bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
respiratory syndrome	454
infectious bronchitis	342
infected cells	319
amino acid	279
bronchitis virus	275
viral rna	263
rna viruses	244
porcine epidemic	243
acute respiratory	233
epidemic diarrhea	226
virus infection	215
severe acute	207
diarrhea virus	200
porcine reproductive	193
syndrome virus	185
virus replication	178
codon usage	175
nucleocapsid protein	175
vero cells	173
cell culture	172
viral replication	161
spike protein	157
syndrome coronavirus	157
rna synthesis	157
immune response	145
amino acids	142
cleavage sites	141
type i	137
rna virus	136
virus type	130
ck ch	122
human coronavirus	121
immunodeficiency virus	118
antiviral activity	118
human immunodeficiency	112
structural proteins	112
neutralizing antibodies	110
immune responses	108
host cell	106
gene expression	106
like protease	105
reverse transcription	104
cell cycle	104
rna polymerase	102
virus res	101
res doi	101
doc id	101
cord uid	101
cleavage site	100
dengue virus	98
nucleic acid	97
rna replication	94
viral proteins	92
viral infections	91
complete genome	91
clinical signs	87
genomic rna	87
described previously	86
avian infectious	85
vaccinia virus	84
influenza virus	83
transmissible gastroenteritis	83
strand rna	82
porcine apn	82
hepatitis virus	81
open reading	79
st cells	77
viral infection	77
herpes simplex	76
disease virus	76
epithelial cells	75
phylogenetic analysis	75
sars coronavirus	74
genome sequence	74
sequence analysis	74
cell lines	73
coronavirus infectious	71
simplex virus	71
porcine deltacoronavirus	70
viral genome	66
novel coronavirus	66
immune system	65
coronavirus replication	65
mouse hepatitis	65
united states	65
previously described	65
caffeic acid	65
cell surface	64
eif gi	64
binding protein	64
respiratory tract	64
ch ldl	63
i isolate	63
core protein	62
present study	61
dependent rna	61
closely related	60
infectious peritonitis	60
innate immune	60
west nile	59
gastroenteritis virus	59
pedv infection	59
feline infectious	59
respiratory syncytial	58
host cells	58
zika virus	58
monoclonal antibodies	58
highly conserved	58
cell line	57
time rt	57
avian coronavirus	57
nucleotide sequence	57
genetic diversity	57
cells infected	57
like particles	56
well plates	56
recombinant ibvs	56
performed using	56
nile virus	56
reverse transcriptase	55
virus genome	55
fever virus	54
cellular proteins	54
translation initiation	54
middle east	54
like virus	53
prrsv infection	53
feline coronavirus	53
days post	53
syncytial virus	53
i collagen	53
monoclonal antibody	53
fusion protein	53
three times	52
binding domain	51
untranslated region	51
coronavirus spike	51
serum samples	51
nitric oxide	51
reverse genetics	51
cell death	51
newcastle disease	50
pcr products	49
reading frame	49
genome sequences	49
goat anti	49
structural protein	49
stranded rna	49
viral dna	48
secondary structure	48
canine coronavirus	48
east respiratory	48
bovine coronavirus	48
previous studies	48
genbank accession	47
protein synthesis	47
protein expression	47
dna viruses	47
japanese encephalitis	47
rna recombination	47
spike glycoprotein	47
nucleotide sequences	47
mm tris	47
mosaic virus	47
primary monocytes	46
protein gene	46
nonstructural protein	46
like proteinase	46
room temperature	46
small intestine	46
dendritic cells	46
acid sequence	45
tissue culture	45
neutralizing antibody	45
membrane fusion	45
mg ml	45
sense rna	45
results showed	45
transfected cells	44
mdbk cells	44
ms vlps	44
western blot	44
negative control	43
van den	43
total rna	43
genome organization	43
pdcov infection	42
cell cultures	42
terminal domain	42
accessory genes	41
mammalian cells	41
reading frames	41
endoplasmic reticulum	41
mm nacl	41
encephalitis virus	41
may also	41
sg assembly	41
infected individuals	41
chemokine receptor	41
escherichia coli	41
coronavirus genome	40
ch ljl	40
nonstructural proteins	40
cell epitopes	40
infected fetuses	40
important role	40
coding region	40
viral protein	39
nursing pigs	39
bovine serum	39
reverse genetic	39
infectious virus	38
coronavirus infection	38
mouse model	38
initiation factor	38
rna genome	38
virus rna	38
life cycle	38
south korea	38
weaned pigs	38
ch xjyn	38
hbs sirna	38
ibv strains	38
transgenic mice	37
capsid protein	37
recombination events	37
fecal samples	37
homologous recombination	37
vaccine strain	37
results suggest	37
ang ii	37
beaudette strain	37
broadly neutralizing	36
vesicular stomatitis	36
chlorogenic acid	36
canonical cleavage	36
coronavirus disease	36
acid sequences	35
hiv infection	35
binding site	35
hemorrhagic fever	35
molecular epidemiology	35
virus entry	35
family coronaviridae	35
severe pneumonia	35
oxidative stress	35
length genome	35
antibody titers	35
nucleic acids	35
rna silencing	35
molecular biology	34
human cytomegalovirus	34
strain hun	34
prrsv replication	34
analyzed using	34
flow cytometry	34
clinical trials	34
severe covid	34
molecular characterization	33
cell fusion	33
aa identity	33
ibv mass	33
converting enzyme	33
vaccine candidate	33
cd cd	33
virus infections	33
coronavirus nucleocapsid	32
mouse igg	32
canine astvs	32
usage bias	32
taken together	32
coronavirus infections	32
cdna clone	32
also observed	32
sequence identity	32
innate immunity	32
virus strain	32
stress granules	32
coronavirus rna	32
peritonitis virus	32
group iii	32
subgenomic rna	31
murine coronavirus	31
viral genomes	31
dna polymerase	31
bax bak	31
synonymous codon	31
chaperone activity	31
tgev infection	31
infectious diseases	31
human metapneumovirus	30
positive selection	30
protein genes	30
barr virus	30
cycle arrest	30
viral antigens	30
length cdna	30
brome mosaic	30
significant differences	30
inhibitory effect	30
spike proteins	30
gel electrophoresis	30
specific antibodies	30
fusion proteins	29
stomatitis virus	29
signaling pathway	29
cov plpro	29
antiviral effect	29
phylogenetic analyses	29
time pcr	29
total dna	29
fetal bovine	29
avian coronaviruses	29
virus research	29
wild type	29
vaccine strains	29
expression levels	29
genome replication	29
indel pedv	28
sambucus formosananakai	28
phylogenetic trees	28
previous study	28
mutation rates	28
hcv infection	28
cell lysates	28
genomic sequence	28
peripheral blood	28
strand transfer	28
papn wt	28
specific primers	28
statistically significant	28
cov replication	28
restriction sites	28
recombinant viruses	28
time points	28
electron microscopy	28
crystal structure	28
secondary antibody	28
pl pro	28
spike gene	28
virus isolation	27
bronchitis coronavirus	27
pcr product	27
rna chaperone	27
replicase gene	27
infectious cdna	27
respiratory distress	27
even though	27
naturally occurring	27
previously reported	27
ccr expression	27
iii coronaviruses	27
cell entry	27
respiratory disease	27
acid chaperone	27
type prrsv	27
plasma membrane	27
positively selected	27
protein expressed	27
replication cycle	27
type ii	26
viral entry	26
accession numbers	26
results indicated	26
systematic review	26
arteritis virus	26
bacteriophage ms	26
active site	26
expression system	26
embryonated eggs	26
sequence alignment	26
equine arteritis	26
infected cell	26
cdna clones	26
high levels	26
indirect elisa	26
rna binding	26
virus particles	26
respiratory coronavirus	26
culture medium	26
tcid ml	26
heparan sulfate	26
proteolytic processing	26
also found	26
replication complex	25
also known	25
small intestines	25
acid residues	25
binding proteins	25
rna secondary	25
purified using	25
optimal control	25
cdna fragments	25
kda protein	25
human coronaviruses	25
apn transgenic	25
canine parvovirus	25
receptor binding	25
pk cells	24
suckling piglets	24
terminal region	24
viral metagenomics	24
chicken eggs	24
pdcov strains	24
rabies virus	24
rna chaperones	24
independent experiments	24
control group	24
two different	24
virus isolates	24
i interferon	24
infected pigs	24
linked immunosorbent	24
virus discovery	24
like viruses	24
nervous system	24
immune cells	24
vaccine development	24
norwalk virus	24
reference strains	24
pedv strains	24
ljl strain	24
genetic characterization	24
live vaccines	24
virus yield	24
western blotting	24
enveloped viruses	23
dna virus	23
field strains	23
acid constituents	23
order nidovirales	23
growth factor	23
gene sequences	23
avian influenza	23
agarose gel	23
genome regions	23
recent studies	23
host range	23
medium containing	23
humoral immune	23
two major	23
distress syndrome	23
hela cells	23
virus titers	23
dependent translation	23
insect cells	23
prrsv nsp	23
ebola virus	23
viral particles	23
cov clpro	23
immunosorbent assay	23
plaque assay	23
phenolic acid	23
den hoogen	23
washed three	23
porcine nidovirus	23
viral load	23
ldl i	23
central nervous	22
wnv infection	22
significantly higher	22
hbx sirna	22
cell types	22
mm edta	22
trna lys	22
transcription factor	22
large number	22
growth kinetics	22
mrna levels	22
ace receptor	22
cov nsp	22
coronavirus strains	22
type viruses	22
virus nucleocapsid	22
new cpv	22
three independent	22
recombinant proteins	22
unpublished data	22
cov infection	22
pcr amplification	22
antiviral drug	22
target cells	22
primers used	22
human cells	21
human monoclonal	21
yeast two	21
protein interactions	21
dependent manner	21
hypervariable region	21
significantly increased	21
mouth disease	21
infection may	21
coat protein	21
blood samples	21
rna shedding	21
animal models	21
acting elements	21
mass spectrometry	21
coronavirus hku	21
like proteases	21
may play	21
lymph nodes	21
live attenuated	21
cells transfected	21
prrsv antigens	21
defective interfering	21
pedv entry	21
genbank database	21
envelope protein	21
clpro cleavage	21
secondary structures	21
disease severity	21
zika fever	21
recent study	21
recombinant vaccinia	21
eif gii	21
fecal viral	21
cytopathic effect	21
virus capsid	21
protective immunity	21
rna elements	20
stem cell	20
binding domains	20
calculated using	20
inactivated vaccines	20
acting rna	20
virus neutralization	20
rna helicase	20
dna sequence	20
beet yellows	20
silver nanoparticles	20
two distinct	20
genetic analysis	20
stop codon	20
sequence data	20
virus metagenomics	20
authors declare	20
human respiratory	20
virus titer	20
rna molecules	20
also identified	20
lymph node	20
porcine aminopeptidase	20
virus production	20
three different	20
eav nsp	20
like receptor	20
plant viruses	20
antibody responses	20
economic losses	20
heat shock	20
severe diarrhea	20
neutralizing epitopes	20
gene source	20
yellow fever	20
cell monolayer	20
expressed viral	20
spontaneous mutations	20
pcr using	20
yellows virus	20
expressing gp	20
hav orfs	20
plaque formation	20
adaptive immune	20
cleavage products	20
life technologies	20
evolutionary history	19
er stress	19
hotspot mutations	19
north american	19
rna structure	19
strains isolated	19
virus strains	19
virus attachment	19
maximum likelihood	19
murine hepatitis	19
cells expressing	19
vp protein	19
old spf	19
antibody response	19
generation sequencing	19
pp ab	19
loop structure	19
immunofluorescence assay	19
stress response	19
membrane vesicles	19
enteric coronavirus	19
bovine herpesvirus	19
survival factors	19
conserved among	19
pneumonia group	19
cell membrane	19
cell viability	19
nt identity	19
recombination frequency	19
pbs containing	19
cellular protein	19
protein kinase	19
buffered saline	19
inflammatory responses	19
host immune	19
international committee	19
viral diseases	19
sequence homology	19
gnotobiotic pigs	19
recombinant protein	19
host protein	19
cells via	19
chain reaction	19
low ph	19
accession number	18
many viruses	18
black bear	18
coronavirus nl	18
polymerase chain	18
inflammatory cytokines	18
acid changes	18
serially diluted	18
nsp protein	18
viral genomic	18
gastroenteritis coronavirus	18
conjugated goat	18
protein may	18
virus ch	18
hbv infection	18
host factors	18
cell sorting	18
distantly related	18
coronavirus ibv	18
expression plasmid	18
dna sequences	18
proteomic analysis	18
early stages	18
expressing cells	18
di rna	18
phylogenetic tree	18
determined using	18
nt long	18
significant difference	18
alveolar macrophages	18
host translation	18
cultured cells	18
mediated endocytosis	18
gallic acid	18
ace expression	18
infected patients	18
ccr gene	17
induced cell	17
molecular evolution	17
start codon	17
immediately downstream	17
eukaryotic initiation	17
final concentration	17
associated virus	17
expression vectors	17
future studies	17
epidemic diarrhoea	17
experimental infection	17
challenged birds	17
strain vr	17
severe respiratory	17
cells grown	17
proteins involved	17
genomic sequences	17
molecular evolutionary	17
cytopathic effects	17
pdcov strain	17
virus growth	17
stress granule	17
serotype ii	17
glycoprotein gene	17
clinical samples	17
control cells	17
three methods	17
library preparation	17
allantoic fluid	17
phage display	17
blot analysis	17
cov genome	17
aa residues	17
cl pro	17
cellular immune	17
cell movement	17
coronavirus nonstructural	17
signaling pathways	17
joining method	17
i strain	17
natural killer	17
norovirus infection	17
ethanol extract	17
norovirus rdrp	17
catalytic activity	17
critical role	17
coronavirus oc	17
positive control	17
expressing prrsv	17
drug discovery	17
ccr antagonists	17
unknown function	17
washed twice	16
nucleotide identity	16
essential oils	16
natural compounds	16
genetic recombination	16
rna structures	16
preferred codon	16
tested positive	16
natural selection	16
widely used	16
length infectious	16
pcr primers	16
cytokine storm	16
formosananakai extract	16
villous atrophy	16
nursing piglets	16
mrna expression	16
subcellular localization	16
antiviral effects	16
host interactions	16
substrate specificity	16
ibv strain	16
nuclear localization	16
virus diversity	16
orf ab	16
infectious dose	16
tissue tropism	16
selected sites	16
wide range	16
may provide	16
main proteinase	16
initiation complex	16
inactivated virus	16
rna interactions	16
viral envelope	16
key role	16
highly pathogenic	16
investigate whether	16
neutralizing activity	16
determine whether	16
complete genomic	16
spectrum antiviral	16
molecular weight	16
luciferase reporter	16
chronic hepatitis	16
cell responses	16
structural basis	16
two groups	16
virus evolution	16
interfering rna	16
positive cells	16
lactobacillus plantarum	16
infected vero	16
viral pathogenesis	16
clinical symptoms	16
subgenomic rnas	16
comparative analysis	16
virus shedding	16
proteolytic activity	16
co incubator	16
reproductive number	16
replicase proteins	16
two viruses	16
terminal genome	16
neonatal piglets	16
different time	16
pseudorabies virus	16
hong kong	16
antiviral state	16
putative cleavage	16
complex formation	16
potent neutralizing	16
feline coronaviruses	16
initiation factors	16
gp protein	15
experimentally infected	15
genetics analysis	15
see table	15
largest rna	15
type ibv	15
buffer containing	15
complete nucleotide	15
nucleotide changes	15
accessory proteins	15
ccov strains	15
sequence similarity	15
virus genomes	15
monocytes macrophages	15
norovirus rna	15
field isolates	15
two independent	15
host response	15
vaccine virus	15
patients infected	15
specific pathogen	15
genetics system	15
generated using	15
influenza viruses	15
antiviral drugs	15
causative agent	15
pdcov oh	15
annealing reaction	15
induce apoptosis	15
swine fever	15
molecular mass	15
main protease	15
infected monocytes	15
influenza infection	15
mutant viruses	15
rna interference	15
specific antibody	15
cap structure	15
membrane protein	15
viral spike	15
igg antibodies	15
viral pathogens	15
evolutionary genetics	15
online version	15
aa sequences	15
prrsv strains	15
kcal mol	15
viruses isolated	15
analysis showed	15
sambucus nigra	15
cdna synthesis	15
genome analysis	15
replicase polyproteins	15
ns protein	15
receptor ccr	15
first two	15
porcine coronaviruses	15
novel rna	15
recombinant bav	15
dna sequencing	15
genome sequencing	15
vertical transmission	15
ibv isolates	15
first report	15
rna structural	15
point mutations	15
supplementary material	15
early stage	15
highly virulent	15
dna synthesis	15
black bears	15
lymphocyte count	15
virus induces	15
cellular receptor	15
viral life	15
previous reports	15
group ii	15
orally inoculated	15
infection induces	15
gene products	14
stranded dna	14
initiation codon	14
murine norovirus	14
diagnostic methods	14
vero cell	14
applied biosystems	14
human herpesvirus	14
eukaryotic translation	14
challenge virus	14
statistical significance	14
subgenomic mrnas	14
acid substitutions	14
nsp proteinase	14
virus taxonomy	14
genomic regions	14
inhibitory activity	14
natural products	14
conducted using	14
dual sirna	14
clinical disease	14
induce neutralizing	14
metagenomic analysis	14
recombinant virus	14
conserved amino	14
strain ch	14
lysis buffer	14
type strains	14
small molecules	14
multiple sequence	14
sirna expression	14
sars patients	14
cells treated	14
mononuclear cells	14
pcr assay	14
vitro transcription	14
genomic characterization	14
viral genes	14
ibv conn	14
viral translation	14
tgev replication	14
kidney cells	14
type virus	14
gb dna	14
rna folding	14
clinical trial	14
cytokine production	14
mortality rates	14
infected st	14
viral titer	14
deletion mutants	14
gn pigs	14
lactate dehydrogenase	14
directed mutagenesis	14
deltacoronavirus strain	14
porcine savs	14
uninfected cells	14
containing mm	14
rna viral	14
vector control	14
phylogenetic relationships	14
serum albumin	14
virus gene	14
alexa fluor	14
denv infection	14
acid sites	14
nested set	14
cell proliferation	14
essential medium	14
bronchitis viruses	14
tat protein	14
coding regions	14
treated cells	14
cells compared	14
vaccinated animals	14
extraction kit	14
protective effect	14
congo hemorrhagic	14
mortality rate	14
viral shedding	14
inoculated pigs	14
polyacrylamide gel	14
coronavirus nsp	14
genus alphacoronavirus	14
matrix protein	14
disease control	14
common ancestor	14
novel mammalian	14
post infection	14
basic reproductive	14
family kirkoviridae	14
viral rnas	14
delivery system	14
located within	14
bat coronaviruses	14
tcov genome	14
structure probing	14
real time	14
norovirus polymerase	14
cells using	14
studies showed	14
proposed family	14
wd strains	14
diarrhoea virus	14
unfolded protein	14
supplementary data	13
induces apoptosis	13
hcle cells	13
watery eyes	13
homozygous genotype	13
viral mrna	13
putative gene	13
conserved rna	13
ibv infection	13
amniotic fluid	13
pg ml	13
measles virus	13
caribbean region	13
recombinant ibv	13
natural host	13
coronavirus type	13
recent years	13
pabp cleavage	13
genomic dna	13
pv infection	13
reporter gene	13
rna polymerases	13
protease inhibitors	13
glycosylation site	13
modified live	13
first reported	13
ii coronaviruses	13
lung tissues	13
proteins encoded	13
embryonated chicken	13
nuclear factor	13
science foundation	13
sg mrna	13
among different	13
porcine respiratory	13
pedv antigen	13
genes encoding	13
faecal samples	13
deletion mutant	13
nk cells	13
protease cleavage	13
viral replicase	13
infected thp	13
fcwf cells	13
results demonstrated	13
canine respiratory	13
broad spectrum	13
santa cruz	13
new insights	13
vaccinia viruses	13
genetic system	13
disease progression	13
analysis revealed	13
human papillomavirus	13
xjyn strain	13
transcription complex	13
interfering rnas	13
endothelial cells	13
sequence alignments	13
associated coronavirus	13
glycosylation sites	13
cell lysis	13
porcine sav	13
broad range	13
functional receptor	13
pcr assays	13
chickens immunized	13
inactivated vaccine	13
structural genes	13
protease domain	13
tract infections	13
public health	13
serial dilutions	13
vaccine vector	13
better understanding	13
induced apoptosis	13
structural elements	13
labeled bhv	13
recombinant baculovirus	13
nucleocapsid proteins	13
risk factor	13
us swine	13
also detected	13
pro cleavage	13
rna annealing	13
envelope glycoprotein	13
two large	13
octanucleotide sequence	13
inflammatory response	13
current study	13
sequence comparison	13
binding sites	13
incubation period	13
primer pairs	13
well tissue	13
bmv rna	13
health organization	13
world health	13
different viral	13
single cell	13
permissive mdbk	13
labeled goat	13
cohort study	13
results indicate	13
movement protein	13
amplified using	13
strain respprrs	13
specific cd	13
high mortality	12
elevating virus	12
novo initiation	12
contains two	12
new viruses	12
also revealed	12
cowden strain	12
i ifn	12
parainfluenza virus	12
another study	12
ge healthcare	12
selection pressure	12
porcine nidoviruses	12
infected mice	12
gene end	12
sambucus formosana	12
rna sequences	12
neutralization assay	12
several studies	12
relationships among	12
using primers	12
ibv types	12
protective immune	12
prrsv strain	12
canine astv	12
crucial role	12
expression vector	12
european countries	12
papn dvii	12
retrospective cohort	12
expressing porcine	12
cell apoptosis	12
infection induced	12
viral families	12
ml streptomycin	12
protein cleavage	12
horseradish peroxidase	12
foreign genes	12
ribavirin treatment	12
blood mononuclear	12
turkey coronavirus	12
gene start	12
prrsv genome	12
common cold	12
following infection	12
coronavirus replicase	12
light chain	12
serine proteases	12
nidovirus replication	12
viral growth	12
bat covs	12
herpesvirus type	12
proteolytic cleavage	12
mini kit	12
functional significance	12
located upstream	12
visualized using	12
complete sequence	12
positive samples	12
one virus	12
protective efficacy	12
watery diarrhea	12
human rhinovirus	12
venezuelan equine	12
two clusters	12
studies revealed	12
significantly reduced	12
virucidal activity	12
necrosis factor	12
asymptotically stable	12
reactive oxygen	12
wnv core	12
assay using	12
viral gene	12
plant virus	12
acute lung	12
us pdcov	12
cells released	12
analysis using	12
leukemia virus	12
classical swine	12
control measures	12
primer trna	12
kna ccov	12
ml penicillin	12
oxygen species	12
kindly provided	12
fecal virus	12
internal control	12
entire genome	12
protein bands	12
lower respiratory	12
genome structure	12
ms vlp	12
results obtained	12
aa substitutions	12
driven migration	12
rna genomes	12
virus dna	12
feline macrophages	12
first strand	12
localization signal	12
mainland china	12
drug repurposing	12
mrna transcription	12
trypsin treatment	12
immune evasion	12
mitochondrial pathway	12
antiviral agents	12
small intestinal	12
transmembrane domain	12
gst pull	12
specific igg	12
mock control	12
docking score	12
treated groups	12
permissive hmlu	12
novel human	12
purification kit	12
protein binds	12
risk factors	12
type infection	12
group i	12
van der	12
airway epithelial	12
distilled water	12
genus deltacoronavirus	12
high affinity	12
data associated	12
culture supernatant	12
genetic variant	12
dna replication	12
chiba virus	12
protein complex	12
viral proteinases	12
proximal apn	11
zinc finger	11
genetic stability	11
culture media	11
consensus sequence	11
obtained using	11
based secondary	11
culture plates	11
functional characterization	11
angiotensin ii	11
recombinant lactobacillus	11
viruses including	11
cleavage assay	11
also showed	11
inhibitory effects	11
bovine adenovirus	11
pigs inoculated	11
drosophila melanogaster	11
vitro ligation	11
virus species	11
pdcov rna	11
binding affinity	11
loop region	11
biological functions	11
protection conferred	11
death receptor	11
purifying selection	11
gene showed	11
reticulocyte lysate	11
tumor necrosis	11
study using	11
seven novel	11
mutant virus	11
den boon	11
rsv infection	11
may affect	11
detected using	11
related viruses	11
much lower	11
pcr reaction	11
isosteric replacement	11
condition iv	11
protein response	11
pairing interactions	11
polyacrylamide gels	11
ch lsc	11
family proteins	11
cycle progression	11
coronavirus main	11
broiler chickens	11
ns gene	11
pregnant sows	11
ibv genome	11
small interfering	11
stem ethanol	11
translation shutoff	11
inflammatory cells	11
leader sequence	11
state university	11
coronavirus papain	11
dengue viruses	11
therapeutic agents	11
time point	11
intrinsic mitochondrial	11
hpv infection	11
mouse proximal	11
lung epithelial	11
results suggested	11
serine protease	11
melatonin treatment	11
bootstrap values	11
cysteine protease	11
first step	11
gp fusion	11
results demonstrate	11
rna molecule	11
seven recombinant	11
severe clinical	11
respiratory viral	11
den worm	11
strand cdna	11
protein encoded	11
may lead	11
crystal structures	11
rna extraction	11
clinical features	11
astv strains	11
interferon response	11
treated group	11
like superfamily	11
mice orally	11
among sars	11
stunt virus	11
structure prediction	11
sequencing analysis	11
pedv infections	11
viruses may	11
genome size	11
fowlpox virus	11
nidovirus infection	11
small molecule	11
furin cleavage	11
mouse anti	11
old embryonated	11
conformational changes	11
culture supernatants	11
virus expressing	11
samples collected	11
bmv rnas	11
complete genomes	11
envelope proteins	11
recombinant nc	11
biochemical assays	11
luciferase activity	11
cardiac glycosides	11
dengue hemorrhagic	11
cellular translation	11
coronavirus avian	11
human population	11
tris ph	11
purified protein	11
mesenchymal stem	11
different types	11
protein nsp	11
potential use	11
nh cl	11
encoded proteinases	11
intergenic region	11
replicative organelles	11
mrna synthesis	11
tagged nsp	11
bmv cp	11
takes place	11
basic amino	11
high degree	11
goose parvovirus	11
reproduction number	11
noncoding region	11
pigs infected	11
novel viruses	11
mass virus	11
virus world	11
standard deviations	11
associated protein	11
replication complexes	11
lung injury	11
lsc i	11
cal viruses	11
identified using	11
viral titers	11
apn promoter	11
chemokine receptors	11
infected host	11
ill patients	11
von brunn	11
maternal antibodies	11
terminal deletion	11
delivery platform	11
potential role	11
viral membrane	11
capture elisa	11
pcr analysis	11
molecular cloning	11
base pairs	11
constructed using	11
mammalian cell	11
primer extension	11
nsp nsp	11
replication transcription	11
genetic systems	11
cress dna	11
attenuated live	11
capsid proteins	11
etiological agent	11
ha protein	11
coding sequences	11
villous enterocytes	11
rescued viruses	10
bootstrap replicates	10
polymerase activity	10
like proteinases	10
cai values	10
cervical cancer	10
whole genome	10
symptomatic wnv	10
using method	10
aa changes	10
peritoneal macrophages	10
huh cells	10
plnc domain	10
conjugated anti	10
template switching	10
synchronized cells	10
mrna vaccine	10
amersham biosciences	10
strain ck	10
new virus	10
genome characterization	10
per ml	10
reported previously	10
effective vaccines	10
genome expression	10
genotype vii	10
restriction enzyme	10
aldosterone system	10
viral sequences	10
virus challenge	10
blood pressure	10
investigated whether	10
per se	10
primer set	10
two novel	10
also used	10
different viruses	10
infected dams	10
base pair	10
plasmid pfbav	10
norovirus replication	10
isolate i	10
potent inhibitor	10
cov rna	10
acidic ph	10
mice inoculated	10
quantitative real	10
recombination event	10
genetic clusters	10
significantly decreased	10
contact exposed	10
subgenomic mrna	10
conn viruses	10
mail address	10
skim milk	10
data suggest	10
respiratory virus	10
virus isolate	10
viral diversity	10
virus families	10
kwd strains	10
ics assay	10
economically important	10
dependent enhancement	10
progeny virus	10
canine coronaviruses	10
domain vii	10
high concentrations	10
nd nd	10
two overlapping	10
heterogenous hvrs	10
neurological bear	10
well plate	10
different times	10
potent antiviral	10
four structural	10
cold pbs	10
crystal violet	10
winter moth	10
virus ns	10
formosana nakai	10
examined using	10
intestinal contents	10
poultry industry	10
sodium dodecyl	10
mass viruses	10
primer binding	10
better understand	10
genetic distance	10
detect antibodies	10
first identified	10
rna pseudoknot	10
fold dilutions	10
antiviral immunity	10
may contribute	10
single domain	10
viral attachment	10
immediately upstream	10
sg mrnas	10
transmembrane domains	10
virion assembly	10
log ge	10
coronavirus genomes	10
mutation rate	10
intensive care	10
virus may	10
polyclonal antibody	10
angiotensin system	10
ribosome entry	10
material table	10
expression plasmids	10
stem cells	10
viral antigen	10
host cellular	10
apn transgene	10
vp gene	10
fold serial	10
significant economic	10
different genotypes	10
human cd	10
deep sequencing	10
prrsv gp	10
cells well	10
rad expressing	10
tcid assay	10
restriction enzymes	10
will provide	10
also confirmed	10
vaccine design	10
purified recombinant	10
protein induces	10
data suggested	10
pedv rna	10
specific iga	10
vitro cleavage	10
maximum parsimony	10
swab samples	10
domain antibodies	10
significant increase	10
culture infectious	10
virus stocks	10
ec values	10
simple method	10
cell tropism	10
virus disease	10
mock infected	10
human populations	10
equine encephalitis	10
method described	10
pulmonary fibrosis	10
chimeric intron	10
cells may	10
mediated lysis	10
pedv isolate	10
lactic acid	10
cyclization sequences	10
factors involved	10
taq dna	10
internal ribosome	10
molecular analysis	10
signal peptide	10
virus vaccine	10
necrosis virus	10
membrane structures	10
genome composition	10
technical assistance	10
surface expression	10
restriction site	10
polymerase gene	10
rescued virus	10
virus stock	10
coding sequence	10
error bars	10
cov cdna	10
putative orfs	10
porcine alveolar	10
loaded onto	10
first time	10
critically ill	10
mammalian viruses	10
parental strains	10
viral disease	10
ribosomal frameshifting	10
di rnas	10
species transmission	10
poorly understood	10
conventional weaned	10
conventional pigs	10
pedv strain	10
gc content	10
rna templates	10
spf chickens	10
humoral immunity	10
mem containing	10
serotype i	10
reference sequence	10
pedv replication	10
increased risk	10
hospitalized patients	10
deduced amino	10
persistent infection	10
two hmpv	10
stranded positive	10
drug development	10
new genus	10
respiratory pathogens	10
i interferons	10
mycophenolic acid	10
minimum essential	10
different steps	10
three replicates	10
virus isolated	10
fecal shedding	10
parental virus	10
gene editing	10
respiratory infections	10
molecular mechanisms	10
parental strain	10
done using	10
mass type	10
highly divergent	10
mk cells	10
antiviral response	10
mm dishes	10
dendritic cell	10
potential anti	9
specific inhibition	9
web server	9
newly discovered	9
putative trs	9
sindbis virus	9
various times	9
panhandle formation	9
pfu ml	9
cytokine chemokine	9
viral clearance	9
ibv beaudette	9
mm mgcl	9
human monocytic	9
study showed	9
southern china	9
incubated overnight	9
supports bat	9
cell protein	9
enc values	9
length rna	9
virus spike	9
ii strains	9
endemic equilibrium	9
sequence positions	9
viral loads	9
stat activation	9
partially purified	9
antibody binding	9
pcr detection	9
study reported	9
cdna ends	9
us porcine	9
rna motifs	9
antigenic sites	9
highly contagious	9
plantarum nc	9
human monocytes	9
ccr deficiency	9
inactivated fetal	9
ephemeral fever	9
site mutations	9
antiviral compounds	9
see section	9
coronavirus replicative	9
live vaccine	9
partial protection	9
vaccine candidates	9
regulatory sequence	9
pdb id	9
total number	9
mutational analysis	9
basic proteins	9
containing fbs	9
proteolytic activation	9
helper virus	9
hmpv clusters	9
phosphate buffered	9
protease activity	9
inflammatory cytokine	9
neutralization tests	9
ion torrent	9
important roles	9
exposed birds	9
porcine enteric	9
replicase complex	9
infected nursing	9
i ii	9
animals inoculated	9
functional domains	9
ray crystallography	9
mrna decay	9
yellows closterovirus	9
tissue samples	9
virus nonstructural	9
small envelope	9
coomassie brilliant	9
wild birds	9
viral polymerase	9
well conserved	9
poliovirus infection	9
findings suggest	9
different cell	9
mean enc	9
internal initiation	9
strains vr	9
data obtained	9
cruz biotechnology	9
neutralization test	9
barley protoplasts	9
san diego	9
cell receptor	9
protein levels	9
pcr results	9
including sars	9
virus culture	9
central role	9
possible role	9
previously shown	9
hart park	9
two weeks	9
adcml assay	9
study performed	9
using recombinant	9
rights reserved	9
citrus tristeza	9
aligned using	9
cell immune	9
plasmid pbav	9
relatively low	9
using mega	9
gallus gallus	9
also contain	9
substitutions per	9
coronaviridae family	9
infectious clone	9
winter dysentery	9
cellular membranes	9
orf encodes	9
th passage	9
pk structure	9
sequence analyses	9
adenovirus type	9
relative synonymous	9
domain antibody	9
virus detection	9
high frequency	9
statistical analyses	9
kda polypeptide	9
polyclonal antisera	9
viral components	9
surface display	9
protein spots	9
family members	9
strains including	9
three groups	9
infection ccr	9
cov replicons	9
muench method	9
per bird	9
corresponding author	9
hbx gene	9
metagenomic sequencing	9
coronavirus mouse	9
discontinuous transcription	9
viral metagenomic	9
highly basic	9
chikungunya virus	9
independent manner	9
induced tgf	9
ribosome recycling	9
equal amounts	9
old conventional	9
sirna molecules	9
previously published	9
viral myocarditis	9
predicted cleavage	9
antiviral innate	9
population size	9
green fluorescent	9
virus date	9
remains unclear	9
bone marrow	9
deltacoronavirus supports	9
pcr reactions	9
rapid detection	9
also reported	9
animal health	9
virus viability	9
potent anti	9
one hand	9
peplomer protein	9
current evidence	9
primer pair	9
two additional	9
respiratory diseases	9
elispot assay	9
new coronavirus	9
severe disease	9
coronavirus defective	9
cell signaling	9
previous results	9
chaperone properties	9
terminal part	9
successfully isolated	9
cd cells	9
lysosomotropic agents	9
liver failure	9
secreted protein	9
acid rearrangements	9
cek cells	9
sequence conservation	9
like particle	9
pigs orally	9
fluorescent protein	9
may contain	9
survival rate	9
polyclonal anti	9
old weaned	9
apoptosis induced	9
deduced aa	9
binding region	9
diabetes mellitus	9
porcine torovirus	9
cancer cells	9
factor receptor	9
bacterial artificial	9
mm imidazole	9
rapid amplification	9
avian pneumovirus	9
nucleotide sequencing	9
coronavirus gene	9
immunofluorescence staining	9
major structural	9
different regions	9
protein sequences	9
viral mrnas	9
lymphocyte proliferation	9
previously identified	9
days later	9
may represent	9
care unit	9
panherpesvirus pcr	9
lelystad virus	9
bovine ephemeral	9
inflammatory drugs	9
transmission dynamics	9
partial sequences	9
recovered viruses	9
nucleotide substitutions	9
bp fragment	9
ic values	9
times higher	9
positions coded	9
indicated times	9
human antibody	9
natural science	9
nucleotide composition	9
direct contact	9
breda virus	9
ms ms	9
overlapping orfs	9
gene transfer	9
occurring compounds	9
bd biosciences	9
naturally infected	9
virus classification	9
also shown	9
viral capsid	9
least two	9
infectious rna	9
basic reproduction	9
equal volume	9
recombination among	9
mutation frequency	9
rs protein	9
transgenic mouse	9
medium supplemented	9
virus infectivity	9
master mix	9
antigenic cross	9
brilliant blue	9
receptor expression	9
nt sequences	8
inoculated piglets	8
recombinant fusion	8
regulatory factor	8
virus core	8
serial passage	8
chickens vaccinated	8
cov helicase	8
control sirna	8
genetic variability	8
forest virus	8
differences among	8
mean values	8
immune signaling	8
armored rna	8
pig farms	8
strains circulating	8
mediated immune	8
hybrid system	8
vee virus	8
embryonating eggs	8
possibly due	8
fluorescence microscopy	8
lesion scores	8
seems likely	8
draft genome	8
branch lengths	8
viral particle	8
cellular receptors	8
mouse monoclonal	8
targeted rna	8
polyprotein processing	8
kor knu	8
fc receptor	8
therapeutic potential	8
cell activation	8
hbv genome	8
differentially expressed	8
denaturing conditions	8
using specific	8
replication efficiency	8
swine testicular	8
neutralizing epitope	8
acid bacteria	8
transcription regulatory	8
also show	8
performed according	8
trizol reagent	8
coronavirus associated	8
clinical course	8
antiviral activities	8
dodecyl sulfate	8
gene silencing	8
considered significant	8
conserved sequence	8
acid usage	8
exact test	8
recombinant infectious	8
luciferase activities	8
recombinant avian	8
cc chemokine	8
ng ml	8
flaviviridae family	8
total rnas	8
tristeza virus	8
gastrointestinal tract	8
sialic acid	8
genome encodes	8
driving force	8
single amino	8
parental viruses	8
complete orf	8
sg construct	8
causes severe	8
three additional	8
cp binding	8
family picornaviridae	8
messenger rna	8
virtual screening	8
site year	8
enteric disease	8
sialic acids	8
active form	8
drug targets	8
magnetic resonance	8
mhv mutants	8
observed among	8
operophtera brumata	8
treated birds	8
dependent collagen	8
baculovirus expression	8
cd binding	8
increasing concentrations	8
ptov strains	8
major capsid	8
fold higher	8
region may	8
lymphoid tissue	8
secondary antibodies	8
relatively conserved	8
type mice	8
chicken flocks	8
usage patterns	8
might also	8
coumaric acid	8
age groups	8
blood monocytes	8
two types	8
pathogenic viruses	8
vascular endothelial	8
inoculated orally	8
rtgev vectors	8
multiple functions	8
conserved domains	8
conserved domain	8
mouse serum	8
clinical outcomes	8
prostate cancer	8
large amounts	8
chaperone activities	8
among patients	8
chicken embryos	8
relatedness values	8
biological significance	8
point mutation	8
saudi arabia	8
signal transduction	8
graphpad prism	8
essential role	8
infection inhibition	8
yeast display	8
infectious clones	8
newly emerged	8
abi prism	8
murine leukemia	8
evidence suggests	8
strain yn	8
may increase	8
three recombinant	8
cytokine responses	8
germinal centers	8
protein facilitates	8
borne flaviviruses	8
trimerization motif	8
ibv field	8
extracted using	8
mouse secondary	8
cellular factors	8
studies using	8
mrna translation	8
untreated cells	8
fusion peptide	8
purified nsp	8
provide protection	8
local strains	8
attenuated vaccine	8
intestinal epithelial	8
feline enteric	8
negative controls	8
korean wd	8
analyses based	8
mechanical ventilation	8
constant control	8
vectored vaccines	8
human airway	8
core proteins	8
infectious disease	8
differential equations	8
mass strain	8
results confirmed	8
randomly selected	8
nsp cleavage	8
receptor signaling	8
nuclear magnetic	8
codon adaptation	8
old specific	8
pantropic canine	8
escape mutants	8
cellular vimentin	8
laboratory animal	8
ethidium bromide	8
clinical specimens	8
plasmid dna	8
human norovirus	8
fatal disease	8
substitutions site	8
alternative orfs	8
molecular mechanism	8
sites within	8
previous work	8
sequence encoding	8
animal coronaviruses	8
rna sequence	8
cpv strains	8
effective number	8
porcine kidney	8
porcine coronavirus	8
gene encoding	8
like receptors	8
orally immunized	8
estimating fifty	8
genomic analysis	8
hcov nl	8
long distance	8
expression systems	8
clinical evidence	8
sars cov	8
pg equivalent	8
papn di	8
isolate knu	8
rnase iii	8
may result	8
swine farms	8
th th	8
large rna	8
coronavirus genera	8
gb virus	8
small basic	8
measured using	8
terminal repeat	8
genome length	8
retrospective study	8
positive sense	8
proteinase cleavage	8
using methods	8
cell survival	8
viral evolution	8
ribosomal subunit	8
igg antibody	8
usage preferences	8
long terminal	8
lactogenic immunity	8
increased expression	8
inflammatory mediators	8
rna accumulation	8
virus glycoprotein	8
commonly used	8
assay showed	8
glass slides	8
least one	8
specific siga	8
left panel	8
serial passages	8
virus life	8
host genetic	8
also contains	8
neutralizing titer	8
antiviral properties	8
virus vector	8
pneumonia groups	8
genome contains	8
aa identities	8
factor eif	8
induces cell	8
pcr purification	8
utr rna	8
successfully used	8
vaccinated chickens	8
steady state	8
multiple sclerosis	8
showed increased	8
based assays	8
high titers	8
evolutionary processes	8
class i	8
rhvr i	8
american type	8
times post	8
killer cells	8
mem supplemented	8
vectors expressing	8
protein inhibits	8
scaffold morphing	8
severe critical	8
cutoff value	8
bound antibodies	8
subsequent studies	8
virulent strain	8
one study	8
traditional chinese	8
log tcid	8
th cells	8
presenting cells	8
using trizol	8
acute diarrhea	8
strand switching	8
guinea pigs	8
utr rnas	8
cal type	8
using real	8
semliki forest	8
neonatal pigs	8
data using	8
decoy epitope	8
full length	8
sequence similarities	8
significantly lower	8
terminal rna	8
nl replication	8
antigenic differences	8
treg cells	8
evasion strategy	8
foreign gene	8
mebus strain	8
ibv reference	8
acting element	8
poliovirus rna	8
recently reported	8
genetic variants	8
animal model	8
proteinase activity	8
dinucleotide frequencies	8
acid differences	8
pathogen free	8
structure elements	8
molecular probes	8
acid positions	8
next generation	8
lamina propria	8
similar results	8
translation kinetics	8
maintenance medium	8
reporter assay	7
elisa using	7
convalescent patients	7
gene analysis	7
diagnostic laboratory	7
using vero	7
like pedv	7
kilodalton polypeptide	7
reporter genes	7
cell monolayers	7
beneficial effects	7
also supported	7
herpes virus	7
assays using	7
affinity chromatography	7
animal rhabdoviruses	7
cell permeability	7
virus subgenomic	7
see supplementary	7
field isolate	7
tumor cells	7
currently recognized	7
highly similar	7
sirna duplexes	7
mitochondrial apoptosis	7
sample buffer	7
proteomics analysis	7
specific primer	7
rabbit igg	7
analysis confirmed	7
recombinant rmna	7
airway inflammation	7
strain kor	7
eif alpha	7
remains unknown	7
genomic rnas	7
mm dtt	7
ii viruses	7
viral glycoproteins	7
old gn	7
nv gene	7
codon bias	7
hela cell	7
cellular responses	7
aa long	7
recombinant adenoviruses	7
conserved region	7
polypeptide encoded	7
gi cleavage	7
ibv sequences	7
based biosensor	7
chaperone proteins	7
tissue dna	7
restriction fragment	7
human health	7
ursus americanus	7
ptov strain	7
cells following	7
approximately kda	7
enzyme ace	7
taiwan strains	7
genome packaging	7
strain ita	7
host gene	7
vitro inhibition	7
three novel	7
like strains	7
dimensional structure	7
structure predictions	7
qiaamp viral	7
cell attachment	7
encoding gene	7
infectious bursal	7
acid annealing	7
bars represent	7
pivotal role	7
coronaviruses including	7
inhibitory concentration	7
genomic composition	7
genomic organization	7
two times	7
herpesvirus infection	7
template rna	7
virus antigen	7
competing interests	7
based vaccine	7
neutralizing antigenicity	7
human covs	7
research institute	7
catalytic triad	7
major role	7
reaction conditions	7
codon sites	7
potential drug	7
pdcov antigen	7
bear herpesviruses	7
calf serum	7
protein assay	7
porcine circovirus	7
ita zoid	7
infected animals	7
adhesion molecule	7
protein translation	7
evolutionary relationships	7
viral genetic	7
antigenic variants	7
rpmi medium	7
mutation pressure	7
heart failure	7
protein level	7
effective antiviral	7
fragment encoding	7
antiviral responses	7
crossover sites	7
protein produced	7
final extension	7
protective effects	7
acute infection	7
vitro replication	7
protein concentrations	7
using flow	7
infection results	7
conjugated secondary	7
respiratory illness	7
gel extraction	7
disease caused	7
may help	7
ccr antagonist	7
multiple comparison	7
medicinal plants	7
rna titers	7
specific mab	7
enzymatic activity	7
specific cell	7
commercially available	7
critical category	7
cell transplantation	7
approved drugs	7
hun displayed	7
permissive cells	7
asian leopard	7
hybridoma cells	7
protein binding	7
cytomegalovirus infection	7
ribosomal subunits	7
fusion gene	7
comparison tests	7
conserved across	7
first described	7
infected marc	7
virus polymerase	7
plant species	7
gene sequence	7
lavage administration	7
cloned cdna	7
recombinant strains	7
detection program	7
allantoic cavities	7
different geographic	7
primary antibody	7
moderate category	7
hunov rdrp	7
genetic factors	7
mediated cleavage	7
genome cyclization	7
protein interaction	7
protein induced	7
viral structural	7
flag antibody	7
factor alpha	7
nsp interaction	7
viral protease	7
infected pams	7
mediated apoptosis	7
invertebrate viruses	7
swine infertility	7
target genes	7
canine astroviruses	7
dipeptidyl peptidase	7
several viruses	7
eukaryotic cells	7
zinc fingers	7
dnase i	7
viruses associated	7
infectious titer	7
single nucleotide	7
genetic material	7
corona virus	7
structural studies	7
may occur	7
df cells	7
serially propagated	7
lymphoid tissues	7
right side	7
approximately kb	7
samples using	7
host proteins	7
hepatitis delta	7
primary antibodies	7
cloning vector	7
efficient replication	7
chaperoning activity	7
synthesized using	7
standard deviation	7
secretory pathway	7
following hcov	7
control strategies	7
arkansas type	7
molecule inhibitors	7
acute liver	7
virus infected	7
monocytic cell	7
culture collection	7
porcine serum	7
chain variable	7
left side	7
gene duplication	7
dengue fever	7
virus propagation	7
late stages	7
erad tuning	7
also included	7
extreme end	7
serum sample	7
recognition site	7
field viruses	7
complementary sequences	7
porcine enterocytes	7
replicase polyprotein	7
coli bj	7
cysteine proteases	7
genome complexity	7
virus proteins	7
national natural	7
i genome	7
per site	7
alv treatment	7
cell response	7
using human	7
negative serum	7
data indicate	7
drug designing	7
first detected	7
synthetic peptides	7
molecular docking	7
putative rna	7
side effects	7
upper respiratory	7
genetic heterogeneity	7
subgenomic promoter	7
destabilizing activity	7
protein vp	7
envelope glycoproteins	7
secreting cells	7
rectal swab	7
clustered together	7
new ptov	7
target cell	7
monophyletic group	7
empty vector	7
research program	7
web version	7
sequence reads	7
potent broadly	7
functional analysis	7
thank dr	7
stimulated genes	7
adjoint system	7
anova followed	7
hubei province	7
protease inhibitor	7
higher levels	7
family reoviridae	7
encodes four	7
control pk	7
antiviral treatment	7
old pigs	7
containing trypsin	7
vitro assays	7
death signaling	7
epitope mapping	7
booster immunization	7
granule formation	7
diarrhea viruses	7
dominant selection	7
quantitative analysis	7
two genotypes	7
biochemical characterization	7
globally asymptotically	7
located immediately	7
cleavage activity	7
bile acids	7
length genomes	7
codon substitution	7
drug design	7
viral transcription	7
cytoplasmic tail	7
current knowledge	7
bursal disease	7
exogenous protease	7
canine astrovirus	7
drug resistance	7
known rna	7
feline calicivirus	7
enterovirus serotypes	7
gain insight	7
potential antiviral	7
cellular rna	7
calculated according	7
four genera	7
bronchitis coronaviruses	7
enterovirus infections	7
infectious progeny	7