Distant Reader - subject-technology-gutenberg

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-06-10 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader gutenberg process, and the input was the result of a query applied to a local mirror of Project Gutenberg -- facet_subject:"Technology". Then, for future reference, the results were saved to a Zip file complete with rudimentary bibliographics. The name of the file is input-file.zip. The Zip file was then unpacked and the contents saved to a cache as well as a directory of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 39 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 2,417,596 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 65,340 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 71. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

one, new, will, made, time, may, two, work, first, many, great, water, now, much, like, also, well, years, even, little, used, people, use, long, language, every, make, world, york, found, human, air, must, american, life, mr, way, illustration, man, three, part, means, science, without, us, large, day, place, steam, another

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are The Civilization of Illiteracy, Makers, and Smithsonian Institution - United States National Museum - Bulletin 240 Contributions From the Museum of History and Technology Papers 34-44 on Science and Technology.

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

new york, united states, scientific american, per cent, practical experiences, set forth, years ago, practical experience, york city, one hundred, pragmatic framework, natural history, two hundred, one end, human beings, let us, munn co, human self, one another, one side, two years, large number, takes place, steam engine, th century, feet long, national museum, great britain, macmillan company, san francisco, will find, well known, invention relates, long time, many years, horse power, five years, square miles, ten years, purpose set, three hundred, every one, science monthly, pragmatic context, popular science, hundred years, patent office, annual report, great deal, new haven

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are The Civilization of Illiteracy Scientific American, Volume 22, No. 1, January 1, 1870 A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures., and Smithsonian Institution - United States National Museum - Bulletin 240 Contributions From the Museum of History and Technology Papers 34-44 on Science and Technology.

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

new, york, mr., illustration, american, united, states, england, dr., professor, time, scientific, year, work, man, great, europe, company, st., science, university, south, patent, nature, london, john, massachusetts, france, water, paris, ohio, office, footnote, boston, world, washington, steam, san, russia, prof., philadelphia, new york, machine, jews, jewish, india, government, fulton, find, fig

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be new, and Scientific American, Volume XXXVI., No. 8, February 24, 1877 A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures. is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

new, time, great - Appletons'' Popular Science Monthly, April 1899 Volume LIV, No. 6, April 1899
new, water, steam - Smithsonian Institution - United States National Museum - Bulletin 240 Contributions From the Museum of History and Technology Papers 34-44 on Science and Technology
language, literacy, new - The Civilization of Illiteracy
said, like, perry - Makers
substantially, new, described - Scientific American, Volume 17, No. 26 December 28, 1867 A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures.

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

time, work, water, years, people, language, illustration, way, air, man, world, life, part, day, feet, number, end, experience, use, place, means, men, power, literacy, year, steam, iron, hand, machine, science, fact, one, country, system, form, case, engine, order, side, line, history, paper, purpose, others, nature, point, knowledge, experiences, miles, light

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

is, was, be, are, have, were, has, had, been, made, said, do, being, used, found, make, did, ''s, see, know, given, get, having, take, does, set, called, come, put, known, give, go, taken, find, described, came, seen, say, making, done, shown, become, took, think, going, brought, let, got, went, seems

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

_, new, york, mr., j., c., pp, w., h., states, american, perry, ., a., |, m., united, e., n., s., f., dr., professor, d., fig, england, b., lester, g., r., company, john, st., america, co, state, l., co., c, suzanne, europe, london, science, p., vol, y., university, boston, paris, de

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

it, he, his, they, i, we, their, its, them, you, our, him, her, she, my, us, me, your, himself, itself, themselves, one, ourselves, myself, herself, ''s, yourself, ''em, ours, mine, yours, oneself, theirs, thy, thee, eva, hers, em, yourselves, ten, yew, ya, y.--the, wis.--this, ready.--the, g.--they, |150, yourself"-the, years.--rev, ye

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

other, new, many, such, great, same, more, first, little, human, large, own, practical, different, good, small, scientific, much, long, few, old, possible, high, present, certain, several, last, various, best, general, necessary, important, american, whole, natural, second, less, full, political, social, -, most, free, common, true, public, white, greater, better, simple

not, so, up, only, more, very, as, out, then, now, also, even, most, well, n''t, down, still, here, just, thus, much, about, too, far, however, never, off, back, almost, again, on, away, all, first, once, always, in, there, long, often, yet, ever, together, therefore, probably, no, less, nearly, over, soon

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

Thank you for using the Distant Reader.