | 36 |
respiratory syndrome coronavirus | 35 |
virus and host | 35 |
in this review | 35 |
is required for | 35 |
the treatment of | 35 |
the result of | 35 |
the potential to | 35 |
the majority of | 35 |
the new host | 35 |
has not been | 34 |
of virulence evolution | 34 |
the likelihood of | 34 |
the process of | 34 |
this type of | 34 |
thought to be | 34 |
the outcome of | 34 |
the prevalence of | 34 |
tropisms are toward | 34 |
of infectious disease | 34 |
associated with a | 34 |
by the host | 34 |
of avian influenza | 34 |
components of the | 33 |
be able to | 33 |
virus in the | 33 |
related to the | 33 |
of the family | 33 |
into the host | 33 |
contribute to the | 33 |
responsible for the | 33 |
some of these | 33 |
have been found | 33 |
the generation of | 33 |
considered to be | 33 |
it is possible | 33 |
in the presence | 33 |
shown to be | 33 |
on the basis | 33 |
the discovery of | 32 |
of host defence | 32 |
a novel host | 32 |
that the virus | 32 |
in this case | 32 |
segmented filamentous bacteria | 32 |
in a population | 32 |
in relation to | 32 |
in the united | 32 |
the virus and | 32 |
seems to be | 32 |
may be a | 32 |
new host species | 32 |
on the surface | 32 |
most of the | 32 |
because of the | 32 |
a combination of | 32 |
in contrast to | 32 |
ability to infect | 31 |
of the same | 31 |
may not be | 31 |
an important role | 31 |
according to the | 31 |
of host species | 31 |
are known to | 31 |
of viruses and | 31 |
can result in | 31 |
as a consequence | 31 |
avian influenza virus | 31 |
been demonstrated to | 30 |
the pathogenesis of | 30 |
the control of | 30 |
belonging to the | 30 |
infectious diseases in | 30 |
immunity to the | 30 |
williams and bunkley | 30 |
important role in | 30 |
infl uenza virus | 30 |
evolutionary history of | 30 |
the lack of | 30 |
in the field | 30 |
of a novel | 30 |
the diversity of | 30 |
the host body | 30 |
in a host | 29 |
the amount of | 29 |
the cell surface | 29 |
due to a | 29 |
of the immune | 29 |
it may be | 29 |
in the evolution | 29 |
be involved in | 29 |
a large number | 29 |
innate immune response | 29 |
is thought to | 29 |
study of the | 29 |
changes in the | 29 |
play a role | 28 |
to understand the | 28 |
it is important | 28 |
the extent of | 28 |
to determine the | 28 |
need to be | 28 |
host range and | 28 |
in humans and | 28 |
structure of the | 28 |
of virus evolution | 28 |
the most important | 28 |
of hosts and | 28 |
at the host | 28 |
such as those | 27 |
the host response | 27 |
nature of the | 27 |
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | 27 |
preferential host switching | 27 |
been identified in | 27 |
innate and adaptive | 27 |
genes involved in | 27 |
emergence of new | 27 |
and their hosts | 27 |
the virulence of | 27 |
is the most | 27 |
be associated with | 27 |
length of the | 27 |
that may be | 27 |
an infectious agent | 27 |
genetic diversity of | 27 |
infl uenza pandemic | 27 |
component of the | 27 |
were found to | 27 |
is important to | 26 |
caused by the | 26 |
in the transmission | 26 |
virus infection in | 26 |
in patients with | 26 |
host range of | 26 |
been found in | 26 |
the galapagos islands | 26 |
for the virus | 26 |
with their hosts | 26 |
number of viruses | 26 |
that do not | 26 |
cause disease in | 26 |
insights into the | 26 |
has been demonstrated | 26 |
are associated with | 26 |
all of the | 26 |
are involved in | 26 |
friend and franson | 26 |
the viral genome | 26 |
present in the | 26 |
was found to | 26 |
the novel host | 26 |
williams and williams | 25 |
have not been | 25 |
can lead to | 25 |
are the most | 25 |
the site of | 25 |
in cell culture | 25 |
in the early | 25 |
case of the | 25 |
the range of | 25 |
been used to | 25 |
of the cell | 25 |
hepatitis b virus | 25 |
a susceptible host | 25 |
it is clear | 25 |
in the viral | 25 |
viruses and their | 25 |
a function of | 25 |
the host is | 25 |
a source of | 25 |
is expected to | 25 |
the innate immune | 25 |
genetic diversity and | 25 |
it can be | 25 |
h n influenza | 25 |
have shown that | 25 |
the infl uenza | 25 |
at the same | 25 |
the length of | 25 |
evasion of host | 25 |
characteristics of the | 25 |
member of the | 25 |
the genome of | 25 |
the structure of | 24 |
the application of | 24 |
the same time | 24 |
and can be | 24 |
of the two | 24 |
been associated with | 24 |
and it is | 24 |
the type i | 24 |
is difficult to | 24 |
for the study | 24 |
in the wild | 24 |
referred to as | 24 |
the host species | 24 |
has been observed | 24 |
of rna viruses | 24 |
viruses in the | 24 |
spanish infl uenza | 24 |
pathogenic avian influenza | 24 |
ebola virus disease | 24 |
are expected to | 24 |
of positive selection | 24 |
appear to have | 24 |
may also be | 24 |
role of the | 24 |
in north america | 23 |
which can be | 23 |
to provide a | 23 |
determined by the | 23 |
was used to | 23 |
knowledge of the | 23 |
is based on | 23 |
the virus is | 23 |
the influence of | 23 |
this is the | 23 |
addition to the | 23 |
may be the | 23 |
a reduction in | 23 |
in the population | 23 |
because of their | 23 |
host and pathogen | 23 |
to the virus | 23 |
expression of the | 23 |
at the individual | 23 |
are able to | 23 |
in the study | 23 |
infl uenza a | 23 |
of infection and | 23 |
the consequences of | 23 |
characterization of the | 23 |
result of the | 23 |
has been reported | 23 |
to a new | 23 |
these viruses are | 23 |
the invasion threshold | 23 |
in human populations | 23 |
was shown to | 22 |
and characterization of | 22 |
is involved in | 22 |
the existence of | 22 |
the host genome | 22 |
disease in humans | 22 |
the respiratory tract | 22 |
the human virome | 22 |
viruses of humans | 22 |
seem to be | 22 |
led to the | 22 |
a lack of | 22 |
presence of a | 22 |
of the major | 22 |
many of these | 22 |
in a given | 22 |
are thought to | 22 |
and in the | 22 |
in recent years | 22 |
surface of the | 22 |
the virus was | 22 |
of an infectious | 22 |
in the literature | 22 |
is possible that | 22 |
each of the | 22 |
one or more | 22 |
it is likely | 22 |
the individual host | 22 |
in this context | 22 |
that there is | 22 |
host population level | 22 |
is determined by | 22 |
also known as | 22 |
that it is | 22 |
of west nile | 22 |
in disease ecology | 22 |
of infectious agents | 21 |
been isolated from | 21 |
a consequence of | 21 |
that of the | 21 |
the field of | 21 |
dependent on the | 21 |
host and the | 21 |
high levels of | 21 |
due to their | 21 |
and there is | 21 |
of the population | 21 |
depend on the | 21 |
only a few | 21 |
that are not | 21 |
the same host | 21 |
the dilution effect | 21 |
origin of the | 21 |
this may be | 21 |
viruses have been | 21 |
studies have shown | 21 |
of which are | 21 |
presence of the | 21 |
to identify the | 21 |
is an important | 21 |
a set of | 21 |
infectious diseases of | 21 |
has been proposed | 21 |
major histocompatibility complex | 21 |
refers to the | 21 |
the genomes of | 21 |
have been shown | 21 |
identified in the | 20 |
nature with respect | 20 |
morbidity and mortality | 20 |
development of a | 20 |
primary tissue and | 20 |
central nervous system | 20 |
influenza viruses in | 20 |
individual host level | 20 |
with regard to | 20 |
a series of | 20 |
to infect a | 20 |
of influenza virus | 20 |
familial nature with | 20 |
is clear that | 20 |
a change in | 20 |
in many cases | 20 |
as in the | 20 |
a role for | 20 |
immune response to | 20 |
aspects of the | 20 |
is that the | 20 |
of h n | 20 |
williams unpublished data | 20 |
and the emergence | 20 |
the origin and | 20 |
it should be | 20 |
smith et al | 20 |
as a model | 20 |
the loss of | 20 |
the abundance of | 20 |
of herpes simplex | 20 |
it is a | 20 |
parasites and pathogens | 20 |
spatial and temporal | 20 |
which is the | 20 |
in the future | 20 |
in this study | 20 |
they can be | 20 |
adaptive immune response | 20 |
members affecting humans | 20 |
to members affecting | 20 |
more than one | 20 |
respect to members | 20 |
and may be | 20 |
function of the | 20 |
the involvement of | 20 |
the potential of | 20 |
their ability to | 20 |
a single host | 20 |
infection in the | 20 |
the proportion of | 20 |
to have been | 20 |
of hepatitis c | 20 |
have been reported | 20 |
at least in | 20 |
it is the | 20 |
development of the | 19 |
of genetic diversity | 19 |
to be more | 19 |
the biology of | 19 |
history of the | 19 |
of the sars | 19 |
serve as a | 19 |
of the spanish | 19 |
the establishment of | 19 |
sin nombre virus | 19 |
the function of | 19 |
may lead to | 19 |
the form of | 19 |
lead to the | 19 |
exposed to the | 19 |
depends on the | 19 |
extent to which | 19 |
the spanish infl | 19 |
h n virus | 19 |
there are several | 19 |
prevention and control | 19 |
similar to the | 19 |
be due to | 19 |
the appearance of | 19 |
to study the | 19 |
ibd and rea | 19 |
highly pathogenic avian | 19 |
in the virus | 19 |
suggests that the | 19 |
of human disease | 19 |
host and parasite | 19 |
the virus in | 19 |
to be an | 19 |
of mycobacterium tuberculosis | 19 |
viruses such as | 19 |
is one of | 19 |
be applied to | 19 |
to the development | 19 |
the evolutionary history | 19 |
the duration of | 19 |
in emerging infectious | 19 |
there has been | 19 |
the extent to | 19 |
suggest that the | 19 |
are required for | 19 |
needs to be | 19 |
tend to be | 19 |
the interaction of | 19 |
the host range | 19 |
the early s | 19 |
may be more | 19 |
of viruses in | 19 |
in the emergence | 19 |
to explain the | 19 |
this suggests that | 18 |
the cause of | 18 |
the plasma membrane | 18 |
anderson and may | 18 |
has been suggested | 18 |
the occurrence of | 18 |
identified as a | 18 |
in the new | 18 |
of a disease | 18 |
levin et al | 18 |
human and animal | 18 |
of type i | 18 |
the age of | 18 |
disease in the | 18 |
there is also | 18 |
mouse hepatitis virus | 18 |
disease ecology theory | 18 |
effects on the | 18 |
to interact with | 18 |
act as a | 18 |
which has been | 18 |
a recent study | 18 |
this is a | 18 |
is a major | 18 |
increase in the | 18 |
within a host | 18 |
is the number | 18 |
secondary tissue and | 18 |
different types of | 18 |
are responsible for | 18 |
play an important | 18 |
the host phylogeny | 18 |
of host defenses | 18 |
in the past | 18 |
the adaptive immune | 18 |
the design of | 18 |
to cause disease | 18 |
a host population | 18 |
it is difficult | 18 |
been identified as | 18 |
emergence of a | 18 |
activity of the | 18 |
in the gut | 18 |
has been found | 18 |
have been used | 18 |
of the innate | 18 |
basis of the | 18 |
may result in | 18 |
be used as | 18 |
cells of the | 18 |
internal organ systems | 18 |
susceptibility to infection | 18 |
effects of the | 18 |
for the treatment | 18 |
for the host | 18 |
is likely that | 18 |
that has been | 18 |
supported by the | 17 |
a host shift | 17 |
in the form | 17 |
positively selected sites | 17 |
thought to have | 17 |
of their host | 17 |
in combination with | 17 |
proteins in the | 17 |
in which a | 17 |
disease in a | 17 |
in the development | 17 |
a major role | 17 |
is known about | 17 |
recent studies have | 17 |
in case of | 17 |
a host and | 17 |
be explained by | 17 |
in a new | 17 |
of preferential host | 17 |
a subset of | 17 |
used in the | 17 |
known as the | 17 |
of these peptides | 17 |
a case study | 17 |
rift valley fever | 17 |
the success of | 17 |
been found to | 17 |
in the same | 17 |
and the virus | 17 |
novel host species | 17 |
the analysis of | 17 |
has led to | 17 |
by the virus | 17 |
the possibility of | 17 |
a member of | 17 |
viruses that are | 17 |
they do not | 17 |
origin and evolution | 17 |
inflammatory bowel disease | 17 |
of emerging infectious | 17 |
for the development | 17 |
daszak et al | 17 |
species that are | 17 |
between humans and | 17 |
viral life cycle | 17 |
of the world | 17 |
of severe acute | 17 |
use of the | 17 |
cell surface receptors | 17 |
is necessary to | 17 |
it does not | 17 |
characterization of a | 17 |
transmission of infectious | 17 |
relationship between the | 17 |
dynamics of the | 17 |
are found in | 17 |
of viral infection | 17 |
variation in the | 17 |
number of species | 17 |
the impacts of | 16 |
on the evolution | 16 |
the virus can | 16 |
the regulation of | 16 |
single amino acid | 16 |
contrast to the | 16 |
size of the | 16 |
infection of the | 16 |
the need to | 16 |
point of view | 16 |
and adaptive immunity | 16 |
to have a | 16 |
virus environmental survival | 16 |
as a function | 16 |
in the treatment | 16 |
an infectious disease | 16 |
at the level | 16 |
large dna viruses | 16 |
guichard et al | 16 |
we focus on | 16 |
result in a | 16 |
of emerging viruses | 16 |
of innate immunity | 16 |
but it is | 16 |
in vitro and | 16 |
of parasites and | 16 |
of a single | 16 |
to better understand | 16 |
period of time | 16 |
the results of | 16 |
observed in the | 16 |
in the laboratory | 16 |
of host and | 16 |
of a viral | 16 |
of the vaccine | 16 |
risk of host | 16 |
viral replication and | 16 |
to bind to | 16 |
of the model | 16 |
the severity of | 16 |
the complexity of | 16 |
been observed in | 16 |
adaptive immunity to | 16 |
it would be | 16 |
the evolution and | 16 |
will depend on | 16 |
to be associated | 16 |
potential host species | 16 |
between host and | 16 |
space and time | 16 |
the human population | 16 |
of pathogens and | 16 |
the host to | 16 |
data on the | 16 |
the mechanisms of | 16 |
the capacity to | 16 |
focus on the | 16 |
the central nervous | 16 |
there are no | 16 |
immunodeficiency virus type | 16 |
that there are | 16 |
to control the | 16 |
in the gills | 16 |
end of the | 16 |
of gene expression | 16 |
and has been | 16 |
probability of a | 16 |
proven to be | 16 |
consistent with the | 16 |
evidence suggests that | 16 |
immune defenses by | 16 |
total number of | 16 |
short linear motifs | 16 |
were found in | 16 |
to a host | 16 |
with the same | 16 |
results in a | 16 |
innate immune system | 16 |
leading to the | 16 |
receptor for the | 16 |
have been demonstrated | 16 |
is the case | 16 |
host immune defenses | 16 |
their life cycle | 16 |
of viral infections | 16 |
example of a | 16 |
they are not | 16 |
as part of | 16 |
serves as a | 16 |
more susceptible to | 16 |
implications for the | 16 |
parasite species richness | 16 |
the formation of | 16 |
life cycle stages | 16 |
the future of | 16 |
is responsible for | 16 |
region of the | 16 |
by the presence | 15 |
comparative analysis of | 15 |
the contribution of | 15 |
adaptive immune responses | 15 |
the interaction between | 15 |
ebola virus infection | 15 |
effects of host | 15 |
has been the | 15 |
of microbial pathogenesis | 15 |
transmission of a | 15 |
avian leukosis virus | 15 |
in the galapagos | 15 |
the human host | 15 |
have been developed | 15 |
in the last | 15 |
the growth of | 15 |
is not the | 15 |
the viral life | 15 |
the induction of | 15 |
there have been | 15 |
wide variety of | 15 |
infection course productive | 15 |
a period of | 15 |
has the potential | 15 |
is more likely | 15 |
infection in a | 15 |
evolution of viruses | 15 |
of the system | 15 |
the value of | 15 |
the body of | 15 |
interactions between the | 15 |
the host in | 15 |
their life cycles | 15 |
species of the | 15 |
frequency of host | 15 |
spread of the | 15 |
the acquisition of | 15 |
host gene expression | 15 |
of viruses that | 15 |
the type of | 15 |
the addition of | 15 |
global trends in | 15 |
there are many | 15 |
level of virulence | 15 |
is necessary for | 15 |
the authors declare | 15 |
the infection period | 15 |
trends in emerging | 15 |
schnupf et al | 15 |
is not a | 15 |
of humans and | 15 |
explained by the | 15 |
interaction with the | 15 |
should not be | 15 |
of host cells | 15 |
to the vaccine | 15 |
broad range of | 15 |
insight into the | 15 |
the incidence of | 15 |
in landscape genetics | 15 |
required for the | 15 |
from one host | 15 |
in mammalian cells | 15 |
is due to | 15 |
of the genome | 15 |
the red queen | 15 |
the pathogen to | 15 |
to a single | 15 |
the activation of | 15 |
yang et al | 15 |
response to the | 15 |
be found in | 15 |
a virus is | 15 |
number of host | 15 |
of the total | 15 |
resulted in the | 15 |
isolated from a | 15 |
which have been | 15 |
host immune system | 15 |
vesicular stomatitis virus | 15 |
the probability that | 15 |
the need for | 15 |
during the course | 15 |
adlard and lester | 15 |
of infection in | 15 |
of virulence in | 15 |
we found that | 15 |
compared to the | 15 |
a large proportion | 15 |
one of these | 15 |
emerging infectious disease | 15 |
an rna virus | 15 |
emergence of infectious | 15 |
a total of | 15 |
recent advances in | 15 |
impacts of the | 15 |
tree of life | 15 |
major role in | 15 |
the time of | 14 |
outside the host | 14 |
as a source | 14 |
acts as a | 14 |
in the americas | 14 |
the external environment | 14 |
their hosts and | 14 |
better understanding of | 14 |
virus is a | 14 |
adaptive immune system | 14 |
infectious bronchitis virus | 14 |
virulence of the | 14 |
we do not | 14 |
course of the | 14 |
the end of | 14 |
sequence of the | 14 |
virus and the | 14 |
the exception of | 14 |
all of which | 14 |
the fi rst | 14 |
contributed to the | 14 |
virus in a | 14 |
for a given | 14 |
of disease in | 14 |
between viruses and | 14 |
in some instances | 14 |
a host that | 14 |
in other words | 14 |
the receptor for | 14 |
new insights into | 14 |
high level of | 14 |
the history of | 14 |
in mice and | 14 |
is known to | 14 |
in the number | 14 |
the availability of | 14 |
avian influenza a | 14 |
is caused by | 14 |
of reproductive isolation | 14 |
viral diarrhea virus | 14 |
been reported to | 14 |
and emergence of | 14 |
proportion of the | 14 |
and that the | 14 |
of host switching | 14 |
large proportion of | 14 |
host response to | 14 |
properties of the | 14 |
role played by | 14 |
an overview of | 14 |
of the new | 14 |
and do not | 14 |
the death of | 14 |
hosts and parasites | 14 |
of virus host | 14 |
number of new | 14 |
ecology and evolution | 14 |
is also a | 14 |
of disease emergence | 14 |
both host and | 14 |
of patients with | 14 |
the possibility that | 14 |
result in the | 14 |
in the western | 14 |
genera affecting humans | 14 |
the species barrier | 14 |
replication at the | 14 |
mouth disease virus | 14 |
the viruses of | 14 |
infection of a | 14 |
in rna viruses | 14 |
the activity of | 14 |
cleaveland et al | 14 |
more or less | 14 |
the intestinal tract | 14 |
a bridge host | 14 |
with the exception | 14 |
is defined as | 14 |
attached to the | 14 |
have the potential | 14 |
that they are | 14 |
a wide variety | 14 |
the vast majority | 14 |
the understanding of | 14 |
influenza virus infection | 14 |
limited to humans | 14 |
is able to | 14 |
viruses and the | 14 |
identification of a | 14 |
due to its | 14 |
the face of | 14 |
species richness and | 14 |
the herpes simplex | 14 |
the idea that | 14 |
in west africa | 14 |
life cycles of | 14 |
the roles of | 14 |
bovine viral diarrhea | 14 |
the host proteins | 14 |
an outbreak of | 14 |
of a successful | 14 |
in the archipelago | 14 |
of lyme disease | 14 |
there are two | 14 |
is essential for | 14 |
a viruses in | 14 |
has been identified | 14 |
mode of transmission | 14 |
of both the | 14 |
in the first | 14 |
are used to | 14 |
have been described | 14 |
of dengue virus | 14 |
vast majority of | 14 |
the total number | 14 |
simian immunodeficiency virus | 14 |
included in the | 14 |
as receptors for | 14 |
new species of | 14 |
the size of | 14 |
much of the | 14 |
interactions with the | 14 |
phylogenetic risk of | 13 |
the most recent | 13 |
viruses can be | 13 |
half of the | 13 |
on the cell | 13 |
for a review | 13 |
the same species | 13 |
composition of the | 13 |
mycobacterium tuberculosis infection | 13 |
the case for | 13 |
in commercial poultry | 13 |
be the most | 13 |
epithelial cells and | 13 |
of viral proteins | 13 |
the origins of | 13 |
host and viral | 13 |
p accommodation platforms | 13 |
in more detail | 13 |
in line with | 13 |
bacterial and viral | 13 |
host population size | 13 |
a measure of | 13 |
those of the | 13 |
in the initial | 13 |
is the first | 13 |
to note that | 13 |
example of the | 13 |
infections caused by | 13 |
on p p | 13 |
millions of years | 13 |
h and h | 13 |
host or vector | 13 |
used as a | 13 |
in most cases | 13 |
a successful host | 13 |
be divided into | 13 |
the same virus | 13 |
are difficult to | 13 |
portion of the | 13 |
as a whole | 13 |
to identify host | 13 |
both the host | 13 |
be an important | 13 |
for the pathogen | 13 |
likely to have | 13 |
viral replication at | 13 |
structure of a | 13 |
ecology of infectious | 13 |
for the first | 13 |
as a proxy | 13 |
appears to have | 13 |
viral and bacterial | 13 |
a new species | 13 |
lead to a | 13 |
adaptation to a | 13 |
this is not | 13 |
a virus that | 13 |
a crucial role | 13 |
can be transmitted | 13 |
life cycle is | 13 |
at sites of | 13 |
and control of | 13 |
have been associated | 13 |
transmission in the | 13 |
of the potential | 13 |
endogenous viral elements | 13 |
new resistance mechanisms | 13 |
between the two | 13 |
demonstrated that the | 13 |
of human pathogens | 13 |
are more likely | 13 |
between the virus | 13 |
to determine whether | 13 |
as the number | 13 |
health and disease | 13 |
population biology of | 13 |
virus and its | 13 |
the maintenance of | 13 |
cycle of the | 13 |
vaccine and revertant | 13 |
as reservoirs of | 13 |
to the new | 13 |
causative agent of | 13 |
the power of | 13 |
host body environment | 13 |
parasites in the | 13 |
canine distemper virus | 13 |
the state of | 13 |
similar to that | 13 |
of the species | 13 |
infected with the | 13 |
each of these | 13 |
ability of the | 13 |
it is an | 13 |
that the host | 13 |
small number of | 13 |
of myxoma virus | 13 |
for which the | 13 |
in the late | 13 |
in natural populations | 13 |
in the blood | 13 |
infl uenza viruses | 13 |
the elucidation of | 13 |
into host cells | 13 |
the opportunity for | 13 |
little is known | 13 |
factors that are | 13 |
of the avian | 13 |
the virus has | 13 |
the p p | 13 |
in viral load | 13 |
some of which | 13 |
the link between | 13 |
the human gut | 13 |
the h n | 13 |
of a given | 13 |
and distribution of | 13 |
mutations in the | 13 |
naturally limited to | 13 |
used to identify | 13 |
maintenance and target | 13 |
it will be | 13 |
entry into the | 13 |
to contribute to | 13 |
diseases of humans | 13 |
closely related to | 13 |
that does not | 13 |
evolution in a | 13 |
in the face | 13 |
for detection of | 13 |
at least one | 13 |
risk of infection | 13 |
to play a | 13 |
of landscape genetics | 13 |
this has been | 13 |
the twentieth century | 13 |
in drosophila melanogaster | 13 |
virulence evolution in | 13 |
molecular basis of | 13 |
in the tropics | 13 |
a virus in | 13 |
of disease ecology | 13 |
host immune responses | 13 |
for human health | 13 |
most of these | 13 |
diversity of the | 13 |
shown in figure | 13 |
even in the | 13 |
are among the | 13 |
large numbers of | 13 |
argued that the | 13 |
not yet been | 13 |
is that it | 13 |
is used to | 13 |
of the rna | 13 |
of this approach | 13 |
focused on the | 12 |
the viruses that | 12 |
coral reef fishes | 12 |
of a few | 12 |
what is the | 12 |
infl uenza pandemics | 12 |
of parasites in | 12 |
on the transmission | 12 |
expected to increase | 12 |
the genetic diversity | 12 |
by direct contact | 12 |
in the intestinal | 12 |
to the next | 12 |
a better understanding | 12 |
dna viruses of | 12 |
followed by a | 12 |
environmental survival rate | 12 |
showed that the | 12 |
direct contact with | 12 |
of the three | 12 |
duffy et al | 12 |
type i ifn | 12 |
impact on the | 12 |
cd t cells | 12 |
middle east respiratory | 12 |
host species that | 12 |
to be involved | 12 |
be related to | 12 |
is considered to | 12 |
host species and | 12 |
it possible to | 12 |
distribution of the | 12 |
the causative agent | 12 |
host defenses avoids | 12 |
among the most | 12 |
evolution of a | 12 |
borne zoonotic dis | 12 |
and or the | 12 |
the source of | 12 |
be considered as | 12 |
spread of a | 12 |
course of infection | 12 |
genetic diversity in | 12 |
rather than the | 12 |
the epidemiology of | 12 |
of the infected | 12 |
important to note | 12 |
the s and | 12 |
a group of | 12 |
it appears that | 12 |
in the maintenance | 12 |
a host species | 12 |
example of this | 12 |
is mediated by | 12 |
and west nile | 12 |
east respiratory syndrome | 12 |
be present in | 12 |
of the infl | 12 |
a h n | 12 |
molecular characterization of | 12 |
to the galapagos | 12 |
genetic variation in | 12 |
not appear to | 12 |
of the evolution | 12 |
eukaryotic dna viruses | 12 |
and spread of | 12 |
provided by the | 12 |
demonstrated to induce | 12 |
of parasite species | 12 |
invasion threshold model | 12 |
innate immune responses | 12 |
host mrna degradation | 12 |
description of the | 12 |
host species is | 12 |
to increase the | 12 |
and have been | 12 |
identification of the | 12 |
as they are | 12 |
have recently been | 12 |
caused by a | 12 |
of secondary infections | 12 |
be used for | 12 |
occur in the | 12 |
newcastle disease virus | 12 |
studies on the | 12 |
a review of | 12 |
level of immunity | 12 |
genome of the | 12 |
by natural selection | 12 |
examination of the | 12 |
stages of the | 12 |
that they have | 12 |
life cycles are | 12 |
the intermediate host | 12 |
and consequences of | 12 |
n influenza a | 12 |
are resistant to | 12 |
evolution of life | 12 |
fi tness of | 12 |
survival of the | 12 |
the host cells | 12 |
a host jump | 12 |
defenses avoids host | 12 |
should be considered | 12 |
i interferon induction | 12 |
periods of time | 12 |
viruses that have | 12 |
species have been | 12 |
infectious bursal disease | 12 |
in the body | 12 |
evolution and the | 12 |
been proposed to | 12 |
virus isolated from | 12 |
case study of | 12 |
viruses belonging to | 12 |
located in the | 12 |
the composition of | 12 |
advantage of the | 12 |
as described above | 12 |
be difficult to | 12 |
to elucidate the | 12 |
result of a | 12 |
the bridge host | 12 |
virus has been | 12 |
pathogen interactions in | 12 |
and transmission of | 12 |
farmaki and kaniadakis | 12 |
there are also | 12 |
and ecology of | 12 |
the capacity of | 12 |
of host innate | 12 |
as the most | 12 |
is the only | 12 |
to new hosts | 12 |
of a specific | 12 |
the utility of | 12 |
phylogenetic analysis of | 12 |
in the spread | 12 |
because there is | 12 |
resulting in the | 12 |
known to be | 12 |
changes in virulence | 12 |
of this virus | 12 |
two of the | 12 |
a proxy for | 12 |
coulson et al | 12 |
to the antigen | 12 |
in this section | 12 |
of the virulence | 12 |
a broad range | 12 |
could be used | 12 |
which is a | 12 |
the detection of | 12 |
the density of | 12 |
known to infect | 12 |
with the virus | 12 |
in this paper | 12 |
martin et al | 12 |
identification of novel | 12 |
pathogen community similarity | 12 |
cells in the | 12 |
mechanisms by which | 12 |
protein interaction networks | 12 |
derived from the | 12 |
evolution can be | 12 |
terms of the | 12 |
extent of virus | 12 |
along with the | 12 |
infectious diseases are | 12 |
of susceptible hosts | 12 |
results from the | 12 |
there are a | 11 |
epithelia and internal | 11 |
to that of | 11 |
may serve as | 11 |
of segmented filamentous | 11 |
do not have | 11 |
two species of | 11 |
as a receptor | 11 |
be possible to | 11 |
defence peptides are | 11 |
the combination of | 11 |
to the target | 11 |
is also an | 11 |
in a mouse | 11 |
are based on | 11 |
seem to have | 11 |
the replication of | 11 |
for each virus | 11 |
van riper et | 11 |
immune responses in | 11 |
crucial role in | 11 |
of disease transmission | 11 |
as a potential | 11 |
of their life | 11 |
of innate immune | 11 |
in this manner | 11 |
of the infectious | 11 |
domestic and wild | 11 |
been proposed that | 11 |
there is an | 11 |
of a large | 11 |
forms of ec | 11 |
indicates that the | 11 |
number of secondary | 11 |
contact with the | 11 |
dynamics of host | 11 |
prevalence of infection | 11 |
host in the | 11 |
found that the | 11 |
is supported by | 11 |
is consistent with | 11 |
can be considered | 11 |
isolation and characterization | 11 |
the new world | 11 |
viruses of the | 11 |
expression of a | 11 |
hosts and vectors | 11 |
direct and indirect | 11 |
interacts with the | 11 |
polymerase chain reaction | 11 |
importance of the | 11 |
in the immune | 11 |
an infected host | 11 |
viruses tend to | 11 |
to the study | 11 |
tobacco mosaic virus | 11 |
and public health | 11 |
of infection of | 11 |
viral infection in | 11 |
of some of | 11 |
changes in host | 11 |
virulence and transmissibility | 11 |
virion host shutoff | 11 |
early stages of | 11 |
a pair of | 11 |
activation of the | 11 |
so that the | 11 |
infect a novel | 11 |
a public health | 11 |
of all the | 11 |
suggested that the | 11 |
the maintenance and | 11 |
a potential host | 11 |
the virus families | 11 |
a mouse model | 11 |
in this chapter | 11 |
well as in | 11 |
and the other | 11 |
if it is | 11 |
of the influenza | 11 |
current and potential | 11 |
on the one | 11 |
be the result | 11 |
of host range | 11 |
riper et al | 11 |
and are not | 11 |
to assess the | 11 |
changes in temperature | 11 |
resistance to infection | 11 |
several studies have | 11 |
in disease transmission | 11 |
of the intestinal | 11 |
p accommodation sector | 11 |
in contact with | 11 |
there are some | 11 |
of an epidemic | 11 |
of transmission between | 11 |
different host species | 11 |
disease emergence and | 11 |
infection with the | 11 |
around the world | 11 |
the first time | 11 |
diseases caused by | 11 |
the rest of | 11 |
the galapagos archipelago | 11 |
evolutionary dynamics of | 11 |
not limited to | 11 |
yet to be | 11 |
social network analysis | 11 |
in the cytoplasm | 11 |
effect of the | 11 |
be expected to | 11 |
have been studied | 11 |
are required to | 11 |
of infected individuals | 11 |
to host cells | 11 |
of highly pathogenic | 11 |
the transmission function | 11 |
the late s | 11 |
evidence that the | 11 |
may act as | 11 |
at least two | 11 |
the disease is | 11 |
li et al | 11 |
with a high | 11 |
none of the | 11 |
participate in the | 11 |
factors in the | 11 |
will be discussed | 11 |
differences in the | 11 |
a single amino | 11 |
two or more | 11 |
the pathogenicity of | 11 |
webber et al | 11 |
an intermediate host | 11 |
prakash et al | 11 |
bataille et al | 11 |
a and b | 11 |
have been proposed | 11 |
less likely to | 11 |
the viruses belonging | 11 |
the tree of | 11 |
for the viral | 11 |
to the human | 11 |
the host or | 11 |
replication of the | 11 |
to the evolution | 11 |
avoids host immune | 11 |
important for the | 11 |
a population of | 11 |
of the s | 11 |
a new virus | 11 |
of canine parvovirus | 11 |
and changes in | 11 |
of at least | 11 |
is required to | 11 |
human infectious diseases | 11 |
that could be | 11 |
in this area | 11 |
of the manuscript | 11 |
of the global | 11 |
of the adaptive | 11 |
plowright et al | 11 |
life cycles and | 11 |
uenza a viruses | 11 |
treating the host | 11 |
of disease resistance | 11 |
the target host | 11 |
we have seen | 11 |
species richness in | 11 |
of these interactions | 11 |
to limit the | 11 |
salmonella enterica serovar | 11 |
other types of | 11 |
because they are | 11 |
the original host | 11 |
immune system is | 11 |
is provided by | 11 |
factors such as | 11 |
williams et al | 11 |
isolation of a | 11 |
to identify and | 11 |
ecological and evolutionary | 11 |
the degree of | 11 |
damage to the | 11 |
occurred in the | 11 |
such as that | 11 |
they are also | 11 |
species in the | 11 |
change in the | 11 |
although there is | 11 |
pathogen species richness | 11 |
can act as | 11 |
hosts in the | 11 |
the mechanism of | 11 |
as shown in | 11 |
in the genome | 11 |
rna and dna | 11 |
was supported by | 11 |
and adaptive immune | 11 |
to account for | 11 |
is related to | 11 |
in their hosts | 11 |
evidence for the | 11 |
and does not | 11 |
there is evidence | 11 |
cellular receptor for | 11 |
information on the | 11 |
but not in | 11 |
strains of the | 11 |
the binding of | 11 |
to describe the | 11 |
in which they | 11 |
have been observed | 11 |
successful host switch | 11 |
genes that are | 11 |
chase and erlandsen | 11 |
infection and disease | 11 |
of its host | 11 |
can be seen | 11 |
of host proteins | 11 |
demonstrated to be | 11 |
are caused by | 11 |
expected to be | 11 |
in the life | 11 |
is possible to | 11 |
of the main | 11 |
the onset of | 11 |
emergence and spread | 11 |
of infection or | 11 |
in the process | 11 |
in space and | 11 |
intestinal epithelial cells | 11 |
which may be | 11 |
the infectious agent | 11 |
infectious disease ecology | 11 |
larval parasitic copepods | 10 |
different species of | 10 |
and in vivo | 10 |
there may be | 10 |
as long as | 10 |
influenza virus in | 10 |
as a possible | 10 |
of host specificity | 10 |
released from the | 10 |
in an outer | 10 |
of these diseases | 10 |
a form of | 10 |
by the fact | 10 |
for treatment of | 10 |
may be involved | 10 |
belong to the | 10 |
of changes in | 10 |
occur in a | 10 |
the one hand | 10 |
as is the | 10 |
infectious diseases and | 10 |
has been associated | 10 |
the basis for | 10 |
host innate immune | 10 |
its life cycle | 10 |
suggesting that the | 10 |
and in some | 10 |
complexity of the | 10 |
viruses have evolved | 10 |
of toxoplasma gondii | 10 |
were able to | 10 |
can be explained | 10 |
the observation that | 10 |
able to replicate | 10 |
to be identified | 10 |
species such as | 10 |
of an rna | 10 |
of new resistance | 10 |
the gap between | 10 |
is given by | 10 |
duration of infection | 10 |
a model for | 10 |
the scope of | 10 |
may have been | 10 |
was identified as | 10 |
if they are | 10 |
and the pathogen | 10 |
emerging and reemerging | 10 |
for infectious disease | 10 |
supplementary table s | 10 |
spread in the | 10 |
in south america | 10 |
dependent rna polymerase | 10 |
encoded by the | 10 |
feline infectious peritonitis | 10 |
will not be | 10 |
from wild primates | 10 |
host proteins in | 10 |
of adaptive immunity | 10 |
is found in | 10 |
to identify a | 10 |
of newcastle disease | 10 |
on the novel | 10 |
assessment of the | 10 |
transmission of pathogens | 10 |
was associated with | 10 |
within and between | 10 |
the expansion of | 10 |
there was no | 10 |
effect on the | 10 |
an essential role | 10 |
in a variety | 10 |
of the above | 10 |
particularly in the | 10 |
one or two | 10 |
the increase in | 10 |
screen and identify | 10 |
of closely related | 10 |
altizer et al | 10 |
of host damage | 10 |
between infected and | 10 |
in the northern | 10 |
the first two | 10 |
been reported in | 10 |
of host density | 10 |
evolution in the | 10 |
not associated with | 10 |
are needed to | 10 |
to an infectious | 10 |
been suggested to | 10 |
to explore the | 10 |
a loss of | 10 |
we suggest that | 10 |
a framework for | 10 |
has been a | 10 |
that the parasite | 10 |
on their host | 10 |
in such a | 10 |
parts of the | 10 |
morales et al | 10 |
in innate immunity | 10 |
to a susceptible | 10 |
well as their | 10 |
heat shock protein | 10 |
to the emergence | 10 |
the ebola virus | 10 |
is not an | 10 |
and establishment of | 10 |
is needed to | 10 |
although it is | 10 |
for ebola virus | 10 |
molecular determinants of | 10 |
the revertant is | 10 |
of the parasitic | 10 |
the most susceptible | 10 |
the mode of | 10 |
they have no | 10 |
of the virome | 10 |
were shown to | 10 |
linked to the | 10 |
population dynamics of | 10 |
no competing interests | 10 |
and diversity of | 10 |
to the same | 10 |
life cycle and | 10 |
death of the | 10 |
to an increase | 10 |
host innate immunity | 10 |
to occur in | 10 |
of different species | 10 |
may be due | 10 |
can be found | 10 |
is capable of | 10 |
the variation in | 10 |
infection severity level | 10 |
for the most | 10 |
cell surface receptor | 10 |
of the receptor | 10 |
these peptides are | 10 |
the definition of | 10 |
the same or | 10 |
gulf of mexico | 10 |
to human health | 10 |
of sin nombre | 10 |
involvement of the | 10 |
as noted above | 10 |
jones et al | 10 |
million years ago | 10 |
the gills of | 10 |
of pathogen species | 10 |
of an infection | 10 |
for at least | 10 |
host and virus | 10 |
up in an | 10 |
also been demonstrated | 10 |
both of these | 10 |
note that the | 10 |
the basic reproductive | 10 |
can be divided | 10 |
haydon et al | 10 |
of virulence factors | 10 |
range of the | 10 |
of the revertant | 10 |
african swine fever | 10 |
and target hosts | 10 |
levels of virulence | 10 |
the ecology and | 10 |
invasion of the | 10 |
c virus infection | 10 |
compared with the | 10 |
of the transgene | 10 |
experimental infection of | 10 |
for the generation | 10 |
of zoonotic viruses | 10 |
the narrow host | 10 |
viruses with a | 10 |
multiple host species | 10 |
in a particular | 10 |
range of host | 10 |
or in the | 10 |
genetic structure of | 10 |
diseases such as | 10 |
survival in the | 10 |
is similar to | 10 |
a small number | 10 |
the survival of | 10 |
and the risk | 10 |
have not yet | 10 |
the sars coronavirus | 10 |
in that it | 10 |
not the only | 10 |
of the reservoir | 10 |
pathogenicity and virulence | 10 |
the purpose of | 10 |
the target population | 10 |
evolution of host | 10 |
the maintenance function | 10 |
as compared to | 10 |
adapted to the | 10 |
public health and | 10 |
species belonging to | 10 |
immune responses to | 10 |
immune response and | 10 |
burden of disease | 10 |
virus evolution and | 10 |
in human cells | 10 |
and replicate in | 10 |
during the early | 10 |
an attempt to | 10 |
of pseudomonas aeruginosa | 10 |
animals and plants | 10 |
is that of | 10 |
these viruses have | 10 |
a pathogen to | 10 |
to infectious diseases | 10 |
on the nature | 10 |
model for the | 10 |
to infection by | 10 |
viruses in wild | 10 |
threats to biodiversity | 10 |
variation in host | 10 |
the hypothesis that | 10 |
evidence indicates that | 10 |
has recently been | 10 |
have been made | 10 |
that are required | 10 |
to screen and | 10 |
of target microorganisms | 10 |
a reservoir host | 10 |
the virus genome | 10 |
detected in the | 10 |
aspect of the | 10 |
human influenza a | 10 |
to replicate in | 10 |
is not well | 10 |
and infectious diseases | 10 |
was carried out | 10 |
of a parasite | 10 |
the influenza virus | 10 |
and human health | 10 |
in our study | 10 |
diseases in humans | 10 |
of new infections | 10 |
of t cells | 10 |
clear that the | 9 |
be responsible for | 9 |
and emerging and | 9 |
used as the | 9 |
the cost of | 9 |
interfere with the | 9 |
of infected cells | 9 |
proteins such as | 9 |
of viral evolution | 9 |
to be effective | 9 |
and genetic diversity | 9 |
species pathogen transmission | 9 |
hosts and pathogens | 9 |
viruses may be | 9 |
viruses transmitted by | 9 |
to a novel | 9 |
often associated with | 9 |
in this work | 9 |
melanogaster as a | 9 |
it seems that | 9 |
can be tested | 9 |
affecting humans seem | 9 |
the significance of | 9 |
to the site | 9 |
review of the | 9 |
the behaviour of | 9 |
higher levels of | 9 |
number of hosts | 9 |
host reservoir species | 9 |
replicate in the | 9 |
been shown that | 9 |
virus replication and | 9 |
are the only | 9 |
on human health | 9 |
major impact on | 9 |
by the authors | 9 |
zhang et al | 9 |
are believed to | 9 |
transmission between hosts | 9 |
to examine the | 9 |
direct contact between | 9 |
are subject to | 9 |
to be important | 9 |
of sars coronavirus | 9 |
of the number | 9 |
the magnitude of | 9 |
a host to | 9 |
of bats and | 9 |
type iii secretion | 9 |
able to infect | 9 |
been linked to | 9 |
allow us to | 9 |
genetic analysis of | 9 |
the virus from | 9 |
of the parasites | 9 |
primates to humans | 9 |
amino acid substitution | 9 |
isolated from the | 9 |
a virus from | 9 |
binds to the | 9 |
risk factors for | 9 |
humans seem naturally | 9 |
of viral pathogens | 9 |
it could be | 9 |
a list of | 9 |
the most likely | 9 |
assumed to be | 9 |
associated with an | 9 |
immune system to | 9 |
is critical to | 9 |
position of the | 9 |
that leads to | 9 |
horizontal gene transfer | 9 |
version of the | 9 |
a part of | 9 |
the life cycles | 9 |
the stability of | 9 |
the pathogen in | 9 |
the release of | 9 |
h n avian | 9 |
protein interaction network | 9 |
suggested to be | 9 |
seem naturally limited | 9 |
to a particular | 9 |
with their host | 9 |
and the ability | 9 |
a receptor for | 9 |
have evolved to | 9 |
and virulence of | 9 |
so as to | 9 |
molecular evolution of | 9 |
the near future | 9 |
of immunity to | 9 |
of the type | 9 |
rna polymerase ii | 9 |
human and avian | 9 |
for a long | 9 |
host as a | 9 |
diseases of wildlife | 9 |
influenza a h | 9 |
we describe the | 9 |
a decrease in | 9 |
of emerging pathogens | 9 |
in conjunction with | 9 |
the management of | 9 |
used for the | 9 |
to predict the | 9 |
out of the | 9 |
of pathogen transmission | 9 |
the change in | 9 |
necessary for the | 9 |
the molecular level | 9 |
host is not | 9 |
world health organization | 9 |
and cause disease | 9 |
spread of an | 9 |
by mycobacterium tuberculosis | 9 |
the parasite population | 9 |
species and their | 9 |
has been used | 9 |
in bats and | 9 |
in both the | 9 |
of exposure to | 9 |
lower respiratory tract | 9 |
on the ecology | 9 |
of the other | 9 |
in susceptibility to | 9 |
form of the | 9 |
of natural selection | 9 |
have been suggested | 9 |
emerging and re | 9 |
they have been | 9 |
the perspective of | 9 |
the vaccine virus | 9 |
evolution of reproductive | 9 |
low levels of | 9 |
interact with the | 9 |
reactive oxygen species | 9 |
virulence and transmission | 9 |
and so on | 9 |
the human and | 9 |
provencher et al | 9 |
global spread of | 9 |
host specificity of | 9 |
signal peptide peptidase | 9 |
viruses appear to | 9 |
and in vitro | 9 |
the th century | 9 |
have been linked | 9 |
although this is | 9 |
of host immune | 9 |
the major histocompatibility | 9 |
regions of the | 9 |
and the presence | 9 |
that it can | 9 |
we have also | 9 |
transmission to humans | 9 |
immunodefi ciency virus | 9 |
have a major | 9 |
adaptation of the | 9 |
associated with disease | 9 |
of host mrna | 9 |
from that of | 9 |
it is believed | 9 |
species affecting humans | 9 |
response in the | 9 |
the shape of | 9 |
for the evolution | 9 |
and disease emergence | 9 |
sequences in the | 9 |
be important for | 9 |
range and emerging | 9 |
the evolutionary dynamics | 9 |
web of science | 9 |
and their interactions | 9 |
studies in the | 9 |
our ability to | 9 |
the large number | 9 |
basic reproductive number | 9 |
the host environment | 9 |
hemorrhagic fever viruses | 9 |
function as receptors | 9 |
virus organ system | 9 |
could lead to | 9 |
of viral replication | 9 |
and the development | 9 |
may have a | 9 |
only a single | 9 |
is important for | 9 |
been detected in | 9 |
which suggests that | 9 |
for viral replication | 9 |
evolution of human | 9 |
to the ability | 9 |
have been the | 9 |
of the life | 9 |
that result in | 9 |
wider range of | 9 |
domain of the | 9 |
is known as | 9 |
starting point for | 9 |
interactions in the | 9 |
from host to | 9 |
infectious diseases the | 9 |
at the molecular | 9 |
part of their | 9 |
host factors that | 9 |
also been used | 9 |
authors declare no | 9 |
davies and pedersen | 9 |
to replicate and | 9 |
to estimate the | 9 |
been suggested that | 9 |
all of these | 9 |
the molecular basis | 9 |
blood group antigen | 9 |
d and d | 9 |
ramos et al | 9 |
the persistence of | 9 |
been implicated in | 9 |
as the main | 9 |
by a single | 9 |
of viruses to | 9 |
impact of these | 9 |
have been isolated | 9 |
in the respiratory | 9 |
be transmitted to | 9 |
been demonstrated in | 9 |
to analyze the | 9 |
four virus infiltration | 9 |
the most commonly | 9 |
its role in | 9 |
diversity on disease | 9 |
is a cellular | 9 |
a comparison of | 9 |
between virulence and | 9 |
a component of | 9 |
incorporated into the | 9 |
a multiplicity of | 9 |
bats and rodents | 9 |
high rates of | 9 |
host genetic diversity | 9 |
the action of | 9 |
measure of the | 9 |
the evasion of | 9 |
the animal rule | 9 |
interactions in drosophila | 9 |
embryonic stem cells | 9 |
transmission of viruses | 9 |
outcome of the | 9 |
in wild primates | 9 |
for human disease | 9 |
defined as the | 9 |
to transmit the | 9 |
revealed that the | 9 |
and avian influenza | 9 |
in this field | 9 |
substitution in the | 9 |
of interactions between | 9 |
average number of | 9 |
scott et al | 9 |
function in the | 9 |
it is unlikely | 9 |
of this type | 9 |
of an emerging | 9 |
to infect humans | 9 |
the most famous | 9 |
of the body | 9 |
to act as | 9 |
to create a | 9 |
chronic wasting disease | 9 |
to have originated | 9 |
in the world | 9 |
of a particular | 9 |
the human immunodeficiency | 9 |
on their hosts | 9 |
mouse model of | 9 |
be used in | 9 |
and the potential | 9 |
the construction of | 9 |
essential for the | 9 |
the most significant | 9 |
to understanding the | 9 |
of the twentieth | 9 |
can then be | 9 |
of the highly | 9 |
rna viruses and | 9 |
virus from the | 9 |
our knowledge of | 9 |
the reservoir of | 9 |
as the receptor | 9 |
one host to | 9 |
the functions of | 9 |
to evaluate the | 9 |
charleston and robertson | 9 |
leads to a | 9 |
the effectiveness of | 9 |
of the respiratory | 9 |
table s online | 9 |
the viral envelope | 9 |
the bacterial surface | 9 |
to adapt to | 9 |
of fi tness | 9 |
ecology of the | 9 |
are essential for | 9 |
mechanism by which | 9 |
phylogenetic distance between | 9 |
the first step | 9 |
prokaryotic and eukaryotic | 9 |
factors that affect | 9 |
have resulted in | 9 |
to changes in | 9 |
they may be | 9 |
are capable of | 9 |
models of preferential | 9 |
will be able | 9 |
between the host | 9 |
of parasite virulence | 9 |
of the shrimp | 9 |
natural history of | 9 |
of infected hosts | 9 |
which the virus | 9 |
led to a | 9 |
intrinsic fitness effects | 9 |
of dna viruses | 9 |
the upper respiratory | 9 |
in infectious disease | 9 |
the synthesis of | 9 |
and domestic animals | 9 |
antimicrobial activity of | 9 |
the recipient host | 9 |
of viral pathogenesis | 9 |
can be described | 9 |
equine encephalitis virus | 9 |
the movement of | 9 |
is also possible | 9 |
than that of | 9 |
the infection and | 9 |
in south africa | 9 |
of hosts in | 9 |
increasing number of | 9 |
have focused on | 9 |
it is worth | 9 |
any of the | 9 |
host can be | 9 |
in evolutionary biology | 9 |
stages in the | 9 |
in the caribbean | 9 |
colonization of the | 8 |
host in a | 8 |
vector species richness | 8 |
we note that | 8 |
be necessary to | 8 |
the choice of | 8 |
gavora et al | 8 |
of the genetic | 8 |
the factors that | 8 |
coronavirus nsp protein | 8 |
are an important | 8 |
transmission may be | 8 |
in spite of | 8 |
from each other | 8 |
in the model | 8 |
as to whether | 8 |
may be used | 8 |
respect to the | 8 |
on a host | 8 |
species transmission events | 8 |
escherichia coli o | 8 |
microbe disease network | 8 |
closely related species | 8 |
of the th | 8 |
sczesnak et al | 8 |
host proteins are | 8 |
when the virus | 8 |
taxonomy of viruses | 8 |
is a key | 8 |
use of a | 8 |
infectious bronchitis particles | 8 |
results suggest that | 8 |
state of the | 8 |
by infecting immune | 8 |
in drosophila perspective | 8 |
transmission to a | 8 |
pulmonary syndrome in | 8 |
to persist in | 8 |
no evidence for | 8 |
the problem of | 8 |
pathogen in a | 8 |
limited number of | 8 |
to do so | 8 |
these are the | 8 |
used to study | 8 |
that led to | 8 |
relevant to the | 8 |
disease caused by | 8 |
diversity and evolution | 8 |
have demonstrated that | 8 |
to the presence | 8 |
all members of | 8 |
of a highly | 8 |
is not known | 8 |
by mtb to | 8 |
diseases that are | 8 |
may also occur | 8 |
different stages of | 8 |
comes from the | 8 |
abundance of the | 8 |
the determinants of | 8 |
viruses are not | 8 |
may contribute to | 8 |
but did not | 8 |
the emergence and | 8 |
to reduce the | 8 |
infecting immune cells | 8 |
extent of the | 8 |
its ability to | 8 |
lead to an | 8 |
capacity of a | 8 |
that many of | 8 |
transmitted to humans | 8 |
a cellular receptor | 8 |
the infected host | 8 |
according to our | 8 |
causton et al | 8 |
known about the | 8 |
in the american | 8 |
host and a | 8 |
with host proteins | 8 |
in a single | 8 |
associated with severe | 8 |
between closely related | 8 |
proportion of host | 8 |
in the production | 8 |
dietrich et al | 8 |
are present in | 8 |
marine anchor worms | 8 |
viral gene expression | 8 |
virus and human | 8 |
to the number | 8 |
have a higher | 8 |
of zika virus | 8 |
exposure to an | 8 |
virulence evolution is | 8 |
shown that the | 8 |
loss of genetic | 8 |
vitro and in | 8 |
their role in | 8 |
of scientifi c | 8 |
may be useful | 8 |
from a single | 8 |
in mycobacterium tuberculosis | 8 |
of millions of | 8 |
with the human | 8 |
to obtain a | 8 |
eastern equine encephalitis | 8 |
importance of these | 8 |
is not yet | 8 |
for use in | 8 |
and emerging infectious | 8 |
response to infection | 8 |
to maintain the | 8 |
can be achieved | 8 |
the average number | 8 |
mhc class i | 8 |
immune response is | 8 |
the host as | 8 |
the same as | 8 |
abundant in the | 8 |
the integration of | 8 |
toward the brain | 8 |
spread of infectious | 8 |
the influenza a | 8 |
does not necessarily | 8 |
in an attempt | 8 |
in the usa | 8 |
of these genes | 8 |
of such a | 8 |
the interplay between | 8 |
proteomic analysis of | 8 |
a conceptual framework | 8 |
and abundance of | 8 |
the benefit of | 8 |
are much more | 8 |
positive selection in | 8 |
that these viruses | 8 |
may play a | 8 |
of recombination in | 8 |
the ancestor of | 8 |
in these cells | 8 |
control of the | 8 |
an in vitro | 8 |
of north american | 8 |
genetics of the | 8 |
the development and | 8 |
at a rate | 8 |
which results in | 8 |
to the extent | 8 |
the recent emergence | 8 |
spread of disease | 8 |
and infectious disease | 8 |
national institute of | 8 |
at the cellular | 8 |
of nipah virus | 8 |
of climate change | 8 |
but is not | 8 |
reservoir hosts of | 8 |
in all cases | 8 |
should be noted | 8 |
one host species | 8 |
off the host | 8 |
to humans and | 8 |
to the spread | 8 |
based on a | 8 |
niyonsaba et al | 8 |
the parasite to | 8 |
may represent a | 8 |
to their hosts | 8 |
of poxviruses in | 8 |
close contact with | 8 |
highly pathogenic h | 8 |
in host populations | 8 |
respiratory distress syndrome | 8 |
functions of the | 8 |
the pathogen and | 8 |
exemplified by the | 8 |
viruses and bacteria | 8 |
fecally contaminated water | 8 |
the epidemiology and | 8 |
cell infection cycle | 8 |
in this way | 8 |
of th cells | 8 |
during the s | 8 |
humans and domestic | 8 |
continue to be | 8 |
at the virus | 8 |
and analysis of | 8 |
and contribute to | 8 |
properties of these | 8 |
little or no | 8 |
interaction of the | 8 |
it is interesting | 8 |
interaction at the | 8 |
that viruses can | 8 |
of the hvppi | 8 |
so it is | 8 |
innate immunity by | 8 |
stability of the | 8 |
based on their | 8 |
and disease ecology | 8 |
the first to | 8 |
its impact on | 8 |
for host defence | 8 |
johnson et al | 8 |
also appear to | 8 |
recombinant vector vaccines | 8 |
as discussed above | 8 |
to infection and | 8 |
the gastrointestinal tract | 8 |
to infect the | 8 |
with each other | 8 |
details of the | 8 |
age of the | 8 |
role in host | 8 |
to infectious disease | 8 |
swine fever virus | 8 |
few studies have | 8 |
high rate of | 8 |
to the pathogen | 8 |
and internal organs | 8 |
change and the | 8 |
are targeted by | 8 |
range of hosts | 8 |
where the virus | 8 |
interact with host | 8 |
viruses are the | 8 |
compared to other | 8 |
climate change and | 8 |
recent emergence of | 8 |
the virus life | 8 |
species has been | 8 |
in association with | 8 |
the disease in | 8 |
can contribute to | 8 |
account for the | 8 |
genes required for | 8 |
host interactions and | 8 |
although there are | 8 |
complex interactions between | 8 |
lenski and may | 8 |
the issue of | 8 |
the relationships between | 8 |
proteins have been | 8 |
relative to the | 8 |
n d s | 8 |
give rise to | 8 |
the part of | 8 |
the role played | 8 |
japanese encephalitis virus | 8 |
of genetic variation | 8 |
strategies for the | 8 |
the types of | 8 |
it is still | 8 |
of a population | 8 |
b is the | 8 |
routes of transmission | 8 |
of endogenous viral | 8 |
to obtain the | 8 |
the in vivo | 8 |
a life cycle | 8 |
in wild populations | 8 |
the behavior of | 8 |
associated with high | 8 |
in the fi | 8 |
the phylogenetic risk | 8 |
directly to the | 8 |
luis et al | 8 |
on the origin | 8 |
cause of the | 8 |
a plethora of | 8 |
host and vector | 8 |
a mixture of | 8 |
of the gene | 8 |
rna viruses of | 8 |
variation in social | 8 |
to consider the | 8 |
resistant to the | 8 |
ericsson et al | 8 |
adaptation to the | 8 |
the advantage of | 8 |
has long been | 8 |
by the human | 8 |
illustrated by the | 8 |
of viruses with | 8 |
the maintenance host | 8 |
the highly conserved | 8 |
the interactions between | 8 |
there are multiple | 8 |
could serve as | 8 |
to overcome the | 8 |
some aspects of | 8 |
antia et al | 8 |
formation of the | 8 |
effects on host | 8 |
of genetic information | 8 |
of the current | 8 |
to the viral | 8 |
in this article | 8 |
to model the | 8 |
has been isolated | 8 |
protein in the | 8 |
to investigate the | 8 |
it difficult to | 8 |
of the emergence | 8 |
in the rna | 8 |
replication in the | 8 |
and the role | 8 |
the list of | 8 |
the goal of | 8 |
virus life cycle | 8 |
control and prevention | 8 |
establishment of a | 8 |
the innate and | 8 |
the fate of | 8 |
also been reported | 8 |
pathogenic h n | 8 |
with a few | 8 |
introduction of a | 8 |
will result in | 8 |