bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
influenza virus	4684
influenza viruses	2013
avian influenza	1923
pandemic influenza	1751
influenza vaccine	1536
seasonal influenza	1263
virus infection	1182
influenza vaccination	1019
public health	963
influenza infection	949
influenza pandemic	832
respiratory tract	791
influenza vaccines	739
united states	721
hong kong	719
acute respiratory	697
human influenza	576
immune response	566
highly pathogenic	485
respiratory viruses	479
respiratory syncytial	478
syncytial virus	450
influenza season	444
immune responses	428
health care	374
amino acid	359
virus infections	358
infectious diseases	358
world health	340
severe influenza	338
virus replication	331
influenza surveillance	325
like illness	322
health organization	307
cord uid	303
doc id	303
lower respiratory	302
epithelial cells	290
risk factors	289
pregnant women	289
severe acute	288
vaccine effectiveness	288
pathogenic avian	288
neuraminidase inhibitors	275
respiratory syndrome	268
age groups	265
viral infections	265
systematic review	261
sialic acid	254
clinical trials	248
young children	243
respiratory infections	242
years old	240
respiratory illness	240
swine influenza	239
vaccination coverage	234
live attenuated	234
infected cells	233
viral replication	229
inactivated influenza	229
respiratory virus	227
confirmed influenza	226
disease control	222
upper respiratory	217
cell culture	216
severe disease	216
influenza infections	213
high risk	211
infectious disease	210
influenza activity	207
immune system	206
antiviral treatment	205
antibody responses	205
virus vaccine	203
viral infection	202
antibody response	199
age group	198
universal influenza	197
surveillance system	197
pandemic virus	196
influenza strains	193
antigenic drift	193
viral load	192
novel influenza	192
reverse genetics	191
viral rna	190
hospitalized patients	189
influenza epidemics	188
receptor binding	188
cell responses	187
virus vaccines	187
intensive care	186
antiviral drugs	184
viruses isolated	183
neutralizing antibodies	182
virus strains	181
healthcare workers	180
virus hemagglutinin	178
human infection	176
host cell	176
respiratory disease	175
innate immune	175
type i	174
increased risk	171
infection control	168
gene expression	167
human population	167
may also	166
respiratory distress	162
human transmission	161
animal models	161
respiratory infection	160
healthy adults	155
influenza pandemics	154
iav infection	154
ill patients	153
influenza cases	153
statistically significant	151
attenuated influenza	150
secondary bacterial	150
neuraminidase inhibitor	150
sore throat	149
critically ill	148
chain reaction	147
bacterial pneumonia	146
phylogenetic analysis	146
polymerase chain	144
care workers	144
respiratory symptoms	144
primary care	141
influenza outbreaks	140
pandemic preparedness	140
controlled trial	138
influenza seasons	137
viral shedding	137
clinical features	137
control measures	137
respiratory failure	135
symptom onset	133
distress syndrome	133
tract infections	131
vaccine production	131
influenza pneumonia	131
binding site	131
amino acids	130
human infections	130
respiratory viral	129
human metapneumovirus	128
pdm virus	127
severe pneumonia	127
mdck cells	127
human cases	127
risk groups	126
vaccine development	126
influenza transmission	126
severe illness	125
children aged	125
immunocompromised patients	124
antiviral activity	123
ns protein	122
antiviral therapy	122
young adults	120
acquired pneumonia	119
cleavage site	119
swine flu	118
receptor specificity	117
among children	117
host range	116
social distancing	116
surveillance data	115
older adults	115
infected patients	114
parainfluenza virus	114
protective immunity	114
aged years	113
advisory committee	113
disease severity	112
origin influenza	112
pandemic potential	111
viral pneumonia	110
infected mice	110
general population	110
vaccine strain	110
study period	108
hemorrhagic fever	108
nucleic acid	108
new influenza	107
mortality rate	107
severe cases	106
annual influenza	106
disease burden	106
pandemic strain	105
cell death	105
dendritic cells	105
membrane fusion	104
influenza patients	103
cohort study	103
reverse transcription	103
least one	103
global influenza	103
significantly higher	102
mouse model	102
influenza type	102
lung injury	101
influenza epidemic	101
wild birds	101
previous studies	100
streptococcus pneumoniae	100
otitis media	100
clinical trial	100
case definition	99
sentinel surveillance	99
viral proteins	98
rna viruses	98
factors associated	98
cell lines	98
side effects	98
important role	97
circulating influenza	97
pulmonary disease	97
mortality rates	97
care unit	97
resistant influenza	97
inactivated vaccine	97
confirmed cases	97
human respiratory	96
virus type	96
vaccine virus	95
antigenic shift	95
influenza viral	95
immunization practices	94
adverse events	94
influenza hemagglutinin	94
respiratory pathogens	94
mechanical ventilation	94
cell response	94
staphylococcus aureus	93
logistic regression	93
medical conditions	93
virus influenza	93
antiviral agents	92
previously described	92
hospital admission	92
host factors	92
recent years	92
virus isolation	92
national influenza	92
specific cd	91
among patients	91
present study	91
performed using	91
time rt	90
spanish flu	89
vaccine candidates	89
bacterial infection	89
nuclear export	89
virus isolates	89
inflammatory response	88
diagnostic tests	88
national institute	88
vaccine efficacy	88
time pcr	88
general public	88
lung disease	88
vaccination status	88
oseltamivir resistance	88
like receptor	87
antibody titers	87
spanish influenza	86
monoclonal antibodies	86
weight loss	86
clinical signs	86
first wave	85
randomized controlled	85
incubation period	85
viral respiratory	85
host immune	84
viral genome	84
within days	84
matrix protein	84
fatal cases	83
influenza disease	83
borne encephalitis	83
drug resistance	83
west nile	83
virus ns	82
closely related	82
pandemic vaccine	82
influenza mortality	82
gene segments	82
ion channel	82
median age	82
higher risk	82
ha protein	81
oseltamivir treatment	81
avian viruses	81
human beings	81
middle east	81
chronic obstructive	81
risk factor	80
influenza outbreak	80
northern hemisphere	80
virus transmission	80
severe respiratory	80
within hours	79
southern hemisphere	79
tract infection	79
adult patients	78
high mortality	78
rsv infection	78
bacterial infections	78
high levels	78
real time	78
adaptive immune	78
host response	77
specific antibodies	77
following influenza	77
total number	77
per year	77
next pandemic	76
viral culture	76
parainfluenza viruses	76
rna polymerase	76
serum antibody	76
human airway	76
control group	76
virus titers	76
ha gene	76
obstructive pulmonary	76
clinical management	76
human disease	75
excess mortality	75
cytokine storm	75
surveillance systems	75
rapid antigen	75
influenza illness	74
patients hospitalized	74
cell surface	74
phase i	74
like symptoms	74
icu admission	74
risk perception	74
among influenza	73
host cells	73
wide range	73
authors declare	73
lung tissue	73
north america	73
circulating strains	73
significant differences	73
elderly people	73
viral loads	73
chronic diseases	73
insect cells	73
critical care	73
severely ill	72
cell line	72
virus shedding	72
observational studies	72
southeast asia	72
cellular immune	72
influenza strain	72
vaccination rates	71
control study	71
patients infected	70
acute lung	70
case fatality	70
sample size	70
recent study	70
virus isolated	70
monoclonal antibody	70
immune cells	70
influenza immunization	70
rapid influenza	70
samples collected	69
natural foci	69
virus entry	69
vaccine uptake	69
inflammatory cytokines	69
even though	68
mg kg	68
stranded rna	68
inactivated vaccines	68
vaccine coverage	68
infected individuals	68
neutralizing antibody	68
plasma membrane	68
fatality rate	68
one study	68
nai treatment	67
syndrome coronavirus	67
virus circulation	67
informed consent	67
time series	67
encephalitis virus	67
th century	67
chicken eggs	67
risk group	67
different influenza	67
tissue culture	66
well tolerated	66
confidence interval	66
clinical samples	66
may lead	65
sequence data	65
throat swabs	65
virus subtypes	65
ns gene	65
antiviral drug	65
genetic reassortment	65
mice infected	65
based vaccines	65
clinical characteristics	65
virus strain	64
vaccine strains	64
attack rate	64
hospital admissions	64
respiratory diseases	64
viral titers	64
new zealand	64
virus challenge	64
infection rate	63
virus neuraminidase	63
air pollution	63
inosine pranobex	63
pdm infection	63
mortality associated	63
randomised controlled	63
emergency department	63
relative humidity	63
common cold	63
virus detection	63
air travel	63
two doses	63
epidemic influenza	62
hemagglutination inhibition	62
pandemic risk	62
strains isolated	62
recent studies	62
healthy children	62
antiviral resistance	61
like viruses	61
virus particles	61
nile virus	61
iav infections	61
binding specificity	61
transplant recipients	61
positive samples	61
viruses circulating	61
heart disease	60
sequence analysis	60
confidence intervals	60
controlled trials	60
large number	60
vaccine viruses	60
copyright holder	60
vaccine candidate	60
tested positive	60
significant difference	60
another study	60
million people	60
ili cases	60
developing countries	59
influenza among	59
patients admitted	59
twice daily	59
days post	59
next influenza	59
aquatic birds	59
acute influenza	59
innate immunity	59
myocardial infarction	59
pandemic strains	59
viral titer	58
risk patients	58
southern china	58
peer review	58
stem cell	58
single dose	58
united kingdom	58
new york	58
surface glycoproteins	58
nasal swabs	57
protein kinase	57
risk assessment	57
clinical symptoms	57
virus activity	57
viral clearance	57
nitric oxide	57
infectious virus	57
avian flu	57
respiratory samples	57
secondary site	57
several studies	57
oxidative stress	57
chronic lung	57
also found	57
vaccination among	56
virus genome	56
working group	56
influenza may	56
acid residues	56
close contact	56
granted medrxiv	56
every year	56
clinical data	56
reverse transcriptase	56
flu pandemic	56
author funder	56
including influenza	56
viral ha	55
rapid detection	55
uncomplicated influenza	55
general practitioners	55
mediated immunity	55
may provide	55
cell immunity	55
widely used	55
clinical course	54
study showed	54
laboratory testing	54
statistical significance	54
protective efficacy	54
preventing influenza	54
diabetes mellitus	54
data collection	54
clinical studies	54
necrosis factor	54
body weight	54
general practice	54
mycoplasma pneumoniae	54
pcr assay	54
less likely	53
recombinant influenza	53
odds ratio	53
ili surveillance	53
northern eurasia	53
acid changes	53
hospitalized children	53
rapid diagnosis	53
genetic characterization	53
south korea	53
fever virus	53
trivalent influenza	53
acid substitutions	53
chronic disease	53
nervous system	53
among adults	53
antigenic sites	53
among poultry	53
may occur	53
rights reserved	52
type ii	52
potential pandemic	52
novel swine	52
cell cultures	52
currently available	52
health centers	52
virus subtype	52
human populations	52
proinflammatory cytokines	52
clinical practice	52
east respiratory	52
new pandemic	51
related complications	51
congo hemorrhagic	51
bird flu	51
mass gatherings	51
time reverse	51
placebo group	51
circulating viruses	51
primary influenza	51
vaccinia virus	51
influenza diagnosis	51
van een	51
embryonated chicken	51
dna vaccines	50
health emergency	50
fusion peptide	50
health authorities	50
specific antibody	50
cardiovascular disease	50
ili patients	50
influenza neuraminidase	50
current study	50
competing interests	50
type virus	50
far east	50
peripheral blood	50
sentinel sites	50
natural infection	50
tumor necrosis	50
pandemic planning	50
alveolar macrophages	50
human lung	50
future studies	50
pediatric patients	49
sialic acids	49
prospective study	49
mammalian cells	49
absolute humidity	49
highly conserved	49
dna vaccine	49
high level	49
viral envelope	49
antigen tests	49
emerging infectious	49
infectious agents	49
binding sites	49
broadly neutralizing	49
transcription polymerase	49
illness onset	49
st century	48
different subtypes	48
pcr assays	48
airway epithelium	48
adults aged	48
internal genes	48
pathogenic influenza	48
underlying medical	48
new virus	48
significantly lower	48
version posted	48
taken together	48
respiratory specimens	48
many countries	48
viral polymerase	48
currently circulating	48
ferret model	48
elderly patients	48
van het	48
study design	48
pandemic viruses	48
infection among	47
results suggest	47
humoral immune	47
adjuvanted vaccine	47
following infection	47
disease surveillance	47
universal vaccine	47
resistant viruses	47
hand hygiene	47
influenza incidence	47
may result	47
virus proteins	47
infect dis	47
heart failure	47
influenza research	47
seven days	46
study population	46
two days	46
animal model	46
care facilities	46
commercially available	46
significantly reduced	46
viruses may	46
reuse allowed	46
age distribution	46
like particles	46
clinical outcomes	46
different age	46
based vaccine	46
oral oseltamivir	46
virus may	46
pneumococcal vaccination	46
vaccination rate	46
early stages	46
existing immunity	46
viral entry	46
canine kidney	46
respir viruses	46
i ifn	46
virus selection	46
without permission	46
suspected influenza	46
nasopharyngeal swabs	46
clinical specimens	46
allowed without	46
adverse effects	46
household transmission	46
flu vaccine	46
severe pandemic	46
infection may	46
iav replication	46
family members	46
human viruses	45
influenza seasonality	45
health service	45
case series	45
medical care	45
adults hospitalized	45
health center	45
resistant virus	45
influenza subtypes	45
elderly persons	45
study conducted	45
bacterial pathogens	45
serum samples	45
two different	45
table shows	45
symptoms onset	45
related pneumonia	45
virus types	45
pandemic threat	45
pb gene	45
influenza prevention	45
memory cd	45
direct contact	44
medical research	44
aerosol transmission	44
based influenza	44
infect humans	44
wild type	44
see table	44
clinical presentation	44
ae log	44
children years	44
ha cleavage	44
respiratory illnesses	44
times higher	44
emergency management	44
maximum likelihood	44
bone marrow	44
migratory birds	44
central nervous	44
embryonated eggs	44
maternal influenza	44
cytokine responses	44
human cells	44
reproduction number	44
human macrophages	44
surveillance network	44
severe outcomes	44
early detection	43
primary site	43
kong influenza	43
income countries	43
data suggest	43
study influenza	43
adjuvanted influenza	43
life cycle	43
regression model	43
attack rates	43
patients without	43
herpes simplex	43
mortality among	43
influenza preparedness	43
associated encephalopathy	42
preventive measures	42
pandemic response	42
requiring hospitalization	42
emerging influenza	42
subunit vaccines	42
european countries	42
vaccine safety	42
rural areas	42
human monoclonal	42
study group	42
human health	42
respiratory epithelial	42
na gene	42
health officials	42
primary viral	42
also observed	42
case report	42
candidate vaccine	42
respiratory epithelium	42
whole virus	42
predictive value	42
lung epithelial	42
may help	42
two groups	42
globular head	42
domestic poultry	42
death certificates	41
risk conditions	41
antibody titer	41
older age	41
much higher	41
virus evolution	41
linked sialic	41
chest radiograph	41
gold standard	41
surface proteins	41
three days	41
phylogenetic analyses	41
associated mortality	41
lethal influenza	41
two influenza	41
national health	41
septic shock	41
standard deviation	41
inflammatory responses	41
influenza spread	41
protective effect	41
endothelial cells	41
live poultry	41
reactive antibodies	41
million deaths	41
viral strains	41
antigenic variants	41
global health	41
antigen detection	41
na genes	41
pandemic flu	40
similar results	40
vaccine composition	40
risk individuals	40
human adaptation	40
darby canine	40
pandemic mortality	40
fusion protein	40
like illnesses	40
acid receptors	40
associated pneumonia	40
elderly population	40
experimental infection	40
asian countries	40
day post	40
virus rna	40
influenza diagnostic	40
medical records	40
signaling pathway	40
influenza vaccinations	40
early treatment	40
vaccine design	40
resistance among	40
gestational age	40
poultry workers	40
pneumococcal pneumonia	40
na inhibitors	40
rates among	40
cell epitopes	40
viral pathogens	40
new vaccine	40
may contribute	40
avian species	40
laboratory confirmation	39
avian virus	39
applied biosystems	39
seasonal epidemics	39
different strains	39
small number	39
alveolar epithelial	39
term care	39
influenza symptoms	39
prevent influenza	39
pneumonia caused	39
influenza positive	39
reactive antibody	39
diagnostic testing	39
sample collection	39
underlying conditions	39
low ph	39
statistical analysis	39
higher proportion	39
disease transmission	39
mg ml	39
risk communication	39
antiviral responses	39
animal influenza	39
time points	39
antigenically distinct	38
clinical manifestations	38
virus research	38
sars coronavirus	38
emergency response	38
protective immune	38
viruses among	38
global pandemic	38
meteorological factors	38
influenza control	38
treatment groups	38
significant increase	38
life sciences	38
conformational change	38
findings suggest	38
polymerase complex	38
fatal human	38
body temperature	38
chikungunya virus	38
studies suggest	38
human pandemic	38
review board	38
pandemic vaccines	38
cellular immunity	38
phase iii	38
response efforts	38
long term	38
pandemic wave	38
rna segments	38
hospital stay	38
airborne transmission	38
pneumococcal vaccine	38
rsv disease	38
low pathogenic	38
described previously	38
research institute	38
host responses	38
drug administration	38
disease prevention	38
cancer patients	37
red blood	37
coverage among	37
significantly different	37
immunodeficiency virus	37
stay home	37
hospital mortality	37
first pandemic	37
clinical disease	37
adverse reactions	37
global mortality	37
cytopathic effect	37
virological surveillance	37
virus polymerase	37
infection rates	37
adapted influenza	37
pandemic period	37
joint prevention	37
face mask	37
reassortant viruses	37
nucleic acids	37
influenza treatment	37
person transmission	37
least two	37
south africa	37
increased mortality	37
mainland china	37
positive results	37
rapid diagnostic	37
recombinant ha	37
pandemic avian	37
phase ii	37
pdm viruses	37
vertebrate hosts	37
infected animals	37
arthropod vectors	37
confirmed human	37
laboratory confirmed	37
virus infected	37
health system	37
tract disease	37
mesenchymal stem	37
climate change	37
lung pathology	36
blood samples	36
nasal wash	36
new strain	36
ethics committee	36
higher rates	36
antigenic changes	36
mean temperature	36
subunit vaccine	36
sari cases	36
past decade	36
low levels	36
associated hospitalizations	36
gene therapy	36
secondary infections	36
signaling pathways	36
critical illness	36
one dose	36
virus disease	36
persons aged	36
positive rate	36
current influenza	36
among humans	36
randomized trial	36
laboratory results	36
transport medium	36
school closure	36
vaccination program	36
commonly used	36
sari patients	36
literature review	36
influenza influenza	36
disease caused	36
medicinal plants	35
death rate	35
world war	35
asian influenza	35
classical swine	35
flu season	35
detect influenza	35
phylogenetic trees	35
among health	35
year period	35
ic values	35
vaccination strategies	35
mass gathering	35
reassortant virus	35
significantly associated	35
health interventions	35
ozone exposure	35
nasal washes	35
global spread	35
observational study	35
viral particles	35
recombinant viruses	35
elderly individuals	35
antibody titres	35
personal hygiene	35
adaptive immunity	35
univariate analysis	35
well known	35
previous study	35
high sensitivity	35
functional genomics	35
attenuated vaccines	35
antibiotic treatment	35
positive specimens	35
one year	35
genetic characteristics	35
lessons learned	35
haemophilus influenzae	35
relatively low	35
test results	35
dis doi	35
viral protein	35
health status	35
virus ha	35
patients aged	35
japanese encephalitis	35
rna virus	35
ms patients	35
gastrointestinal symptoms	35
baloxavir marboxil	35
information system	35
post infection	35
ha stalk	35
ha stem	34
trivalent inactivated	34
heterosubtypic immunity	34
victoria lineage	34
diagnostic test	34
acid sequence	34
blood cells	34
care units	34
death rates	34
chronic conditions	34
health services	34
cells infected	34
cytokine production	34
met een	34
molecular basis	34
novel coronavirus	34
crystal structure	34
control mechanism	34
human services	34
single radial	34
organ failure	34
first time	34
exact test	34
influenza ha	34
demographic characteristics	34
data collected	34
genetic variants	34
data analysis	34
nasopharyngeal swab	34
atypical pneumonia	34
respiratory rate	34
year old	34
mg twice	34
human seasonal	34
also known	34
first influenza	34
influenza deaths	34
older children	34
based study	34
human immunodeficiency	34
cell tropism	33
potential conflicts	33
influenza antiviral	33
simplex virus	33
transmission rate	33
respiratory secretions	33
i interferon	33
will help	33
humoral responses	33
last years	33
hemagglutinin gene	33
determine whether	33
influenza types	33
bronchoalveolar lavage	33
type influenza	33
antigenic variation	33
resident memory	33
fast set	33
treating influenza	33
western siberia	33
global burden	33
institutional review	33
cell membrane	33
previously reported	33
virus pathogenesis	33
influenza test	33
influenza complications	33
genetic changes	33
laboratory diagnosis	33
influenza pathogenesis	33
point mutations	33
pilot study	33
neu ac	33
virus nucleoprotein	33
epidemic season	33
genome sequencing	33
fatal case	33
air quality	33
binding properties	33
case definitions	33
days later	33
based surveillance	33
negative control	32
species barrier	32
bacterial coinfections	32
tympanic temperature	32
novel virus	32
suspected cases	32
nucleotide sequence	32
intranasal administration	32
second wave	32
influenza hospitalizations	32
significant morbidity	32
much lower	32
virus production	32
otherwise healthy	32
mass vaccination	32
mucosal immunity	32
although influenza	32
severe iav	32
statin treatment	32
clinical outcome	32
vaccine supply	32
retrospective study	32
nursing homes	32
better understanding	32
broad spectrum	32
astrakhan region	32
highest risk	32
positive cases	32
sensitivity analysis	32
viral vectors	32
one case	32
bacterial co	32
pandemic situation	32
one virus	32
statistical analyses	32
seasonal vaccine	32
influenza sentinel	32
household contacts	32
cell types	32
patients presenting	32
north american	32
immunocompromised individuals	32
pandemic vaccination	32
protective equipment	32
studies using	32
adamantane resistance	32
results show	31
will need	31
molecular characterization	31
two weeks	31
mean age	31
proteolytic cleavage	31
avian origin	31
also reported	31
sars outbreak	31
chicken embryos	31
infected avian	31
adult population	31
relative risk	31
increased susceptibility	31
guinea pigs	31
human host	31
underlying chronic	31
among infants	31
total population	31
higher levels	31
expression changes	31
genetic diversity	31
influenza testing	31
rate among	31
personal protective	31
ticks collected	31
live influenza	31
two viruses	31
viruses using	31
head domain	31
dengue virus	31
virus variants	31
million cases	31
influenza subtype	31
among hospitalized	31
immunization program	31
bird markets	31
cell memory	31
human infected	31
binding preference	31
analysis using	31
cerebrospinal fluid	31
phylogenetic tree	31
positive influenza	31
among pregnant	31
pediatric influenza	31
na subtypes	31
fatty acid	31
humoral immunity	31
active site	31
diseases society	31
different types	31
limited number	30
international catalogue	30
novel avian	30
following vaccination	30
soviet union	30
virus propagation	30
viral membrane	30
supplementary material	30
excess deaths	30
nursing home	30
vaccine hesitancy	30
per day	30
national institutes	30
one patient	30
secondary cases	30
seasonal flu	30
nasal congestion	30
medrxiv preprint	30
clinical diagnosis	30
avian strains	30
also showed	30
corticosteroid treatment	30
health education	30
bij een	30
regression analysis	30
odds ratios	30
cytoplasmic tail	30
ann arbor	30
swine origin	30
pandemic alert	30
single nucleotide	30
hematopoietic stem	30
viruses influenza	30
fatal outcome	30
human coronavirus	30
household members	30
lymph nodes	30
growth factor	30
study also	30
room temperature	30
replication cycle	30
specimen collection	30
surveillance program	30
glycosylation sites	30
life science	30
current vaccines	30
antiviral effects	30
febrile respiratory	30
care providers	30
positive patients	30
viral antigens	30
regression models	30
antigenic sin	30
years ago	30
infections among	29
twentieth century	29
major antigenic	29
like receptors	29
past years	29
environmental factors	29
winter months	29
antiviral medications	29
last year	29
lung lesions	29
weekly number	29
labor market	29
influenza hospitalization	29
airline travel	29
alveolar damage	29
genetic analysis	29
secondary infection	29
modelling study	29
vaccines based	29
lethal challenge	29
hemagglutinin protein	29
antibodies directed	29
inactivated virus	29
may cause	29
study using	29
next generation	29
immunosuppressed patients	29
hi antibody	29
coverage rates	29
respiratory droplets	29
high yield	29
patients treated	29
antigenic site	29
health surveillance	29
renal failure	29
control groups	29
data obtained	29
better understand	29
oxygen saturation	29
tcid ml	29
health professionals	29
nk cells	29
close contacts	29
high rates	29
ha proteins	29
live virus	29
local health	29
individuals aged	29
young infants	29
study found	29
related mortality	29
poultry markets	29
inhibition assay	29
calculated using	29
poor outcome	29
antivirale middelen	29
tijdens een	29
systematic reviews	29
current pandemic	29
healthy young	28
vaccination history	28
activation ph	28
people aged	28
acute otitis	28
primary health	28
new vaccines	28
production capacity	28
inhibits influenza	28
control efforts	28
reporting system	28
high virulence	28
natural killer	28
previously healthy	28
diffuse alveolar	28
crucial role	28
ex vivo	28
natural history	28
military recruits	28
domestic animals	28
russian federation	28
less common	28
specimens collected	28
basic amino	28
inclusion criteria	28
also shown	28
control strategies	28
south america	28
hours post	28
research council	28
primorsky krai	28
viral na	28
internal proteins	28
aged children	28
strongly associated	28
rsv vaccine	28
recombinant protein	28
clinical illness	28
primary human	28
genetic variation	28
sentinel hospitals	28
glycosylation site	28
class i	28
interpandemic influenza	28
like particle	28
based methods	28
mortality risk	28
total rna	28
may explain	28
infected cell	28
bronchial epithelial	28
well plates	28
influenza epidemiology	28
gene segment	28
viruses cause	28
developed countries	28
vaccination campaign	28
associated deaths	27
multiplex pcr	27
guinea pig	27
reactive oxygen	27
posted july	27
pneumonia due	27
large amounts	27
will also	27
york city	27
might also	27
low level	27
infected poultry	27
intravenous peramivir	27
laboratory data	27
anticipated compliance	27
ae lg	27
molecular epidemiology	27
health systems	27
caspian sea	27
infectious dose	27
sari case	27
false negative	27
high viral	27
several years	27
human adenovirus	27
viral mrna	27
treated mice	27
attenuated virus	27
chronic pulmonary	27
human rhinovirus	27
potentially pandemic	27
disease outbreaks	27
herd immunity	27
randomised trial	27
del virus	27
mdck cell	27
urban areas	27
health protection	27
log tcid	27
detection limit	27
epidemiological studies	27
winter season	27
patients may	27
mass spectrometry	27
een influenzapandemie	27
aviaire influenza	27
cause mortality	27
rsv infections	27
gene products	27
ha receptor	27
sectional study	27
seasonal vaccines	27
inhaled zanamivir	27
nasal secretions	27
vaccine manufacturers	27
protein expression	27
serological studies	27
passive immunotherapy	27
transcription factor	27
health personnel	27
yellow fever	27
partial protection	27
first week	27
influenza tests	27
antiviral effect	27
birth outcomes	27
mucosal immune	27
membrane oxygenation	27
time period	27
attenuated vaccine	27
binding domain	27
cynomolgus macaques	27
vaccine based	26
epidemiological surveillance	26
children younger	26
vaccination programs	26
virus pneumonia	26
protective behaviors	26
multiple influenza	26
ha subtypes	26
global public	26
response rate	26
results showed	26
vaccine administration	26
influenza detection	26
novel pandemic	26
nucleotide sequences	26
transmission model	26
membrane protein	26
hai antibody	26
health measures	26
antigenic cartography	26
first two	26
two main	26
infections associated	26
puerto rico	26
viral hemagglutinin	26
challenge studies	26
health workers	26
coverage rate	26
interspecies transmission	26
chronic medical	26
good performance	26
influenza causes	26
based reverse	26
mg day	26
mammalian species	26
sari surveillance	26
vaccination policy	26
factors may	26
extracorporeal membrane	26
volga delta	26
high pathogenicity	26
viral antigen	26
infections caused	26
two years	26
viet nam	26
health literacy	26
i ifns	26
two strains	26
virus surveillance	26
case reports	26
biological properties	26
critical review	26
common respiratory	26
among young	26
broad range	26
infection influenza	26
annual vaccination	26
strain selection	26
tm influenza	26
past pandemics	26
hemagglutinin receptor	26
mouse models	26
large scale	26
negative design	26
mortality data	26
group influenza	26
significant reduction	26
disease associated	26
virus pathogenicity	26
sequence alignment	26
na activity	26
randomly selected	26
antigenic differences	26
reading frame	26
nuclear import	26
respiratory pathogen	26
studies conducted	26
vaccination uptake	26
may increase	26
modified vaccinia	26
deaths worldwide	26
virus clearance	26
time point	26
younger age	26
activated protein	26
next year	26
children hospitalized	26
inflammatory cytokine	26
laboratory tests	26
viral isolates	26
like virus	26
class ii	26
healthy individuals	26
multivariate analysis	25
virus assembly	25
transmission dynamics	25
fold increase	25
human challenge	25
experimental studies	25
epidemiological data	25
previous reports	25
two types	25
evidence suggests	25
second dose	25
virus spread	25
early phase	25
broadly protective	25
one hand	25
electron microscopy	25
early stage	25
elderly adults	25
pandemic year	25
may affect	25
creative commons	25
strain leiv	25
virus induces	25
relatively high	25
subtype influenza	25
structural basis	25
transcription factors	25
pregnant mice	25
annual epidemics	25
cell transplant	25
borne viruses	25
conducted using	25
detection rate	25
sporadic cases	25
new jersey	25
cause severe	25
significantly increased	25
binding affinity	25
pneumococcal disease	25
april th	25
surface antigens	25
oxygen therapy	25
antigenic properties	25
among elderly	25
domestic birds	25
vaccines produced	25
seasonal variation	25
see section	25
virus antigen	25
insect cell	25
recombinant hemagglutinin	25
basic reproduction	25
infected children	25
severe complications	25
influenza drugs	25
coping appraisal	25
natural reservoir	25
many years	25
less severe	25
also associated	25
virus receptors	25
proinflammatory cytokine	25
antibiotic use	25
immunomodulatory agents	25
dependent manner	25
become available	25
oseltamivir carboxylate	25
overall mortality	25
genome sequences	25
tissue tropism	25
duck singapore	25
economic impact	25
decision making	25
ha sequences	25
older individuals	24
mdck pf	24
negative controls	24
recent advances	24
regarding influenza	24
surface glycoprotein	24
influenza risk	24
lung inflammation	24
virus among	24
immune protection	24
human virus	24
nonstructural protein	24
care services	24
received influenza	24
molecular mechanisms	24
three influenza	24
dependent rna	24
mild influenza	24
adenovirus type	24
economic burden	24
reproduction numbers	24
different viruses	24
intravenous zanamivir	24
virus titer	24
five years	24
ligand binding	24
health department	24
serum antibodies	24
categorical variables	24
mammalian host	24
mediated immune	24
nasal discharge	24
severe infection	24
throat swab	24
airborne iav	24
available data	24
studies showed	24
virus containing	24
geometric mean	24
two major	24
severely immunocompromised	24
viral transport	24
vaccination campaigns	24
health response	24
acute viral	24
virus pb	24
hospitalized adults	24
host defense	24
nucleotide polymorphisms	24
fold higher	24
medically attended	24
protect mice	24
will provide	24
health departments	24
central asia	24
susceptibility testing	24
hemisphere influenza	24
structural proteins	24
het virus	24
vaccine may	24
envelope glycoproteins	24
influenza antigen	24
ha glycoprotein	24
seasonal vaccination	24
ill children	24
influenza programme	24
rna segment	24
phase clinical	24
sense rna	24
influenza respiratory	24
large numbers	24
asian flu	24
virus haemagglutinin	24
human parainfluenza	24
laboratoryconfirmed influenza	24
virus receptor	24
adjusted odds	24
resistant strains	24
biomedical research	24
sudden onset	24
sao paulo	24
potential confounders	24
virus particle	24
broadly cross	24
lethal infection	24
predicting influenza	24
illness among	24
inhibitor oseltamivir	24
influenza challenge	24
human receptor	24
high proportion	24
treat influenza	24
proton channel	24
asthma exacerbations	24
care settings	24
complement fixation	24
host species	24
per cent	24
novel vaccine	24
local governments	24
icu patients	24
noninfluenza respiratory	24
continuous variables	24
spatially structured	23
highly virulent	23
negative results	23
oral neuraminidase	23
acquired influenza	23
investigation team	23
standard dose	23
reduced viral	23
healthy volunteers	23
mean score	23
year olds	23
younger adults	23
nasal epithelium	23
future influenza	23
health threat	23
may play	23
fatality rates	23
polyprotein precursor	23
allantoic fluid	23
high dose	23
cohort studies	23
epidemiological characteristics	23
written informed	23
nasal swab	23
immune cell	23
ha molecule	23
us government	23
vaccine will	23
cause disease	23
nasal epithelial	23
cardiovascular diseases	23
clinical use	23
described elsewhere	23
university hospital	23
ae versus	23
reassortment events	23
currently licensed	23
multiorgan failure	23
urgent need	23
will allow	23
small proportion	23
low temperature	23
blood cell	23
new strains	23
swab samples	23
median time	23
individuals infected	23
future pandemic	23
natural influenza	23
deaths per	23
nucleocapsid protein	23
saudi arabia	23
asymptomatic infection	23
pdm influenza	23
one week	23
ivanovsky institute	23
original antigenic	23
snp rs	23
preterm birth	23
related deaths	23
human rights	23
antibiotic therapy	23
neuraminidase activity	23
inactivated whole	23
infections due	23
antiviral response	23
cell index	23
relatively small	23
murine models	23
disease virus	23
diverse influenza	23
ebola virus	23
study demonstrated	23
european union	23
influenza circulation	23
prospective cohort	23
federal government	23
mhc class	23
will continue	23
influenza haemagglutinin	23
first months	23
influenza like	23
early warning	23
low risk	23
years age	23
take place	23
participant data	23
poorly immunogenic	23
antibody levels	23
infected humans	23
birth weight	23
missing data	23
multiple sclerosis	23
serological study	23
health emergencies	23
respiratory droplet	23
cases per	23
human capital	23
universal vaccines	23
study participants	23
target cells	23
equine influenza	23
limited settings	23
seasonal epidemic	23
influenza rapid	22
community acquired	22
van der	22
random effect	22
human immune	22
subjects less	22
inflammatory cells	22
oxygen species	22
antigen test	22
health research	22
lung viral	22
point estimates	22
effective vaccination	22
knockout mice	22
incidence rate	22
antiviral efficacy	22
may suggest	22
nonpharmaceutical interventions	22
response measures	22
mammalian cell	22
whole region	22
zoonotic infections	22
become infected	22
particular interest	22
international health	22
medical center	22
additional file	22
five days	22
mouth disease	22
mild disease	22
ns genes	22
long time	22
export protein	22
binding protein	22
rna replication	22
recombinant baculovirus	22
community transmission	22
active surveillance	22
animal studies	22
low pathogenicity	22
therapeutic efficacy	22
preexisting immunity	22
therapeutic strategies	22
higher rate	22
human strains	22
remains unclear	22
naturally occurring	22
pulmonary viral	22
risk persons	22
antigenic characterization	22
abdominal pain	22
ce serocomplex	22
ixodidae ticks	22
rna synthesis	22
lung tissues	22
pr virus	22
iav densities	22
particularly important	22
versus ae	22
high degree	22
short time	22
analysis based	22
infected human	22
clinically diagnosed	22
resistant pandemic	22
vaccine formulations	22
infected people	22
improved survival	22
effective influenza	22
pdm pandemic	22
viral co	22
analyzed using	22
hospitalized cases	22
moving average	22
analysis showed	22
viral diseases	22
highly variable	22
circulating virus	22
mononuclear cells	22
responses induced	22
viruses including	22
individual participant	22
one strain	22
viral neuraminidase	22
using real	22
poisson regression	22
vaccine containing	22
lymph node	22
single amino	22
two distinct	22
immune function	22
median duration	22
per week	22
emerging infections	22
global surveillance	22
pandemic seasons	22
entry screening	22
two studies	22
wt virus	22
ae ae	22
progeny virus	22
key role	22
acid sequences	22
us centers	22
acute lower	22
transmission rates	22
viral surface	22
fixed effects	22
virus titration	22
three types	22
younger children	22
vrnp complex	22
febrile illness	22
essential role	21
tahyna virus	21
polymerase activity	21
reduced susceptibility	21
three times	21
drug delivery	21
viral nucleoprotein	21
clinical findings	21
vaccine immunogenicity	21
disease progression	21
health organisation	21
fowl plague	21
infected individual	21
cumulative number	21
hematological abnormalities	21
recombinant virus	21
spike protein	21
escape mutants	21
virus ankara	21
neurologic complications	21
study protocol	21
clinical information	21
potential impact	21
viruses detected	21
healthcare system	21
bevs platform	21
hsct recipients	21
coiled coil	21
dendritic cell	21
hospitalization rate	21
several days	21
vaccinated individuals	21
pig model	21
surfactant protein	21
age years	21
vaccine induces	21
pharmaceutical interventions	21
tree length	21
will require	21
high titers	21
protease inhibitor	21
quality control	21
acid change	21
poultry farms	21
influenza antigens	21
care system	21
may reduce	21
tropical regions	21
rapid viral	21
children may	21
simulation model	21
two patients	21
live vaccines	21
effective vaccines	21
publicly available	21
plos one	21
ifn production	21
may require	21
highly sensitive	21
intranasal influenza	21
regulatory factor	21
middle ear	21
hospitalization among	21
first case	21
isolation rate	21
hla alleles	21
high concentrations	21
communicable diseases	21
descriptive study	21
positive control	21
live bird	21
inhibitory effect	21
without pneumonia	21
virus pandemic	21
current vaccine	21
ns proteins	21
antiviral medication	21
clinical study	21
ha head	21
much less	21
associated respiratory	21
clinical benefit	21
combination therapy	21
southeastern asia	21
runny nose	21
genome sequence	21
cellular responses	21
nonhuman primates	21
traditional chinese	21
large outbreak	21
transcriptase polymerase	21
serological evidence	21
general practitioner	21
dose oseltamivir	21
statin use	21
financial support	21
british columbia	21
hand washing	21
wide variety	21
relatively mild	21
time periods	21
mg dl	21
rainy season	21
alere tm	21
escherichia coli	21
east asia	21
major cause	21
virus growth	21
droplet transmission	21
host innate	21
provide protection	21
coronavirus disease	21
syndromic surveillance	21
results indicate	21
seasonal strains	21
pathogenic strains	21
postexposure prophylaxis	21
plasmacytoid dendritic	21
viral etiology	21
among healthcare	21
threat posed	21
plasma cells	21
ae ml	21
annual seasonal	21
probably due	21
vaccine response	21
selection process	21
city model	20
pneumococcal vaccinations	20
conserved influenza	20
vaccination may	20
adapted viruses	20
influenza genome	20
serine proteases	20
medical sciences	20
collected data	20
bacterial suprainfection	20
acute myocardial	20
virus neutralization	20
eastern asia	20
two surface	20
haemorrhagic fever	20
disease influenza	20
vaccines may	20
current status	20
swab specimens	20
vaccine strategies	20
cause respiratory	20
virus protein	20
previous pandemics	20
infection induces	20
new viruses	20
less frequently	20
host immunity	20
readily available	20
acid extraction	20
antibody titre	20
causative agent	20
cell viability	20
haemagglutination inhibition	20
reference laboratory	20
influenza virion	20
recent influenza	20
circulating strain	20
primary infection	20
weekly influenza	20
channel activity	20
type iii	20
virus gene	20
west africa	20
ct values	20
using data	20
people living	20
stem cells	20
membrane proteins	20
species transmission	20
glass opacities	20
complete protection	20
yamagata lineage	20
selection pressure	20
ventilatory support	20
study reported	20
influenza date	20
vaccine studies	20
high prevalence	20
infected person	20
study may	20
czech republic	20
using reverse	20
ng ml	20
lesser extent	20
pandemic season	20
spectrum antiviral	20
wild ducks	20
resistant staphylococcus	20
neutralizing activity	20
flu watch	20
virus outbreak	20
hospitalization rates	20
virus detected	20
set infa	20
cases reported	20
bacterial coinfection	20
increasing number	20
gastrointestinal tract	20
clinically relevant	20
data sources	20
emergency departments	20
sterilizing immunity	20
pandemic caused	20
disease onset	20
cell proliferation	20
specific immune	20
viral glycoproteins	20
took place	20
vaccine administered	20
school children	20
may present	20
ambient pm	20
healthcare providers	20
vaccine trials	20
socioeconomic status	20
mediated protection	20
control animals	20
rna extraction	20
aged months	20
children influenza	20
authors read	20
acid amplification	20
bhanja virus	20
among people	20
multiplex real	20
control practices	20
takes place	20
host adaptation	20
within weeks	20
supportive care	20
linked immunosorbent	20
data sets	20
final manuscript	20
full text	20
chronic illnesses	20
also present	20
polymerase genes	20
biosafety level	20
new technologies	20
matrix gene	20
baculovirus expression	20
economic history	20
people worldwide	20
orthomyxoviridae family	20
protects mice	20
viral fusion	19
solid organ	19
increased morbidity	19
control studies	19
nasopharyngeal aspirates	19
viral components	19
family orthomyxoviridae	19
previous season	19
viral ribonucleoprotein	19
communityacquired pneumonia	19
copy number	19
ethnic groups	19
contact transmission	19
infection caused	19
sustained human	19
previous exposure	19
limited data	19
clinical case	19
seasonal patterns	19
cross protection	19
rna genome	19
enveloped viruses	19
severe human	19
selective pressure	19
dna viruses	19
face masks	19
virus antigens	19
newly synthesized	19
leading cause	19
especially important	19
proteolytic activation	19
hpai virus	19
retrospective cohort	19
will likely	19
vaccine doses	19
patients receiving	19
candidate vaccines	19
airway epithelial	19
many studies	19
subunit influenza	19
glycan microarray	19
camphoric acid	19
influenza isolates	19
laiv candidates	19
develop new	19
scientific community	19
virus taxonomy	19
treatment group	19
small molecule	19
first identified	19
two children	19
virus emerged	19
cell activation	19
health agencies	19
severe clinical	19
novel strain	19
pandemic plans	19
new viral	19
care ethics	19
seasonal human	19
average number	19
viral pathogenesis	19
great depression	19
emerging pandemic	19
outpatient visits	19
pcr methods	19
flu vaccination	19
first human	19
strategic plan	19
unpublished data	19
cost savings	19
generation influenza	19
transmembrane domain	19
assessed using	19
mathematical model	19
close proximity	19
vulnerable populations	19
convalescent plasma	19
human receptors	19
viral genes	19
measured using	19
descriptive statistics	19
seasonal viruses	19
likely due	19
previously published	19
lower mortality	19
sandfly fever	19
first isolated	19
increased influenza	19
school students	19
influenza clinical	19
tested using	19
swine viruses	19
vaccination behaviours	19
spread rapidly	19
hemophagocytic syndrome	19
per hour	19
bovine serum	19
study subjects	19
first century	19
mortality due	19
mild illness	19
airborne influenza	19
virus lineages	19
human subjects	19
consecutive seasons	19
immunity induced	19
eastern mediterranean	19
patient management	19
bacterial superinfection	19
serum igg	19
may represent	19
cell receptors	19
cystic fibrosis	19
kong flu	19
international classification	19
diagnostic accuracy	19
wind speed	19
virus attachment	19
virological characteristics	19
i clinical	19
cough etiquette	19
pandemic scenario	19
million doses	19
acetylneuraminic acid	19
endosomal membrane	19
high morbidity	19
also used	19
comorbid conditions	19
multiple sequence	19
diagnosed influenza	19
emerging viruses	19
open access	19
vaccine use	19
positive predictive	19
pleural effusion	19
international committee	19
meteorological data	19
simultaneous detection	18
influenza immunity	18
ha genes	18
hospital discharge	18
common among	18
population level	18
protease inhibitors	18
viral identification	18
reference laboratories	18
clinical development	18
viral diagnosis	18
lipid bilayer	18
mild symptoms	18
worth noting	18
randomized clinical	18
virus epidemics	18
reported among	18
virus showed	18
nosocomial transmission	18
immunized mice	18
national center	18
human serum	18
envelope glycoprotein	18
associated hospitalization	18
pcr testing	18
nanopore sequencing	18
temperate regions	18
zika virus	18
high temperature	18
van influenza	18
critical role	18
near future	18
common cause	18
acute phase	18
resistant variants	18
population density	18
historical data	18
live births	18
determined using	18
nairovirus genus	18
significant number	18
among older	18
md simulations	18
signal overlap	18
increased incidence	18
highest level	18
acid substitution	18
chinese medicine	18
reported influenza	18
pediatric population	18
human case	18
antigenically related	18
species barriers	18
incidence rates	18
samples tested	18
travel rate	18
pandemic will	18
hiv infection	18
full genome	18
clinical care	18
previous work	18
fluor tm	18
intervention strategies	18
us department	18
cell transplantation	18
antigenic change	18
immunosorbent assay	18
one influenza	18
clinical impact	18
one doi	18
sentinel ducks	18
prior exposure	18
infected birds	18
model selection	18
sporadic human	18
least three	18
vaccine induced	18
third trimester	18
epidemic curve	18
induced apoptosis	18
global seasonal	18
health concern	18
information criterion	18
propensity score	18
important factor	18
genetically modified	18
primary case	18
made available	18
health information	18
iiv immunization	18
human bocavirus	18
clinical effectiveness	18
pf cells	18
infection associated	18
aerosolized ribavirin	18
illness rates	18
cytokine response	18
association rates	18
epidemics occur	18
antibody production	18
vaccine dose	18
prevent infection	18
tissue damage	18
inactivated split	18
states influenza	18
new caledonia	18
reactive protein	18
higher mortality	18
care personnel	18
serocomplex viruses	18
disease outcome	18
among high	18
live vaccine	18
white blood	18
south wales	18
healthcare settings	18
potential role	18
copies ml	18
prolonged viral	18
sputum samples	18
factors affecting	18
australian government	18
risk population	18
segmented genome	18
increasing age	18
efficient human	18
cardiac disease	18
related morbidity	18
using spss	18
health agency	18
southeast asian	18
oseltamivir therapy	18
apical surface	18
contracting influenza	18
viral fitness	18
new south	18
synthetic biology	18
glycan shield	18
vectored vaccines	18
challenge virus	18
binding pocket	18
molecular biology	18
previous influenza	18
serious adverse	18
viral transmission	18
pandemic may	18
virological data	18
primary binding	18
children months	18
cardiovascular events	18
pandemic threats	18
infections may	18
lung lobes	18
monovalent vaccine	18
associated complications	18
kg cr	18
human sera	18
different species	18
influenza period	18
risk populations	18
economic losses	18
acute hospitalization	18
interferon response	18
analysis revealed	18
clinical picture	18
research agenda	18
viral interference	18
new antiviral	18
fatty acids	18
signal peptide	18
may still	18