Distant Reader - subject-transubstantiation-freebo

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-05-25 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader zip2carrel process, and the input was a Zip file locally cached with the name input-file.zip. Documents in the Zip file have been saved in a cache, and each of them have been transformed & saved as a set of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 23 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 1,042,811 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 45,339 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 91. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

body, christ, church, bread, one, god, us, may, yet, will, de, sacrament, now, words, say, must, saith, first, shall, true, therefore, made, blood, faith, holy, doctrine, thing, flesh, man, st, transubstantiation, much, see, things, sense, great, also, scripture, wine, without, many, make, reason, men, fathers, nature, substance, christs, manner, answer

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are A discussion of the popish doctrine of transubstantiation vvherein the same is declared, by the confession of their owne writers, to haue no necessary ground in Gods Word: as also it is further demonstrated to be against Scripture, nature, sense, reason, religion, and the iudgement of t5xxauncients, and the faith of our auncestours: written by Thomas Gataker B. of D. and pastor of Rotherhith., A collection of several discourses against popery By William Wake, preacher to the honourable society of Grays-Inn., and A revievv of ten publike disputations or conferences held vvithin the compasse of foure yeares, vnder K. Edward & Qu. Mary, concerning some principall points in religion, especially of the sacrament & sacrifice of the altar. VVherby, may appeare vpon how vveake groundes both catholike religion vvas changed in England; as also the fore-recounted Foxian Martyrs did build their new opinions, and offer themselues to the fire for the same, vvhich vvas chiefly vpon the creditt of the said disputations. By N.D..

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

christs body, jesus christ, monsieur de, de meaux, real presence, let us, holy ghost, true body, holy scripture, new testament, tells us, blessed virgin, must needs, roman church, holy eucharist, catholick church, tell us, reall presence, english books, early english, divine worship, natural body, ancient fathers, eternal life, holy sacrament, fox pag, books online, primitive church, one thing, like manner, every one, true god, two things, discourse concerning, corpus christi, old testament, de euchar, good works, religious worship, one body, supreme god, many places, christian church, blessed saviour, learned men, virgin mary, page images, catholick tradition, text creation, creation partnership

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are A dissertation with Dr. Heylyn: touching the pretended sacrifice in the Eucharist, by George Hakewill, Doctor in Divinity, and Archdeacon of Surrey. Published by Authority. A rational discourse concerning transubstantiation in a letter to a person of honor from a Master of Arts of the University of Cambridge., and The Protestant''s answer to The Catholick letter to the seeker, or, A vindication of the Protestant''s answer, to the seeker''s request.

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

body, church, christ, sacrament, god, bread, doctrine, saviour, blood, scripture, lord, transubstantiation, eucharist, wine, flesh, substance, sense, man, faith, council, authority, testament, tcp, sauiour, sacrifice, roman, reason, holy, fathers, divine, bishop, worship, trinity, protestants, priest, presence, nature, idolatry, grace, father, doctor, discourse, crosse, christian, catholick, book, author, augustine, altar, world

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be body, and The doctrine of the Trinity and transubstantiation compared as to Scripture, reason, and tradition. The first part in a new dialogue between a Protestant and a papist : wherein an answer is given to the late proofs of the antiquity of transubstantiation in the books called Consensus veterum and Nubes testium, &c. is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

body, words, bread, blood, p., thing, things, man, time, reason, manner, sense, place, fathers, nothing, scripture, men, substance, matter, part, self, nature, flesh, author, faith, others, truth, word, places, one, ad, argument, way, t, saints, sacrifice, answer, doth, presence, eucharist, people, account, name, church, opinion, years, wine, day, figure, arguments

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

is, be, was, are, have, were, had, do, been, say, said, did, being, made, has, see, make, believe, called, let, give, think, given, done, says, take, concerning, according, know, thought, am, taken, find, prove, come, saith, shew, received, tell, receive, set, does, deny, eat, understood, put, having, consider, call, suppose

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

christ, church, god, 〉, 〈, ◊, c., sacrament, de, bread, body, doctrine, s., st., holy, transubstantiation, l., christs, lord, council, rome, faith, wine, saviour, bishop, flesh, monsieur, divine, jesus, idolatry, father, world, authority, pag, book, meaux, p., est, ●, england, heaven, thou, eucharist, presence, scripture, d., haue, discourse, nature, catholick

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

it, he, his, they, i, we, our, them, you, their, him, us, your, my, me, himself, her, themselves, its, yt, thy, she, thee, one, ''s, theirs, ours, yow, ye, yours, vp, yf, †, u, mine, s, elias, je, vnto, non, f, whereof, us''d, this, l, ●, ‖, whosoever, shou''d, ib

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

other, same, such, true, great, many, first, more, own, good, whole, little, very, present, saith, new, much, several, proper, last, least, common, particular, second, necessary, former, plain, certain, holy, contrary, ancient, real, impossible, sufficient, like, able, false, possible, next, most, sure, greater, different, natural, old, visible, late, better, general, full

not, so, then, now, only, therefore, yet, more, as, very, also, thus, well, here, most, indeed, there, much, never, up, still, out, first, ever, before, too, even, all, truly, once, rather, at, far, no, really, again, onely, down, otherwise, together, certainly, properly, †, in, plainly, else, that, is, especially, already

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

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