trigram

This is a table of type trigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

trigram frequency
vesicular stomatitis virus453
of vesicular stomatitis147
the presence of120
the cells were87
recombinant vesicular stomatitis70
as well as64
in the presence64
of influenza virus63
of the viral62
west nile virus61
respiratory syndrome coronavirus61
the absence of60
for h at56
at room temperature55
severe acute respiratory54
acute respiratory syndrome54
in this study54
the plasma membrane47
as shown in46
cells were washed46
in the absence45
of the vsv45
for min at45
the expression of44
the surface of44
of the virus44
ebov gp pseudotyped43
human immunodeficiency virus43
herpes simplex virus42
type i ifn42
the replication of42
antiviral activity of42
in order to42
cells infected with40
vero e cells40
were infected with39
host protein synthesis39
porcine reproductive and38
the cell surface38
middle east respiratory38
and respiratory syndrome38
due to the38
reproductive and respiratory38
data not shown37
east respiratory syndrome37
infected with vsv36
at h post36
associated with the36
the g protein35
congo hemorrhagic fever35
surface of the35
the number of35
on the surface35
the viral envelope34
as described above34
respiratory syndrome virus34
the synthesis of34
cells were infected34
compared to the32
the development of32
and in vivo32
a variety of32
in infected cells31
t cells were31
hela cells were31
the use of31
in vitro and31
as described in31
in addition to30
was added to30
according to the29
the antiviral activity29
the golgi complex29
the host cell29
hemorrhagic fever virus29
vesicular stomatitis viruses28
to determine the28
been shown to28
the fact that28
the vsv g28
the ability of28
structure of the28
protein synthesis in28
analysis of the27
expression of the27
were treated with27
based on the27
influenza a virus27
the role of27
activity of irf27
inhibition of host26
shown in figure26
vitro and in26
of protein synthesis26
consistent with the26
the production of26
the translation of26
and incubated at25
wt and ifit25
murine leukemia virus25
was used to25
stomatitis virus glycoprotein25
of host protein25
immunodeficiency virus type25
on the other25
in which the25
the vesicular stomatitis25
one of the25
of the virion25
shown to be24
used as a24
the level of24
cells were transfected24
activity of the24
we found that24
cells were then24
in the golgi24
hepatitis c virus24
shown in fig24
than that of23
the mechanism of23
the case of23
in the case23
the inhibition of23
the other hand23
of influenza a23
a and b23
was used as23
was determined by23
for h and23
stomatitis virus vectors22
influenza a viruses22
cellular immune responses22
of a novel22
the activity of22
transcriptional activity of22
the transcriptional activity22
the lipid bilayer22
were detected by21
part of the21
end of the21
ebola virus glycoprotein21
were transfected with21
as compared to21
has been shown21
adp p y21
of enveloped viruses21
in the cell21
the glycoproteins of21
and the cells21
of g protein21
materials and methods21
antiviral activities of21
as previously described21
the effect of20
similar to the20
bv or mlt20
prok treated virions20
protein synthesis by20
in the viral20
as described previously20
in the present20
were obtained from20
of the er20
vsv g protein20
sequence of the20
the present study20
it is possible20
the ebov gp20
it has been20
from the er20
then infected with20
has not been20
of ebola virus20
detected by q20
were analyzed by20
cells were fixed19
a consequence of19
and cellular immune19
and incubated for19
in the same19
found to be19
the formation of19
a vesicular stomatitis19
central nervous system19
added to the19
of the cell19
the infectivity of19
the amount of19
in the brain19
of type i19
of the host19
for the first19
is required for19
were carried out19
and ifit mice19
thermo fisher scientific19
kindly provided by18
the viral genome18
of the g18
balb c mice18
of acid sphingomyelinase18
the first time18
a number of18
of ebov gp18
viral protein synthesis18
obtained from the18
of vsv g18
in hela cells18
in the vsv18
were able to18
cells were treated18
regions of the18
the transmembrane domain18
h at room18
semliki forest virus18
in contrast to18
have shown that18
results indicate that18
attenuated vesicular stomatitis18
supplementary figure s18
and p y17
the m protein17
incubated for h17
host cell entry17
were inoculated with17
high levels of17
the distribution of17
the reaction mixture17
gp pseudotyped hiv17
of viral mrna17
portion of the17
the endoplasmic reticulum17
in cells infected17
to assess the17
were used to17
the brains of17
were added to17
the current study17
carried out in17
mediated antiviral activities17
humoral and cellular17
a single dose17
nucleotide sequence of16
were shown to16
type i interferon16
h and then16
rvsv vectors expressing16
based on a16
of the golgi16
the spike protein16
the ability to16
live ebov neutralisation16
were determined by16
the lack of16
glycoprotein of vesicular16
stomatitis virus g16
of host cell16
gp and gp16
b and c16
development of a16
the addition of16
of infected cells16
appear to be16
to the cells16
of the sars16
were used as16
was removed and16
role of the16
cd t cells16
the cotton rat16
the inhibitory effect16
to determine whether16
was carried out16
was observed in16
treated with adp15
virus vectors expressing15
that of the15
washed twice with15
is essential for15
cells were incubated15
to each well15
cleavage of the15
vectors pseudotyped with15
cells were seeded15
cytoplasmic tail of15
was shown to15
immune responses to15
multiplicity of infection15
of p y15
size of the15
the cytoplasmic tail15
in vesicular stomatitis15
well as the15
m a b15
is consistent with15
composition of the15
was performed using15
care and use15
for h before15
added to each15
analyzed by sds15
of the membrane15
washed with pbs15
nile virus infection15
of porcine reproductive15
g protein of15
the total number15
differences in the15
total number of15
were incubated with15
reaction mixture was15
studies on the15
some of the14
and then infected14
the ebola virus14
used for the14
pathogenic avian influenza14
to that of14
there was no14
serial dilutions of14
coronavirus spike protein14
of the brain14
to the cell14
there was a14
highly pathogenic avian14
of er buds14
respiratory syncytial virus14
of eif e14
the central nervous14
in the current14
the end of14
of middle east14
consequence of the14
were incubated at14
of host mrnas14
detected in the14
the possibility that14
present in the14
neutralization test using14
all of the14
the wnv e14
viral and cellular14
min at room14
as a result14
appears to be14
of the total14
a multiplicity of14
green fluorescent protein14
cov s protein14
on the viral14
results demonstrate that14
protein of vsv14
fetal bovine serum14
cells were grown14
cells in the14
described in the14
from infected cells14
the aug codon13
the size of13
it is likely13
used in this13
removal of the13
is likely that13
in cell culture13
the effects of13
was detected by13
lucas et al13
was detected in13
vsv replication in13
rous sarcoma virus13
that the vsv13
cell lines from13
antiviral activity in13
remains to be13
immune responses in13
of viral proteins13
or not with13
were incubated for13
a recombinant vesicular13
and characterization of13
on the cell13
of the vesicular13
none of the13
vaccine based on13
were challenged with13
at a multiplicity13
three times with13
there is no13
supernatants were harvested13
included in the13
is possible that13
proteolytic cleavage of13
mice immunized with13
the influenza virus13
as a control13
the function of13
bat cell lines13
of west nile13
to test the13
was used for13
the kinetics of13
showed that the13
to the plasma13
with pfu of13
in the brains13
were washed with13
the results of13
were washed twice13
inhibitory effect of13
of host shutoff13
with vesicular stomatitis13
protein of vesicular13
m and g13
of cellular mrnas13
production of infectious13
mabs to ep13
the resulting residue13
has been reported13
t cell responses13
of the most13
immune responses against13
in the cytoplasm13
the extent of12
of the influenza12
of viral protein12
pfu of vsv12
described in materials12
budding from the12
related to the12
in materials and12
single dose of12
of the spike12
washed three times12
were used for12
of the cytoplasmic12
gp pseudotyped vsv12
top of the12
at the plasma12
after infection with12
inserted into the12
the activation of12
neutralizing antibody titers12
viral mrnas are12
we used a12
characterization of a12
can be used12
infected cells and12
the generation of12
were grown in12
antiviral activity against12
of the lipid12
pseudotyped virus neutralisation12
to investigate whether12
no effect on12
the idea that12
found in the12
and incubated with12
bv and mlt12
indicating that the12
referred to as12
dmem containing fbs12
cap binding factor12
a novel coronavirus12
contribute to the12
h n virus12
a dilution of12
region of the12
of viral replication12
translation of viral12
of the mrna12
component of the12
of the glycoproteins12
to identify the12
s ribosomal subunits12
results suggest that12
by western blot12
not required for12
the golgi apparatus12
similar to that12
of the envelope12
the golgi exclusion12
resulting residue was12
cell protein synthesis12
as vaccine vectors12
the binding of12
identification of a12
suggest that the12
of the cells12
characterization of the12
activation of the12
the induction of12
virus infection in12
suggesting that the12
golgi exclusion zone12
stomatitis virus and12
three independent experiments12
is responsible for12
proteins on the12
position of the12
h post transfection12
of the recombinant12
of sindbis virus12
of pseudotyped virus12
it is not12
of the proteins12
presence of the12
of viral mrnas12
the intercat ifn12
of recombinant vesicular11
these results indicate11
of bv or11
hek t cells11
data suggest that11
i ifn signaling11
shutoff of host11
virus matrix protein11
due to its11
viral gene expression11
were fixed with11
a series of11
upstream aug codons11
of rous sarcoma11
indicate that the11
the first aug11
vaccination with a11
to be the11
was performed in11
in mammalian cells11
kapadia et al11
activity of rfeifn11
protein in the11
of the mice11
in figure a11
and cells were11
aridor et al11
with respect to11
is the most11
the site of11
replication of vsv11
of cotton rats11
at a dilution11
position in the11
could be detected11
of host translation11
to the golgi11
the translational machinery11
pseudotyped lentiviral vectors11
pseudotyped with the11
for generation of11
that can be11
the gxxxg motif11
was found to11
and vesicular stomatitis11
be used to11
incubated for min11
any of the11
infected cells were11
the virus was11
the abundance of11
with severe acute11
were performed in11
was obtained from11
simplex virus type11
open reading frames11
viruses such as11
and stored at11
an important role11
results in the11
involved in the11
infection of the11
of the human11
stomatitis virus expressing11
the efficiency of11
wnv e glycoprotein11
of hepatitis c11
in the genome11
members of the11
in the future11
of the s11
the concentration of11
inhibited the replication11
the medium was11
to the viral11
of the oligomer11
and the reaction11
the neutralization test11
the top of11
by centrifugation at11
of the antiviral11
with a recombinant11
an moi of11
of viral glycoproteins11
the viral surface11
and analyzed by11
of the two11
syndrome coronavirus spike10
plates were incubated10
to vsv infection10
in transfected cells10
to investigate the10
mixture was stirred10
of viral rna10
used as the10
fold serial dilutions10
for the treatment10
vero cells were10
retained in the10
was supported by10
for use in10
a b s10
protein synthesis is10
their ability to10
were measured by10
pind et al10
at the same10
were seeded in10
compared with the10
of the glycoprotein10
with n ct10
effect on the10
alonso and carrasco10
number of buds10
signs of disease10
determined by the10
had no effect10
be associated with10
c and d10
to examine the10
of human immunodeficiency10
in response to10
found that the10
endoplasmic reticulum to10
to a stirred10
for host cell10
ebola virus infection10
the control of10
monoclonal antibodies against10
viral spread in10
replication in the10
has also been10
a moi of10
but not in10
role in the10
times with pbs10
of mammalian cells10
supplemented with fetal10
followed by a10
can be activated10
was able to10
expression of p10
have been shown10
cells per well10
virus infection of10
the interaction of10
are shown in10
stomatitis virus matrix10
error bars indicate10
the type i10
p y and10
the e glycoprotein10
gel column chromatography10
by vesicular stomatitis10
as a colorless10
have not been10
the release of10
the glycoprotein of10
a result of10
the amino acid10
server at http10
adjacent to the10
the viral mrnas10
at the level10
in prok treated10
rna replicates were10
in vero cells10
the antiviral activities10
was purified by10
avian influenza viruses10
of a protein10
purified by silica10
for the development10
l g a10
of hela cells10
the recombinant feifn10
virus g protein10
with a single10
column chromatography using10
were then washed10
feline leukemia virus10
the preparation of10
stomatitis virus infection10
both lentiviral vectors10
nef g c10
h n treated10
the treatment of10
were maintained in10
approved by the10
truncated g protein10
cells were inoculated10
expression of a10
no antiviral activity10
was confirmed by10
virus replication in10
cellular mrnas that10
the s protein10
relative to the10
this work was10
were washed and10
residue was purified10
that could be10
in comparison to10
stomatitis virus recombinants10
cell culture supernatant10
cap binding protein10
have been identified10
the first position10
silica gel column10
to be translated10
g or vsv10
on day pi10
with the viral10
of infectious virus10
by silica gel10
mechanism by which9
the severe acute9
are associated with9
the structure of9
medium was removed9
a stirred solution9
as a vaccine9
was detected using9
of the gml9
at the end9
is necessary for9
the rate of9
resulting in the9
safety and immunogenicity9
the h n9
because it is9
our results demonstrate9
not affect the9
lethal challenge with9
mrna cap methylation9
doxorubicin inhibits the9
ifit mice were9
translation of the9
we have previously9
with the anti9
g protein was9
were collected from9
important role in9
creative commons license9
those of the9
recombinant feline interferon9
the vaccinated mice9
was performed as9
s pseudoparticle neutralization9
pseudoparticle neutralization assay9
of the ha9
mutation of the9
information is available9
and g proteins9
nakamura and compans9
airway epithelial cells9
ifit and ifit9
mlt h n9
attenuated rvsv vectors9
ripa branch of9
inoculum was removed9
with vsv g9
the infection of9
with the virus9
were washed three9
in the neutralization9
n and g9
was analyzed by9
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus9
were found to9
appeared to be9
viral protein expression9
stronger than that9
these results suggest9
with pbs containing9
cells with vsv9
to be associated9
on day after9
upstream from the9
corresponding to the9
eluent to give9
expression plasmids for9
the vsv genome9
branch of irf9
mutations in the9
inhibition of the9
be due to9
the study of9
we showed that9
derived from the9
the west nile9
was replaced with9
h after infection9
membrane fusion activity9
small amount of9
determined to be9
comparison of the9
apilimod and vacuolin9
for min and9
at the restrictive9
in mice immunized9
neutralization assay for9
motif in the9
from the endoplasmic9
the immune system9
each well and9
for analysis of9
higher than that9
from the first9
supplemented with fbs9
a single immunization9
infected hela cells9
the inoculum was9
prime boost vaccination9
the stacking gel9
is known to9
heterologous animal cells9
between the two9
mouse hepatitis virus9
as the eluent9
of the mean9
prrsv envelope proteins9
and cellular mrnas9
in saudi arabia9
the restrictive temperature9
the authors declare9
the process of9
one or more9
the eluent to9
er to golgi9
latently infected rn9
neutralizing antibodies against9
may not be9
conjugated goat anti9
hispidus cell lines9
the assembly of9
the boosted group9
spike protein of9
open reading frame9
against fcov and9
the highest dilution9
led us to9
removed and the9
national institute of9
reciprocal of the9
that p y9
newcastle disease virus9
significantly stronger than9
activities of rfeifn9
in the transmembrane9
treated with trypsin9
cov neutralizing antibodies9
h n viruses9
medium was replaced9
against lethal challenge9
attenuation of vsv9
by plaque assay9
and it is9
effect of the9
a type i9
replicates were detected9
synthesis of the9
final concentration of9
plutner et al9
the reciprocal of9
synthesis of a9
acid sphingomyelinase and9
of vsv in9
studies have shown9
results showed that9
a positive control9
fcov and vsv9
of the m9
are involved in9
of the same9
the cells with9
a mw of9
at the cell9
to produce a9
was significantly stronger9
h before being9
stirred solution of9
type i and9
influenza virus mrnas9
of the stacking9
single immunization with9
the leader sequence9
mechanism of host9
the potential of9
in a cell9
be activated by9
of the protein9
and nhei restriction8
shown in the8
in a dose8
first aug codon8
its ability to8
of vsv infection8
in line with8
a t the8
in dromedary camels8
displayed on the8
shown in table8
is not a8
cells infected by8
location of the8
phosphate buffered saline8
components of the8
more potent than8
to the vsv8
that it is8
responsible for the8
influenza virus hemagglutinin8
stomatitis virus in8
based neutralization assay8
protective immune response8
in the host8
log pfu ml8
batfluav surface proteins8
single amino acid8
to promote ripa8
the population of8
of measles virus8
after h of8
assembly of the8
shown that the8
not the transcriptional8
spread in tetherin8
under reduced pressure8
mice per infected8
y and p8
serve as a8
of the hemagglutinin8
proteolytic activation of8
in ifit mice8
that map to8
host cell protein8
as a model8
to be a8
and stained with8
demonstrated that the8
and use of8
per infected group8
of the genome8
the ha spike8
were unable to8
expression of epac8
of sialic acids8
the results from8
for the study8
mosaic virus rna8
nhei restriction sites8
inhibited vsv replication8
of the first8
were pretreated or8
to analyze the8
previous studies have8
nonhuman primates against8
serum samples were8
irf s s8
in our study8
of monoclonal antibodies8
whether the antiviral8
and in vitro8
using graphpad prism8
alfalfa mosaic virus8
a mechanism for8
h n challenge8
were stained with8
institutional animal care8
were harvested at8
in l cells8
observed in the8
isolation and characterization8
most of the8
virus envelope glycoprotein8
the cell culture8
absence of a8
of the major8
gold particles per8
has been demonstrated8
in tissue culture8
rna levels in8
rose et al8
contributes to the8
cellular mrnas with8
in these cells8
proteins identified in8
used in the8
a library of8
of laboratory animals8
sites were analyzed8
bound to the8
doms et al8
or vsv m8
defined as the8
reduction in the8
in wt mice8
h n influenza8
this study was8
is thought to8
for hr at8
animal care and8
analysis was performed8
of viral envelope8
of vsv and8
genes of vesicular8
as indicated by8
and in the8
the ripa branch8
g and vsv8
the replication competent8
be involved in8
of cellular proteins8
of severe acute8
translation of capped8
the lumenal domain8
that of rfeifn8
correlation between the8
the course of8
of the ifn8
could not be8
viral mrnas in8
to measure the8
are known to8
well and incubated8
by standard plaque8
of the gxxxg8
pretreated or not8
effect of pis8
to the control8
the nuclear envelope8
which can be8
with fetal bovine8
protects mice from8
by a single8
standard plaque assay8
the finding that8
for detection of8
thought to be8
at days post8
a combination of8
gag and pol8
did not show8
on a replication8
as evidenced by8
of the other8
stomatitis virus is8
antiviral effect of8
the density of8
was replaced by8
has been suggested8
body weight loss8
as a positive8
the antiviral effect8
comparison to the8
on g protein8
is that the8
have been reported8
of hal and8
for influenza virus8
with pbs and8
for this purpose8
nature of the8
host cell shut8
mdck cells were8
to be an8
and the resulting8
female balb c8
to study the8
or vsv g8
of these proteins8
expression in the8
in dmem containing8
with a lethal8
neutralizing antibody response8
regulation of the8
expression of vsv8
and influenza virus8
to golgi transport8
of infectious vsv8
has previously been8
competent vesicular stomatitis8
in table i8
of cap binding8
proteins associated with8
a small amount8
reads that map8
cells were used8
on sucrose gradients8
generation of vsv8
in vivo and8
in the hiv8
infection with a8
in the cytoplasmic8
in extracts from8
in the first8
the potential for8
number of er8
el and e8
the positive control8
figure s a8
immune response to8
the supernatants were8
required for efficient8
a lethal dose8
of host proteins8
first position in8
the specificity of8
g protein in8
vsv rna replicates8
based on live8
the cellular mrnas8
the outcome of8
is not known7
analyses were performed7
titers were determined7
start of the7
of eif a7
a vaccine vector7
provides complete protection7
in pbs for7
infected with the7
cells were extensively7
is not required7
for disease control7
on vero cells7
evaporated under reduced7
a second bud7
as negative control7
sorensen et al7
a cell line7
the volume of7
using live mers7
cells challenged with7
was isolated from7
animal model for7
interaction with the7
of the corresponding7
is inhibited by7
in the mouse7
figure s c7
fresh culture medium7
were separated by7
of the replication7
of a viral7
the efficacy of7
at the time7
the appearance of7
metabolically labeled for7
by authentic sars7
we evaluated the7
in agreement with7
com scientificreports www7
are likely to7
a gift from7
are required for7
these data suggest7
the envelope of7
were extensively washed7
the membrane of7
vectors expressing hiv7
intraperitoneally injected with7
studies of the7
mrna in the7
the negative control7
t cells and7
dmem supplemented with7
n treated mice7
of wt mice7
plotted as mean7
the impact of7
and ethyl acetate7
protein of sars7
with wt vsv7
carried out by7
sequences of the7
mice at d7
pbs h n7
a sucrose cushion7
pseudotyped with severe7
associated with a7
cells were analyzed7
it is the7
in hek t7
by the point7
effective aids vaccine7
and can be7
need to be7
the pi treatment7
gp gp gp7
enu start site7
the total cytoplasmic7
these results demonstrate7
e and f7
of the bv7
hela cells expressing7
a monoclonal antibody7
interact with the7
envelope glycoproteins of7
the external surface7
infected insect cells7
acid sphingomyelinase activity7
of vaccinia virus7
were grown on7
specific antibody responses7
in the development7
infection with pp7
t rna polymerase7
neutralizing antibodies in7
by using a7
viral infection in7
wide range of7
host shutoff is7
centers for disease7
do not affect7
immunogenicity of the7
was required for7
at the top7
hal and nal7
host translation is7
investigation of the7
binds to the7
analyzed by the7
the incorporation of7
bernstein et al7
the live ebov7
collected from the7
influenza virus replication7
did not affect7
was added and7
which is a7
the gene encoding7
the virus in7
shown as mean7
a wide range7
untreated with the7
a comparison of7
viral infections in7
influenza h n7
syndrome coronavirus infection7
broad spectrum of7
viral rna was7
different concentrations of7
which is the7
and expression of7
and found that7
were expressed as7
to determine if7
virus envelope proteins7
thymidine kinase gene7
and heterologous animal7
mediated cell fusion7
cell culture supernatants7
chromatography using hexane7
that has been7
of a library7
expression levels were7
between viral and7
on virus entry7
replication of both7
with cytochalasin d7
cell plasma membrane7
for in vitro7
was generated by7
virus vectors in7
of vsv replication7
of the prrsv7
using hexane and7
the cell membrane7
insect cells and7
on live attenuated7
out of the7
lethal dose of7
the plates were7
structural proteins of7
rvsv vaccine vectors7
used to assess7
the probability of7
in insect cells7
these cell lines7
were observed in7
gxxxg motif in7
after a single7
induction of ifit7
national institutes of7
phosphorylation of eif7
cellular protein synthesis7
of the vaccinated7
is sufficient for7
increase in the7
infected ifit mice7
of a foreign7
were purchased from7
a final concentration7
from the same7
mrnas with increased7
to test whether7
epithelial cell lines7
is shown in7
activity of doxorubicin7
the s subunit7
in the context7
lines from the7
tetherin antagonism by7
the importance of7
and vero cells7
expressed as the7
d and e7
recombinant vaccinia virus7
the virus and7
spectrum antiviral activities7
have been used7
as negative controls7
of wt and7
of the eif7
hafl or vsv7
for membrane fusion7
is difficult to7
test using vsv7
we demonstrate that7
of the cap7
of a given7
cells were obtained7
inhibition of viral7
the major enu7
not appear to7
after infection by7
of the rfeifn7
the virus is7
in the nucleus7
decreased polysome association7
in vitro models7
results demonstrated that7
aids vaccine based7
cells were pretreated7
in ml of7
area of the7
c mice were7
hexane and ethyl7
in vivo studies7
the interior of7
of cellular mrna7
been reported to7
antiviral action of7
to give the7
the potential to7
recombinant vsv with7
of the ebola7
as determined by7
rna expression of7
by proteolytic cleavage7
of bv and7
cells expressing gml7
abl tyrosine kinase7
the n ct7
a significant difference7
virus neutralisation assays7
with the major7
the pool of7
immune responses and7
immunoprecipitated using anti7
the presence or7
a subset of7
of a single7
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at a final7
has been described7
of the manuscript7
an increase in7
and that the7
in viral rna7
mouth disease virus7
into the cytosol7
with mutated m7
to be determined7
is sufficient to7
of neutralizing antibodies7
as mean sd7
institutes of health7
an effective aids7
and use committee7
showed a high7
characteristics of the7
equipped with a7
immunized with n7
known to be7
for treatment of7
synthesis in cells7
rna was extracted7
surface of baculovirus7
compared to control7
cells untreated with7
contrast to the7
of viral particles7
the e r7
ability of the7
was determined using7
of these viruses7
show that the7
of herpes simplex7
as an experimental7
of a recombinant7
induction of ifn7
mediated immune responses7
of virus particles7
and assembly of7
to inhibit the7
at and hpi7
understanding of the7
with the ifns7
with the exception7
found on the7
and development of7
of influenza viruses7
transmembrane domain of7
of semliki forest7
viruses as vaccine7
the control group7
cd t cell7
library of fda7
in some cases7
in each group7
use of laboratory7
we determined the7
the start of7
was stirred at7
aug codon in7
the culture medium7
the genome of7
a portion of7
vectors expressing glycoproteins7
indicated that the7
machamer et al7
major surface glycoprotein7
than host mrnas7
significantly higher than7
saquinavir and nelfinavir7
avian influenza virus7
vaccination with vsv7
ebov neutralisation assay7
many of the7
and identification of7
a large oligomer7
and then chased7
is similar to7
infection of vsv7
by western blotting7
changes in the7
that viral mrnas7
immediately or after7
to this end7
the matrix protein7
with the vsv7
against ebola virus7
in cotton rats7
renal epithelial cells7
recombinant vsvs expressing7
for the presence6
of the serum6
increased polysome association6
attenuated recombinant vaccine6
were anesthetized with6
external surface of6
interior of the6
of poliovirus rna6
complete protection from6
this study were6
transcription of the6
it would be6
of ifit and6
the onset of6
based vaccine protects6
virus titer was6
the c terminus6
has been obtained6
the care and6
supported by the6
from the e6
average number of6
the fraction of6
difference between the6
added and incubated6
we conclude that6
for quantification of6
cells were pre6
proteins that are6
mediated by the6
of viral and6
pis do not6
as long as6
gene in the6
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in a single6
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g and m6
the immunogenicity of6
in keeping with6
were performed using6
of gtp s6
proteins found in6
into virus particles6
have been described6
infected wt and6
tobacco mosaic virus6
by host cell6
similar to those6
into the plasma6
with decreased polysome6
different regions of6
levels of viral6
blocked with bsa6
and subjected to6
ml of bv6
baby hamster kidney6
virus as a6
to evaluate the6
infected with hsv6
to examine whether6
inhibition of vsv6
were observed when6
vaccinated and mock6
was achieved by6
vaccinia virus ankara6
focused on the6
addition to the6
er buds in6
were analyzed for6
amino acid sequence6
in the infected6
g in a6
is likely to6
rvsv vector expressing6
for hour at6
specific for the6
may be a6
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis6
we sought to6
a value of6
of ifnar mice6
were then infected6
release of ceramide6
the vsv glycoprotein6
an additional transcription6
the majority of6
there are no6
upon infection with6
lentiviral pseudotyped vectors6
to viral spread6
ebola and marburg6
vsv was significantly6
of vero e6
were metabolically labeled6
enveloped rna viruses6
cooper and moss6
in well plates6
performed in a6
assays were performed6
in animal models6
in the membrane6
vsv g gene6
but not the6
the shutoff of6
cov spike protein6
guide for the6
we used the6
detected using a6
to some extent6
data demonstrated that6
the yield of6
hpai h n6
the time of6
t cells in6
matrix protein inhibits6
volume of the6
in wt and6
mrnas are translated6
virus infection and6
is associated with6
strongly inhibited by6
and not the6
replication competent construct6
host shutoff by6
determined using the6
of the nucleocapsid6
x for peer6
reduction neutralization test6
at the permissive6
in a highly6
viral and host6
antiviral activities were6
molecular weights of6
the f glycoprotein6
and host cell6
proteins of the6
export from the6
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in accordance with6
in the results6
vivo and in6
the regulation of6
infection of hela6
the insertion of6
antibodies against mers6
on the transcriptional6
we wanted to6
ifit mice at6
influenza a h6
intranasal vsv infection6
or g proteins6
vsv mrnas are6
is important to6
by activating the6
the nucleocapsid protein6
the effectiveness of6
in this experiment6
fraction of the6
the sequence of6
the virus to6
by vaccinia virus6
incorporation of a6
demonstrate that doxorubicin6
for the vsv6
vector based on6
stomatitis virus as6
disruption of the6
replication of the6
in the liver6
we focused on6
of human sera6
use of a6
the envelope proteins6
was used in6
of recombinant vsv6
infected with a6
in support of6
m protein is6
linked immunosorbent assay6
lodish and porter6
californica nuclear polyhedrosis6
mediated immune response6
entry driven by6
host range and6
with dmem containing6
matrix protein of6
positive cells were6
of the genes6
as a potential6
polymerase chain reaction6
fig a and6
was measured by6
of the bilayer6
there is a6
a fluorescence microscope6
the prrsv envelope6
coding for the6
identification of the6
for min in6
available upon request6
antibody responses to6
infection in humans6
in patients with6
etchison et al6
with vsv and6
homologous and heterologous6
fractions were collected6
expression of tetherin6
it may be6
and immunogenicity of6
tani et al6
for peer review6
highly susceptible to6
and hela cells6
in the figure6
the best studied6
whole and prok6
the removal of6
see materials and6
to address this6
properties of replication6
polysome association of6
were detected in6
metabolically radiolabeled for6
the results showed6
of filoviruses and6
the major surface6
cap binding proteins6
of n ct6
of uninfected or6
the virion and6
lumenal domain of6
levels were measured6
cells by the6
were lysed in6
the mixtures were6
disease control and6
cells treated with6
of vsv is6
are shown as6
normal brain cells6
all of which6
interfere with the6
of infectious diseases6
of the hiv6
to mammalian cells6
protective efficacy of6
dose of vsv6
challenged with a6
on the external6
virus glycoprotein is6
these proteins are6
viruses have been6
and l proteins6
by use of6
inhibited by doxorubicin6
the association of6
gives rise to6
cells as a6
and prok treated6
of the study6
specific immune response6
disease in humans6
strand rna virus6
values obtained from6
and vsv m6
proteins in the6
revealed that the6
an influenza virus6
h post infection6
blocked by a6
the extracellular domain6
consistent with this6
was kindly provided6
supernatants were collected6
dose of the6
isolated from a6
klenk et al6
promoted the ripa6
hela cells with6
and vsv was6
virus in the6
presented in the6
would like to6
of ifit mice6
are present in6
the ml domain6
cells at the6
in previous studies6
by the same6
nasal epithelial cells6
amino acid sequences6
envelope proteins of6
and m proteins6
cells in vitro6
demonstrate that the6
in place of6
proteomic analysis of6
alterations in the6
to explain the6
vaccine vector and6
primates against ebola6
in this context6
with the endosomal6
protein on the6
viral envelope and6
hal and hal6
required for the6
infection results in6
dried over mgso6
old mice were6
effect of mlt6
of the plasma6
cells were stained6
lethal ebov challenge6
function of the6
stomatitis viruses from6
nuss et al6
neutralizing antibodies to6
host cell plasma6
with the envelope6
yellow fever virus6
stomatitis virus by6
only in the6
was determined as6
that they are6
the mechanism by6
of rvsv vectors6
results in a6
the er membrane6
the sensitivity of6
ep and ep6
based on recombinant6
g pseudotyped vectors6
the results were6
that the inhibitory6
transcription and translation6
viral mrna cap6
retention in the6
pseudotyped virus input6
was purchased from6
for the care6
the loss of6
degradation of host6
to the virus6
of a second6
samples were collected6
of the rvsv6
correlates of protection6
vaccinated mice had6
on the virion6
the mixture was6
cells were lysed6
surface glycoproteins of6
mice were intraperitoneally6
peer review of6
or latently infected6
to estimate the6
control and prevention6
were observed between6
innate antiviral response6
in the serum6
in adp p6
likely due to6
provided by the6
heat shock protein6
likely to be6
sites in the6
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of viral membrane6
major enu start6
may contribute to6
incubation in vitro6
also inhibited the6
for minutes at6
rna and dna6
safety and efficacy6
gp and m6
the types of6
significant difference between6
significant differences in6
for rain at6
the center of6
twice with pbs6
the location of6
ebola virus entry6
the percentage of6
host cell membrane6
was not required6
ii transmembrane serine6
medium supplemented with6
additional transcription unit6
depend on the6
stomatitis virus pseudotype6
off of host6
transferred to a6
oncolytic vesicular stomatitis6
to the host6
used to determine6
difference in the6
protective immune responses6
to a single6
synthesis of viral6
of vsv pseudotypes6
of this study6
the viral rna6
in the polysome6
of translation of6
for production of6
type i ifns6
it is important6
cells transfected with6
the m g6
of the e6
after intranasal infection6
of cells with6
more efficient than6
virus grown in6
for min before6
avian influenza a6
luciferase activity was6
to the n6
in vitro antiviral6
the permissive temperature6
vsv g or6
was removed from6
cloned into the6
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used to generate6
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presence of a6
proteins can be6
cov neutralizing antibody6
persistently or latently6
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as the highest6
cells were plated6
tail of gml6
size and shape6
surface area of6
the range of6
influenza virus proteins6
we examined the6
of viral translation6
inhibition of translation6
dependent rna polymerase6
by the presence6
protect mice against6
on vero e6
dilution of the6
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no significant differences6
for the prevention6
surface glycoprotein of6
on log scale6
a functional receptor6
influenza virus glycoproteins6
high degree of6
and supplementary figure6
glycoproteins of filoviruses6
cancer stem cells6
fixed with paraformaldehyde6
host cell proteases6
were harvested and6
modified vaccinia virus6
initiation factor eif6
the mean surface6
glycoproteins of the6
antiviral effects of6
proven to be6
is not the6
vsv has been6
xhoi and nhei6
and viral rna6
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cells were further6
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organization of the6
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autographa californica nuclear6
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or in the6
domain of vsv6
to the only6
of the gag6
half of the6
mammalian cells by6
effects of the6
protection from sars6
nuclear polyhedrosis virus6
the safety of6
mice were anesthetized6
titers in the6
of gold particles6
neutralizing antibody responses6
n mice per6
with vrp expressing6
mg ml of6
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all cell lines6
mm tris ph6
isolated from the6
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a terminator codon6
doxorubicin treatment inhibited6
by vsv m6
avian sarcoma virus6
to the same6
neutralizing antibodies and6
expressing glycoproteins of6
suppression of the6
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truncation of the6
with increased polysome6
of intercat ifn6
for the production6
filoviruses and arenaviruses6
were collected and6
the erk signaling6
the n protein6
evidence that the6
consequence of a6
virus fusion protein6
is defective in6
and evaporated under6
vaccine vectors in6
m g cap6
neutralization tests using6
bars indicate the6
belonging to the6
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were prepared as6
live attenuated vesicular6
were found in6
experiments were performed6
dose of pfu6
in a way6
gfp infected cells6
play a role6
mice were vaccinated6
response to the6
inhibits the replication6
the titer of6
high concentrations of6
glycoprotein exchange vectors6
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final volume of5
initiation of protein5
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cell responses in5
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either immediately or5
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western blot analysis5
glycoproteins expressed from5
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we constructed a5
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difference between groups5
separated by sds5
innate immune responses5
on glass coverslips5
plane of the5
inhibition of virus5
virus infection without5
in most instances5
humoral immune responses5
pseudotypes using recombinant5
infectious virus particles5
the gml oligomer5
ni affinity column5
receptor for the5
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viral replication cycle5
of attenuated vesicular5
specific immune responses5
coronavirus infection conferred5
labeled for min5
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expression was detected5
levels in the5
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vsv infected cells5
tag ni affinity5
griffiths et al5
cell lines and5
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eukaryotic initiation factor5
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been described previously5
wide variety of5
in nonhuman primates5
in our previous5
were injected into5
in whole virions5
the viral glycoproteins5
a replication competent5
lethal ebola virus5
responses to vaccines5
for expression of5
foreign gene in5
the binding medium5
in combination with5
efficacy of the5
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in the vaccinated5
the adsorption of5
revealed the presence5
with ml of5
influenza a and5
in vsv m5
continuous cell lines5
medium was added5
liu et al5
vector expressing the5
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the viral genes5
virus particles in5
extracts from infected5
using a vsv5
be attributed to5
the n gene5
were coated with5
of supernatants on5
in three independent5
is based on5
and challenged with5
amplification of the5
the vaccinated group5
these findings suggest5
the most abundant5
data indicate that5
fourth transcription unit5
of buds per5
lentiviral vectors pseudotyped5
ebola virus disease5
frame with the5
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were plated in5
was performed by5
removal of sialic5
carrasco and lacal5
vectors in non5
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cd cd low5
fold increase in5
s protein in5
the airway epithelial5
the most important5
immediately after synthesis5
results led us5
form of the5
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of the ribosomes5
using a wide5
we performed mcias5
identification of entry5
replaced with the5
the media was5
of infectious particles5
rna polymerase of5
modification of the5
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from sars coronavirus5
ml recombinant human5
and s fig5
for each group5
viral rna levels5
in export complexes5
throughput screen of5
responses in the5
of pseudotyped viruses5
is mediated by5
on ace and5
which may be5
toxicity was observed5
gp on the5
domain of the5
amino acid substitutions5
amino acid residues5
than the average5
translated more efficiently5
for min with5
well as for5
may also be5
antibodies to the5
this article is5
of tumor cells5
the viral proteins5
gene transfer into5
inhibit viral replication5
were described previously5
accumulation of late5
could be used5
expressing the wnv5
transport from the5
luciferase reporter gene5
the e gene5
detected by western5
the attenuation of5
that the viral5
led to a5
mutated m and5
were further incubated5
incorporated efficiently into5
to develop a5
they are not5
properties of recombinant5
infection of human5
with a c5
significant difference in5
extracts from uninfected5
expression of viral5
the fourth transcription5
comparing the rfeifn5
are incorporated efficiently5
a dose of5
immunized with vsv5
protection against lethal5
initiate a t5
infection was determined5
and sec p5
minimum essential medium5
with the highest5
is the only5
room temperature with5
we demonstrated that5
the observation that5
sars coronavirus infection5
and used for5
gml or vsv5
transduction of the5
cells expressing the5
and tmprss and5
schneider et al5
and herpes simplex5
vectors expressing ebovgp5
was seen in5
response in mice5
pfu of the5
that the pi5
strong immune responses5
from which the5
immunization with an5
schwarz et al5
was determined to5
a and c5
rna in uitro5
not included in5
and immune responses5
indicates a significant5
host to viral5
of an influenza5
attenuated vsvs with5
morbidity and mortality5
be used as5
of ifn and5
equine encephalitis virus5
change in the5
in vivo gene5
pancreatic acinar cells5
release of the5
in vsv infected5
stomatitis viruses are5
was observed for5
enveloped viruses such5
sodium dodecyl sulfate5
gp pseudotyped virus5
functional receptor for5
with an attenuated5
the suppression of5
present on the5
have also been5
were analyzed using5
the only ev5
spectrum antiviral activity5
the upstream aug5
transfection medium was5
with truncated g5
the infected cells5
mw of approximately5
the optimal induction5
as described by5
and dna viruses5
and accumulation of5
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they do not5
vsv titers in5
the characteristics of5
the creative commons5
frozen in liquid5
of doxorubicin was5
ripa contributes to5
for translational regulation5
buds per ixm5
is blocked by5
a foreign gene5
a clinically proven5
highest dilution of5
simian immunodeficiency virus5
molecular weight of5
inhibits virus replication5
protein inhibits host5
at the elevated5
in the central5
the polysome fraction5
can be translated5
interaction of antibody5
proteins encoded by5
c virus glycoprotein5
day post challenge5
be required to5
host and viral5
viruses are incorporated5
by titration of5
protein expression were5
of the virions5
with an moi5
groups to the5
work was supported5
vsv vectors expressing5
covalently linked to5
expressing the sars5
observed in vivo5
active site of5
vsv g and5
the reduction in5
vsv g were5
competitive binding assay5
transport of the5
membrane of the5
by using the5
into host cells5
virus and vesicular5
one of these5
biological activities of5
filtered through a5
sensitive mutants of5
vitro antiviral activity5
as a consequence5
inhibits vsv replication5
of cargo from5
cells were maintained5
with west nile5
immune response in5
envelope with the5
and the other5
coronavirus s protein5
authors declare that5
proteins were identified5
based pseudotyped virus5
x g for5
stomatitis virus replicon5
and fixed with5
from influenza virus5
regulation of protein5
protein synthesis and5
type ii transmembrane5
more than one5
figure d and5
with two different5
and h n5
level of neutralisation5
from a single5
the human immunodeficiency5
for help with5
performed using graphpad5
indicated by the5
the wsn strain5
the renal epithelial5
complete nucleotide sequence5
the spread of5
of mers coronavirus5
of influenza viral5
of the section5
of the leader5
we did not5
the ripa activity5
the mabs to5
ml of pbs5
in out of5
only a few5
studies demonstrate that5
the exception of5
glycoproteins of influenza5
the cleavage of5
sharpe and fields5
reads in the5
results show that5
type i glycopeptides5
in humans and5
innate immune response5
against west nile5
the optimal antiviral5
on eif e5
stomatitis virus pseudotypes5
of entry inhibitors5
version of the5
brains of ifit5
cells were either5
from that of5
when comparing the5
were transferred to5
positive and negative5
of this virus5
transfected cells were5
of the gp5
host translation by5
production of high5
protein of the5
infection and the5
that adp p5
the receptor molecule5
antibody with the5
might be a5
represent the mean5
prompted us to5
immunoprecipitated with anti5
the plane of5
when compared to5
the occurrence of5
ifn signaling competent5
doxorubicin did not5
cargo from the5
and mdck cells5
of vsv m5
further incubated for5
in the bv5
infection of cells5
each of the5
the organization of5
of zoonotic viruses5
the pseudotyped virus5
induced cell fusion5
mrnas have been5
play an important5
the viral replication5
groups compared by5
that contribute to5
during the preparation5
translation of cellular5
as indicated in5
be important for5
observed when comparing5
like to thank5
and is blocked5
mouse pems were5
rna was isolated5
with vsv m5
viruses can be5
gene from the5
been suggested that5
membrane proteins of5
evidence for the5
protein is a5
vsv for studies5
of tetherin expression5
into the vsv5
that is required5
findings suggest that5
activation of acid5
virus with the5
the normal shutoff5
strand rna viruses5
membranes were blocked5
a ratio of5
associated with export5
cell lysates were5
the safety and5
distribution of the5
was extracted from5