bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
time rt	486
pcr assay	471
time pcr	308
reverse transcription	263
viral rna	216
acute respiratory	193
polymerase chain	186
chain reaction	182
respiratory syndrome	179
clinical samples	177
sybr green	176
nested pcr	173
influenza virus	165
infectious bronchitis	159
respiratory syncytial	156
pcr assays	156
real time	154
syncytial virus	153
severe acute	144
porcine epidemic	138
cell culture	137
isothermal amplification	136
conventional rt	135
respiratory viruses	134
nucleic acid	128
bronchitis virus	122
mediated isothermal	122
diarrhea virus	119
virol methods	115
cord uid	115
doc id	115
methods doi	115
epidemic diarrhea	114
infectious peritonitis	113
feline infectious	113
detection limit	112
positive samples	110
respiratory tract	109
influenza viruses	108
reverse transcriptase	107
rapid detection	106
agarose gel	103
lamp assay	103
applied biosystems	102
serum samples	102
transmissible gastroenteritis	90
cell lines	89
viral load	87
pcr products	85
infected cells	84
serial dilutions	84
amino acid	84
gel electrophoresis	82
copy number	82
virus infection	80
monoclonal antibodies	80
canine coronavirus	79
cell line	79
vero cells	76
porcine circovirus	74
time reverse	74
standard curve	73
rna extraction	72
disease virus	72
step rt	70
performed using	70
virus isolation	69
spike protein	69
cell cultures	69
sars coronavirus	69
feline coronavirus	68
avian influenza	68
type i	67
green real	66
canine parvovirus	65
positive results	65
sephadex tm	64
per reaction	64
clinical specimens	64
dna polymerase	63
negative control	63
clinical signs	63
gastroenteritis virus	63
present study	63
total rna	62
fecal samples	61
pcr kit	61
sequence analysis	61
ct values	60
described previously	60
monoclonal antibody	60
dilution series	59
internal control	58
capsid protein	57
gene expression	57
oseltamivir resistance	56
three times	56
tested positive	56
newcastle disease	56
pcr using	55
pcr product	54
ms ms	53
serially diluted	53
room temperature	52
faecal samples	52
multiplex pcr	52
copies ml	52
reaction mixture	51
linked immunosorbent	50
fold dilutions	50
immune response	50
sars cov	50
vaccinia virus	49
classical swine	49
nucleocapsid protein	49
copies per	49
multiplex real	49
specific antibodies	48
bovine viral	48
closely related	48
flow cytometry	48
human coronavirus	48
immunosorbent assay	48
fever virus	48
nucleotide sequence	48
pcr system	48
circovirus type	48
canine distemper	47
transfected cells	47
escherichia coli	47
swine fever	46
rna copies	46
nucleic acids	46
lymph nodes	46
distilled water	46
duplex real	46
pcr amplification	46
positive control	45
respiratory disease	45
vaccine strains	45
neutralizing antibodies	45
high sensitivity	45
variola virus	45
multiplex rt	45
days post	45
public health	45
virus type	44
electron microscopy	44
simultaneous detection	43
blood samples	43
like particles	43
wild type	43
united states	43
syndrome coronavirus	42
molecular detection	42
enteric viruses	42
genbank accession	42
assay variability	42
basic kit	42
specific rt	41
cap protein	41
virus rna	41
plasmid dna	41
viral isolation	41
commercially available	41
sars patients	41
rna viruses	40
previously described	40
fold serial	40
copy numbers	40
green i	40
epithelial cells	40
syndrome virus	40
samples tested	39
avian infectious	39
samples collected	39
human metapneumovirus	39
buffered saline	39
molecular methods	39
negative results	39
tract infections	39
respiratory samples	38
indirect elisa	38
mm tris	38
virus detection	38
nasal aspirates	38
standard deviation	38
negative controls	38
virus infections	38
virus replication	38
sample preparation	38
western blot	37
determined using	37
pcr method	37
protein gene	37
tcid ml	37
lower respiratory	37
postinoculation day	37
atcc vr	37
nested rt	37
rapid diagnosis	36
pcr tests	36
virus isolates	36
bovine respiratory	36
detection rate	36
novel coronavirus	36
swine influenza	36
life technologies	36
respiratory virus	36
porcine parvovirus	36
free water	35
west nile	35
highly conserved	35
viral genome	35
genomic rna	35
reverse primer	35
type ii	35
dengue virus	35
genome copies	35
transport media	34
analytical sensitivity	34
virus strains	34
sequence alignment	34
phylogenetic analysis	34
conventional methods	34
rna virus	34
structural proteins	34
membrane protein	34
standard curves	34
reaction volume	34
quantitative pcr	34
mass spectrometry	33
viral diarrhea	33
pcr results	33
host cells	33
porcine reproductive	33
specific primers	33
transcription loop	33
rsv infection	33
like pestivirus	33
stranded rna	33
infected vero	33
primer probe	33
rna transcripts	33
purified using	33
pcr test	33
nile virus	33
fusion protein	33
distemper virus	33
viral transport	33
mesenteric lymph	33
rna polymerase	33
accession number	32
highly sensitive	32
conventional pcr	32
respiratory pathogens	32
samples containing	32
forward primer	32
diarrhoea virus	32
virus strain	32
respiratory specimens	32
molecular techniques	32
human respiratory	32
viral infections	32
cov infection	32
primer pair	31
mononuclear cells	31
transcription polymerase	31
immune responses	31
pcr reaction	31
surface sampling	31
negative samples	31
fta cards	31
mini kit	31
viral sequences	31
bovine serum	31
stool samples	30
detection methods	30
sensitive detection	30
results showed	30
extraction kit	30
experimentally infected	30
detection limits	30
protein expression	30
false positive	30
detection system	30
fold dilution	30
rna interference	30
tissue culture	30
standard rna	30
goat anti	30
two different	29
stainless steel	29
final concentration	29
specific siga	29
well plates	29
mg ml	29
pcr detection	29
world health	29
molecular assays	29
immunofluorescence assay	29
assay using	29
highly specific	28
calculated using	28
significantly higher	28
time quantitative	28
infectious virus	28
multiplex assay	28
parainfluenza virus	28
primers used	28
western blotting	28
gene sequence	28
recovery efficiencies	28
equine arteritis	28
viral culture	28
arteritis virus	28
pedv infection	28
extracted rna	28
ct value	28
gene sequences	28
amplification assay	28
viral proteins	28
false negative	28
open reading	28
kindly provided	28
sanger sequencing	27
virus genome	27
amplification efficiency	27
viral infection	27
amino acids	27
primer set	27
high specificity	27
host cell	27
infected cell	27
naturally infected	27
viral loads	27
coronavirus infection	27
using primers	27
soiv osel	27
encephalomyelitis virus	27
viral pathogens	27
ethidium bromide	27
cell lysates	27
realtime pcr	27
gold standard	27
target sequence	27
pandemic influenza	27
results obtained	26
virulent pedv	26
assay detected	26
respiratory infections	26
master mix	26
copies reaction	26
capture elisa	26
wasting syndrome	26
virus neutralisation	26
dna vaccine	26
quantitative rt	26
transcriptase pcr	26
housekeeping genes	26
associated coronavirus	26
ee index	25
wide range	25
reaction mix	25
taqman rt	25
seasonal influenza	25
type strains	25
diagnostic methods	25
genomic dna	25
quantitative real	25
threshold cycle	25
sense rna	25
final extension	25
taqman assay	25
peripheral blood	25
pcr buffer	25
time consuming	25
rna genome	25
culture supernatant	25
vitro transcribed	25
final volume	25
assays using	25
viral copy	25
pseudorabies virus	25
enzyme mix	24
taqman probe	24
assessed using	24
clinical diagnosis	24
samples positive	24
health organization	24
using real	24
viral copies	24
economic losses	24
respiratory coronavirus	24
multisystemic wasting	24
human coronaviruses	24
total antibody	24
epidemic diarrhoea	24
dynamic range	24
acid amplification	24
specific primer	24
rna template	23
washed three	23
specific detection	23
diagnostic laboratories	23
lamp method	23
tissue samples	23
elution buffer	23
related viruses	23
multiplex reverse	23
also used	23
genome sequence	23
bovine coronavirus	23
lamp reaction	23
tested using	23
variant pedv	23
nasal swabs	23
parvovirus type	23
vitro transcription	23
transcribed rna	23
virus dna	23
rna isolation	23
ibv cdna	23
antigen detection	23
viruses using	23
infected dogs	23
viral replication	23
cytopathic effect	23
enrichment methods	23
lymph node	23
foster city	23
virus specific	22
peritonitis virus	22
primer sets	22
whole blood	22
porcine respiratory	22
initial denaturation	22
reference strains	22
laboratory diagnosis	22
encephalitis virus	22
green rt	22
previous studies	22
pcr methods	22
allantoic fluid	22
well plate	22
expression vector	22
molecular characterization	22
contact time	22
animal health	22
amplification products	22
structural protein	22
nucleotide sequences	22
oligonucleotide primers	22
positive result	22
infectious diseases	22
swab samples	22
rna extracted	22
taqman probes	22
acid sequence	22
amplification method	22
disease control	22
house sephadex	22
fluorogenic rt	21
conserved region	21
bp fragment	21
universal influenza	21
mouse anti	21
avian reovirus	21
mammalian cells	21
cap gene	21
transport medium	21
negative sense	21
tof ms	21
viral titers	21
cdv wild	21
designed using	21
bluetongue virus	21
tm columns	21
neutralising mabs	21
genomic sequences	21
lamp assays	21
significant difference	21
antigen capture	21
cdna synthesis	21
postweaning multisystemic	20
detected using	20
current study	20
porcine iecs	20
reverse transcribed	20
analyzed using	20
one sample	20
rna standards	20
viral particles	20
pedv specific	20
rabbit anti	20
pbs containing	20
cov igg	20
human serum	20
considered positive	20
conserved regions	20
south korea	20
curve analysis	20
dnase i	20
european standard	20
extracted using	20
leukemia virus	20
total volume	20
cells transfected	20
western immunoblot	20
field samples	20
vaccine strain	20
north american	20
taqman real	20
fcovs type	20
rapid identification	20
dna vaccines	20
rna templates	20
research institute	20
stool specimens	20
results suggest	20
important role	20
highly purified	19
three different	19
antibody responses	19
higher sensitivity	19
thermal cycler	19
antibody test	19
antibody response	19
alignment search	19
acute gastroenteritis	19
pcr analysis	19
respiratory viral	19
dna sequencing	19
specific pathogen	19
viral cdna	19
independent experiments	19
previously published	19
multiplex method	19
assay developed	19
sequence data	19
specimens collected	19
results indicate	19
ebola virus	19
ftdrp assay	19
one step	19
hnov gii	19
determine whether	19
diagnostic tests	19
preparation method	19
lassa virus	19
mouse igg	18
diagnostic tool	18
field strains	18
realtime rt	18
results indicated	18
abi prism	18
healthy cats	18
innate immune	18
japanese encephalitis	18
hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis	18
amplified products	18
clinical sample	18
dna copies	18
fisher scientific	18
diagnostic test	18
detection method	18
pfu ml	18
assay described	18
coli bl	18
secondary antibody	18
coronavirus strains	18
van der	18
neutralizing antibody	18
equine sera	18
amplification reaction	18
melting temperature	18
house assays	18
pcr reactions	18
kit assay	18
neutralisation test	18
melting curve	18
method described	18
matrix gene	18
egyptian variant	18
feline coronaviruses	18
fta card	18
previous study	18
recovery efficiency	18
parainfluenza viruses	18
flk blv	18
widely used	18
viruses including	17
cov rna	17
rna transcript	17
less sensitive	17
human immunodeficiency	17
samples obtained	17
family coronaviridae	17
clart pneumovir	17
infected shrimp	17
using primer	17
young children	17
ha gene	17
kidney cell	17
immunodeficiency virus	17
chicken eggs	17
performed according	17
acid residues	17
pcr master	17
two groups	17
mm mgcl	17
culture supernatants	17
virulent strains	17
green fluorescence	17
lysis buffer	17
probe sequences	17
yellow head	17
qiaamp viral	17
viral rnas	17
fetal bovine	17
cultured cells	17
control group	17
also tested	17
probes used	17
tracheal swabs	17
transcriptase polymerase	17
per well	17
spike gene	17
positive controls	17
two samples	17
ic assay	17
genbank database	17
disease severity	17
reading frame	17
statistically significant	17
vero cell	17
sg cells	17
thermo fisher	17
denv infection	17
duplex assay	17
serial dilution	17
cost effective	17
rna mini	17
evaluated using	17
rt real	17
guinea pig	17
culture medium	17
silico sensitivity	17
quartz crystal	17
pcr primers	17
postchallenge day	17
step real	17
per ml	17
virus types	17
mm nacl	17
mouth disease	17
murine coronavirus	16
even though	16
sensitive method	16
copies rna	16
clinical symptoms	16
acid extraction	16
north america	16
false positives	16
threshold value	16
low viral	16
virus using	16
reaction assay	16
positive sense	16
transcription pcr	16
min followed	16
early diagnosis	16
pcr detected	16
cov infected	16
severe disease	16
cycle threshold	16
statistical analysis	16
virus recovery	16
purified sars	16
cycle sequencing	16
viral shedding	16
head virus	16
relatively low	16
infectious disease	16
elisa kit	16
lna assay	16
lamp products	16
rnase inhibitor	16
large scale	16
developed rt	16
significant differences	16
using two	16
molecular epidemiology	16
viral antigen	16
siga positive	16
cell lysate	16
coronavirus spike	16
cells expressing	16
qcm biosensor	16
respiratory diseases	16
hcov oc	16
two viruses	16
quantitative detection	16
positive rate	16
diagnostic sensitivity	16
enzyme immunoassay	16
nested primers	15
induced apoptosis	15
three samples	15
commonly used	15
ge pfu	15
tested negative	15
bovine herpesvirus	15
samples using	15
viral respiratory	15
rt step	15
early detection	15
highly contagious	15
calf serum	15
using different	15
supplementary data	15
specific antibody	15
rsv lna	15
rna copy	15
arv replication	15
respiratory illness	15
field isolates	15
coronavirus nl	15
throat swabs	15
respiratory infection	15
ccov strains	15
ns gene	15
st cells	15
culture method	15
copies ng	15
immune system	15
serum sample	15
viral titer	15
silico validation	15
specific products	15
hospitalized children	15
two separate	15
like virus	15
time qt	15
genotype isolates	15
serotype specific	15
human influenza	15
infected patients	15
rsv rna	15
coronavirus rna	15
fluorescence intensity	15
two assays	15
eid ml	15
positive serum	15
immunochromatographic test	15
probe binding	15
cytopathic effects	15
lassa fever	15
polarized calu	15
rad laboratories	15
using rna	15
reverse primers	15
molecular diagnostics	15
results demonstrated	15
small interfering	15
mixture contained	15
end point	14
similar results	14
viruses tested	14
step step	14
novel real	14
large number	14
diagnostic method	14
coronavirus type	14
recombinant plasmid	14
oseltamivir resistant	14
positive sera	14
may also	14
minor groove	14
based real	14
acute phase	14
fecal specimens	14
binding sites	14
cycling conditions	14
optical density	14
multiple sequence	14
env gene	14
amplification curves	14
fluorescence signal	14
interfering rnas	14
ck cells	14
cells using	14
osel res	14
coding region	14
coronavirus associated	14
high throughput	14
detection kit	14
vitro transcripts	14
years old	14
vaccine development	14
viral diarrhoea	14
coronavirus infections	14
body fluids	14
large amounts	14
membrane proteins	14
detect sars	14
scfv antibodies	14
detection rates	14
peptides derived	14
corresponding author	14
viral dna	14
low sensitivity	14
four different	14
infected pigs	14
mm dntps	13
osel sen	13
time points	13
rights reserved	13
monkey kidney	13
groove binder	13
new assay	13
software version	13
herpes simplex	13
containing mm	13
sv tag	13
technical assistance	13
reading frames	13
dna virus	13
structural genes	13
molecular tests	13
human enteric	13
phosphate buffered	13
artificial sample	13
thank dr	13
kappa statistic	13
new coronavirus	13
viruses isolated	13
triplex real	13
quantified using	13
reference sequence	13
variant ii	13
conventional one	13
stranded dna	13
plasma samples	13
enteric pathogens	13
consensus primers	13
clinical sign	13
cells infected	13
generated using	13
sequence detection	13
sirna scr	13
first report	13
three independent	13
ibv infection	13
embryonated chicken	13
ethics committee	13
yellow fever	13
norwalk virus	13
normal human	13
phage display	13
positive colostrum	13
without filtration	13
hemorrhagic fever	13
pcv infection	13
node cells	13
different concentrations	13
matrix protein	13
samples included	13
contact times	13
intestinal epithelial	13
house developed	13
viral nucleic	13
crystal microbalance	13
pcv capsid	13
blot analysis	13
cvb replicon	13
linear regression	13
acid sequences	13
body cavity	13
homologous recombination	13
full length	13
antiviral activity	13
lymphoproliferative responses	13
like ccovs	13
spike glycoprotein	13
diagnostic assays	13
upper respiratory	13
assay based	13
like viruses	13
organ samples	13
nasal swab	13
viral genomic	13
cells co	13
enveloped viruses	13
species identification	13
developed sample	13
prrsv rna	13
genetic characterization	13
gene encoding	13
image cytometer	13
environmental surfaces	13
based assay	13
prv ge	13
cross reactivity	12
hepatitis virus	12
bat cell	12
viral strains	12
dnase treatment	12
incubation time	12
viruses detected	12
high viral	12
lymphoid tissues	12
three genotypes	12
ferret lymph	12
fcov type	12
virus particles	12
tgev rna	12
washed twice	12
fluorescent signal	12
online version	12
gel extraction	12
length cdna	12
resistant influenza	12
low levels	12
primer sequences	12
embryonated eggs	12
children hospitalized	12
gene fragment	12
time polymerase	12
superscript iii	12
ns antigen	12
influenza season	12
primer pairs	12
virus shedding	12
isolation kit	12
gapdh mrna	12
interferon beta	12
na gene	12
recombinant protein	12
software package	12
fluorescence microscope	12
method using	12
causative agent	12
specific amplification	12
also observed	12
also detected	12
forming units	12
virus dilution	12
sen probe	12
pcr based	12
coronaviridae family	12
mm kcl	12
hemagglutinin gene	12
triplex assay	12
human cells	12
lamp primers	12
hong kong	12
coronavirus infectious	12
persistently infected	12
retention rates	12
assay cvs	12
aligned using	12
blood mononuclear	12
reaction conditions	12
biotech co	12
control samples	12
two methods	12
annealing temperature	12
animal species	12
primer express	12
pcr positive	12
lamp reactions	12
fetal calf	12
diagnostic tools	12
antibodies directed	12
colloidal gold	12
done using	12
rna kit	12
viral genomes	12
blocking elisa	12
porcine transmissible	12
detection mix	12
new zealand	12
ev pev	12
multiplex assays	12
analysis showed	12
house assay	12
tract infection	12
bovine leukemia	12
time detection	12
res probe	12
melting point	12
ns serotype	12
ns ag	12
binding site	12
previously reported	12
molecular diagnostic	12
pigs inoculated	12
dna samples	12
ms analysis	12
high prevalence	12
culture plates	11
feline enteric	11
intensive care	11
affinity chromatography	11
molecular weight	11
test kit	11
epithelial cell	11
designed based	11
type prv	11
direct detection	11
true positive	11
diagnostic laboratory	11
porcine hemagglutinating	11
cells ml	11
strain vaccine	11
nv rna	11
buffer containing	11
ndv strains	11
pcr efficiency	11
cleavage site	11
qpcr assay	11
standard deviations	11
vitro rna	11
cell debris	11
nested polymerase	11
nitrocellulose membrane	11
amplified product	11
takara biotechnology	11
developed using	11
human rhinovirus	11
pedv strains	11
culture collection	11
cov strain	11
flow cytometric	11
tube rt	11
elisa using	11
inner primers	11
nervous system	11
calf diarrhea	11
found positive	11
avian coronavirus	11
assay targeting	11
house rtrt	11
coronavirus nucleocapsid	11
lymphocyte proliferative	11
first strand	11
based amplification	11
specific pcr	11
accession numbers	11
cell surface	11
carbonate buffer	11
essential medium	11
cov rt	11
based methods	11
hek cells	11
based rt	11
dual infections	11
cycle number	11
denaturation step	11
confidence interval	11
genetic diversity	11
conjunctival swab	11
coronavirus oc	11
type virus	11
easy vector	11
firefly luciferase	11
ee ratio	11
sample collection	11
variant strain	11
high degree	11
cdv vaccine	11
loop mediated	11
two independent	11
serological assays	11
specific monoclonal	11
obtained using	11
viral stock	11
restriction enzyme	11
newly developed	11
viral suspension	11
rabies virus	11
post infection	11
test strip	11
statistical significance	11
virus serotypes	11
inactivated sars	11
enrichment method	11
rna standard	11
expression system	11
tipped applicators	11
od nm	11
reaction mixtures	11
indirect immunofluorescence	11
sd bioline	11
ion torrent	11
second round	11
protein genes	11
positive using	11
methods used	11
reagent set	11
serum albumin	11
primers defined	11
host range	11
order nidovirales	11
rna samples	11
virulent strain	11
neutralization test	11
recombinant baculovirus	11
protective immunity	11
taq dna	11
sense primer	11
test results	11
different swabs	11
reaction time	11
equal volume	11
origin influenza	11
target gene	11
thermal cycling	11
housekeeping gene	11
central nervous	11
polyacrylamide gel	11
day post	10
lyssa irus	10
reported previously	10
mrna copies	10
analytical specificity	10
eggs inoculated	10
simple method	10
viral protein	10
mouse hepatitis	10
acute lower	10
tracheal washes	10
pcr protocol	10
infected cats	10
published sequence	10
detection using	10
table comparison	10
conjugate pad	10
specimen collection	10
taura syndrome	10
green chemistry	10
group i	10
highly pathogenic	10
signaling pathways	10
correlation coefficient	10
sars patient	10
virus neutralization	10
standard plasmid	10
thermofisher scientific	10
isothermal mastermix	10
microtiter plates	10
virus discovery	10
currently circulating	10
human adenovirus	10
pcr conditions	10
four viruses	10
dengue viruses	10
template rna	10
care unit	10
relative abundance	10
corbett research	10
differentially expressed	10
dna extraction	10
multiplex rtpcr	10
dpo assay	10
rv detection	10
environmental conditions	10
purified virus	10
outer primers	10
log reduction	10
developing countries	10
laboratories srl	10
binding assay	10
taqman rrt	10
different methods	10
time taqman	10
enrichment techniques	10
neuraminidase inhibitor	10
strain josiah	10
neuraminidase inhibitors	10
human norovirus	10
volume containing	10
reference standard	10
mm edta	10
american type	10
using virus	10
routine diagnostic	10
kidney cells	10
rdrp gene	10
vitro model	10
amplified using	10
unpublished data	10
tested samples	10
leader sequence	10
per primer	10
pediatric patients	10
routinely used	10
detection tests	10
bovine enteric	10
one hundred	10
reporter gene	10
dissociation curve	10
dugbe virus	10
cov spike	10
like ccov	10
infectious agents	10
ebov makona	10
assay performance	10
luciferase reporter	10
rsv positive	10
human rhinoviruses	10
penaeus monodon	10
trachomatis assay	10
assay will	10
standard dilutions	10
control measures	10
resistance testing	10
fecal suspension	10
porcine coronaviruses	10
using monoclonal	10
nf en	10
chain variable	10
coli cells	10
capsid proteins	10
three multiplex	10
primary antibody	10
complete genome	10
tract disease	10
sars outbreak	10
cell types	10
primers targeting	10
porcine samples	10
mixture containing	10
based assays	10
mrna levels	10
assay reproducibility	10
bicistronic dna	10
useful tool	10
visual detection	10
viral species	10
developed assay	10
infective dose	10
negative result	10
template controls	10
der hoek	10
high pure	10
molecular size	10
sample volume	10
geometric mean	10
random primer	10
highly reproducible	10
nasal irrigation	10
lateral flow	10
simplex virus	10
water bath	10
endpoint detection	10
also included	10
quantitative reverse	10
coronavirus isolates	10
clinical presentation	10
recombinase polymerase	10
polymerase amplification	10
biological samples	10
ftdrp assays	10
another study	10
cdc real	10
type csfv	10
genome sequences	10
different viruses	10
may result	9
seeding density	9
time point	9
phylogenetic tree	9
different genotypes	9
recent years	9
loop primers	9
pmk cells	9
gibco brl	9
recombinant vaccinia	9
animal care	9
using rt	9
type culture	9
like particle	9
taken together	9
dna viruses	9
live virus	9
duplex rrt	9
phosphate buffer	9
human sars	9
purification kit	9
concentrations ranging	9
tenfold serial	9
plasmid containing	9
etiological agent	9
detection sensitivity	9
prospective study	9
assay may	9
converting enzyme	9
duplex rt	9
del cane	9
blv antigen	9
coronavirus membrane	9
virus control	9
rpa assay	9
reporter dye	9
type strain	9
hospitalised children	9
celigo image	9
gastroenteritis coronavirus	9
bursal disease	9
see section	9
bioline norovirus	9
plasmid pires	9
reaction efficiency	9
rna extract	9
highest dilution	9
fluorescence microscopy	9
steel surfaces	9
mean recovery	9
sampling method	9
positive according	9
genetic analysis	9
using sybr	9
reaction assays	9
extraction method	9
ibv vaccine	9
first time	9
values obtained	9
rt reaction	9
early stage	9
first step	9
igg antibody	9
isothermal conditions	9
functional receptor	9
neuraminidase gene	9
step quantitative	9
assay showed	9
increasing number	9
expected size	9
icg test	9
priming oligonucleotide	9
days later	9
probe used	9
nucleotide substitutions	9
nhbe cells	9
rna production	9
pfu ratio	9
virus subtype	9
antibody production	9
following infection	9
molecular diagnosis	9
natural infection	9
random hexamers	9
national center	9
porcine circoviruses	9
elisa based	9
strain bj	9
dna rna	9
env genes	9
ibv genome	9
infection using	9
using trizol	9
apical surface	9
pigs infected	9
school children	9
cavity effusions	9
target sequences	9
secondary structure	9
maternal antibodies	9
target genes	9
canine herpesvirus	9
quality control	9
neutralization assay	9
nine samples	9
corona virus	9
nested multiplex	9
onto fta	9
highly infectious	9
primers specific	9
high level	9
disease viruses	9
mail address	9
recombinant plasmids	9
using multiplex	9
per assay	9
ftdrp rv	9
target cells	9
authors declare	9
reaction buffer	9
thermal profile	9
protein expressed	9
accurate diagnosis	9
diagnostic assay	9
ifn beta	9
virus entry	9
polymerase gene	9
probe sets	9
van rijn	9
rna levels	9
proliferative responses	9
clinical laboratory	9
persistent infection	9
using specific	9
infectious bursal	9
conjunctival swabs	9
dhinakar raj	9
high mortality	9
biotechnology co	9
major structural	9
negative group	9
test result	9
absolute quantification	9
inoculum levels	9
scale rna	9
will allow	9
atcc ccl	9
measured using	9
also found	9
serial ten	9
genetic variability	9
times lower	9
base differences	9
elisa antigen	9
single nucleotide	9
using pcr	9
study showed	9
laboratory manual	9
length ibv	9
ecogpt gene	9
qpcr method	9
life cycle	9
infected individuals	9
target region	9
infected chickens	9
proteasome inhibitor	9
fold serially	9
pcv lamp	9
fluorogenic pcr	9
biological materials	9
purified clp	9
human bocavirus	9
fold change	9
united kingdom	9
cell responses	9
genome copy	9
equine viral	9
reverse genetics	9
incubation period	9
selected based	9
colostrum samples	9
polyester swabs	9
growth medium	9
sampling methods	9
tqm probe	9
rsv subgroups	9
pedv antibodies	9
specific binding	9
product activity	9
virus vaccine	9
plaque assay	9
gene specific	9
rna concentration	9
viruses associated	9
binding activity	8
like strains	8
situ hybridization	8
positive reaction	8
single step	8
new human	8
new method	8
low copy	8
bp amplicon	8
pedv strain	8
veterinary medicine	8
mp rt	8
cell leukemia	8
variability among	8
transcription nested	8
amplification conditions	8
spike proteins	8
human enterovirus	8
secondary antibodies	8
swine industry	8
veterinary research	8
infected cattle	8
pig sera	8
myotis polyomavirus	8
pev assay	8
two strains	8
reference strain	8
commercial rtrt	8
crfk cells	8
exogenous reference	8
sucrose gradient	8
regression analysis	8
enteric coronaviruses	8
cutoff value	8
agricultural sciences	8
coronavirus disease	8
primer explorer	8
genetic variation	8
three replicates	8
serologic assays	8
fusion proteins	8
topo ta	8
classical rabies	8
energy transfer	8
viral disease	8
related virus	8
fcov strains	8
significant reduction	8
cdv strains	8
compared using	8
software programs	8
peg nacl	8
new variant	8
pcr testing	8
hospital serdang	8
virus identification	8
human noroviruses	8
clinical features	8
ccov infection	8
among different	8
blocking effect	8
vaccinia viruses	8
porcine viruses	8
unclassified becv	8
partially purified	8
slightly higher	8
recombinant antigen	8
pathogen free	8
storage conditions	8
probe sequence	8
fluid samples	8
enteric coronavirus	8
least two	8
positive sample	8
prepared using	8
iipcr reagent	8
strain elmo	8
washed times	8
antiseptic antiviral	8
purified viral	8
prototype strains	8
specific sirnas	8
sars virus	8
pcr procedure	8
i real	8
uv transilluminator	8
sodium fluorescein	8
bright field	8
conserved among	8
nephropathogenic strain	8
degenerated primers	8
experimental infection	8
causing severe	8
avirulent strains	8
pig anti	8
qualitative rt	8
regulated deps	8
slightly less	8
mm dtt	8
negative sample	8
influenza strains	8
rna using	8
cvb infection	8
linear relationship	8
throughput sequencing	8
epidemiological studies	8
randomly selected	8
probable sars	8
canine adenovirus	8
human parainfluenza	8
analysis using	8
first days	8
cell monolayers	8
length genome	8
whole virus	8
genotype strains	8
amplification cycles	8
per vial	8
bal fluid	8
live attenuated	8
envelope protein	8
newly discovered	8
single stranded	8
results show	8
virology laboratory	8
new virus	8
antibody detection	8
enteric virus	8
variant strains	8
virus neutralizing	8
gradient centrifugation	8
green pcr	8
blood donors	8
clinical management	8
house singleplex	8
increased sensitivity	8
diagnostic purposes	8
capsid expresser	8
four primers	8
patient management	8
viral envelope	8
orthopoxvirus dna	8
american swine	8
pcv antibodies	8
allantoic fluids	8
coronavirus causing	8
virus genomes	8
dogs suspected	8
novel swine	8
low concentrations	8
england biolabs	8
short time	8
human disease	8
amplification product	8
point mutations	8
tracheal organ	8
neutralization assays	8
nucleocapsid gene	8
mean fluorescence	8
fluorogenic assay	8
blood cells	8
image cytometry	8
test line	8
ecl detection	8
quantitative assay	8
sample type	8
sera raised	8
nonstructural protein	8
described herein	8
standard nf	8
two distinct	8
loaded onto	8
animal disease	8
grant number	8
specific product	8
plasmid standard	8
deep sequencing	8
virus date	8
gene amplification	8
pdu ml	8
commercial rna	8
information processing	8
based vaccines	8
sterile distilled	8
protein fragments	8
ftdrp ev	8
rna per	8
nucleotide sequencing	8
unexposed pigs	8
rnase free	8
amplitaq gold	8
blv provirus	8
ta cloning	8
guangdong province	8
following formula	8
samples used	8
conjugated anti	8
national health	8
strand rna	8
roche diagnostics	8
rna sample	8
pcr target	8
cotton tipped	8
pcr thermocycler	8
cotton swab	8
suspected patients	8
mixed infections	8
rt pcr	8
single assay	8
antiviral drugs	8
transport mediums	8
turnaround time	8
potential use	8
fragment length	8
oligonucleotide system	8
drying time	8
virus titer	8
endogenous control	8
new england	8
transcription step	8
suckling piglets	8
per sample	8
specific real	8
viral mrna	8
molecular biology	8
standard dna	8
molecular cloning	8
blast search	8
assays used	8
line po	8
control rna	8
scr env	8
dual priming	8
ace antibody	8
reliable method	8
coated quartz	8
highly variable	8
parvovirus dna	8
extension step	8
tokyo metropolitan	8
bp product	8
ex vivo	8
pcr diagnostics	8
supplementary table	8
house ev	8
virus stock	8
san diego	7
nasopharyngeal aspirates	7
detect viruses	7
vp gene	7
sick children	7
strain cdv	7
two commercial	7
veterinary diagnostic	7
amplification using	7
enterovirus serotypes	7
vaccinated exposed	7
subgenomic mrna	7
antibody immobilization	7
absorbance values	7
viral gene	7
rapid molecular	7
using anti	7
sequencing method	7
least days	7
rna detection	7
vector system	7
od values	7
pcr amplicons	7
polyclonal antibodies	7
bovine torovirus	7
laboratory diagnostic	7
study describes	7
na assay	7
fluorescent dye	7
cap proteins	7
mm phosphate	7
cat populations	7
proteasome pathway	7
absorbance value	7
minor modifications	7
influenza surveillance	7
pathway groups	7
transcribed using	7
microbiology laboratory	7
percent agreement	7
plaque forming	7
also positive	7
spectrophotometric parameters	7
high fever	7
healthy individuals	7
template dna	7
infecting cattle	7
dna fragment	7
kupe virus	7
amplification assays	7
ncr based	7
small intestine	7
ccov strain	7
early stages	7
binding region	7
iipcr assay	7
combined rt	7
tsv infected	7
throat swab	7
pedv viral	7
identification limit	7
three clones	7
conducted using	7
direct immunofluorescence	7
ib virus	7
also performed	7
cov cdna	7
mrna loads	7
cowpox virus	7
ns rt	7
cellular immune	7
cell cycle	7
od value	7
east respiratory	7
human caliciviruses	7
cdna template	7
virus release	7
acquired pneumonia	7
first line	7
chinese academy	7
like pestiviruses	7
infection system	7
early phase	7
rnai technology	7
different viral	7
sars positive	7
two sets	7
initial rna	7
quantitative analysis	7
containing ml	7
testing samples	7
viruses used	7
antisense primer	7
norovirus infection	7
specific lesions	7
tracheal swab	7
tcid cdv	7
vitro assembly	7
control antigen	7
three rt	7
four sars	7
excellent technical	7
limited number	7
first round	7
virus vaccines	7
pestiviruses infecting	7
virus antibodies	7
assay specificity	7
elution buffers	7
including influenza	7
enteric caliciviruses	7
fold diluted	7
assays based	7
rna extracts	7
children admitted	7
bromide staining	7
bicistronic plasmid	7
cdv cell	7
dna template	7
murine encephalomyelitis	7
proteasome inhibition	7
direct tm	7
health commission	7
assay coefficient	7
natural science	7
analysis revealed	7
fold lower	7
refractory mutation	7
time amplification	7
single tube	7
virus infectivity	7
assays described	7
fluorogenic reverse	7
different animal	7
thermo scientific	7
different amounts	7
ferret model	7
commercial elisa	7
acid change	7
strand cdna	7
ccov rna	7
pcr targeting	7
production system	7
stock preparation	7
semen samples	7
pcr multiplex	7
reaction containing	7
restriction sites	7
ex taq	7
significantly different	7
insect cells	7
without sirna	7
restriction fragment	7
control sirna	7
detect antibodies	7
glycine buffer	7
based method	7
postinoculation days	7
growth curve	7
single peak	7
length polymorphism	7
cells per	7
dna content	7
lasv strain	7
identified peptides	7
lagos bat	7
pfu per	7
swab types	7
genus alphacoronavirus	7
nucleoprotein gene	7
ib primer	7
single round	7
quantitative results	7
cell pellet	7
commercial kits	7
pneumovir test	7
clinical disease	7
borne viruses	7
positive clinical	7
etiologic agent	7
competent escherichia	7
rapid screening	7
see table	7
mean value	7
several days	7
amv reverse	7
virus detected	7
gb acc	7
purified recombinant	7
bovine leukosis	7
human infection	7
challenge day	7
samples detected	7
genome organization	7
samples also	7
mucosal surfaces	7
viral families	7
polarized epithelial	7
oligonucleotide primer	7
method detected	7
exposed pigs	7
virus rapid	7
enteric disease	7
transcription reaction	7
mdck cells	7
annealing temperatures	7
qiaquick gel	7
true positives	7
denv ns	7
sequence reads	7
pcr developed	7
showed high	7
possible cause	7
retention rate	7
sn assay	7
used widely	7
biotechnology information	7
specimens positive	7
tertiary care	7
mycoplasma pneumoniae	7
tissue kit	7
different virus	7
fipv df	7
study design	7
swab sample	7
base pair	7
virus concentration	7
reference rna	7
microneutralization assay	7
encephalomyocarditis virus	7
influenza pandemic	7
blood lymphocytes	7
mixed samples	7
virological diagnostics	7
bst dna	7
pair ccov	7
step multiplex	7
following conditions	7
treated water	7
nasopharyngeal swabs	7
extraction step	7
genomic sequence	7
various concentrations	7
clinical validation	7
palo alto	7
env co	7
novel pandemic	7
tm sybr	7
infection control	7
fecal suspensions	7
sample containing	7
fluorescent signals	7
uv light	7
antibody levels	7
true negative	7
orf ab	7
conventional viral	7
stranded positive	7
neurological signs	7
mk cells	7
novel influenza	7
untranslated region	7
acute infection	7
sample pad	7
sodium dodecyl	7
endogenous reference	7
adenovirus type	7
virus species	7
metropolitan institute	7
horseradish peroxidase	7
cdna within	7
informed consent	7
actin genes	7
screening assay	7
recombinant proteins	7
human pbmcs	7
wnv pcr	7
paper describes	7
viral arteritis	7
antigen production	7
mean cpm	7
respiratory panel	7
different respiratory	7
sample types	7
molecules tested	7
surfaces using	7
one mismatch	7
elisa plates	7
previous report	7
circulating strains	7
antibody libraries	7
mucosal immune	7
lymphocyte proliferation	7
false negatives	7
mutation system	7
using one	7
health research	7
rapid diagnostic	7
based multiplex	7
color change	7
roche assay	7
viral entry	7
lung tissue	7
pure rna	7
sequences used	7
personal communication	7
diagnostic accuracy	7
target rna	7
diagnostic testing	7
rsv strains	7
science foundation	7
mrc cells	7
middle east	7
viruses circulating	7
duplex taqman	7
bat species	7
newly identified	7
capture antibody	7
pe applied	7
blot assay	7
total sample	7
pcr enzyme	7
np swab	7
orf encodes	7
scr gag	7
severe respiratory	7
positive test	7
perkin elmer	7
pcr steps	7
pharmacia biotech	7
multiplex methods	7
culture flasks	7
loopmediated isothermal	7
higher recovery	7
first isolated	7
samples taken	7
glycoprotein gene	7
electron microscope	7
may cause	7
ftdrp multiplex	7
immunocompromised patients	7
rat theilovirus	7
reference method	7
one virus	7
luc pseudovirus	7
greater sensitivity	7
test samples	7
cell fusion	7
african green	7
clinical virology	7
may explain	7
bp dna	7
amplification refractory	7
three sets	7
bronchoalveolar lavage	7
positive specimens	7
amplification tests	7
virus transmission	7
one egg	7
amplification plot	6
ib strains	6
sequences obtained	6
one test	6
antibodies specific	6
cells following	6
cause respiratory	6
nasopharyngeal aspirate	6
unclassified becvs	6
clinical respiratory	6
microtiter plate	6
reaction tube	6
assay kit	6
infected sf	6
norovirus test	6
signs method	6
insulated isothermal	6
repeated three	6
calculated according	6
based ifa	6
co incubator	6
clinical isolates	6
normal saline	6
temperature range	6
resistant isolates	6
chickens immunized	6
avian paramyxovirus	6
rv assay	6
molecular weights	6
health concern	6
resistant pandemic	6
fluorogenic probe	6
melting points	6
cdna preparations	6
six established	6
pcr result	6
human lung	6
national key	6
igg antibodies	6
four structural	6
weeks post	6
border disease	6
heat inactivated	6
test method	6
serological tests	6
efk clones	6
ribomax tm	6
lower sensitivity	6
first reported	6
i interferon	6
whole sars	6
challenge studies	6
hpa coronavirus	6
ferret leukocytes	6
limited settings	6
rabies viruses	6
variant i	6
enteric calicivirus	6
internal reference	6
nv stock	6
pcr annealing	6
also assessed	6
amplification efficacy	6
detection systems	6
many countries	6
enteric viral	6
animal models	6
agarose gels	6
double distilled	6
reference rnas	6
biosafety level	6
results using	6
used according	6
rabbit igg	6
sequencing using	6
spf pigs	6
medium containing	6
ascites fluid	6
data associated	6
associated virus	6
cov viral	6
control cells	6
cdna standards	6
apoptosis induction	6
culture methods	6
specific assay	6
complete genomic	6
gave similar	6
containing pcr	6
stimulated wells	6
different geographical	6
independent assays	6
assay detection	6
reaction contained	6
novel tool	6
mediated immune	6
golgi complex	6
virus positive	6
detect pedv	6
six independent	6
coronavirus rt	6
samples found	6
louis encephalitis	6
derived peptides	6
molecular mass	6
conservation plot	6
methods described	6
rabbit sera	6
peritonitis cases	6
egfp gene	6
small membrane	6
amplification methods	6
rv assays	6
novel pestivirus	6
strain hb	6
pcr cycle	6
front matter	6
chicken embryos	6
filter paper	6
trizol reagent	6
terminator cycle	6
respiratory signs	6
quality assessment	6
ffu ml	6
nd nd	6
ee indices	6
coating antigen	6
family flaviviridae	6
associated lymphoid	6
method used	6
specific rna	6
sequence database	6
orthopoxvirus species	6
emerging viruses	6
antiviral therapy	6
samples submitted	6
cell clones	6
previous reports	6
membrane fusion	6
genus pestivirus	6
fcov mrna	6
effective method	6
infected dog	6
variable regions	6
ml reaction	6
relationships among	6
plasmid vector	6
short hairpin	6
protein ns	6
poultry industry	6
using molecular	6
specific probes	6
protective immune	6
dna replication	6
diarrhea viruses	6
test kits	6
pcr inhibitors	6
using single	6
internal primer	6
without fip	6
automated sequencing	6
virus culture	6
directly compared	6
display system	6
green monkey	6
antibody testing	6
surface types	6
mab dilution	6
tgev purdue	6
reducing agent	6
diluted sample	6
unexposed animals	6
porcine deltacoronavirus	6
speed centrifugation	6
immunosorbent electron	6
time assay	6
primer mix	6
isolation technique	6
pcr date	6
integral membrane	6
infectious rna	6
recombinant rna	6
cells well	6
barrier colony	6
round infection	6
perfect base	6
subunit vaccine	6
viral antigens	6
diagnostic performance	6
plasmid controls	6
organismal systems	6
two types	6
taqman assays	6
pathogenic viruses	6
sodium bicarbonate	6
sequencing technologies	6
faecal specimens	6
cho cells	6
new variants	6
dengue infection	6
primer annealing	6
purdue strain	6
sequencing kit	6
mutations associated	6
tm one	6
organ culture	6
noncoding region	6
several factors	6
following primers	6
broad range	6
disease caused	6
na genes	6
regression curve	6
amplification times	6
proliferation responses	6
ccv primers	6
two hundred	6
ccov fluorogenic	6
pcr cycles	6
study using	6
conventional pigs	6
human sera	6
based sars	6
elisa assay	6
significantly lower	6
final reaction	6
electrophoresis systems	6
newly emerging	6
phylogenetic analyses	6
nlv outbreaks	6
currently available	6
realart hpa	6
system using	6
tube containing	6
pcr negative	6
replicon rna	6
immunochromatography test	6
virus dilutions	6
overall sensitivity	6
sars cases	6
samples showed	6
following thermal	6
swine viruses	6
virus development	6
nucleocapsid antigen	6
exo probe	6
pcr may	6
reference ccov	6
comparative sequence	6
purified protein	6
product tested	6
several coronaviruses	6
cell population	6
cov assay	6
sample buffer	6
much higher	6
cytometric analysis	6
onestep rt	6
point mutation	6
high levels	6
pedv antigen	6
positive rt	6
assay sensitivity	6
virus persistence	6
control sequences	6
sequence alignments	6
oc hku	6
czech republic	6
healthy animals	6
heat inactivation	6
low concentration	6
nv nv	6
detector antibody	6
ge gene	6
step sybr	6
like illness	6
free dnase	6
cell scraping	6
recombination events	6
cdna clone	6
thaw cycles	6
cycles consisting	6
monoclonal anti	6
mismatch per	6
assays performed	6
new viruses	6
three cases	6
virus antigen	6
nc membrane	6
pcr run	6
analysis indicated	6
independent runs	6
primer binding	6
mulv reverse	6
isotype control	6
highly virulent	6
low level	6
virus titre	6
using serially	6
cystic fibrosis	6
comparative analysis	6
norovirus real	6
luciferase activity	6
using loop	6
siga sc	6
calculated based	6
several species	6
shell vial	6
single copy	6
two human	6
based pcr	6
use committee	6
positive group	6
virucidal activity	6
three assays	6
parental cell	6
negative rt	6
mrna detection	6
dna plasmid	6
stock solution	6
ge healthcare	6
fluorescence detection	6
primer sequence	6
passive immunization	6
turkey coronavirus	6
sirnas env	6
based binding	6
serological methods	6
conjugated goat	6
prokaryotic expression	6
six primers	6
proliferative response	6
external quality	6
ibv vaccines	6
plasmid standards	6
lower detection	6
local immune	6
frozen fecal	6
hazara virus	6
rapid immunochromatography	6
detection test	6
taq polymerase	6
shell vials	6
biological properties	6
genome segment	6
solution containing	6
antibody tests	6
bronchitis viruses	6
disease complex	6
university hospital	6
pcr runs	6
pcr protocols	6
cdv field	6
filmarray respiratory	6
infected groups	6
feline panleukopenia	6
mrna rt	6
detected positive	6
mrna expression	6
bovine leukaemia	6
cultured viruses	6
qiagen gmbh	6
pcr techniques	6
viral detection	6
diarrhea specimens	6
field strain	6
patients infected	6
primer design	6
human embryonic	6
visualized using	6
reconstituted clinical	6
different primers	6
dengue fever	6
resistant virus	6
transmembrane protein	6
virus oc	6
natural host	6
penaeid shrimp	6
type porcine	6
volume subjected	6
beckman coulter	6
amplification step	6
annealing extension	6
gov blast	6
antemortem diagnosis	6
cross reaction	6
immunoblot analysis	6
bovine pestiviruses	6
ii viruses	6
heat denatured	6
nucleotide database	6
pcr contained	6
minimal essential	6
capture enzyme	6
medical research	6
institutional review	6
fluorescence signals	6
available sequences	6
diversity among	6
assays showed	6
mm sodium	6
positive fecal	6
common respiratory	6
cellular responses	6
see front	6
pedv infections	6
cell seeding	6
linear range	6
cellular rna	6
cvb pseudovirus	6
infection rate	6
major cause	6
significant increase	6
known sequence	6
two pairs	6
values ranged	6
base pairing	6
using sanger	6
fatal disease	6
ml penicillin	6
egg inoculated	6
attenuated pedv	6
respiratory distress	6
risk factors	6
amplification curve	6
bd biosciences	6
target rt	6
universal primer	6
within min	6
one tube	6
amplified pcr	6