bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
infected cells	549
type i	404
viral rna	394
virus infection	375
gene expression	349
virus replication	348
influenza virus	335
viral replication	307
previously described	270
wild type	263
rna synthesis	250
rna viruses	244
respiratory syndrome	240
rna replication	211
innate immune	210
immune response	210
i ifn	207
acute respiratory	202
amino acid	200
cell lines	194
host cell	190
virus particles	180
severe acute	176
infected mice	173
protein vi	170
mg ml	160
hela cells	159
western blot	159
wt mice	151
viral infection	148
cell surface	146
immune responses	145
rna polymerase	145
influenza viruses	145
described previously	143
time points	143
vesicular stomatitis	140
room temperature	139
syndrome coronavirus	138
sialic acid	138
ebov gp	138
performed using	137
ebola virus	136
viral proteins	135
receptor binding	135
cell culture	134
independent experiments	133
west nile	133
viral load	133
stomatitis virus	132
plos pathog	129
doc id	129
cord uid	129
pathog doi	129
post infection	127
plasma membrane	125
nile virus	123
determine whether	123
flow cytometry	121
viral genome	118
prp sc	117
strand rna	116
capsid protein	116
dengue virus	115
genomic rna	115
sindbis virus	114
total rna	114
rna virus	113
virus type	113
hepatitis virus	112
well plates	112
membrane fusion	112
protein kinase	110
alb ts	109
plaque assay	109
binding site	108
respiratory syncytial	108
virus rna	107
syncytial virus	107
wnv infection	106
host factors	106
amino acids	103
cell death	103
crystal structure	103
viral dna	102
cells infected	101
fusion protein	100
rlr signaling	100
cells expressing	100
mm tris	99
cell entry	99
endoplasmic reticulum	99
mm nacl	98
cell lysates	97
treated cells	97
vaccinia virus	96
i interferon	96
deficient mice	95
cell types	94
dendritic cells	94
epithelial cells	94
mouse hepatitis	94
infectious virus	94
mice infected	91
blot analysis	90
transfected cells	90
cell line	90
viral particles	89
chikungunya virus	89
pi ka	87
previous studies	87
days post	87
viral entry	86
data suggest	86
virus titers	86
hours post	85
infectious diseases	85
virus entry	85
viral protein	85
human cells	84
immunodeficiency virus	84
protein synthesis	83
control cells	83
expression levels	83
time point	83
fiber head	82
core protein	80
spike protein	80
may also	80
dependent rna	80
deficient cells	79
stranded rna	79
monoclonal antibody	78
viral titers	78
human cytomegalovirus	77
herpes simplex	77
also observed	77
taken together	77
life cycle	77
simplex virus	76
positive cells	76
luciferase activity	76
sars coronavirus	76
neutralizing antibodies	75
fatty acid	75
rna helicases	74
terminal domain	74
three independent	74
closely related	74
virus production	74
strand synthesis	73
protein expression	73
nonstructural protein	73
mdck cells	73
respiratory tract	72
class i	71
mh mn	70
host proteins	70
dependent manner	70
rna helicase	69
three times	69
recombination events	68
host cells	68
hcv infection	68
high levels	68
standard deviation	68
tissue culture	68
previously reported	67
na activity	67
innate immunity	67
results indicate	67
nipah virus	67
cleavage site	66
human immunodeficiency	66
secondary antibodies	66
target cells	66
mrna levels	66
vero cells	66
viral gene	65
ifit mice	65
per well	64
mammalian cells	64
coiled coil	64
ns protein	64
tombusvirus replicase	63
species transmission	63
vvdedk rhtrs	63
cut sites	63
rabbit anti	63
ppxy motif	63
kindly provided	63
signaling pathway	63
secretory pathway	63
western blotting	62
cell fusion	62
ts mutants	62
di particles	61
weight loss	61
middle east	61
cell responses	61
signaling proteins	61
viral genomes	61
coding region	60
structural protein	60
open reading	60
new world	60
reverse transcription	60
mutant virus	60
ma virus	60
encephalitis virus	59
dna replication	59
type mice	59
coronavirus spike	59
thermo fisher	58
negative control	58
nervous system	58
bovine serum	58
viral mrna	58
mhv spike	58
post transfection	58
crystal structures	58
cell response	57
final concentration	57
east respiratory	57
dub activity	57
important role	57
sendai virus	57
electron microscopy	57
tbsv replication	57
structural proteins	57
interaction sites	57
binding domain	57
mm edta	57
antiviral activity	57
rl mice	57
listeria monocytogenes	57
determined using	56
host species	56
highly conserved	56
antiviral response	56
acid binding	56
medium containing	56
lysis buffer	55
intercellular movement	55
cov infection	55
mouse model	55
life technologies	55
washed twice	55
immune system	54
goat anti	54
reovirus infection	54
confocal microscopy	54
human tfr	54
ng ml	54
rsv infection	54
cell type	54
matrix protein	54
hemorrhagic fever	53
adaptive immune	53
hsp isoforms	53
reassortant viruses	53
enveloped viruses	53
mapk erk	53
binding protein	52
central nervous	52
significantly reduced	52
public health	52
genome replication	52
critical role	51
mm hepes	51
fusion proteins	51
coronavirus infection	51
mutant viruses	51
virus infections	51
human metapneumovirus	51
nucleic acid	51
united states	50
error bars	50
translation initiation	50
analyzed using	50
two independent	50
results suggest	50
data indicate	50
avian influenza	50
significantly higher	49
sud core	49
cellular proteins	49
protein levels	49
ge healthcare	49
like receptor	49
body weight	49
host range	49
cellular mrnas	48
host mrna	48
day post	48
low ph	48
pcr products	48
genetic diversity	47
viral infections	47
interaction site	47
low levels	47
transcription factor	47
ifn production	47
two different	47
expressing cells	47
rna binding	47
stat phosphorylation	47
bd biosciences	47
iav entry	47
statistical significance	47
sev cantell	47
cells treated	46
significant differences	46
defective interfering	46
trex bcbl	46
vsv infection	46
rvfv infection	46
like protease	46
essential role	46
murine coronavirus	46
conformational changes	45
secondary antibody	45
er stress	45
activated protein	45
rd cells	45
cellular rna	45
cells using	45
spinal cord	45
effector cells	45
mosquito cells	45
inflammatory response	45
binding sites	45
protein response	45
host response	45
rna levels	44
viral fusion	44
firefly luciferase	44
capsid proteins	44
highly pathogenic	44
disease virus	44
empty vector	44
stranded dna	44
mouse anti	44
rta cells	44
infected animals	44
equine encephalitis	44
previously shown	44
i ifns	44
forest virus	44
specific cd	44
well plate	44
monoclonal antibodies	44
results demonstrate	43
wu virus	43
viral rnas	43
old world	43
unfolded protein	43
inhibitory effect	43
applied biosystems	43
infected cell	43
nonstructural proteins	43
di particle	42
mhc class	42
right panel	42
reading frame	42
zikv infection	42
virus binding	42
cut site	42
template rna	42
media containing	42
gel electrophoresis	42
barr virus	42
transcription factors	42
convalescent plasma	42
semliki forest	42
hek cells	42
cell signaling	42
i response	41
initiation factor	41
following infection	41
veev capsid	41
renilla luciferase	41
ev infection	41
antibody responses	41
zika virus	41
fold increase	41
human coronavirus	41
neutralizing antibody	41
hcmv infection	41
reverse genetics	40
host immune	40
luciferase reporter	40
cleavage sites	40
template rnas	40
late domain	40
recombinant viruses	40
significant reduction	40
way anova	40
detected using	40
binding rate	40
side chain	40
lymphocytic choriomeningitis	40
growth factor	40
statistical analysis	39
replication cycle	39
phylogenetic analysis	39
fold change	39
significant increase	39
gene transcription	39
buffer containing	39
signaling pathways	39
nonhuman primates	39
hcv rna	39
virus genome	39
nlrp inflammasome	39
infectious particles	38
protein interactions	38
fiber heads	38
wt virus	38
isg expression	38
hong kong	38
disease progression	38
similar results	38
virus strain	38
active site	38
lytic replication	38
ctl escape	38
replication proteins	38
venezuelan equine	38
viral genomic	38
coronavirus spikes	38
statistically significant	38
results show	38
pfu ml	38
virus infected	37
sense rna	37
recent studies	37
rna recombination	37
farv votu	37
coronavirus replication	37
viral genes	37
primary antibodies	37
fetal bovine	37
pro cells	37
virus glycoprotein	37
protease inhibitor	37
cell receptor	37
erk pathway	37
data set	36
induced apoptosis	36
i interferons	36
host rna	36
western blots	36
virus ns	36
mm mgcl	36
graphpad prism	36
plasmacytoid dendritic	36
fever virus	36
cells transfected	36
type virus	36
host factor	36
mhv replication	36
secondary structure	36
polyclonal anti	35
protease inhibitors	35
coding regions	35
envelope glycoprotein	35
immune activation	35
choriomeningitis virus	35
immune cells	35
genomic rnas	35
hiv infection	35
veev cpd	35
virus titer	35
animal models	35
confocal microscope	35
surface area	35
severe patients	35
santa cruz	35
protein interaction	35
hendra virus	35
sequence analysis	35
left panel	34
viral capsid	34
deep sequencing	34
ind entry	34
cdna clones	34
molecular weight	34
protein complexes	34
capsid phosphorylation	34
pbs containing	34
cells per	34
replication complexes	34
atpase activity	34
activity towards	34
antiviral responses	34
cell activation	34
time pcr	34
alpha beta	34
lipid mixing	34
data demonstrate	34
mutation frequencies	34
small molecule	34
stimulated gene	34
animal care	34
antiviral treatment	33
lymph nodes	33
marburg virus	33
cell cultures	33
buffered saline	33
pfu cell	33
thermo scientific	33
supporting information	33
mg kg	33
virulence factors	33
full length	33
viral transcripts	33
time course	33
structural basis	33
acid sequence	33
sequence alignment	33
purified using	33
sox cut	33
scale bar	33
coding sequences	33
infected macaques	33
reading frames	33
per cell	33
following reovirus	33
pr mtsin	33
associated herpesvirus	33
viral membrane	33
wide range	33
dna polymerase	33
pcr using	33
genome size	33
indicated times	33
ifitm cells	33
significant difference	32
late endosomes	32
viral pathogenesis	32
vsvdg zebovgp	32
viral titer	32
permissive temperature	32
mouse igg	32
whole cell	32
regulatory factor	32
rna species	32
purified recombinant	32
significantly lower	32
fisher scientific	32
helicase activity	32
interferon response	32
fusion conformation	32
type ii	32
rna genome	32
tris ph	32
alexa fluor	32
heat shock	32
hf cells	31
generated using	31
indicated time	31
female mice	31
site mutants	31
ifn signaling	31
human pathogens	31
ifnar mice	31
clinical signs	31
reporter gene	31
total number	31
virus nonstructural	31
one hour	31
calculated using	31
fluorescent protein	31
cdna library	31
rhesus macaques	31
results showed	31
virus families	31
rabbit polyclonal	31
emerging infectious	31
virus stocks	31
sequence data	31
replication complex	31
linked sias	30
specific antibodies	30
washed three	30
viral loads	30
mouth disease	30
host protein	30
rna remodeling	30
transcriptional units	30
host defense	30
conformational change	30
viral spread	30
vitro transcribed	30
plasmids encoding	30
murine hepatitis	30
brain stem	30
pdb id	30
encephalomyocarditis virus	30
replication assay	30
stimulated genes	30
specific isgs	30
biological replicates	30
mosaic virus	30
functional sbs	30
higher levels	30
negative strand	30
ie expression	30
may contribute	30
binding proteins	30
ribosome profiling	30
initial binding	30
fusion pore	29
vdid dequenching	29
ha na	29
pi kb	29
clinical trials	29
dna viruses	29
polysome association	29
virus particle	29
molecular basis	29
cell membrane	29
enzymatic activity	29
acid residues	29
rrv infection	29
ev virus	29
rna decay	29
least three	29
signal transduction	29
human monoclonal	29
particle production	29
culture supernatant	29
leukemia virus	29
mhv infection	29
containing mm	29
even though	29
virus evolution	29
protein isgylation	29
ns proteins	29
ibv spike	29
pr cam	29
mrna expression	29
previous reports	29
reverse transcriptase	28
cells stably	28
agarose gel	28
free virus	28
cellular response	28
nk cells	28
rna chaperones	28
specific antibody	28
humoral responses	28
class ii	28
persistently infected	28
helix unwinding	28
virus inhibits	28
acid synthesis	28
cell cycle	28
fold lower	28
data show	28
viral mrnas	28
increased viral	28
like particles	28
mnv infection	28
tested whether	28
sequence identity	28
family members	28
significantly increased	28
cell viability	28
molecular mechanisms	28
binding affinity	28
virus capsid	28
phylogenetic trees	28
human erythrocytes	28
fold dilutions	28
progeny virions	28
data sets	28
transiently transfected	27
serial dilutions	27
tumv intercellular	27
immune cell	27
measles virus	27
asymmetric unit	27
uninfected cells	27
vcp knockdown	27
luciferase expression	27
interferon regulatory	27
read counts	27
sybr green	27
mouse monoclonal	27
replication protein	27
virus growth	27
plant pathogens	27
stably transduced	27
using lipofectamine	27
sox cleavage	27
reactivated cells	27
defective rna	27
infected wt	27
disease severity	27
different genera	27
heavy chain	27
least two	27
fold higher	27
specific primers	27
virus strains	27
coding sequence	27
like protein	27
primary human	27
cell extracts	26
ex vivo	26
eif aiii	26
tomato bushy	26
coronavirus infections	26
cell lysis	26
culture medium	26
host gene	26
bone marrow	26
protein nsp	26
reads mapping	26
bushy stunt	26
viral clearance	26
using primers	26
chronic hiv	26
ravn gp	26
human viruses	26
previous study	26
spinal cords	26
rabies virus	26
analysis revealed	26
sinv replicase	26
infectious hcv	26
ifn response	26
denv ns	26
specific igg	26
conjugated secondary	26
stunt virus	26
trizol reagent	26
veev tc	26
cellular factors	26
severe covid	26
virus fusion	26
mini kit	26
persistent infection	26
inhibitor cocktail	26
envelope protein	26
previously identified	26
apoptosis induction	26
nuclear translocation	26
gene transfer	26
kshv lytic	26
rna chaperone	26
viral fh	26
gene products	26
human respiratory	26
might also	26
ev rna	25
syndrome virus	25
genome sequences	25
times post	25
murine cytomegalovirus	25
growth medium	25
virus release	25
vp protein	25
four hours	25
negative controls	25
dna sensing	25
world bat	25
minority variants	25
immune evasion	25
transcriptase complex	25
measured using	25
escape mutants	25
type iii	25
deficient mefs	25
loading control	25
cells well	25
infectious disease	25
distal ileum	25
viral life	25
directed mutagenesis	25
thank dr	25
virus hemagglutinin	25
serum samples	25
np cd	25
apoptotic cells	25
infectious clone	25
sucrose cushion	25
box helicases	25
dominant negative	25
recombinant virus	25
os cells	25
epithelial cell	25
conjugated anti	25
infected wild	24
transcript levels	24
using trizol	24
host restriction	24
reverse primer	24
entry assay	24
genome sequence	24
cccdna synthesis	24
sequencing data	24
control samples	24
cells via	24
escherichia coli	24
peripheral blood	24
differentially expressed	24
disease control	24
light chain	24
key role	24
alphavirus replicases	24
new host	24
defective rnas	24
bhk cells	24
lower respiratory	24
standard plaque	24
sfv complex	24
mm dtt	24
sigma aldrich	24
investigated whether	24
house virus	24
previously published	24
molecular mechanism	24
staphylococcus aureus	24
sequence similarity	24
atrh helicases	24
mm kcl	24
protein vp	24
subcellular localization	24
progeny particles	24
viral control	24
gp tmd	24
replicase complex	24
factor receptor	24
severe disease	24
beta interferon	24
studies using	24
receptor signaling	24
significantly different	24
cantell ld	24
calf serum	24
use committee	24
cellular processes	24
kshv rtcs	24
cell monolayers	24
consensus sequence	24
zebov challenge	24
flock house	24
efficient replication	24
confidence level	24
spike glycoprotein	24
particles per	24
grey matter	24
unpublished data	24
viral growth	24
clinical symptoms	23
hsp inhibitors	23
virus gene	23
like domain	23
dmem supplemented	23
nucleocapsid protein	23
cytokine signaling	23
nucleic acids	23
chikv infection	23
san diego	23
one day	23
present study	23
adaptive immunity	23
takes place	23
generation sequencing	23
cell leukemia	23
interferon alpha	23
side chains	23
results obtained	23
bl mice	23
rabbit igg	23
single amino	23
core structure	23
necrosis factor	23
electron density	23
stress response	23
two days	23
mediated fusion	23
proteolytic processing	23
tbsv rna	23
na balance	23
gfp expression	23
human influenza	23
hcv particles	23
ubiquitin ligase	23
cell recognition	23
quantitative pcr	23
recombinant ded	23
i loop	23
low level	23
yeast two	23
lcmv di	23
entry pathway	23
host mrnas	23
forming units	23
primary antibody	23
likely due	23
plaque assays	23
phosphorylated stat	23
proteolytic cleavage	23
life sciences	23
newly synthesized	23
bona fide	22
unwinding activity	22
cytopathic effect	22
conserved among	22
total protein	22
mutator strains	22
packaging signal	22
rna template	22
pcr product	22
size exclusion	22
standard curve	22
large number	22
means sd	22
tumor necrosis	22
seven days	22
cdna libraries	22
containing fbs	22
dnase i	22
ptx expression	22
utero infection	22
tgev rbd	22
genome segments	22
rna genomes	22
may play	22
results indicated	22
ubiquitin ligases	22
tombusvirus replication	22
mock infected	22
veev genome	22
also found	22
segment sequences	22
complete genome	22
mutant animals	22
catalytic site	22
cell populations	22
protein level	22
restriction factors	22
determined whether	22
receptor recognition	22
utero zikv	22
contains two	22
many viruses	22
using imagej	22
binding specificity	22
host genes	22
lymph node	22
embryonic fibroblasts	22
provide evidence	22
functional avidity	22
adaptor protein	22
human papillomavirus	22
parainfluenza virus	22
extracted using	22
fatty acids	22
african green	22
complex formation	22
orf ab	21
incubated overnight	21
proteins involved	21
live virus	21
regulated genes	21
plasmid encoding	21
institutional animal	21
forward primer	21
receptor balance	21
cleavage product	21
mediated restriction	21
viral replicase	21
vsv replication	21
receptor density	21
cantell hd	21
also shown	21
using anti	21
ctl response	21
cellular receptor	21
quantitative rt	21
foamy virus	21
pcr amplification	21
intracellular membranes	21
culture supernatants	21
better understand	21
fusion peptide	21
back dvgs	21
restriction factor	21
three days	21
hours later	21
least one	21
pattern recognition	21
dmem containing	21
subgenomic mrna	21
seq analysis	21
rna degradation	21
dna damage	21
gut cd	21
mean values	21
virus spread	21
infection may	21
poorly understood	21
recombinant mhv	21
also known	21
membrane proteins	21
different species	21
laboratory animals	21
rlcmv wt	21
envelope proteins	21
compare lanes	21
interfering particles	21
ifitm proteins	21
analysis using	21
dn vps	21
human samd	21
myosin xi	21
cell adhesion	21
em structure	21
mediated antiviral	20
northern blot	20
animal model	20
evolutionary history	20
attachment protein	20
pandemic influenza	20
ampk activation	20
host interactions	20
hydrogen bond	20
virus attachment	20
mice per	20
like receptors	20
golgi apparatus	20
different viruses	20
standard virus	20
respiratory viruses	20
hcl ph	20
plasmids expressing	20
fluorescence intensity	20
antiviral signaling	20
mice exhibited	20
genbank accession	20
serological assays	20
virus envelope	20
interferon responses	20
affinity purified	20
late domains	20
tyrosine kinase	20
norovirus infection	20
terminal region	20
high level	20
molecular replacement	20
copy number	20
viral polymerase	20
subgenomic rna	20
replication sites	20
binding properties	20
kind gift	20
virus transmission	20
loaded onto	20
mm sodium	20
cell survival	20
virus nsp	20
host shifts	20
effector functions	20
particle release	20
bat influenza	20
capsid assembly	20
tfr orthologs	20
bars represent	20
mrna cap	20
cypa cells	20
blood plasma	20
data collection	20
antigenic site	20
membrane vesicles	20
cd ko	20
stop codon	20
may provide	20
crystal violet	20
ev vp	20
expression vector	20
mutation rates	20
target proteins	20
innate antiviral	20
untranslated region	20
vesicular transport	20
cellular membranes	20
tcr recognition	20
reduced viral	20
btv wt	20
distantly related	20
expression plasmids	20
ripa buffer	20
allowed us	19
sg promoter	19
infectious peritonitis	19
virulence factor	19
real time	19
cho cells	19
high affinity	19
shock protein	19
high moi	19
viral antigen	19
antiviral therapy	19
antibodies specific	19
neutralization activities	19
national institutes	19
entry pathways	19
mass spectrometry	19
days later	19
airway epithelial	19
mapped reads	19
whole genome	19
mammalian species	19
mcmv genome	19
using standard	19
mn ss	19
infected ips	19
receptor specificity	19
serial passage	19
data showed	19
viral population	19
immune signaling	19
cgas expression	19
ifitm overexpression	19
productive infection	19
specific inhibitor	19
selective pressure	19
nuclear pore	19
serum albumin	19
mouse lungs	19
wsn hamtsin	19
blood group	19
using flow	19
stably expressing	19
na proteins	19
rna helix	19
less efficient	19
standard infectious	19
polyacrylamide gel	19
yeast strain	19
quantified using	19
positive control	19
viral escape	19
virulence gene	19
japanese encephalitis	19
mediated endocytosis	19
phosphorylation sites	19
data support	19
particle formation	19
clinical disease	19
iav particles	19
lipid metabolism	19
positively charged	19
packaging signals	19
image analysis	19
future studies	19
linear model	19
expression profiles	19
plate reader	19
fetal calf	19
entry step	19
significant decrease	19
family proteins	19
binding assay	19
viruses may	19
complementation group	19
bat iavs	19
cd cd	19
binding region	19
feline infectious	19
early stages	19
vectors expressing	19
isolated using	19
gp tm	18
river virus	18
rdrp initiation	18
specific iga	18
porcine reproductive	18
influenza hemagglutinin	18
cells compared	18
later time	18
green monkey	18
fusion pores	18
virus movement	18
host responses	18
investigate whether	18
deisgylase dub	18
lower levels	18
genital mucosa	18
structural features	18
primers used	18
noncoding rna	18
acute infection	18
monoclonal anti	18
gene induction	18
phylogenetic tree	18
host innate	18
first step	18
rna products	18
tissue damage	18
luciferase assay	18
conjugated goat	18
flavivirus ns	18
enter cells	18
accession numbers	18
hcv replication	18
lentiviral vectors	18
quadricep muscles	18
virus vp	18
arachidonic acid	18
ppxy late	18
mice sacrificed	18
human genome	18
ross river	18
seq data	18
vaccine development	18
virus assembly	18
serially diluted	18
escrt pathway	18
different cell	18
test whether	18
altered peptide	18
ko cells	18
hr post	18
ifn induction	18
mice lacking	18
cold pbs	18
relatively low	18
may explain	18
fibrinogen deposition	18
horseradish peroxidase	18
lung epithelial	18
obtained using	18
viral translation	18
cells lacking	18
hrs post	18
tmprss knock	18
lpin mrna	18
virus disease	18
two distinct	18
wsn wt	18
single nucleotide	18
world alphaviruses	18
cellular mrna	18
unfolded proteins	18
without affecting	18
transcriptional activation	18
novel coronavirus	18
transmissible gastroenteritis	18
intracellular trafficking	18
replication defects	18
replicase proteins	18
mice compared	18
tlr responses	18
linear regression	18
immediate early	18
increased levels	18
knockdown cells	18
lr cells	18
untreated cells	18
sequence reads	18
acid sequences	18
qybv votu	17
technical assistance	17
human disease	17
expression vectors	17
raw data	17
histocompatibility complex	17
core isgs	17
elevated levels	17
facs analysis	17
functional analysis	17
fruit bats	17
cellular pathways	17
first time	17
asked whether	17
lipid droplets	17
valley fever	17
using two	17
electrostatic interactions	17
comparative analysis	17
antiviral activities	17
cathepsin activity	17
affected offspring	17
yeast cells	17
new england	17
functional receptor	17
total volume	17
higher level	17
novel host	17
virus proteins	17
response via	17
mortality rates	17
helpful discussions	17
protein sequence	17
antiviral defense	17
hpiv infection	17
denv infection	17
expression level	17
mediated inhibition	17
electron microscope	17
replicase complexes	17
secondary structures	17
ifn receptor	17
infected macrophages	17
reaction buffer	17
derived macrophages	17
constructed using	17
assay using	17
green fluorescent	17
several viruses	17
efficient viral	17
data analysis	17
late time	17
viral genotypes	17
endothelial cells	17
iii ifns	17
mechanisms underlying	17
new insights	17
chronic hepatitis	17
sequence alignments	17
proteins may	17
significantly decreased	17
medium supplemented	17
previous work	17
host shutoff	17
rna editing	17
transcriptional unit	17
progeny virus	17
increasing amounts	17
associated protein	17
structural analysis	17
major histocompatibility	17
transmembrane protein	17
adhesion molecule	17
reovirus replication	17
golgi complex	17
cellular gene	17
strong evidence	17
interferon signaling	17
day pi	17
rna accumulation	17
group viruses	17
papn ectodomain	17
facs buffer	17
fusion hmpv	17
crystal forms	17
nucleotide position	17
oas rnase	17
recent study	17
two viruses	17
respiratory distress	17
prion protein	17
bid cleavage	17
throughput sequencing	17
experimental conditions	17
imagej software	17
two major	17
peptide ligand	17
hcmv growth	17
assay system	17
nitrocellulose membranes	17
cell wall	17
infected rl	17
antibody response	17
fgl expression	17
gp lp	17
different host	17
virus concentration	17
sepharose beads	17
mers coronavirus	17
liquid nitrogen	17
mediated activation	17
passage series	17
receptor interactions	17
specific infectivity	17
structural changes	17
rna templates	17
tract infections	17
functional domains	16
use human	16
cov entry	16
type infection	16
simian immunodeficiency	16
purified tombusvirus	16
btv unag	16
infection cycle	16
ie transcript	16
master mix	16
host jumping	16
spliced transcripts	16
plos pathogens	16
kd cells	16
downstream effectors	16
proinflammatory cytokines	16
cytometry analysis	16
inducible gene	16
density maps	16
protein inhibits	16
mcmv infection	16
log likelihood	16
tcid mouse	16
recognition receptors	16
specific shrna	16
human lung	16
inhibits dna	16
four days	16
also possible	16
ev entry	16
also revealed	16
total cellular	16
virus budding	16
car expression	16
virus family	16
dna synthesis	16
column buffer	16
gp furin	16
inflammatory cytokines	16
different time	16
structural elements	16
protein ns	16
containing fcs	16
sinv template	16
rna fragments	16
particles produced	16
data provide	16
cell lysate	16
antigenic sites	16
also detected	16
studies revealed	16
optical density	16
virus challenge	16
binding domains	16
translational control	16
viruses containing	16
rna elements	16
essential medium	16
transposon insertions	16
plasmid expressing	16
well known	16
viral envelope	16
data presented	16
polymerase ii	16
degrading cgas	16
parental virus	16
mtase mutant	16
mouse lung	16
rna structures	16
termination codon	16
vitro transcription	16
inflammatory monocytes	16
also showed	16
infect cells	16
gb virus	16
modified bat	16
entry route	16
next day	16
two additional	16
oxidative stress	16
much less	16
polymerase activity	16
linked glycans	16
findings suggest	16
small rna	16
nh cl	16
rna interference	16
increased susceptibility	16
humidified incubator	16
viral infectivity	16
tlr signaling	16
ww domain	16
signaling cascade	16
infection using	16
protein folding	16
receptor tyrosine	16
analysis showed	16
recombinant human	16
sirna transfection	16
lesser extent	16
expressing gfp	16
specific binding	16
direct interaction	16
confocal images	16
genome segment	16
described earlier	16
isg conjugates	16
selection pressure	16
sensitive mutants	16
mixing test	16
reverse transcribed	16
vector control	16
molecule inhibitors	16
hcmv replication	16
sting pathway	16
free medium	16
interferon stimulated	16
major role	16
rna extraction	16
hydrogen bonds	16
rift valley	16
may reflect	16
sialic acids	16
acute phase	16
chaperone activity	16
virus egress	16
euthanasia criteria	16
enveloped virus	16
length distributions	16
virus pools	15
single virus	15
deficient macrophages	15
genes involved	15
expression plasmid	15
human cell	15
multiple comparisons	15
mononuclear cells	15
env tmd	15
donkey anti	15
current study	15
cellular immune	15
blot using	15
ae albopictus	15
growth kinetics	15
one representative	15
antiviral drugs	15
studies suggest	15
cleaved gp	15
antibody titers	15
pl pro	15
laboratory animal	15
prepared using	15
replicase protein	15
biological processes	15
strongly reduced	15
broadly neutralizing	15
iav ha	15
visualized using	15
blocking buffer	15
target genes	15
cells grown	15
erk signaling	15
bars indicate	15
cytosolic dna	15
viral disease	15
emerging viruses	15
sample buffer	15
crystal form	15
cell counts	15
ts mutant	15
fidelity variants	15
coxsackie virus	15
fold less	15
genomic dna	15
per se	15
positive strand	15
multiple sequence	15
three different	15
molecule inhibitor	15
promote viral	15
human population	15
cells may	15
yeast dbp	15
among different	15
tombusvirus rna	15
mouse samd	15
point mutations	15
immune recognition	15
following day	15
transcribed rna	15
membrane association	15
protein translation	15
pdb code	15
lung tissues	15
error bar	15
acid biosynthesis	15
total virus	15
isg transcription	15
using graphpad	15
virus genomes	15
ev virions	15
viral species	15
marv ravn	15
may occur	15
mouse cells	15
expression data	15
exclusion chromatography	15
host switching	15
btv ns	15
antiviral cd	15
mouse embryonic	15
molecular patterns	15
study provides	15
mutant mice	15
promoter region	15
viral particle	15
sites identified	15
ectopic expression	15
vitro studies	15
reference genome	15
viral sequences	15
gene segments	15
assays using	15
mice showed	15
infectious vsv	15
also used	15
cdna synthesis	15
animal studies	15
experiments using	15
differential expression	15
gene ontology	15
viral transcription	15
host co	15
replication kinetics	15
cell imaging	15
induced gene	15
four serotypes	15
replication compartments	15
hepes ph	15
associated gene	15
sodium dodecyl	15
molecular biology	15
gaussia luciferase	15
gluc expression	15
mitochondrial membrane	15
virus host	15
england biolabs	15
infectivity titers	15
dependent signaling	15
ie protein	15
mediated cell	15
membrane protein	15
expression analysis	15
processed using	15
strand templates	15
early secretory	15
dna sequencing	15
human antibody	15
ifn responses	15
ag mice	15
monomeric hmpv	15
nanopore sequencing	15
dodecyl sulfate	15
np protein	15
three mice	15
human igg	15
data also	15
gp wing	15
situ hybridization	15
ml penicillin	15
close proximity	15
blood samples	15
quaternary packing	15
early phase	15
apoptotic pathway	15
ha proteins	15
structural studies	15
goat serum	15
total cytoplasmic	15
recently shown	15
control mice	15
virion release	15
nuclear factor	14
potential role	14
mode interface	14
productive cycle	14
novel viruses	14
state university	14
signal transducer	14
af mab	14
cell spread	14
total cell	14
mapk pathway	14
much lower	14
analysed using	14
site mutant	14
viral fitness	14
containing protein	14
equal amounts	14
receptor usage	14
mhv pseudoviruses	14
metabolic rate	14
cruz biotechnology	14
ribosomal frameshifting	14
defective viral	14
human host	14
soil minerals	14
protein lysates	14
inflammatory diseases	14
type cells	14
assay kit	14
foster city	14
vector cells	14
pathogenic viruses	14
protein sequences	14
purified rsv	14
heat map	14
marv gp	14
vaccine design	14
capsid disassembly	14
box rna	14
prism software	14
immune defenses	14
drug concentrations	14
influenza infection	14
animal experiments	14
rna polymerases	14
cellular genes	14
pathogen interactions	14
infectious evs	14
based therapies	14
alphaviral infection	14
length hpiv	14
free isg	14
nucleotide sequence	14
tyrosine kinases	14
also performed	14
live attenuated	14
transfected hek	14
quality control	14
particle assembly	14
ampka ampka	14
protective immunity	14
may facilitate	14
inoculated mice	14
reaction mixture	14
translation inhibition	14
infection efficiency	14
next determined	14
isg aa	14
phosphatase activity	14
cultured cells	14
hr later	14
replication assays	14
signal peptide	14
mrna decay	14
ligand vaccination	14
sa protein	14
pcr primers	14
nuclear export	14
increasing concentrations	14
associated reads	14
pore formation	14
spike proteins	14
human airway	14
top row	14
remains unclear	14
target cell	14
using different	14
reporter assay	14
protein stability	14
essential amino	14
early stage	14
similar levels	14
per group	14
infectious bronchitis	14
neuronal cells	14
translation elongation	14
two residues	14
pcr assays	14
single cell	14
rna using	14
membrane structures	14
rate limiting	14
albopictus cells	14
virus isolates	14
hr pi	14
isg conjugation	14
dep entry	14
polyclonal antibody	14
high titers	14
will likely	14
nw arenaviruses	14
resistant viruses	14
replication efficiency	14
via proline	14
unknown function	14
pneumovirus fusion	14
genetic analysis	14
ml streptomycin	14
spike ectodomain	14
associated virus	14
associated molecular	14
positive selection	14
ctl responses	14
may represent	14
recent work	14
cells overexpressing	14
fold serial	14
maximum likelihood	14
vesicular egress	14
related viruses	14
plasmids containing	14
start codon	14
min ph	14
sheep cells	14
ub activity	14
chikv template	14
currently available	14
tagv votu	14
ab therapies	14
zoonotic transmission	14
virus replicase	14
mammalian hosts	14
intergenic regions	14
rnai screen	14
dotted line	14
central role	14
acidic ph	14
also investigated	14
washed times	14
emcv ros	14
negative strands	14
oligoadenylate synthetase	14
ntc depletion	14
loading buffer	14
house elisa	14
rodent species	14
retroviral vectors	14
plaque forming	14
i expression	14
mice immunized	14
tuning antiviral	14
antiviral protein	14
binding pocket	14
binding curves	14
acid substitution	14
infection results	14
expression using	14
monitored daily	14
inflammasome activation	14
respiratory disease	14
insect cells	14
converting enzyme	14
recently reported	14
denv diii	14
dengue vaccine	14
luciferase gene	14
previously demonstrated	14
minimal essential	13
reported previously	13
specific peaks	13
antiviral effect	13
tcr binding	13
tcr repertoire	13
greatly reduced	13
diffraction data	13
host translation	13
endosomal membrane	13
gene duplication	13
cytoplasmic fraction	13
massively parallel	13
mitochondrial apoptosis	13
ampka mefs	13
library preparation	13
dgkv votu	13
crucial role	13
treated samples	13
studies will	13
multiple roles	13
virus induces	13
genetic material	13
neutralizing activities	13
ring finger	13
length distribution	13
protein concentration	13
fusion process	13
unreactivated cells	13
hbv dna	13
days pos	13
signaling protein	13
mediator complex	13
free conditions	13
genome expansion	13
ifn suppression	13
reticulum stress	13
data point	13
infectious viral	13
lysine residues	13
viruses also	13
gene product	13
human foreskin	13
cell supernatants	13
factors involved	13
viral strains	13
protein genes	13
pro correlates	13
hepatitis coronavirus	13
car binding	13
antiviral immunity	13
humoral immune	13
modified eagle	13
significantly less	13
translational regulation	13
biosafety level	13
recombinant protein	13
cells showed	13
plasmid containing	13
single stranded	13
ms ms	13
pathogenic avian	13
also identified	13
rhtrs replication	13
nsp protein	13
three copies	13
red blood	13
infection experiments	13
culture media	13
new virus	13
standard deviations	13
density map	13
cells co	13
fhv rna	13
may affect	13
human infection	13
blood cells	13
tissue tropism	13
bal fluid	13
enteroviral rna	13
rna sequencing	13
cause disease	13
ppxy motifs	13
represent mean	13
escrt machinery	13
nuclear localization	13
vector alone	13
recently identified	13
coronavirus nsp	13
cellular functions	13
mammalian cell	13
highly specific	13
virus released	13
blot hybridization	13
disease emergence	13
capillary electrophoresis	13
identified using	13
analysis software	13
like viruses	13
mucus layer	13
guanine nucleotide	13
bronchial epithelial	13
also demonstrated	13
adenovirus type	13
bluetongue virus	13
mucosal hiv	13
protein accumulation	13
plaque formation	13
sting signaling	13
cell tropism	13
containing either	13
secretory lysosomes	13
control shrna	13
metabolic labeling	13
neutral ph	13
antiviral state	13
data obtained	13
protein complex	13
ml pbs	13
study also	13
model system	13
cellular transcription	13
trimer interface	13
infectious cdna	13
penton base	13
mrna degradation	13
rneasy mini	13
highly sensitive	13
differentially regulated	13
transmembrane domain	13
lipin silencing	13
iav fusion	13
human health	13
pfv env	13
eukaryotic initiation	13
ca atoms	13
remains unknown	13
several studies	13
pcr kit	13
expressed genes	13
left untreated	13
gfp reporter	13
cell pellets	13
rna transcripts	13
intranasal infection	13
infectious particle	13
novel spliced	13
see materials	13
recent years	13
host cellular	13
cellular helicases	13
escape variants	13
quantitative real	13
additional transcriptional	13
data represent	13
induced stat	13
mediated gene	13
wt mhv	13
naturally occurring	13
infected rd	13
cortical neurons	13
competing interests	13
qualitative differences	13
control group	13
independent replicates	13
confidence intervals	13
genome sequencing	13
viruses isolated	13
vaccine candidates	13
iga responses	13
biolayer interferometry	13
knockout mice	13
nonhuman primate	13
induced protein	13
sox targeting	13
cynomolgus macaques	13
rnaseq density	13
using antibodies	13
reactive oxygen	13
molecular mass	13
negative feedback	13
also determined	13
bat virus	13
leader sequence	13
start site	13
mouse models	13
also thank	13
homologous recombination	13
extracellular vesicles	13
pfu rrv	13
clinical score	13
protease activity	13
denaturing gel	12
like virus	12
using relion	12
tmd peptide	12
trimeric hmpv	12
entry factors	12
saudi arabia	12
affect viral	12
ph pulse	12
viral pathogens	12
ki virus	12
gene silencing	12
prompted us	12
first line	12
culture systems	12
internal protein	12
cchfv votu	12
species barrier	12
greater jakarta	12
tegument protein	12
deisgylase activity	12
virus pathogenesis	12
pore complex	12
eagle medium	12
using specific	12
epidermal growth	12
plasma drug	12
competition assay	12
labeled rna	12
intracellular compartments	12
may indicate	12
segment tree	12
mediated apoptosis	12
rhtrs locus	12
guinea pigs	12
specific genes	12
accession number	12
hela cell	12
specific igm	12
necrosis virus	12
free dmem	12
death receptors	12
orf vrps	12
previously observed	12
ribosomal pausing	12
ultrasensitive response	12
tail tube	12
cleavage activation	12
tail fiber	12
protein production	12
using rna	12
also significantly	12
infectious progeny	12
box helicase	12
apoptosis induced	12
viral polyprotein	12
endocytic pathways	12
efficiently used	12
ifnb mrna	12
immunofluorescence staining	12
antiviral effects	12
sanger sequencing	12
mice following	12
stat signaling	12
transgenic mice	12
top panel	12
species tropism	12
human parainfluenza	12
per sample	12
mediated membrane	12
isg mutants	12
unless otherwise	12
vertebrate hosts	12
less efficiently	12
virus variants	12
dendritic cell	12
human transmission	12
nuclear bodies	12
golgi network	12
type culture	12
catalytic activity	12
newcastle disease	12
box proteins	12
interferon production	12
inhibitor concentrations	12
two proteins	12
line represents	12
mhv rna	12
norwalk virus	12
provide new	12
mean fluorescence	12
gene family	12
relatively high	12
signaling cascades	12
factors required	12
mode conformation	12
triphosphate rna	12
rna stability	12
viral rtcs	12
ppxy domain	12
entry receptor	12
contained within	12
virus neuraminidase	12
coronavirus papain	12
using either	12
live cell	12
cyclophilin inhibitors	12
proteasomal degradation	12
replication defect	12
ifn treatment	12
jak stat	12
world arenaviruses	12
virion dna	12
rna secondary	12
constitutively expressed	12
six replicates	12
pivotal role	12
early time	12
mrna mrna	12
proteins encoded	12
significant role	12
infected individuals	12
tissue samples	12
tlr tmd	12
acid substitutions	12
also consistent	12
synthetic glycans	12
strongly suggest	12
immune surveillance	12
critical roles	12
coronavirus rna	12
host helicases	12
also affect	12
interfering rnas	12
associated coronavirus	12
parallel sequencing	12
inflammatory responses	12
binding motif	12
neutralizing human	12
surface expression	12
nsp residues	12
pcr reactions	12
rhtrs amplification	12
analysis also	12
fusion mediated	12
pfu per	12
reduced levels	12
spliced transcript	12
igg antibodies	12
new human	12
cell membranes	12
international committee	12
survival time	12
rna isolated	12
sequencing reads	12
interfering rna	12
feline coronavirus	12
hh hn	12
rhesus monkeys	12
i digestion	12
poliovirus rna	12
thermofisher scientific	12
next generation	12
primer pairs	12
gastroenteritis virus	12
emerging infections	12
low dose	12
may result	12
mice died	12
drosophila melanogaster	12
containing galactose	12
studies indicate	12
viral factors	12
van der	12
hbv infection	12
negative regulator	12
ec value	12
negative mutant	12
culture collection	12
data using	12
recombinant proteins	12
gradient centrifugation	12
subgenomic mrnas	12
lentiviral vector	12
case fatality	12
buried surface	12
depleted cells	12
restriction sites	12
rna interactions	12
viral ns	12
fusion state	12
protein trimer	12
translation efficiency	12
cccdna formation	12
high throughput	12
cell debris	12
american type	12
riboseq chx	12
flow cytometer	12
growth curves	12
relatively small	12
coronavirus entry	12
complete medium	12
uninfected controls	12
antibody recognition	12
lytic infection	12
ip assays	12
recombination event	12
alternative splicing	12
cns pathology	12
much higher	12
performed according	12
antiviral action	12
long pentraxin	12
ray diffraction	12
nitrocellulose membrane	12
productive virus	12
functional receptors	12
convalescent sera	12
lg ml	12
eukaryotically expressed	12
results provide	12
enhanced viral	12
interferon induction	12
important human	12
natural reservoir	12
chikv nsp	12
like proteases	12
viral promoters	12
charged residues	12
viral attachment	12
plasmid dna	12
transduced cells	12
danger signals	12
endocytic pathway	12
serial passaging	12
prcv rbd	12
molecular graphics	12
mb tif	12
complex class	12
uv light	12
primary manuscript	12
cytomegalovirus infection	12
nt surrounding	12
wide variety	12
mature di	12
domain complexed	12
reads per	12
superscript iii	11
following inoculation	11
human bronchial	11
liver disease	11
human primates	11
apoptotic cell	11
via plaque	11
cell movement	11
sars patients	11
encode proteins	11
replicase assay	11
replication occurs	11
also reduced	11
reproductive number	11
two hours	11
recombinant ibv	11
via sds	11
adenovirus vectors	11
human embryonic	11
multivesicular bodies	11
induce apoptosis	11
wt controls	11
deficient coronaviruses	11
ectopically expressed	11
four denv	11
climate change	11
lipin expression	11
cleavage degradation	11
genes encoding	11
cord grey	11
previous report	11
significant effect	11
plasma therapy	11
one another	11
aug codon	11
mediated induction	11
examined whether	11
reaction mixtures	11
rna mini	11
coronavirus endou	11
analysis tools	11
respiratory infections	11
infected epithelial	11
fhv replicase	11
shed light	11
ub substrates	11
structural model	11
ifnar signaling	11
findings indicate	11
genome using	11
virus mutant	11
recognition receptor	11
internal control	11
currently unknown	11
transfection cells	11
trend toward	11
apoptosis via	11
significantly enhanced	11
see table	11
isgylation assays	11
pan rna	11
either directly	11
nairoviridae family	11
ha protein	11
almost identical	11
one way	11
cell proliferation	11
nm bafa	11
specific mabs	11
surface protein	11
mitochondrial apoptotic	11
proteolytic activation	11
cd mice	11
recombinant sars	11
nt upstream	11
transfected using	11
see also	11
coronavirus hku	11
nedd ligases	11
polymerase chain	11
rna structure	11
cell immunity	11
natural killer	11
may lead	11
deletion mutants	11
neuronal infection	11
viral families	11
infected patients	11
absolutely required	11
bk virus	11
rubella virus	11
one mouse	11
nucleotide exchange	11
evidence suggests	11
elongation factor	11
new hosts	11
high degree	11
rna duplex	11
escape variant	11
solvent exposed	11
red fluorescent	11
effector function	11
increased polysome	11
protein interacts	11
strand dna	11
sequence motifs	11
done using	11
specific activity	11
kinase inhibitor	11
distress syndrome	11
tetraspanin cd	11
mrna translation	11
also reported	11
small number	11
new species	11
laser scanning	11
jc virus	11
plaque reduction	11
induced genes	11
infected ptx	11
highly attenuated	11
virus core	11
per ml	11
neighboring cells	11
assess whether	11
rtc formation	11
analysis reveals	11
derived ros	11
primary sequence	11
kb activation	11
specific rna	11
biochemical studies	11
highly similar	11
pcr assay	11
highly susceptible	11
emcv infection	11
lytic cycle	11
relationships among	11
sg rna	11
mhv entry	11
young children	11
hcv particle	11
novel picornaviruses	11
model building	11
sirna screen	11
oxygen species	11
tumor suppressor	11
observed expected	11
coronavirus receptor	11
findings provide	11
host genome	11
fetal brain	11
chain reaction	11
rna copies	11
mcherry gfp	11
suckling mice	11
green fluorescence	11
human viral	11
relative abundance	11
high dose	11
rma orf	11
primary screen	11
three experiments	11
independent biological	11
purified virus	11
double stranded	11
virus surface	11
fold decrease	11
cucumber necrosis	11
chloride ion	11
mice displayed	11
qpcr analysis	11
recombinant ceacam	11
dna virus	11
protruded helix	11
software version	11
sorption experiments	11
endou activity	11
results demonstrated	11
protein receptor	11
studies showed	11
high functional	11
one hand	11
plant cells	11
mie transcripts	11
increased numbers	11
serine protease	11
default parameters	11
nw clade	11
becton dickinson	11
ray crystal	11
multiplicative factor	11
plant pathogen	11
units ml	11
silver staining	11
protein sorting	11
egf stimulation	11
different virus	11
denv serotypes	11
transmembrane proteins	11
read length	11
functional mapping	11
profiling reveals	11
programmed cell	11
avian viruses	11
expression patterns	11
orf protein	11
also assessed	11
thermolysin treatment	11
main chain	11
protein transport	11
nucleotide sequences	11
representative experiment	11
take place	11
affinity purification	11
transferred onto	11
gxxxg motif	11