bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
infectious peritonitis	858
feline infectious	858
feline coronavirus	366
peritonitis virus	334
type i	209
feline coronaviruses	201
type ii	162
infected cells	153
feline enteric	134
enteric coronavirus	131
virus infection	129
fipv infection	123
transmissible gastroenteritis	117
coronavirus infection	106
cell culture	94
spike protein	93
amino acid	89
crfk cells	87
gastroenteritis virus	85
fipv strain	78
cell line	77
viral rna	75
monoclonal antibodies	71
dependent enhancement	70
serotype ii	69
hepatitis virus	69
infected cats	67
peripheral blood	67
serotype i	65
feline macrophages	63
cell lines	63
mouse hepatitis	59
fip cats	57
spf cats	56
sequence analysis	53
ii fipv	53
i ku	53
viral proteins	53
immunodeficiency virus	51
coronavirus infections	51
i fipv	51
canine coronavirus	50
virus replication	50
cats infected	49
healthy cats	49
tissue culture	49
cord uid	47
doc id	47
coronavirus antibody	47
respiratory syndrome	46
alveolar macrophages	44
mrna expression	44
fipv replication	43
viral replication	42
present study	42
genomic rna	41
immune response	40
enteric coronaviruses	40
immune responses	40
fipv type	40
structural proteins	39
gene expression	39
clinical signs	38
experimentally infected	38
fipv black	38
acute respiratory	37
coronavirus isolates	37
infected monocytes	37
severe acute	37
pfbm cells	36
antigenic relationship	36
cu cells	35
circular tfo	35
peplomer protein	35
cancer cells	35
culture supernatant	35
virus type	34
ii feline	34
viral infection	33
fecv strain	33
survival factors	32
antiviral activity	32
nucleocapsid protein	32
coronavirus spike	32
naturally occurring	32
murine coronavirus	32
human cancer	31
plaque assay	30
antiviral treatment	29
membrane fusion	29
amino acids	29
effusive fip	29
mononuclear cells	29
infected macrophages	28
medium containing	28
expressed viral	28
porcine respiratory	28
human immunodeficiency	28
types i	28
human coronavirus	28
canine coronaviruses	28
epithelial cells	27
blood monocytes	27
closely related	27
fipv wsu	27
respiratory coronavirus	27
mg kg	26
macrophage tropism	26
feline alveolar	26
immune system	26
reverse genetics	26
porcine transmissible	25
virulent fipv	25
cell cultures	25
blood samples	25
vaccinia virus	25
cells infected	25
expression levels	25
cell differentiation	25
veterinary medicine	25
effusive form	25
monocytes macrophages	25
ii viruses	25
cell surface	24
plasma levels	24
human coronaviruses	24
mouse igg	24
accessory genes	24
cleavage site	24
dengue virus	24
fecv infection	24
i feline	24
cell fusion	24
virus titers	23
experimental infection	23
significantly higher	23
viral antigens	23
two cats	23
lymph nodes	23
peritonitis viruses	23
endemic feline	23
important role	23
virus strain	23
reverse transcriptase	23
viral infections	22
felis catus	22
fipv infected	22
molecular biology	22
recombinant vaccinia	22
differentiation survival	22
granulomatous lesions	22
feline kidney	22
calf serum	22
pfu ml	22
baff mrna	22
cytokine mrna	22
monoclonal antibody	22
mapk pathway	21
ii strains	21
neutrophil survival	21
post treatment	21
fusion peptide	21
fip virus	21
peritoneal macrophages	21
fipv strains	21
family coronaviridae	21
virus titer	20
leukemia virus	20
mg ml	20
one cat	20
time points	20
specific pathogen	20
i fcovs	20
i fcov	20
i viruses	20
cell death	20
field strain	20
may also	20
fipv antigen	20
fecv type	20
viral antigen	20
antiviral effects	20
plasma membrane	20
molecular weight	20
syndrome coronavirus	19
naturally infected	19
virus infections	19
chain reaction	19
diseased tissues	19
acid sequences	19
coronavirus type	19
clinical disease	19
room temperature	19
occurring feline	19
bronchitis virus	19
host cell	19
nucleotide sequence	19
viruses arise	19
antigenically related	19
rna viruses	19
infectious bronchitis	19
western blot	19
three times	19
peritonitis feline	19
open reading	19
respiratory tract	19
polymerase chain	19
sars coronavirus	19
faecal samples	18
disease manifestations	18
fcov infection	18
blood mononuclear	18
comparative sequence	18
fluorescent antibody	18
csf mrna	18
rna polymerase	18
cats experimentally	18
cl pro	18
domestic cats	18
described previously	18
fipv genome	18
mrna levels	18
feline immunodeficiency	18
whole fetus	18
culture medium	18
acid sequence	17
plasma cells	17
i virus	17
sequence identity	17
accessory proteins	17
bovine serum	17
inflammatory cytokine	17
catus whole	17
alpha production	17
time pcr	17
rna sequence	17
two biotypes	17
tumor necrosis	17
two different	17
small intestine	17
cellular immunity	17
cytokine production	17
post inoculation	17
necrosis factor	17
previously reported	17
virulent virus	16
feline monocytes	16
highly conserved	16
cell viability	16
fcov strains	16
coronavirus strains	16
expression level	16
infection studies	16
porcine coronavirus	16
mediated enhancement	16
time point	16
pcr products	16
apoptosis induction	16
risk factors	16
passive immunization	16
bone marrow	16
gene region	16
previous studies	16
life technologies	16
viral genome	16
feline leukemia	16
fcwf cells	16
disease outcome	16
fipv challenge	16
bovine coronavirus	16
phylogenetic analysis	16
fetal calf	16
protein gene	16
ii strain	15
main protease	15
indirect fluorescent	15
neutralizing activity	15
strain fipv	15
like protease	15
breeding colony	15
virus isolated	15
developed fip	15
ade activity	15
weiss scott	15
three cats	15
feline peritoneal	15
experimentally induced	15
virus strains	15
fatal disease	15
target cells	15
immune complexes	15
porcine epidemic	15
experimental studies	15
tfo rnas	15
sequence analyses	14
antibody titers	14
feline cells	14
hours post	14
th epitopes	14
feline aminopeptidase	14
american type	14
spike proteins	14
mediated lysis	14
ii fcovs	14
encephalomyelitis virus	14
mapk activation	14
immunized mice	14
immunocompromised cats	14
sequence data	14
per cent	14
intrinsic resistance	14
virus production	14
virus infectivity	14
hr region	14
epidemic diarrhea	14
fipv isolates	14
ii fcov	14
different biotypes	14
see ref	14
kidney cells	14
investigated whether	14
positive cats	14
fipv vaccine	14
polypeptide specificity	14
ascitic fluid	14
virus neutralization	14
hemorrhagic fever	14
vivo virulence	14
infected crfk	14
related strains	14
neutralizing antibody	14
neutralizing antibodies	14
goat anti	14
well plates	14
fc receptor	14
live virus	13
reading frames	13
drug concentrations	13
specific antibodies	13
cell tropism	13
organ samples	13
oral route	13
natural infections	13
culture collection	13
performed using	13
previous study	13
pg ml	13
envelope protein	13
determine whether	13
atcc cells	13
dengue hemorrhagic	13
two related	13
cat populations	13
infected cell	13
cell types	13
type culture	13
survival time	13
membrane proteins	13
infection correlates	13
rna recombination	13
molecular genetics	13
also found	13
buffered saline	13
fecv strains	13
fipv ku	13
mesenteric lymph	13
reverse transcription	13
antigenic relationships	13
progeny virus	13
among cats	13
reverse primer	13
attempted immunization	13
pathogenicity studies	13
temperature sensitive	13
cell monolayers	13
untreated cells	13
pathogen free	13
triple helix	12
vascular permeability	12
pcr amplification	12
fold change	12
mm tris	12
accessory gene	12
double recombination	12
crandell feline	12
tfo rna	12
splenocytes cultured	12
fetal bovine	12
transcription unit	12
protein synthesis	12
even though	12
surface expression	12
experimental conditions	12
essential medium	12
peritonitis coronavirus	12
plasma drug	12
membrane protein	12
previously described	12
experimental inoculation	12
fipv orf	12
antigenic sites	12
hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis	12
new strains	12
clinical symptoms	12
strand rna	12
analyzed using	12
nucleotide sequences	12
antibody responses	12
kindly provided	12
containing fetal	12
diarrhea virus	12
gene mutations	12
pbs containing	12
endoplasmic reticulum	12
recombinant viruses	12
sublethal amounts	12
kitasato university	12
significantly increased	12
culture fluid	12
develop fip	12
internal mutation	12
infection kinetics	12
cytopathic effect	12
challenge exposure	12
various feline	12
positive cells	12
pre post	12
using feline	12
protein genes	12
regulated genes	12
wild type	12
recent studies	12
cornell university	12
avirulent live	12
melting point	12
systemic infection	11
final concentration	11
genomic organization	11
genetic analysis	11
coronavirus replication	11
cells ml	11
cells showed	11
fip pathogenesis	11
showed significant	11
cat population	11
western immunoblotting	11
growth factor	11
nervous system	11
culture supernatants	11
coronavirus genome	11
body fluids	11
results indicate	11
protease inhibitor	11
gene encoding	11
feline interferon	11
fipv cl	11
viral reads	11
lysis buffer	11
polymerase gene	11
activated protein	11
experimental feline	11
cell activation	11
infectious diseases	11
individual cats	11
growth medium	11
coronavirus strain	11
pcr assay	11
diseased cats	11
dry form	11
mutation theory	11
fip resistance	11
structural polypeptides	11
active site	11
envelope proteins	11
protein kinase	11
generation sequencing	11
class i	11
tnf receptor	10
antigen expression	10
mrna responses	10
gene gapdh	10
gastrointestinal tract	10
highly virulent	10
tcid ml	10
inhibitory effects	10
equal volume	10
infected fcwf	10
fipv may	10
cats inoculated	10
cell cycle	10
growth curves	10
antiviral effect	10
relationships among	10
per ml	10
relative density	10
structural protein	10
viral growth	10
total rna	10
disease progression	10
virus receptor	10
fip disease	10
pathologic changes	10
central nervous	10
mini kit	10
rna isolation	10
persistently infected	10
virol doi	10
fipv antibody	10
viral spike	10
infected kittens	10
standard deviation	10
target region	10
three new	10
following infection	10
rna virus	10
significantly inhibited	10
blood lymphocytes	10
protein cleavage	10
hr protein	10
programmed cell	10
i ifn	10
ml streptomycin	10
eight cats	10
strain wsu	10
quantitatively analyzed	10
cytokine responses	10
incubation period	10
mm edta	10
primary feline	10
pcr product	10
field strains	10
proteolytic cleavage	10
respiratory disease	10
uc davis	10
antibody response	10
two serotypes	10
rsa i	10
diseased omentum	10
cell type	10
determined using	10
igg mabs	10
resistant viruses	10
protein levels	10
cats suffering	10
significant difference	10
fipv receptor	10
arch virol	10
using avirulent	10
cat environments	10
minimum essential	10
forward primer	10
fipv df	10
orf abc	10
host cells	10
housekeeping gene	10
plasma samples	10
receptor binding	10
viral loads	10
syncytium formation	10
ml penicillin	10
mouse anti	10
reaction mixture	9
specific primers	9
bf sha	9
rna extraction	9
pathogenic differences	9
small number	9
dna polymerase	9
rabbit anti	9
four different	9
fusion protein	9
post infection	9
utrecht university	9
causative agent	9
fipv infectivity	9
gene sequences	9
pyridinyl imidazole	9
whole blood	9
reading frame	9
fipv exposure	9
rna genome	9
host responses	9
strain fcov	9
peritonitis among	9
inoculated cells	9
fipv inoculation	9
inflammatory cytokines	9
linked immunosorbent	9
like particles	9
fip development	9
intact orf	9
related cats	9
mutant virus	9
fipv ucd	9
infected samples	9
macrophages infected	9
natural host	9
genetic differences	9
rna sequencing	9
inhibitory effect	9
copy number	9
washed three	9
viral particles	9
expressed genes	9
induced feline	9
primary structure	9
fip diagnosed	9
results suggest	9
signal sequence	9
calculated using	9
energy transfer	9
signaling pathways	9
animal coronaviruses	9
clpro inhibitors	9
applied biosystems	9
diagnosed cats	9
spleen cells	9
treatment groups	9
like agent	9
th tc	9
spike glycoprotein	9
copy numbers	9
blood vessels	9
targeting non	9
body temperature	9
body cavities	9
drugs strongly	9
ccv strain	9
virus particles	9
reverse genetic	9
indirect immunofluorescence	9
natural history	9
infection enhancement	9
immunosorbent assay	9
four related	9
subsequent challenge	9
domestic cat	9
st cells	9
premature stop	9
birman cats	9
differentially expressed	9
infected cat	9
cells may	9
vascular endothelial	9
two distinct	9
vaccinated cats	9
shelter cats	9
coronavirus rna	9
immunologic aspects	9
immunologic phenomena	9
feline blood	9
cell entry	9
fipv infections	9
peplomer gene	9
live fipv	9
lactogenic immunity	9
antiviral drugs	9
adcml assay	9
type immune	9
influenza virus	9
oral infection	9
upper respiratory	9
cell lysis	9
virus neutralizing	9
genome organization	9
fusion process	9
two viruses	9
laboratory cats	9
genetic drift	9
either sb	9
infected animals	8
polyacrylamide gel	8
recurrent feline	8
increased levels	8
transcriptome analysis	8
crystal violet	8
simplex virus	8
virus isolation	8
substrate solution	8
ex vivo	8
antigenic differences	8
peritonitis pathogenicity	8
human monocyte	8
strain feline	8
stop codon	8
intestinal tract	8
murine hepatitis	8
circular tfos	8
infectious disease	8
kg dose	8
cell lysates	8
coronavirus mutants	8
mice infected	8
monocyte macrophage	8
induced fip	8
gene regions	8
also showed	8
cats used	8
adopted shelter	8
immune complex	8
peptides derived	8
positive results	8
cellular receptor	8
enteric infections	8
wet form	8
leader rna	8
furin cleavage	8
blood cells	8
like proteases	8
rna synthesis	8
veterinary medical	8
natural feline	8
laboratory strain	8
cdna synthesis	8
enteric infection	8
fip cases	8
gene ontology	8
evasion strategy	8
density value	8
time rt	8
different time	8
virus propagated	8
target regions	8
human monocytes	8
fipv rna	8
fret assay	8
subgenomic mrna	8
coronavirus ibv	8
fhr peptide	8
fipv main	8
mild enteritis	8
qpcr assay	8
electron microscopy	8
heptad repeat	8
protect cats	8
deletion mutant	8
structural gene	8
survival rate	8
simple method	8
markedly different	8
tumor cells	8
aldehyde form	8
nk cells	8
fecv genome	8
acid substitutions	8
receptor feline	8
mean plasma	8
capture elisa	8
type fipv	8
many years	8
uninfected cells	8
virus inoculation	8
i strains	8
infected sf	8
group i	8
serologic studies	8
leader sequence	8
fipv peplomer	8
peplomer glycoprotein	8
also observed	8
hela cells	8
cell depletion	8
captive cheetahs	8
cat households	8
sybr green	8
virus adsorption	8
lymph node	8
ii fipvs	8
avirulent feline	8
gene product	8
fip lesions	8
clc bio	8
exposed kittens	8
recombinant feline	8
treatment group	8
replication kinetics	8
pdb id	8
inoculated intraperitoneally	8
fold changes	8
strain df	8
tc epitopes	8
acid residues	8
intestinal tropism	8
high viral	8
gel electrophoresis	8
pcr using	8
herpes simplex	8
pathogenicity based	8
monocyte cell	8
cats developed	7
upregulates expression	7
bred cats	7
increased vascular	7
serotypes i	7
pge levels	7
virus antigen	7
feline fcwf	7
nucleotide identity	7
stop codons	7
study also	7
bispecific antibody	7
parental virus	7
stranded rna	7
control kittens	7
measles virus	7
animal experiments	7
natural type	7
calf diarrhea	7
fcov genome	7
green qpcr	7
pleural effusions	7
infectious virus	7
clpro inhibitor	7
neutralizing mabs	7
closed cat	7
washed times	7
spf cat	7
well plate	7
noneffusive fip	7
seropositive cats	7
free virus	7
cell pellets	7
containing fbs	7
apoptotic gene	7
molecular probes	7
nlfk cells	7
viral disease	7
targeting coronavirus	7
using reverse	7
mrna rt	7
horizontal transmission	7
coronavirus persistence	7
antibody titer	7
possible involvement	7
every days	7
west nile	7
disease course	7
wide range	7
occurring fip	7
serum antibody	7
intracellular transport	7
cells per	7
derived macrophages	7
fc receptors	7
causing fip	7
induce fip	7
antibody titre	7
host factors	7
antigenic cross	7
homologous structural	7
coronavirus clpro	7
target cell	7
feline cell	7
mediated disease	7
studies using	7
fipv spike	7
serum antibodies	7
cats will	7
clinical fip	7
also known	7
virus assembly	7
genetic susceptibility	7
clinical diagnosis	7
early apoptosis	7
first described	7
ascitic fluids	7
type baculovirus	7
acid changes	7
qpcr method	7
fipv arises	7
expression vector	7
porcine coronaviruses	7
cytopathic effects	7
antibody tests	7
inhibit fipv	7
first hpi	7
transcriptase polymerase	7
coronavirus transmissible	7
pleural effusion	7
might also	7
rees feline	7
unclear whether	7
virus suspension	7
animal health	7
coronavirus tgev	7
antibody test	7
showed surface	7
virus growth	7
protein fusion	7
barlough weiss	7
coronavirus feline	7
diverse disease	7
light microscopy	7
serum coronavirus	7
fold dilution	7
innate immune	7
order nidovirales	7
human cells	7
infected pfbm	7
untranslated region	7
weight loss	7
nitrocellulose sheets	7
transcriptional profiling	7
agarose gel	7
either one	7
cell lysate	7
may provide	7
coronavirus nucleocapsid	7
virus isolate	7
coronavirus virulence	7
coronavirus associated	7
dendritic cells	7
heat shock	7
neutralization test	7
antigen positive	7
estimating fifty	7
specific antibody	7
fip incidence	7
purified using	6
different regions	6
protective immunity	6
young cats	6
cats feline	6
mutant viruses	6
peritonitis tnf	6
cats using	6
intestinal epithelial	6
coronavirus pathogenesis	6
like cells	6
cellular immune	6
immune cells	6
affected cats	6
purdue strain	6
plaque reduction	6
primary antibody	6
free supernatants	6
like cell	6
intestinal epithelium	6
i strain	6
mrna pcr	6
ec value	6
tested positive	6
probe energy	6
genus alphacoronavirus	6
competitive binding	6
growth kinetics	6
containing chloroquine	6
gene sequence	6
pedersen boyle	6
attenuated live	6
hr regions	6
inflammatory lesions	6
treated cells	6
expression values	6
none group	6
recombinant virus	6
res doi	6
thermo fisher	6
splenocytes derived	6
regulates pro	6
per sample	6
different groups	6
cats may	6
culture chamber	6
viral suspension	6
fcov pathotypes	6
diarrhea coronavirus	6
coronavirus transcription	6
increased plasma	6
fcov mrna	6
maximum titer	6
virus shedding	6
cat igg	6
cats showed	6
pbml isolated	6
enteric virus	6
lethal systemic	6
type infection	6
virus entry	6
accession number	6
hybridoma cultures	6
compounds targeting	6
triplex formation	6
strongly decreased	6
field viruses	6
wide association	6
neutralizing monoclonal	6
significant differences	6
murine leukemia	6
stimulating factor	6
nile virus	6
dot blot	6
stomatitis virus	6
mutation rate	6
genetic background	6
ge healthcare	6
virus fusion	6
derived feline	6
pathological findings	6
i ucd	6
many cats	6
fcov serotypes	6
terminal part	6
tsutomu title	6
coronavirus fipv	6
various organs	6
coronavirus serotypes	6
molecular weights	6
infected animal	6
virus glycoprotein	6
fifty percent	6
called feline	6
chamber slides	6
cdna probe	6
virus experimental	6
may occur	6
expressed proteins	6
biotype switch	6
human respiratory	6
rna level	6
biological diversity	6
avian infectious	6
escherichia coli	6
specific genes	6
protein may	6
clinical aspects	6
different coronaviruses	6
four cats	6
genome copies	6
cellular processes	6
significantly lower	6
therapeutic drug	6
medium alone	6
peplomer glycoproteins	6
fipv antibodies	6
targeted rna	6
gastroenteritis viruses	6
fcov variants	6
pro apoptotic	6
antibody analysis	6
vivo efficacy	6
two variants	6
studies showed	6
recombination events	6
fip within	6
i fipvs	6
pharmacokinetic data	6
nonpermissive temperature	6
rna isolated	6
physical characteristics	6
cm well	6
kill human	6
cause fip	6
vitro growth	6
expression kinetics	6
neutralizing epitopes	6
forming oligonucleotide	6
abc ab	6
endothelial growth	6
uninfected control	6
plasma pge	6
results showed	6
cell response	6
treat fip	6
passively immunized	6
three major	6
new assay	6
wide significance	6
peritonitis antibody	6
linear tfo	6
also reported	6
pathogenic fipv	6
without surface	6
treated groups	6
least one	6
gastroenteritis coronavirus	6
induced apoptosis	6
imidazole inhibitors	6
plaque size	6
messenger rna	6
well multi	6
animal inoculation	6
melting points	6
buffer containing	6
subsequent studies	6
vesicular stomatitis	6
infect macrophages	6
polyacrylamide gels	6
primary blood	6
viral envelope	6
different epitopes	6
therapeutic effect	6
disease process	6
van der	6
high levels	6
high titers	6
horseradish peroxidase	6
humoral immune	6
human fc	6
mediated immunity	6
cats immunized	6
cats without	6
detect fipv	6
fipv biotype	6
conjugated goat	6
upregulated genes	6
solution containing	6
virulent feline	6
mouse model	6
induced antiviral	6
peptidyl compounds	6
receptor activity	6
infected tissue	6
hybridoma cell	6
recent study	6
transcriptase pcr	6
protease inhibitors	6
antibody technique	6
coronaviruses feline	6
hydrogen bonds	6
recombinant human	6
field isolate	6
cdna clone	6
clinically healthy	6
feline mononuclear	6
among different	6
coronavirus characterization	6
fipv mabs	6
ascites fluid	6
subclinical infections	6
feline bone	6
essential amino	6
bispecific scfv	6
modified live	6
low level	6
pseudorabies virus	6
coronavirus pathobiogenesis	6
cat infection	6
studies conducted	6
either fipv	6
density gradient	6
natural resistance	6
peritonitis cases	6
using fipv	6
macrophage infection	6
detection limit	6
severe clinical	6
cells using	6
cd ligand	6
vaccinia viruses	6
one hand	6
recombinant rna	6
fcov orf	6
nonstructural proteins	6
authors declare	6
accelerated fip	6
syndrome virus	6
genetic factors	6
fcov strain	6
unpublished data	6
multicat environments	6
fisher scientific	6
cats succumbed	6
tgev orf	6
among homologous	6
field isolates	6
specific monoclonal	6
low levels	6
fipv proteins	6
last years	6
protein expression	6
epidemiology based	6
protective immune	6
reveals large	5
antibody titres	5
enteric viral	5
two groups	5
cell immunity	5
expression product	5
young age	5
strains ucd	5
abdul rahman	5
cells expressing	5
performed according	5
military dogs	5
confluent fcwf	5
qpcr test	5
avirulent fipv	5
mutant strain	5
disease occurs	5
fip occurs	5
disease virus	5
tgev purdue	5
mild diarrhea	5
endothelial cells	5
university college	5
pcr primers	5
spanning membrane	5
molecular characterization	5
protection studies	5
show significant	5
free water	5
naturally fcov	5
fip ascitic	5
without passive	5
coronaviral infections	5
specific proteins	5
persistent feline	5
protein alone	5
host response	5
virus detected	5
sequences derived	5
fipv igg	5
virus regulates	5
pge plasma	5
respiratory syncytial	5
transcription factor	5
replicase gene	5
total volume	5
cross reaction	5
ade macrophages	5
fipv nucleocapsid	5
peritonitis two	5
immune signaling	5
th epitope	5
pathogenic characteristics	5
peer review	5
distributed worldwide	5
significant increases	5
analysis revealed	5
macrophages treated	5
human egfr	5
previously published	5
maximum fluorescence	5
except tfo	5
host gene	5
nte buffer	5
two orfs	5
cats dying	5
porcine reproductive	5
susceptible cats	5
nested pcr	5
different peplomer	5
recombinant baculovirus	5
cellular factors	5
subgenomic mrnas	5
free cats	5
macrophages monocytes	5
autochthonous peritoneal	5
vitro infection	5
antigenic group	5
clinically normal	5
way anova	5
clinical outcomes	5
virus expressing	5
arachidonic acid	5
blot analysis	5
tgev strains	5
novel tool	5
bound antibodies	5
circulating virulent	5
sodium pyruvate	5
responses may	5
virus infected	5
feline gapdh	5
cu cell	5
generally accepted	5
related feline	5
virus mediate	5
fipv abc	5
apoptotic genes	5
diarrheal coronavirus	5
times higher	5
inoculated orally	5
permissive temperature	5
igg subclass	5
signaling pathway	5
feline ifn	5
assay using	5
purebred catteries	5
using primers	5
mm sodium	5
neutrophil apoptosis	5
experimental challenge	5
species tropism	5
washed twice	5
retention signal	5
cell epitopes	5
without fipv	5
fusion activation	5
inoculation studies	5
peritonitis attempted	5
antiviral properties	5
polyclonal antibodies	5
earlier study	5
may cause	5
pcr kit	5
containing fcs	5
expressed protein	5
fusion core	5
companion animal	5
induced macrophages	5
also appears	5
viral titers	5
accessory protein	5
neutralizing epitope	5
factors act	5
forming oligonucleotides	5
virus titres	5
binding protein	5
coronavirus exposure	5
natural infection	5
three structural	5
oral inoculation	5
alpha capture	5
gamma interferon	5
postmortem examination	5
specific mabs	5
related group	5
peritoneal cell	5
related coronavirus	5
recognizing different	5
bovine papilloma	5
thaw cycles	5
different cell	5
efficacy study	5
nucleic acids	5
virus dilution	5
stable expression	5
continuous cell	5
within days	5
virus vtf	5
partial base	5
virus grown	5
rna replication	5
monocytes without	5
acid metabolites	5
statistical analysis	5
antibodies enhancement	5
cell membrane	5
virus feline	5
crandell rees	5
following formula	5
genetic basis	5
simian immunodeficiency	5
days post	5
bispecific single	5
five cats	5
viral diseases	5
two thirds	5
tgev reveals	5
pivotal role	5
low ph	5
disequilibrium test	5
winn feline	5
factor receptor	5
moloney murine	5
also determined	5
i probe	5
viral proliferation	5
many organs	5
one hundred	5
fipv clpro	5
primer sequences	5
following experimental	5
antigenic cluster	5
rna binding	5
viral protein	5
rat coronavirus	5
fipv grown	5
produced maximum	5
tfo showed	5
significantly decreased	5
negative control	5
complement system	5
next generation	5
genes involved	5
genetic diversity	5
assay variability	5
three days	5
mapk inhibitors	5
using monoclonal	5
tissue homogenates	5
human tumor	5
orf ab	5
glass works	5
type hypersensitivity	5
serial dilutions	5
coronavirus mrnas	5
standardized plaque	5
critical role	5
peritonitis detection	5
viral presence	5
cell function	5
serologic testing	5
cytokine mrnas	5
among feline	5
fip among	5
fipv negative	5
four peptides	5
calf diarrheal	5
induced tnf	5
infect cats	5
monocytes inoculated	5
experimental infections	5
conjugated rabbit	5
coronavirus oc	5
occur via	5
fipv antigenic	5
culture cells	5
transmission disequilibrium	5
virus genetic	5
purified virus	5
major structural	5
verified feline	5
sense rna	5
related coronaviruses	5
conformational changes	5
safety study	5
cats tested	5
granulomatous inflammation	5
systemic disease	5
viral entry	5
detection system	5
macrophages inoculated	5
acid identity	5
ammonium sulfate	5
balanced salt	5
cdna copy	5
coronavirus field	5
sodium dodecyl	5
stained cells	5
transformed cell	5
body weight	5
vitro antiviral	5
switching species	5
helix forming	5
feline macrophage	5
rna samples	5
antibodies recognizing	5
integral membrane	5
stray cats	5
larger plaques	5
induced ade	5
absolute acetone	5
single nucleotide	5
standard curve	5
terminal signal	5
provide protection	5
coronavirus mouse	5
disease called	5
statistically significant	5
inflammatory diseases	5
independent evaluation	5
enhanced infection	5
lg ml	5
one study	5
protein induces	5
significant reduction	5
ih protein	5
virus titre	5
cells via	5
lung cells	5
acid differences	5
point analysis	5
primers specific	5
antigenic comparison	5
sequence comparison	5
sample buffer	5
asymptomatic infection	5
effective way	5
remains unclear	5
three distinct	5
fcov replication	5
following challenge	5
antiviral drug	5
primary isolation	5
entire orf	5
cell receptor	5
varies among	5
may result	5
normal cats	5
mediated infection	5
homology among	5
systemic spread	5
show surface	5
dmso alone	5
potent inhibition	5
dmem containing	5
virus isolates	5
histopathologically verified	5
much lower	5
spectrum inhibitors	5
biotypes feline	5
genes provide	5
structural genes	5
small deletions	5
genome sequence	5
different virus	5
slightly lower	5
i interferon	5
immunofluorescence assay	5
core complex	5
genetic variation	5
relatively high	5
survival factor	5
determined whether	5
kinase pathways	5
microtiter plates	5
dengue viruses	5
dependent manner	5
selected genes	5
units ml	5
reported previously	5
tissue samples	5
ng ml	5
cell free	5
persistent infection	5
culture media	5
enteric disease	5
cdna preparation	5
animal care	5
black strain	5
mice immunized	5
binding assay	5
two control	5
despite absence	5
cellular composition	5
cats naturally	5
virus immunologic	5
different organs	5
enteritis virus	5
loads despite	5
san diego	5
kittens demonstrated	5
measured using	5
like fipv	5
granulomatous vasculitis	5
viral load	5
expression system	5
genetic changes	5
differential expression	5
present time	5
positive samples	5
functional characterization	5
neighboring cells	5
strains used	5
ltb plasma	5
causes fip	5
immunodominant antibody	5
kegg pathways	5
cats develop	5
feline enteritis	5
cell proliferation	5
syncytial virus	5
genbank accession	5
fip treatment	5
levels occurred	5
length cdna	5
tgev strain	5
equine herpesvirus	5
percent endpoints	5
multidimensional scaling	5
coronavirus types	5
derived mononuclear	5
relatively small	5
alpha produced	5
fluorescence microscope	5
avian coronaviruses	5
fecal samples	5
papilloma virus	5
human cytomegalovirus	5
well culture	5
second group	5
diseases center	5
induce apoptosis	5
cleavage sites	5
prior exposure	5
sequence differences	5
commercially available	5
vast majority	5
fipv causes	5
immune evasion	5
mm nacl	5
inflammatory response	5
directed deletion	5
newborn pigs	5
salt solution	5
several studies	5
cell apoptosis	4
neutrophil counts	4
sodium bicarbonate	4
administered every	4
virus genome	4
feline eoronavirus	4
antigenic analysis	4
high degree	4
associated coronavirus	4
monocytes feline	4
specific mutations	4
associated factor	4
transformed cells	4
pcr fragments	4
acting elements	4
oxoid agar	4
antiviral response	4
genome replication	4
korean cats	4
varying degrees	4
oi kuan	4
replication strategy	4
virus date	4
enterotropic mouse	4
developed clinical	4
reaction containing	4
rpmi medium	4
infection phenotype	4
pp ab	4
virulent avirulent	4
economically important	4
coronaviruses antigenic	4
fipv induced	4
positive result	4
anti apoptotic	4
fecal virus	4
specific rna	4
isg transcript	4
first week	4
table shows	4
base pair	4
nucleoside analog	4
specific antiviral	4
whether fipv	4
mutations may	4
post mortem	4
different cats	4
chain kinase	4
early viral	4
cytoplasmic expression	4
viruses fipv	4
rectal swab	4
associated growth	4
binding pocket	4
virus mutants	4
mock infected	4
several coronaviruses	4
designated fipv	4
subfamily coronavirinae	4
whether scfv	4
high percentage	4
protein band	4
binding ability	4
gross lesions	4
liver enzymes	4
using clc	4
associated protein	4
cats suspected	4
peritonitis date	4
virus contribute	4
may function	4
question remains	4
subgenomic rnas	4
two types	4
rox one	4
leukocyte suspension	4
protein bands	4
strain ku	4
alpha mrna	4
length genome	4
clearly show	4
statistical significance	4
enzyme mix	4
strain used	4
cats living	4
diagnostic test	4
young kittens	4
enhancing activity	4
viral membrane	4
oriented around	4
current study	4
purebred cats	4
peritonitis using	4
candidate genes	4
vivo cytokine	4
coronavirus peplomer	4
culture infective	4
yellow fever	4
genetic variants	4
rneasy mini	4
feline foundation	4
apoptosis process	4
surface projections	4
infectious dose	4
designated orf	4
gel extraction	4
ml scfv	4
cv antigen	4
thank dr	4
replicase transcriptase	4
derived alveolar	4
stranded dna	4
inhibited fipv	4
adhesion molecules	4
cells used	4
cells also	4
pcr methods	4
conserved among	4
samples collected	4
proteins since	4
partial nucleotide	4
early death	4
natural killer	4
genomic deletions	4
using fcwf	4
coronavirus related	4
inoculated kittens	4
virus envelope	4
factor production	4
coronavirus orf	4
cov strains	4
extracellular virus	4
je genome	4
mediate antibody	4
van hamme	4
linear immunodominant	4
genetics approach	4
field conditions	4
deregulated genes	4
will grow	4
mrna positive	4
novel type	4
control cats	4
feline igg	4
surface antigens	4
local immunity	4
gibco brl	4
using standard	4
layered onto	4
without chloroquine	4
virus also	4
abcd guidelines	4
hepes buffer	4
viral pathogens	4
east respiratory	4
coronavirus antigen	4
infection causes	4
strain ucd	4
fused cells	4
hybridization signal	4
gibcobrl life	4
remaining genes	4
collected every	4
containing units	4
also studied	4
evaluated using	4
cl cells	4
tenfold virus	4
whether hcq	4
tge virus	4
fever virus	4
discontinuous transcription	4
flow cytometry	4
employ another	4
harold kaye	4
mediate ade	4
cell protein	4
cell membranes	4
fold reduction	4
fip biotype	4
among coronaviruses	4
adverse effects	4
humoral immunity	4
highest dilution	4
post hoc	4
following incubation	4
mediated immune	4
three different	4
igg mab	4
lr cells	4
cats treated	4
virus pathogenesis	4
coil structure	4
one gene	4
death domain	4
specific pabs	4
avirulent strains	4
ethidium bromide	4
protein expressed	4
control supernatant	4
comparable antiviral	4
fecv infected	4
peritonitis experimental	4
glass coverslips	4
petri dishes	4
showed high	4
virus inoculated	4
least three	4
cats passively	4
complex pathogenesis	4
coronavirus group	4
gradient centrifugation	4
protein derived	4
signal transduction	4
fipv alone	4
feline population	4
also used	4
discriminatory mutations	4
causes feline	4
gene expressions	4
enveloped virus	4
plasmid dna	4
interstructural gene	4
sc resulted	4
positive correlation	4
simian virus	4
fi ndings	4
cat serum	4
transformed cl	4
highly related	4
minimal essential	4
pstl fragment	4
causes mild	4
rad cfx	4
synthetic oligonucleotide	4
coronaviruses date	4
cell interactions	4
luciferase reporter	4
infection time	4
drug design	4
colony stimulating	4
cats originated	4
restored orf	4
identical serotype	4
sensitive feline	4
coronaviruses may	4
intranasal inoculation	4
takara bio	4
poor prognosis	4
regulatory factor	4
pig anti	4
active sites	4
cov infection	4
single base	4
molecular pathogenesis	4
kda protein	4
medium supplemented	4
mm fhr	4
increased replication	4
infections feline	4
viral transcription	4
noneffusive form	4
normal state	4
also thank	4
apparently healthy	4
interfering rnas	4
widely accepted	4
lactate dehydrogenase	4
just upstream	4
mhv strain	4
feline health	4
red triangles	4
various coronaviruses	4
sick cats	4
use committee	4
antibody assay	4
results show	4
significant genetic	4
enhancing antibodies	4
host immune	4
relatively low	4
main proteases	4
aa metabolites	4
fecv ucd	4
nucleic acid	4
serotype virus	4
faeces suspension	4
geographic regions	4
late apoptosis	4
mortality rate	4
vitro cultivation	4
one group	4
second study	4
febrile response	4
ria kit	4
clinical specimens	4
induces cell	4
plasma hcq	4
fapn expression	4
findings may	4
leica microsystems	4
reaction buffer	4
wide variety	4
single amino	4
experiments using	4
und der	4
light chain	4
ed dubovi	4
endothelial cell	4
proteins abc	4
cats characterization	4
commercial drugs	4
authors concluded	4
sublethal dose	4
cancer cell	4
mediated entry	4
viruses within	4
supernatant containing	4
coronavirus accessory	4
barnhi site	4
penicillin ml	4
site downstream	4
molecular cloning	4
globulin ratio	4
results obtained	4
inactivated virus	4
tcids ml	4
pyogranulomatous lesions	4
unrelated cats	4
weeks later	4
fip symptoms	4
feline panleukopenia	4
corona virus	4
multicat households	4
plaque formation	4
coronaviruses fipv	4
binding site	4
reacted strongly	4
high level	4
complement control	4
canine parvovirus	4
antigenically unrelated	4
serological investigations	4
relationship among	4
hiv infection	4
strain black	4
fip may	4
truncating mutations	4
avirulent fcov	4
large amounts	4
fcwf cell	4
virulent fcov	4
yet available	4
fipv neutralizing	4
genome expression	4
mutations occur	4
gel containing	4
cov clpro	4
fatal peritonitis	4
ethanol precipitation	4
fipv vaccines	4
three independent	4
expression vectors	4
possible role	4
receptor density	4
master gene	4
cells produced	4
enveloped viruses	4
molecular mechanisms	4
morphologic features	4
cytokine patterns	4
will replicate	4
functional domains	4
additional orf	4
lipid raft	4
related species	4
subcutaneously administered	4
using crfk	4
supplementary material	4
genetic system	4
binding epitopes	4
cell receptors	4
nuclei per	4
specific interaction	4
viral structural	4
wet fip	4
various forms	4
different cellular	4
human macrophages	4
putative fp	4
also show	4
tested negative	4
qpcr assays	4
electrophoretic transfer	4
medical teaching	4
receptor usage	4
epizootic outbreak	4
sindbis virus	4
site located	4
rnase inhibitor	4
pig serum	4
apoptosis cluster	4
using either	4
acetic acid	4
cellular functions	4
peritonitis pathogenesis	4
target tissues	4
virology doi	4
per gene	4
mouse monoclonal	4
cytokine response	4
data suggest	4
primary infection	4
technical assistance	4
virus bands	4
coronavirus differs	4
fever pathogenesis	4
peritonitis natural	4
interferon regulatory	4
heparinized blood	4
fetus cells	4
species specificity	4
viral genomes	4
different disease	4
hr chase	4
proteins appeared	4
absolute lymphopenia	4
taken together	4
extraperitoneal lesions	4
conserved region	4
orally inoculated	4
coronavirus vaccines	4
also occur	4
transcription complex	4
antiviral agents	4
evidence indicates	4
dodds scott	4
i fecvs	4
cv hyperimmune	4
streptomycin ml	4
sensitive fipv	4
genome copy	4
viral pathogenicity	4
nucleocapsid proteins	4
hcq level	4
blood leukocytes	4
highly lethal	4
inactivation curve	4
helix formation	4
alone showed	4
containing approximately	4
antiviral responses	4
swab samples	4
nested set	4
high titer	4
base sequence	4
fip also	4
experimental fipv	4
monocyte cultures	4
lipid rafts	4
granulomatous disease	4
investigate whether	4
probe hybridized	4
virus interactions	4
mutations responsible	4
fcov positive	4
immunofluorescent studies	4
may allow	4
crfk cell	4
superscript ii	4
cdna clones	4
real time	4
fapn cells	4
buffer consisting	4
cellular proteins	4
luciferase activities	4
avian influenza	4
become infected	4
full genome	4
mrna detection	4
since fipv	4
cellular entry	4
conjugated anti	4
nine reference	4
fecv isolates	4
administered orally	4
increased liver	4
serial ten	4
reaction conditions	4
significantly different	4
buffered formalin	4
method using	4
life cycle	4
turkey coronavirus	4
encephalitis virus	4
neonatal calf	4
acute phase	4
nine structural	4
factor alpha	4
attenuated coronavirus	4
national institutes	4
immunized cats	4
viral mrna	4
middle east	4
isolated using	4
per syncytium	4
undertaken using	4
blot hybridization	4
strains fipv	4
healthy spf	4
anti cv	4
virus spike	4
igg antibody	4
candidate compounds	4
fip remains	4
may indicate	4
cmi responses	4
different clinical	4
bovine enteric	4
extraction kit	4
synthetic peptides	4
cell sheet	4
bovine papillomavirus	4
mouse mabs	4
different tissue	4
myosin light	4
alpha interferon	4
gene enrichment	4
cl protease	4
miller strain	4
inflammatory cells	4
standard error	4
study using	4
mediated internalization	4
well documented	4
initial infection	4
fully restored	4
dengue strains	4
cdna cloning	4
important disorders	4
fcov antibody	4
probably due	4
secreting hybridoma	4
two fcov	4
teaching hospitals	4
bottomed microplates	4
coronavirus evolution	4
i fecv	4
population substructure	4
significant inhibitory	4
tgev clpro	4
recombinant serotype	4
highly variable	4
infecting virus	4
epidermal growth	4
syncytia formation	4
consensus sequence	4
liquid scintillation	4
adherent cells	4
communicable diseases	4
controls showed	4
expression analysis	4
humidified chamber	4
cause clinical	4
negative cat	4
may accompany	4
discordant sib	4
new coronavirus	4
genetics system	4
culture adapted	4
lower part	4
parent strain	4
viral etiology	4
serum components	4
mapk phosphorylation	4
induces vascular	4
future studies	4
developed non	4
fecv infections	4
derived genomic	4
also investigated	4
deleterious mutations	4
virus alone	4
downregulated genes	4
inactivated fipv	4
avirulent fcovs	4
higher titers	4
recombinant cdna	4
trs motif	4
authors thank	4
coronavirus main	4
santa cruz	4
fipv antigens	4
molecular functions	4
permissive feline	4
analog gs	4
qiaamp viral	4
bioinformatic analysis	4
black virus	4
proteolytic processing	4
using specific	4
macrophages overproduce	4
frozen sections	4
cells derived	4
gapdh mrna	4
twice daily	4
related viruses	4
ltb levels	4
pathogenetic mechanisms	4
highly fatal	4
carcinoembryonic antigen	4
altered expression	4
ccv cdna	3
adapted sars	3
transcriptome studies	3
synthesis occurred	3
virtual screening	3
culture adaptation	3
mabs reacted	3
clinical isolates	3
hr post	3
observations suggest	3
ocular involvement	3
fipv rec	3
donor cats	3
highly cell	3
additional file	3
two weeks	3
enrichment analyses	3
also subjected	3
microbiology doi	3
one cycle	3
intestinal villi	3
generally cause	3
study showed	3
streptomycin per	3
enteric pathogens	3
veterinary practitioners	3
cells increased	3
viruses containing	3
fc region	3
virus mutation	3
systemic lupus	3
two dimensions	3
amplification products	3
coronavirus family	3
recombination sites	3
also significantly	3
page analysis	3
method revealed	3
serologic assays	3
different fipv	3
pbs solution	3
protein binding	3
natural populations	3
carboxymethyl cellulose	3
cats prevalence	3
single mutations	3
group coronavirus	3
disseminated fip	3
completely eliminated	3
rna sequences	3
forming units	3
hyperimmune sera	3
including feline	3
two antigenically	3
cytotoxic concentration	3
mediate immune	3
complementmediated lysis	3
proteinimmunized mice	3
black replication	3
circulating antibodies	3
kuan choong	3
rna transcripts	3
sulfate precipitation	3
fcov spike	3
still unclear	3
detect virus	3
fipv transition	3
coronaviral infection	3
clustered together	3
genome regions	3
pcr method	3
significantly differ	3
also demonstrated	3
monoctonal antibodies	3
genetic homogeneity	3
passive immunity	3
competing interests	3
short time	3
caused fip	3
raw sequences	3
band density	3
data collection	3
antiviral signaling	3
mammalian coronaviruses	3
protease broad	3
cheetah coronavirus	3
tropism switching	3
big dye	3
positive titre	3
cells date	3
first genomic	3
genetic component	3
neutralized fecv	3
ct method	3
protein sequence	3
survival times	3
centrifuged twice	3
nucleotide mutations	3
seropositive kittens	3
mrna synthesis	3
canine eoronavirus	3
may become	3
peritonitis morphologic	3
tissue damage	3
coronavirus triple	3
genetic homology	3
unrelated circular	3
feline whole	3
closely clustered	3
situ hybridization	3
diagnostic value	3
roche diagnostics	3
macrophagelike cell	3
cats persistence	3
two new	3
lethal infection	3
single intravenous	3
containing mm	3
cell lymphopenia	3
maximum titers	3
pathological consequences	3
small plaque	3
histopathologically confirmed	3
immune serum	3
antiviral fluorescence	3
spin column	3
closed household	3
largely non	3
peritoneal cells	3
total reads	3
clinical strain	3
polymorphonuclear leukocytes	3
significant production	3
mab cd	3
agarose gels	3
fcov type	3
die antigenverwandtschaft	3
three feline	3
replicate efficiently	3
conventional rt	3
sucrose density	3
hybridization assay	3
higher levels	3
co incubator	3
culture system	3
data indicate	3
peritoneal exudate	3
various gwas	3
negative results	3
fmhv infection	3
sequenced using	3
increased susceptibility	3
mm dtt	3
fcov cdna	3
beckman sw	3
shock promotor	3
extracted rna	3
murine macrophages	3
new jersey	3
similar results	3
antiviral compounds	3
elevated serum	3
enhance infectivity	3
higher viral	3
institutional animal	3
optimal temperature	3
like particle	3
amplified using	3
step rt	3
prolonged time	3
fipv samples	3
bio genomic	3
immunofluorescence using	3
elisa od	3
complement evasion	3
apoptotic cells	3
far less	3
native cv	3
dependent resistance	3
minute wash	3
taq dna	3
guinea pig	3
enhancing ab	3
genome organisation	3
large scale	3
bp fragment	3
study recognizes	3
potentially resulting	3
increased significantly	3
immunosuppressive drugs	3
cat genome	3
observed daily	3
cats examined	3
predicted amino	3
reference strains	3
taiwanese shelter	3
phosphate buffered	3
dry fip	3
younger cats	3
incubated overnight	3
animal species	3
nws virus	3
fipv produced	3
differentially upregulated	3
beta production	3
disease may	3
per kb	3
terminal half	3
enumerable plaques	3
foreign gene	3
rpmi growth	3
infection efficiency	3
dependent enhancing	3
antibody antibody	3
black circles	3
western blots	3
gm ml	3
functional group	3
targeted fipv	3
whole genome	3
mediated cleavage	3
independent studies	3
coronavirus mhv	3
serum proteins	3
gene subgenomic	3
exact mutation	3
increased rapidly	3
elisa kit	3
ribavirin alone	3
feline complement	3
associated death	3
three orfs	3
three genes	3
nucleotide substitutions	3
texas red	3
cv antibodies	3
partial amino	3
enteric biotype	3
clinical forms	3
disease form	3
transcription process	3
virus used	3
become susceptible	3
inducing virus	3
shanghai synchrotron	3
differentially downregulated	3
also explain	3
higher education	3
predicted primary	3
antigenically distinct	3
scottish fold	3
several organs	3
less common	3
experiment using	3
fluorescein isothiocyanate	3
type viruses	3
spread throughout	3
atpase phospholipid	3
laboratoryinduced cases	3
host genes	3
genomic workbench	3
mapk mab	3
infection biology	3
sequences used	3
bart haagmans	3
group vi	3
virus uptake	3
specifically decreased	3
cdna insert	3
agar gel	3
serological investigation	3
supplementary table	3
group iv	3
cats also	3
min incubation	3
fapn receptor	3
receptor aminopeptidase	3
mammalian cell	3
electrophoresis using	3
adcml assays	3
map kinases	3
infections peritonitis	3
resonance energy	3
maturation protein	3
altered receptor	3
antiviral study	3
background display	3
western blotting	3
receptor recognition	3
min per	3
single mutation	3
glycosylation site	3
target viruses	3
coronaviruses correlates	3
large plaques	3
study aimed	3
published reports	3
fipv wellcome	3
infectious rna	3