Distant Reader - keyword-individual-cord

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-05-25 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader cord process, and the input was the result of a query applied to a local mirror of CORD, a data set of scholarly articles on the topic of COVID-19. The actual query was: keywords:individual. The results of this query were saved in a cache and transformed into a set of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 40 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 219,648 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 6,460 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 47. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

individuals, individual, social, disease, i, data, time, may, health, one, model, treatment, epidemic, networks, network, infection, number, also, human, infected, population, contact, transmission, based, self, control, will, two, covid, information, behavior, models, infectious, different, diseases, use, cases, case, spread, effects, using, effect, locations, dynamics, however, risk, large, rate, probability, public

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are Causal Inference for Spatial Treatments, Using statistics and mathematical modelling to understand infectious disease outbreaks: COVID-19 as an example, and Stochastic dynamics of an epidemic with recurrent spillovers from an endemic reservoir.

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

social media, public health, infectious diseases, infected individuals, treatment locations, preventive behavior, social networks, social distancing, candidate treatment, contact tracing, treatment location, infectious disease, human rights, susceptible individuals, grocery store, antibiotic resistance, social network, natural kind, treatment effects, epidemic prevention, entrepreneurial entry, control strategies, outer ring, realized treatment, infected individual, treatment effect, contact network, potential outcomes, incubation period, trust propensity, grocery stores, disease dynamics, media use, candidate locations, contact patterns, average treatment, wage workers, epidemic spreading, natural kinds, time step, offline social, complex networks, health care, spatial treatments, disease transmission, doc id, respiratory syndrome, epidemic models, cord uid, social norms

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are Biobanking and public health: is a human rights approach the tie that binds? Entrepreneurial entry: The role of social media, and Antibiotic Resistance: Moving From Individual Health Norms to Social Norms in One Health and Global Health.

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

individual, disease, network, model, covid-19, social, risk, human, epidemic, self, number, infection, health, datum, case, behavior, wuhan, vaccine, vaccination, user, twitter, treatment, topic, structure, strategy, sovereignty, size, sgx, sars, right, result, resistance, region, public, privacy, prevention, precaution, pkdl, pathogen, pandemic, node, natural, nation, mobility, microbial, medium, mara, lte, location, layer

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be individuals, and Self-reliant India: self of a nation or a national self? is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

individuals, disease, epidemic - An operational architecture for privacy-by-design in public service applications
treatment, individuals, locations - Causal Inference for Spatial Treatments
individuals, transmission, infected - Disease Outbreaks: Critical Biological Factors and Control Strategies
social, self, networks - Entrepreneurial entry: The role of social media
individuals, cvlp, vl - Inferring transmission trees to guide targeting of interventions against visceral leishmaniasis and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

individuals, disease, time, data, treatment, model, epidemic, networks, infection, number, network, individual, health, population, contact, transmission, self, behavior, information, models, control, diseases, case, cases, effects, locations, effect, dynamics, risk, probability, rate, outbreak, people, distance, location, level, media, research, vaccination, process, use, analysis, influenza, strategies, example, impact, study, results, pandemic, size

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

used, based, consider, shown, infected, take, given, made, increased, spread, reduced, include, provided, estimating, found, allows, become, follows, see, assumed, proposed, needs, identified, occurs, know, developed, requires, obtain, suggest, represents, determines, described, depending, discusses, model, lead, remains, affecting, compare, observe, control, defines, understand, focus, associated, changes, treated, applying, related, employed

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

COVID-19, Fig, SARS, AR, Health, China, SIR, CVLP, VL, S, ADRD, N, HIV, Twitter, Table, GPS, Social, Wuhan, Disease, SIS, −, World, D, United, M, PKDL, India, H1N1, TE, Global, Control, AIDS, Data, sha, States, US, DOI, Coronavirus, A, Human, University, Figure, Eq, COVID, Organization, Hong, LTE, Kong, Africa, January

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

we, it, their, they, i, its, our, them, one, us, you, he, themselves, his, itself, her, your, she, my, me, oneself, him, mine, himself, herself, u, ∈, ϕ, βsi, thy, thine, thee, s, ourselves, myself

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

social, human, individual, different, infectious, infected, large, susceptible, public, new, spatial, high, average, many, small, natural, important, first, possible, global, potential, particular, higher, non, real, antibiotic, likely, preventive, similar, recent, specific, second, long, single, behavioral, personal, local, available, entrepreneurial, effective, economic, general, common, close, random, medical, epidemiological, various, critical, symptomatic

also, however, well, even, therefore, often, hence, moreover, rather, first, still, highly, much, just, less, significantly, generally, respectively, especially, particularly, now, directly, typically, finally, approximately, instead, indeed, relatively, already, similarly, furthermore, away, randomly, far, specifically, usually, simply, second, together, potentially, always, easily, completely, recently, fully, almost, additionally, otherwise, yet, frequently

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

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