Distant Reader - keyword-water-cord

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-05-25 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader cord process, and the input was the result of a query applied to a local mirror of CORD, a data set of scholarly articles on the topic of COVID-19. The actual query was: keywords:water. The results of this query were saved in a cache and transformed into a set of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 67 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 553,392 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 8,259 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 45. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

water, viruses, may, treatment, virus, also, used, use, wastewater, human, pathogens, health, environmental, bacteria, soil, high, disease, systems, surface, will, risk, using, drinking, exposure, quality, one, detection, time, samples, well, removal, however, enteric, different, many, based, fecal, contamination, food, methods, system, environment, study, waters, studies, low, viral, concentration, data, two

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are Procedures to Investigate Waterborne Illness, Safe Sanitation in Low Economic Development Areas, and Survival and Transport of Enteric Viruses in the Environment.

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

drinking water, water quality, enteric viruses, wastewater treatment, public health, climate change, water samples, water supply, biscao water, escherichia coli, developing countries, water treatment, surface water, united states, risk assessment, human health, indoor vertical, water sources, treatment plants, water use, vertical farms, enteric pathogens, fecal contamination, sea water, organic matter, fecal coliforms, water management, human enteric, virus removal, river water, water supplies, water resources, water systems, water governance, water bodies, cfu ml, contaminated water, removal efficiency, cord uid, doc id, tap water, waterborne pathogens, indicator bacteria, developed countries, filter media, surface waters, may also, water sample, fecal pollution, environmental samples

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are Measuring Environmental Exposure to Enteric Pathogens in Low-Income Settings: Review and Recommendations of an Interdisciplinary Working Group Toxicity Evaluation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Surface and Ground Water Contaminated by Recycled Hazardous Waste Materials, and Viral pathogens in water: occurrence, public health impact, and available control strategies.

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

water, virus, wastewater, system, soil, sars, pathogen, filter, disease, detection, treatment, table, pcr, fecal, covid-19, africa, vibrio, usepa, united, survival, ssa, sanitation, sample, salmonella, river, reuse, removal, outbreak, o157, indicator, increase, human, health, ghg, exposure, escherichia, enteric, ecosystem, cov-2, coliform, cfu, bacteria, wre, willey, walkerton, viruses, viral, vertical, utility, umgeni

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be water, and Predictive evidence for a porin-type β-barrel fold in CHIP28 and other members of the MIP family. A restricted-pore model common to water channels and facilitators is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

water, health, exposure - Aquatic Ecosystems, Human Health, and Ecohydrology
water, treatment, wastewater - Procedures to Investigate Waterborne Illness
water, viruses, virus - Cellulose-based virus-retentive filters: a review
water, soil, virus - Evapotranspiration and water source of a tropical rainforest in peninsular Malaysia
human, environmental, dental - Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

water, viruses, treatment, virus, wastewater, pathogens, use, bacteria, health, soil, systems, surface, disease, exposure, risk, time, samples, quality, removal, detection, contamination, system, methods, food, studies, environment, waters, species, countries, study, data, conditions, process, source, people, concentration, drinking, plants, pathogen, effects, areas, number, coli, filtration, analysis, presence, sources, production, energy, filter

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

use, includes, increased, developed, provides, showed, based, found, reduced, causing, making, associated, reported, followed, needed, produce, considering, require, taken, occurs, detected, treated, related, compared, identified, given, grown, affecting, improve, resulting, contain, removed, involves, determine, contaminating, known, allow, suggest, indicating, become, collect, obtained, lead, measuring, applied, estimated, evaluate, depend, observed, described

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

Water, BiSCaO, E., SARS, CoV-2, Fig, •, Table, C, United, Health, PCR, Africa, Escherichia, pH, States, Salmonella, COVID-19, O157, River, A, H7, Vibrio, US, Detection, World, Environmental, Development, L, RNA, Giardia, Drinking, China, USEPA, Jiménez, Wastewater, GO, Human, CFU, C., Assessment, Virus, S., Quality, Viruses, V., South, National, Japan, Davis

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

it, their, they, its, we, them, our, i, you, he, us, themselves, itself, your, one, his, me, em, my, her, yourself, she, s, o139, ourselves, him, waters/, oneself

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

human, environmental, high, different, many, enteric, fecal, low, viral, public, important, bacterial, specific, large, organic, available, urban, waterborne, new, several, natural, microbial, total, significant, higher, present, various, potential, possible, effective, global, recent, non, aquatic, infectious, biological, small, agricultural, major, marine, direct, local, common, pathogenic, coastal, first, economic, fresh, vertical, rural

also, however, well, even, therefore, often, usually, highly, especially, still, respectively, particularly, generally, directly, furthermore, significantly, frequently, now, less, recently, relatively, much, mainly, approximately, commonly, currently, rather, potentially, first, hence, worldwide, widely, always, previously, sometimes, rapidly, mostly, typically, already, almost, together, probably, moreover, finally, easily, largely, clearly, prior, nevertheless, subsequently

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

Thank you for using the Distant Reader.