keyword-tnf-cord

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-05-25 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader cord process, and the input was the result of a query applied to a local mirror of CORD, a data set of scholarly articles on the topic of COVID-19. The actual query was: keywords:tnf. The results of this query were saved in a cache and transformed into a set of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 153 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 2,744,198 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 19,190 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 44. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

cells, il, patients, cell, cd, expression, tnf, levels, may, results, protein, study, human, response, inflammatory, induced, also, increased, mice, i, blood, activation, activity, ifn, disease, role, treatment, using, production, immune, group, factor, compared, associated, effects, used, specific, infection, anti, receptor, effect, cytokines, found, cytokine, high, control, type, binding, one, significantly

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are Poster Sessions, Poster Sessions, and 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts.

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

necrosis factor, immune response, mg kg, immune system, dendritic cells, cell line, inflammatory cytokines, endothelial cells, gene expression, peripheral blood, cell lines, nk cells, tumor necrosis, inflammatory response, cell death, immune responses, flow cytometry, ng ml, present study, nitric oxide, control group, important role, cell proliferation, significantly higher, growth factor, amino acid, type i, septic shock, lymph nodes, pg ml, cytokine production, mononuclear cells, results suggest, innate immune, mrna expression, mbl levels, healthy controls, bone marrow, oxidative stress, cancer cell, adhesion molecules, blood samples, significantly increased, breast cancer, lung injury, epithelial cells, blood mononuclear, results indicate, intensive care, tumour necrosis

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are Poster Sessions Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches, and Evaluation of TNF as antiviral, antibacterial and antiparasitic agent.

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

tnf, cell, ifn, cd8, mbl, il-12, il-6, lps, covid-19, sars, patient, il-1, result, study, level, increase, effect, disease, pcr, dna, university, inflammatory, expression, elisa, virus, sepsis, rna, mouse, treatment, tnf-, response, protein, high, gene, sle, receptor, mhc, method, infection, il-4, il-10, human, cytokine, control, cd4, western, tgf, paf, mas, institute

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be cells, and TNF-α Acts as an Immunoregulator in the Mouse Brain by Reducing the Incidence of Severe Disease Following Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

1. patients - Scientific Abstracts
2. cells - Lysine‐Dependent Binding of OspE to the C‐terminus of Factor H Mediates Complement Resistance in Borrelia burgdorferi
3. der - Schock

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

1. patients, cells, results - Scientific Abstracts
2. cells, cell, il - Lysine‐Dependent Binding of OspE to the C‐terminus of Factor H Mediates Complement Resistance in Borrelia burgdorferi
3. il, cells, tnf - The role of interleukin-1 in general pathology
4. may, cells, endothelial - Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System
5. der, und, die - Schock

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

cells, patients, cell, expression, levels, results, protein, response, study, mice, activity, blood, role, activation, disease, treatment, production, factor, effects, group, infection, cytokines, effect, receptor, data, gene, cytokine, control, macrophages, analysis, type, proteins, responses, studies, system, virus, inflammation, time, methods, serum, cancer, tissue, lung, genes, development, function, stimulation, presence, molecules, acid

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

using, induce, increased, shown, compared, found, associated, suggests, bound, including, activated, demonstrated, involves, reduced, investigated, observed, following, expressed, mediated, decreased, determined, indicates, inhibits, performed, resulting, produce, lead, cause, treat, measured, identified, develop, plays, studied, stimulated, detected, regulating, based, evaluate, reported, related, occurs, required, signalling, affect, revealed, obtained, known, contains, provide

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

TNF, IFN, T, MBL, IL-6, þ, mg, LPS, C, AE, CD4, IL-10, CD8, α, MS, II, der, University, HLA, IL-12, A, NK, SARS, PCR, IL-1, mRNA, RNA, B, S., kg, DC, MHC, ELISA, E., COVID-19, CSF, M, G, ¼, Fig, NF, IL-2, ICU, M., I, GC, IL-18, IL-4, L, von

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

we, it, their, our, its, i, they, them, one, us, itself, he, iga1, his, she, her, themselves, eph-4, you, me, him, il-1β, my, your, mrnas, interleukin-10, s, em, interleukin-15, igfbp2, himself, rhil-10, mrs, itsn2, il1-α, il-12, igmcic, ifnyr-/-mice, esat-6, e2f2-/-mice, crx-527, c183, ␣, ω-3, λr1, y€, ykl-40, y401, wi~, w@

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

inflammatory, human, immune, specific, high, anti, different, clinical, higher, significant, important, acute, normal, severe, low, dependent, endothelial, first, healthy, cellular, several, lower, non, present, viral, major, negative, positive, similar, early, multiple, new, many, molecular, vascular, respiratory, various, peripheral, pro, chronic, systemic, bacterial, large, total, intestinal, small, fetal, potential, functional, therapeutic

also, significantly, however, well, respectively, therefore, recently, furthermore, previously, moreover, directly, even, highly, often, especially, together, mainly, currently, still, less, alone, particularly, prior, now, interestingly, thereby, specifically, statistically, finally, potentially, approximately, strongly, later, frequently, differentially, usually, first, almost, additionally, rather, alternatively, subsequently, critically, yet, rapidly, far, probably, commonly, largely, clinically

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

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