trigram

This is a table of type trigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

trigram	frequency
infectious bronchitis virus	274
porcine epidemic diarrhea	225
the presence of	218
severe acute respiratory	205
and respiratory syndrome	203
acute respiratory syndrome	200
reproductive and respiratory	194
as well as	193
porcine reproductive and	193
epidemic diarrhea virus	193
in this study	185
respiratory syndrome virus	181
respiratory syndrome coronavirus	156
analysis of the	124
a l p	121
p r o	121
r o o	121
r n a	121
j o u	121
l p r	121
n a l	121
o u r	121
p r e	121
u r n	121
o o f	121
data not shown	121
li et al	120
according to the	119
based on the	118
human immunodeficiency virus	110
in order to	107
the development of	106
the cells were	104
hepatitis c virus	104
shown in fig	104
chen et al	102
virus res doi	101
of the virus	100
in the presence	98
of the s	96
of the viral	96
the expression of	95
the role of	93
the number of	92
it has been	91
as shown in	90
one of the	89
been shown to	89
of porcine epidemic	88
in cell culture	87
the use of	87
due to the	87
wang et al	86
of the genome	86
liu et al	86
avian infectious bronchitis	85
jung et al	82
a and b	81
the production of	81
the n protein	79
for h at	78
in the s	78
the s gene	77
of porcine reproductive	76
the treatment of	76
the s protein	75
as described previously	74
zhang et al	71
of a novel	71
the effect of	71
herpes simplex virus	70
of infectious bronchitis	70
the end of	70
to determine the	70
end of the	69
coronavirus infectious bronchitis	69
the spike protein	68
for min at	67
the s subunit	67
immunodeficiency virus type	66
to that of	65
the replication of	65
has been shown	65
region of the	65
and characterization of	63
characterization of a	63
ck ch ldl	63
the absence of	63
showed that the	62
in addition to	62
the results of	61
on the other	61
all of the	61
the present study	60
were infected with	60
mouse hepatitis virus	60
sequences of the	59
feline infectious peritonitis	59
was used to	59
transmissible gastroenteritis virus	59
in vitro and	59
the other hand	58
found to be	57
the i isolate	56
expression of the	55
of the spike	55
west nile virus	55
nsp and nsp	55
of severe acute	55
was used as	55
the formation of	54
of rna viruses	54
members of the	53
respiratory syncytial virus	53
the united states	53
type i collagen	53
the pathogenesis of	52
and in vivo	52
involved in the	51
of the coronavirus	51
huang et al	51
of type i	51
role in the	51
characterization of the	50
genome sequence of	50
of the n	50
in vero cells	50
is required for	50
c for min	49
was supported by	49
a total of	49
structure of the	49
most of the	49
the lack of	49
was found to	49
sequence of the	49
in the absence	49
cells infected with	49
the activation of	48
middle east respiratory	48
east respiratory syndrome	48
vitro and in	48
was detected in	48
in patients with	47
woo et al	47
the effects of	47
activity of the	47
cd t cells	47
a number of	47
antiviral activity of	47
the viral genome	46
at room temperature	46
associated with the	46
in the same	46
identification of a	45
the level of	45
cells were washed	45
downstream of the	45
recombinant s protein	45
in the united	45
dependent rna polymerase	45
the inhibition of	44
the nucleocapsid protein	44
of the ccr	44
that of the	44
phylogenetic analysis of	44
results showed that	43
the ck ch	43
of the human	43
open reading frame	43
were observed in	43
in the present	43
amino acid sequence	42
hepatitis b virus	42
located in the	42
the viral rna	42
a variety of	42
the recombinant ibvs	42
the surface of	42
has been reported	42
of the sars	42
well as the	42
in infected cells	42
part of the	42
the levels of	41
newcastle disease virus	41
the detection of	41
used as a	41
shown to be	41
detected in the	41
to be the	41
for the treatment	41
ck ch ljl	40
were used to	40
of the recombinant	40
of viral rna	40
the generation of	40
the severe acute	40
the genome of	40
related to the	40
vero cells were	40
was added to	40
observed in the	40
of the porcine	40
of the cell	40
of the rna	39
responsible for the	39
sequence analysis of	39
cells were infected	39
rna was extracted	39
hu et al	39
as previously described	39
compared to the	39
in response to	39
role of the	39
human coronavirus e	39
shi et al	39
were found to	38
similar to that	38
complete genome sequence	38
the n gene	38
the fact that	38
strand rna viruses	38
of infected cells	38
used for the	38
as described in	38
with respect to	38
upstream of the	38
is associated with	38
member of the	37
the activity of	37
present in the	37
the mechanism of	36
have shown that	36
at h p	36
results suggest that	36
closely related to	36
open reading frames	36
the case of	36
to be a	36
the immune system	35
were transfected with	35
it is possible	35
of avian infectious	35
suggesting that the	35
the host cell	35
a role in	35
n protein of	35
wu et al	35
yang et al	35
a novel coronavirus	35
as described above	35
was extracted from	35
canonical cleavage sites	35
indicated that the	34
cells in the	34
at the end	34
codon usage in	34
of codon usage	34
on the surface	34
ma et al	34
has also been	34
cells were incubated	34
infected cells were	34
the amino acid	34
influenza a virus	33
such as the	33
cleavage sites of	33
virus infection in	33
in the case	33
an important role	33
kim et al	33
hepatitis a virus	32
genbank accession no	32
codon usage bias	32
the small intestine	32
is essential for	32
have been identified	32
some of the	32
have been reported	32
lin et al	32
of the c	32
infectious peritonitis virus	32
the antiviral activity	32
viral rna synthesis	32
have also been	32
are shown in	32
the amount of	32
the cell cycle	32
was observed in	31
was determined by	31
cleavage of eif	31
were inoculated with	31
in which the	31
amino acid sequences	31
of the two	31
been reported to	31
of hepatitis c	31
compared with the	31
domain of the	31
and stored at	31
be involved in	31
was performed using	31
important role in	31
ziebuhr et al	31
as a result	31
of the family	31
of the most	31
the emergence of	31
for viral replication	31
were collected from	31
i isolate and	31
the infected cells	31
samples were collected	30
avian coronavirus infectious	30
of the infected	30
were treated with	30
revealed that the	30
mechanism of action	30
there is no	30
in the small	30
japanese encephalitis virus	30
were incubated with	30
of n protein	30
we found that	30
the assembly of	30
pcr products were	30
can be used	30
none of the	30
of these viruses	30
an moi of	30
cell cycle arrest	30
in the viral	30
the frequency of	30
nucleocapsid protein of	30
g for min	30
the cell surface	30
coronavirus nucleocapsid protein	29
is the most	29
comparison of the	29
of eif g	29
in mammalian cells	29
this work was	29
than that of	29
of the genus	29
consistent with the	29
virus in the	29
terminus of the	29
virus replication in	29
supported by the	29
was confirmed by	29
this study was	29
vesicular stomatitis virus	29
molecular characterization of	29
synonymous codon usage	29
s subunit of	29
of the nucleocapsid	29
in the cytoplasm	29
in the spike	28
mutations in the	28
the coronavirus infectious	28
at an moi	28
the function of	28
and evolution of	28
a member of	28
and m proteins	28
at days post	28
of porcine deltacoronavirus	28
understanding of the	28
patients with covid	28
of dengue virus	28
have been shown	28
the control of	28
prrsv and pedv	28
incubated for h	28
of the ibv	28
found in the	28
antiviral activity against	27
diarrhea virus in	27
infectious bronchitis coronavirus	27
work was supported	27
considered to be	27
fetal bovine serum	27
the regulation of	27
suggest that the	27
s indel pedv	27
the p gene	27
terminal domain of	27
brome mosaic virus	27
in the treatment	27
was used for	27
c for s	27
each of the	27
the interaction of	27
the induction of	27
the addition of	27
the immune response	27
of mouse hepatitis	27
were incubated for	27
is possible that	27
nucleic acid chaperone	27
gp and m	27
it is not	27
effect on the	27
is involved in	26
in the context	26
cells were transfected	26
n protein in	26
the synthesis of	26
pdcov n protein	26
a result of	26
and in vitro	26
the context of	26
n protein was	26
of the viruses	26
in the field	26
wen et al	26
zhao et al	26
replication and transcription	26
for the detection	26
gene of the	26
and g m	26
in the pathogenesis	26
the majority of	26
simplex virus type	26
three times with	26
were washed with	26
zhou et al	26
shown that the	26
similar to those	26
be due to	26
of a new	26
the in vitro	26
of human coronavirus	26
equine arteritis virus	26
group iii coronaviruses	26
has not been	26
virus replication and	26
to study the	25
saif et al	25
were determined by	25
high levels of	25
the importance of	25
the course of	25
of the protein	25
was isolated from	25
were analyzed by	25
between the two	25
indicating that the	25
lee et al	25
of the i	25
is mediated by	25
of the orf	25
yu et al	25
inoculated with the	25
for the development	25
viruses in the	25
song et al	25
formation of the	25
our understanding of	25
in viral replication	25
crystal structure of	24
be used to	24
results indicated that	24
the study of	24
could be used	24
in terms of	24
corresponding to the	24
play a role	24
these results suggest	24
for detection of	24
lu et al	24
were found in	24
cavanagh et al	24
in combination with	24
type i interferon	24
coronavirus spike protein	24
were cultured in	24
appear to be	24
activation of the	24
a n a	24
total rna was	24
a review of	24
subunit of the	24
presence of the	24
of the disease	24
of the same	24
suggested that the	24
processing of the	24
in this case	24
ch ljl strain	24
n a n	24
genetic diversity of	24
the respiratory tract	24
porcine apn transgenic	24
in the n	24
identified in the	24
the ability of	24
and st cells	24
p and p	24
the spike glycoprotein	24
amino acid residues	23
were used for	23
with that of	23
respiratory distress syndrome	23
viral rna was	23
induced by the	23
be used for	23
to evaluate the	23
the s glycoprotein	23
the complete genome	23
appears to be	23
used in the	23
also known as	23
the porcine apn	23
the structure of	23
van den hoogen	23
the pdcov n	23
for virus replication	23
changes in the	23
of pdcov in	23
depending on the	23
phenolic acid constituents	23
viral rna in	23
were detected in	23
hoogen et al	23
added to the	23
g m phase	23
development of a	23
to those of	23
and phylogenetic analysis	23
protein is a	23
was shown to	23
genome sequences of	23
the beaudette strain	23
of human immunodeficiency	23
viral replication and	23
isolated from the	23
for min and	23
of these studies	23
was found in	23
of amino acid	23
of the host	23
to investigate the	23
of transmissible gastroenteritis	23
used in this	23
demonstrated that the	23
washed three times	23
may not be	23
this is the	23
is the first	23
have been used	23
ch ldl i	23
were positive for	23
the nucleic acid	22
molecular biology of	22
linked immunosorbent assay	22
were able to	22
central nervous system	22
were stained with	22
sequence of a	22
spike protein of	22
when compared to	22
are involved in	22
cells were fixed	22
acute respiratory distress	22
of the small	22
with the same	22
the cleavage site	22
bronchitis virus in	22
belongs to the	22
those of the	22
the evolution of	22
recombinant ibvs and	22
and h p	22
found that the	22
the family coronaviridae	22
this study were	22
the active site	22
was performed as	22
the codon usage	22
remains to be	22
were analyzed using	22
and in the	22
in the genome	22
n protein is	22
included in the	21
there is a	21
s and g	21
results of these	21
at a moi	21
st cells were	21
the e region	21
was carried out	21
the identification of	21
were obtained from	21
n protein were	21
because of the	21
differences in the	21
molecular epidemiology of	21
the s and	21
the molecular biology	21
of action of	21
in agreement with	21
of the hiv	21
a systematic review	21
contribute to the	21
used as the	21
are associated with	21
and amino acid	21
it can be	21
at the same	21
on the cell	21
den hoogen et	21
of the three	21
of amino acids	21
with or without	21
the orf a	21
binds to the	21
the innate immune	21
as a potential	21
c for h	21
apn transgenic mice	21
the results showed	21
region in the	21
in this review	21
a moi of	21
min at room	20
chang et al	20
in our study	20
as compared to	20
rna replication and	20
cells were treated	20
the spike gene	20
function of the	20
the interaction between	20
it is also	20
cells transfected with	20
and of the	20
but not in	20
been detected in	20
of avian coronavirus	20
to examine the	20
in cell cultures	20
broadly neutralizing antibodies	20
washed with pbs	20
are needed to	20
effects of the	20
infection in the	20
the sequence of	20
taxonomy of viruses	20
of ccr in	20
of the nsp	20
genome of the	20
virus nucleocapsid protein	20
belonging to the	20
have been described	20
were performed using	20
been reported that	20
is one of	20
nucleotide sequence of	20
gorbalenya et al	20
large number of	20
expressed in the	20
in the non	20
and incubated at	20
in the utr	20
nucleotide sequences of	20
isolation and characterization	20
identification of the	20
interaction with the	20
leading to the	20
goebel et al	20
analysis of a	20
then incubated with	20
and vero cells	20
can also be	20
of feline infectious	19
gene expression in	19
not essential for	19
the human coronavirus	19
did not affect	19
referred to as	19
and avian coronaviruses	19
the ability to	19
groot et al	19
is critical for	19
listed in table	19
cloned into the	19
on taxonomy of	19
can be found	19
indicate that the	19
gene source of	19
is responsible for	19
of japanese encephalitis	19
the plasma membrane	19
murine hepatitis virus	19
site of the	19
conflict of interest	19
fecal viral rna	19
thought to be	19
committee on taxonomy	19
with those of	19
the endoplasmic reticulum	19
porcine aminopeptidase n	19
pcr was performed	19
the percentage of	19
and have been	19
mediated by the	19
isolate and the	19
the existence of	19
at h post	19
of eif gi	19
been associated with	19
of virus replication	19
innate immune response	19
of viral replication	19
the order nidovirales	19
su et al	19
to interact with	19
the m gene	19
and identification of	19
by using the	19
the basis of	19
similar to the	19
the gene source	19
international committee on	19
and then incubated	19
is able to	19
de groot et	19
are required for	19
an in vitro	19
of west nile	19
shown in table	19
cells were cultured	18
s and s	18
infected with prrsv	18
replication in cell	18
casais et al	18
with pbs and	18
transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus	18
of vesicular stomatitis	18
multiplicity of infection	18
s gene of	18
in the infected	18
yi et al	18
were shown to	18
the authors declare	18
in escherichia coli	18
could not be	18
cells were harvested	18
sun et al	18
terminal region of	18
of rna silencing	18
in contrast to	18
were collected at	18
ibvs and beaudette	18
have not been	18
been shown that	18
the mdbk cells	18
in the genus	18
be associated with	18
in the cells	18
the potential to	18
genetic characterization of	18
resulting in a	18
is that the	18
located at the	18
to confirm the	18
clinical signs were	18
performed as described	18
martinez et al	18
amino acid changes	18
polymerase chain reaction	18
has been suggested	18
which has been	18
as the gene	18
human coronavirus nl	18
rna virus metagenomics	18
the genomes of	18
of melatonin on	18
increase in the	18
of sars coronavirus	18
were used as	18
in comparison with	18
sequencing of the	18
were added to	18
of viral proteins	18
at the n	18
belong to the	18
the annealing of	18
reed and muench	18
the untranslated region	18
coronaviruses as the	18
is consistent with	18
is dependent on	18
may be a	18
in these studies	18
play an important	18
the small intestines	18
of the model	18
immune response against	17
viral rna shedding	17
immune response to	17
studies of the	17
the pcr products	17
clpro cleavage sites	17
b and c	17
the sars coronavirus	17
infected with porcine	17
vero e cells	17
translation initiation factor	17
genetic analysis of	17
of neutralizing antibodies	17
pcd and vero	17
three independent experiments	17
resulted in a	17
component of the	17
was performed with	17
identification and characterization	17
zhu et al	17
complete genome sequences	17
of the birds	17
insights into the	17
it is important	17
of rna virus	17
the release of	17
of infectious virus	17
lead to the	17
to the nucleus	17
dong et al	17
conjugated goat anti	17
untranslated region of	17
to analyze the	17
the recombinant s	17
viruses of the	17
avian influenza virus	17
graham et al	17
decaro et al	17
the involvement of	17
proteins involved in	17
diarrhea virus infection	17
guo et al	17
in the development	17
chaperone activity of	17
an increase in	17
blood samples were	17
of this study	17
infected with the	17
early stages of	17
a recent study	17
t rna polymerase	17
in transfected cells	17
to facilitate the	17
to identify the	17
monocytes and macrophages	17
other rna viruses	17
like virus ch	17
interact with the	17
and pathogenicity of	17
patients with pneumonia	17
regions of the	17
the binding of	17
effect of the	17
of the immune	17
with the recombinant	17
a concentration of	17
cells were grown	17
studies have shown	17
in the trachea	17
the efficacy of	16
bind to the	16
replication in the	16
generation of a	16
recombinant n protein	16
of influenza a	16
and incubated for	16
of the first	16
was analyzed by	16
prrsv n protein	16
the analysis of	16
a mouse model	16
the occurrence of	16
be used as	16
that the recombinant	16
the origin of	16
of the cells	16
of the a	16
snijder et al	16
are able to	16
the international committee	16
expression levels of	16
that can be	16
has been used	16
in the us	16
of unknown function	16
followed by a	16
memory b cells	16
of hepatitis b	16
to inhibit the	16
allende et al	16
a series of	16
c and d	16
by centrifugation at	16
suggests that the	16
protein of porcine	16
with ml of	16
human coronavirus oc	16
has been demonstrated	16
nature of the	16
replication and pathogenesis	16
the mechanisms of	16
strand rna synthesis	16
the structural proteins	16
were performed in	16
of melatonin in	16
positively selected sites	16
h incubation at	16
and n genes	16
there was no	16
orf a and	16
properties of the	16
porcine epidemic diarrhoea	16
caused by the	16
treated with the	16
transcription of the	16
cells were then	16
in the future	16
ng et al	16
pan et al	16
wide range of	16
has shown that	16
on the basis	16
compared to that	16
well as in	16
cells and the	16
of rna synthesis	16
protein expressed in	16
in the online	16
the impact of	16
sambucus formosananakai extract	16
in our laboratory	16
cell lysates were	16
is important to	16
a set of	16
of canine parvovirus	16
shows that the	16
portion of the	16
that have been	16
also been reported	16
the human immunodeficiency	16
was amplified from	16
evolution of the	16
cleavage of the	16
genomic rna and	16
in the cell	16
at a multiplicity	16
parts of the	16
no conflict of	16
m and n	16
pedv and tgev	16
was identified as	16
proteins in the	16
a multiplicity of	16
was associated with	16
predicted to be	16
but it is	15
were detected by	15
of the predicted	15
rna virus genome	15
subgenomic rna synthesis	15
rna secondary structure	15
a br and	15
was performed by	15
cleavage site of	15
to assess the	15
with the viral	15
the concentration of	15
mechanisms of action	15
gallien et al	15
results in the	15
and control of	15
proteins of the	15
t cells and	15
resulting in the	15
infection in vitro	15
cells were maintained	15
feng et al	15
the vaccinia virus	15
inhibitory effect on	15
may play a	15
used as an	15
not appear to	15
with porcine epidemic	15
were incubated at	15
and then infected	15
of this virus	15
replication of the	15
a wide range	15
by grants from	15
it may be	15
of a recombinant	15
the significance of	15
this article can	15
also observed in	15
have been developed	15
components of the	15
proteolytic processing of	15
production of the	15
the same time	15
article can be	15
structural proteins of	15
and a br	15
to the cell	15
virus was detected	15
this suggests that	15
described in section	15
by flow cytometry	15
performed using the	15
infected vero cells	15
interaction of the	15
the porcine reproductive	15
and the ck	15
addition to the	15
the birds were	15
the he gene	15
yellow fever virus	15
the canonical cleavage	15
of herpes simplex	15
grants from the	15
other members of	15
jackwood et al	15
in a study	15
interactions with the	15
were maintained in	15
is not essential	15
infected cells and	15
that may be	15
molecular evolutionary genetics	15
serum samples from	15
the nucleotide sequences	15
and orf b	15
gene expression and	15
the largest rna	15
virus replication by	15
in relation to	15
aminopeptidase n is	15
were subjected to	15
the online version	15
deletion of the	15
reported that the	15
is known to	15
of the world	15
within the same	15
a and orf	15
of the infectious	15
have been detected	15
the roles of	15
in the g	15
the extent of	15
were as follows	15
from patients with	15
of severe covid	15
transfected cells with	15
results of the	15
a combination of	15
the cell culture	15
protein of tgev	15
was performed to	15
identified as the	15
with severe acute	15
the negative control	15
in the number	15
the ministry of	15
evolutionary genetics analysis	15
size of the	15
with n protein	15
the outcome of	15
been identified in	15
dengue virus type	15
the sequences of	15
the supernatant was	15
the severity of	15
stability of the	15
protein of the	15
on the s	15
were purchased from	15
br and a	15
immune responses to	15
not required for	15
higher than the	15
did not show	15
and incubated with	15
fused to the	14
tamura et al	14
inhibition of the	14
pdcov s protein	14
the discovery of	14
with the other	14
balb c mice	14
the numbers of	14
and subjected to	14
c virus replication	14
lower than that	14
in the hmlu	14
association between the	14
qin et al	14
also been shown	14
form of the	14
eif g cleavage	14
cd and cd	14
been found to	14
to the c	14
at different time	14
he et al	14
the ibv mass	14
known to be	14
a large number	14
were fixed with	14
prevention and control	14
viruses such as	14
amino acid sites	14
the genomic rna	14
nested set of	14
park et al	14
the potential of	14
there are no	14
described in the	14
metagenomic analysis of	14
each group were	14
the virus in	14
of core protein	14
viral replication in	14
viral proteins in	14
of the severe	14
further studies are	14
were carried out	14
was identified in	14
the virus to	14
were collected and	14
included in this	14
as a consequence	14
orf b and	14
de wilde et	14
orf a b	14
severe pneumonia group	14
ellwanger et al	14
isolated in china	14
s protein was	14
western blot analysis	14
rna chaperone activity	14
based on a	14
of the virion	14
for the first	14
in association with	14
and pathogenesis of	14
mouth disease virus	14
was mixed with	14
genome organization and	14
assays were performed	14
derived from the	14
the spread of	14
i collagen in	14
the genetic diversity	14
for at least	14
in cultured cells	14
chronic hepatitis c	14
higher than that	14
infectious bronchitis viruses	14
neutralizing antibody titers	14
assay was performed	14
coronavirus spike proteins	14
in the first	14
lee and lee	14
reported to be	14
infection of the	14
cells treated with	14
surface of the	14
presence of a	14
has been proposed	14
reverse genetics system	14
the middle east	14
infected st cells	14
to investigate whether	14
bronchitis virus is	14
of b cells	14
elements in the	14
was also observed	14
almazan et al	14
in the host	14
the time of	14
in vitro transcription	14
use of the	14
close to the	14
times with pbs	14
supported by grants	14
at the time	14
s protein of	14
and ck ch	14
and for the	14
with a single	14
of viral infections	14
has been described	14
strains of the	14
to determine if	14
been used to	14
weeks after the	14
under the control	14
chemokine receptor ccr	14
of cell cycle	14
in the regulation	14
the murine coronavirus	14
the result of	14
in the early	14
to reduce the	14
porcine deltacoronavirus strain	14
recombinant vaccinia virus	14
the possibility that	14
the possibility of	14
the s domain	14
into vero cells	14
patients with severe	14
were identified as	14
length of the	14
is a major	14
an outbreak of	14
located between the	14
wilde et al	14
more closely related	14
all of these	14
in insect cells	14
extracted from the	14
nagy et al	14
in the brain	14
tan et al	14
of the g	14
effects of melatonin	14
that were not	14
the viral replication	14
development of an	14
dependent on the	14
innate immune responses	14
there is evidence	14
miranda and thompson	14
expression of type	14
the onset of	14
of the novel	14
analysis was performed	14
the size of	14
congo hemorrhagic fever	14
the pcr product	14
patients infected with	14
the phosphorylation of	14
immediately downstream of	14
the first report	14
and n protein	14
the reaction was	14
virus capsid protein	14
were identified in	14
replication in vitro	14
the kinetics of	14
immune response in	14
p to p	14
transfected with the	14
to test the	14
coronavirus nonstructural protein	14
be responsible for	14
the first two	14
been reported in	14
acid sequences of	14
embryonated chicken eggs	13
syndrome virus nucleocapsid	13
serve as a	13
phase of the	13
and genetic characterization	13
neutralizing antibodies against	13
based on their	13
a key role	13
sequences in the	13
to the viral	13
the risk of	13
vero cells and	13
of aminopeptidase n	13
and primary monocytes	13
in vivo and	13
the viral life	13
the avian coronavirus	13
protein is the	13
viral rna replication	13
importance of the	13
viral life cycle	13
in each group	13
to each other	13
those of other	13
or infected with	13
the zika virus	13
the genbank database	13
e infection of	13
the culture medium	13
i and ii	13
as determined by	13
we were able	13
sites in the	13
basic reproductive number	13
required for viral	13
to determine whether	13
with pneumonia in	13
with fetal bovine	13
rna and dna	13
which is the	13
together with the	13
expressed as a	13
the cleavage of	13
the form of	13
broad range of	13
alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus	13
was performed on	13
a highly conserved	13
effects of ccr	13
zika virus infection	13
to be involved	13
determined by the	13
required for efficient	13
the presence or	13
of these proteins	13
of patients with	13
identical to the	13
in the p	13
and can be	13
positive for pedv	13
eukaryotic translation initiation	13
the entry of	13
gene in the	13
deletion in the	13
of ccr antagonists	13
studies on the	13
to be determined	13
langel et al	13
the efficiency of	13
essential for replication	13
human respiratory syncytial	13
the recombinant viruses	13
summarized in table	13
presence or absence	13
can lead to	13
the samples were	13
of the f	13
essential for virus	13
to detect the	13
in this paper	13
study was to	13
are present in	13
the hypervariable region	13
are known to	13
viruses have been	13
well tissue culture	13
cells were co	13
in the lungs	13
mucus in the	13
the accumulation of	13
with porcine reproductive	13
chickens immunized with	13
m and m	13
many of the	13
ch xjyn strain	13
proposed family kirkoviridae	13
any of the	13
experimental infection of	13
martella et al	13
characteristics of the	13
strain of ibv	13
m and f	13
ranging from to	13
terminal genome regions	13
with ck ch	13
required for virus	13
review of the	13
in china and	13
rna viruses in	13
added to each	13
human monoclonal antibodies	13
humoral immune response	13
be related to	13
the combination of	13
approved by the	13
genes of the	13
of newcastle disease	13
inhibitory effect of	13
amino acids in	13
orally inoculated with	13
virus and the	13
to control the	13
and gallic acid	13
regardless of the	13
to increase the	13
calculated using the	13
different time points	13
expressed viral proteins	13
complete genomic sequence	13
orfs in the	13
is similar to	13
primary monocytes and	13
the relationship between	13
usage bias in	13
that it is	13
antiviral effect of	13
in the respiratory	13
difference between the	13
h before challenge	13
in the order	13
frequency of the	13
washed twice with	13
is a potent	13
morbidity and mortality	13
or absence of	13
in this region	13
in the c	13
these studies are	13
putative cleavage sites	13
the loss of	13
and the other	13
reverse genetic system	13
the replicase gene	13
of stress granules	13
the diversity of	12
of t cells	12
pathogenicity of the	12
of the complete	12
g g phase	12
of the full	12
the recovery of	12
data associated with	12
of the other	12
spike protein is	12
identification of novel	12
appeared to be	12
diversity of the	12
supported by a	12
homologous recombination in	12
hofmann and wyler	12
was incubated with	12
n is a	12
first reported in	12
the virus was	12
that the virus	12
only a few	12
thirds of the	12
well plates were	12
due to a	12
mammalian and avian	12
with this article	12
in hepatitis c	12
n proteins of	12
protein in the	12
plays an important	12
and may be	12
potent neutralizing antibodies	12
by western blot	12
strains have been	12
results demonstrated that	12
in south korea	12
in all cases	12
of the e	12
and m genes	12
the process of	12
is a single	12
the pathogenicity of	12
classical swine fever	12
detected in all	12
at a concentration	12
of the m	12
located within the	12
g m phases	12
confirmed that the	12
mechanism by which	12
cells with psars	12
one or more	12
supplementary data associated	12
that the s	12
viral dna was	12
as a template	12
cells grown in	12
interfere with the	12
complete nucleotide sequence	12
there was a	12
along with the	12
in the current	12
in the e	12
of the prrsv	12
likely to be	12
in some cases	12
in this work	12
results indicate that	12
sambucus nigra l	12
sense rna viruses	12
coding region of	12
was first reported	12
interacting with the	12
amino acid substitutions	12
by means of	12
dar et al	12
simmons et al	12
authors declare that	12
peret et al	12
of all the	12
strain ch xjyn	12
that tgev infection	12
pp a ab	12
of the genomic	12
and molecular characterization	12
of the pdcov	12
a broad range	12
pedersen et al	12
cells of the	12
treatment of covid	12
of the pk	12
were blocked with	12
rna synthesis and	12
interaction between the	12
btky and btky	12
as a novel	12
brown et al	12
other canine astvs	12
nucleocapsid protein and	12
reactive oxygen species	12
could lead to	12
the phenolic acid	12
inserted into the	12
was able to	12
epidemic diarrhoea virus	12
the viral spike	12
of the chemokine	12
immunized with recombinant	12
use of ccr	12
better understanding of	12
canine respiratory coronavirus	12
b cells in	12
detection of viral	12
nih t cells	12
a consequence of	12
after h of	12
in the control	12
was required for	12
phylogenetic trees were	12
the introduction of	12
the dengue virus	12
de novo initiation	12
respiratory tract infections	12
the most important	12
and function of	12
labeled goat anti	12
the group of	12
structural protein genes	12
infection and the	12
was cloned into	12
were grown in	12
substrate specificity of	12
third of the	12
leads to the	12
h n influenza	12
infectious cdna clone	12
the basic reproductive	12
kna ccov strains	12
world health organization	12
rna recombination in	12
and cells were	12
and pl pro	12
with the host	12
the early stages	12
of the antiviral	12
of the p	12
genes in the	12
are used to	12
need to be	12
after the first	12
blood mononuclear cells	12
study was supported	12
a critical role	12
jiang et al	12
swine fever virus	12
binding to the	12
of cellular proteins	12
were also observed	12
with diarrhea in	12
some of these	12
of canine coronavirus	12
of the structural	12
the causative agent	12
of the murine	12
in cells infected	12
followed by the	12
trees were constructed	12
rna in the	12
acting rna elements	12
jung and saif	12
to our knowledge	12
associated with this	12
believed to be	12
c and c	12
the prrsv genome	12
and activation of	12
isolated from a	12
vivo and in	12
and mortality in	12
critical role in	12
its role in	12
features of the	12
in the coronavirus	12
functional receptor for	12
d d d	12
e and hcov	12
the three methods	12
in recent years	12
the host immune	12
rna synthesis is	12
to induce the	12
alvarez et al	12
and the n	12
eukaryotic initiation factor	12
genome analysis of	12
subcellular localization of	12
for the generation	12
protein and the	12
stranded rna viruses	12
to understand the	12
and sequence analysis	12
williams et al	12
kindly provided by	12
half of the	12
based on these	12
in the mdbk	12
the prevalence of	12
ibv and tcov	12
in us swine	12
in the nares	12
to each well	12
determined to be	12
by binding to	12
virus as a	12
determination of the	12
as early as	12
the influence of	12
cells released from	12
is thought to	12
largest rna virus	12
is the main	12
the effectiveness of	12
bronchitis virus a	12
of feline coronavirus	12
this is in	12
obtained from the	11
receptor for the	11
as a new	11
yoneyama et al	11
these results indicated	11
then infected with	11
the ch xjyn	11
mouse proximal apn	11
attributed to the	11
systematic review and	11
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis	11
characterization of porcine	11
in the recombinant	11
the entire genome	11
the rest of	11
to improve the	11
by cycles of	11
protein cleavage site	11
of infected individuals	11
the availability of	11
by the host	11
the distribution of	11
associated with severe	11
coronavirus avian infectious	11
decrease in the	11
control and prevention	11
could be a	11
of the sequence	11
the trachea and	11
using the same	11
the immune responses	11
for h and	11
of porcine apn	11
clinical signs of	11
of pdcov infection	11
was incubated at	11
encoded by the	11
in gnotobiotic pigs	11
of the total	11
are summarized in	11
of the arterivirus	11
of influenza virus	11
the susceptibility of	11
of ccr and	11
of the gene	11
a crucial role	11
in the untranslated	11
were expressed as	11
characterization of canine	11
bovine serum albumin	11
been suggested that	11
tgev n protein	11
virus in vitro	11
provided by dr	11
within the s	11
proximal apn promoter	11
it appears that	11
genomic characterization of	11
of the mouse	11
that the n	11
a determinant of	11
the method of	11
for rna synthesis	11
steps of the	11
of the replicase	11
ling et al	11
stem ethanol extract	11
zamyatkin et al	11
rna and sgrna	11
xu et al	11
cells and primary	11
is a determinant	11
a lack of	11
the intrinsic mitochondrial	11
at rt for	11
viral and cellular	11
in both directions	11
tumor necrosis factor	11
mm tris ph	11
with the exception	11
in the rna	11
of the rdrp	11
number of infected	11
in the intestinal	11
comparative analysis of	11
of nsp his	11
by interfering with	11
fang et al	11
interactions between the	11
be required for	11
cycle arrest in	11
of the active	11
the initiation of	11
performed using a	11
and centrifuged at	11
between the ccr	11
the same as	11
h at room	11
to the n	11
review and meta	11
dna was extracted	11
virus and other	11
may lead to	11
and pp ab	11
rna and sg	11
rottier et al	11
type i and	11
depends on the	11
is needed to	11
protein expression was	11
as a vaccine	11
there have been	11
ch lsc i	11
and cloned into	11
by the viral	11
in vitro ligation	11
results suggested that	11
is based on	11
unfolded protein response	11
but not the	11
and f genes	11
primers used for	11
nsp and pl	11
from each group	11
thiel et al	11
novel coronavirus in	11
were scored as	11
of prrsv and	11
the virus and	11
of beet yellows	11
and analyzed by	11
in a dose	11
the nucleotide sequence	11
type i ifn	11
volume of l	11
involvement of ccr	11
causative agent of	11
coronavirus rna synthesis	11
to compare the	11
and sgrna a	11
complete genome of	11
has been associated	11
hemorrhagic fever virus	11
in the form	11
each other and	11
implications for the	11
den worm et	11
infected cells by	11
it should be	11
by homologous recombination	11
have been isolated	11
of human metapneumovirus	11
cells compared to	11
n protein and	11
of the trna	11
like protease domain	11
evolutionary history of	11
identification of two	11
of a putative	11
inhibition of viral	11
expressed in insect	11
by herpes simplex	11
van den worm	11
t cells were	11
l of the	11
the yeast two	11
and has been	11
role in viral	11
of virus evolution	11
of bovine coronavirus	11
two of the	11
of the mechanisms	11
ge et al	11
conserved amino acid	11
remain to be	11
beet yellows virus	11
is supported by	11
proteins have been	11
assembly of the	11
to the end	11
in the production	11
decaro and buonavoglia	11
the sensitivity of	11
were included in	11
lower respiratory tract	11
of bovine herpesvirus	11
of ms vlps	11
for min to	11
glass et al	11
cov n protein	11
virus and host	11
was amplified by	11
by interacting with	11
the m protein	11
that in the	11
the management of	11
the phylogenetic analysis	11
nile virus infection	11
the cytoplasm of	11
in nih t	11
length genome of	11
the proposed family	11
the porcine epidemic	11
protection conferred by	11
of accessory genes	11
domain of nsp	11
of viral infection	11
the kna ccov	11
role of ccr	11
worm et al	11
strain of porcine	11
were isolated from	11
basis for the	11
is in agreement	11
haijema et al	11
and vaccine strains	11
coronaviruses in the	11
thomas et al	11
ck ch lsc	11
detection and genetic	11
binding domain of	11
not affect the	11
ccr and ccr	11
a nested set	11
analysis showed that	11
the results were	11
high degree of	11
of the non	11
were harvested and	11
oh et al	11
activity of a	11
in all of	11
demonstrate that the	11
presence of an	11
the antiviral state	11
is believed to	11
studies showed that	11
host protein synthesis	11
in virus replication	11
cleavage of pabp	11
to pedv infection	11
sawicki et al	11
infected with a	11
the cleavage sites	11
on the viral	11
the two clusters	11
which is a	11
dengue hemorrhagic fever	11
risk factor for	11
was propagated in	11
the growth of	11
followed by cycles	11
presence of ribavirin	10
strain hun was	10
the supernatants were	10
yount et al	10
with infectious bronchitis	10
results were obtained	10
for the inhibition	10
e region of	10
difference in the	10
neutralizing antibody responses	10
was not detected	10
final concentration of	10
the chemokine receptor	10
structural and non	10
the p and	10
has been found	10
the first strand	10
kumar et al	10
novel coronavirus from	10
enjuanes et al	10
are likely to	10
to the s	10
infected with bhv	10
of the four	10
to the host	10
gubala et al	10
the most abundant	10
amplified by pcr	10
the replication cycle	10
taq dna polymerase	10
of coronavirus replication	10
knowledge of the	10
madson et al	10
and treated with	10
the elimination of	10
cell culture and	10
to note that	10
infection in a	10
influenza virus infection	10
the tcov genome	10
genomes of the	10
infected with hsv	10
most closely related	10
and l of	10
was assessed by	10
s protein is	10
virus isolated from	10
have demonstrated that	10
is shown in	10
in our previous	10
to bind to	10
fixed with paraformaldehyde	10
were then incubated	10
by western blotting	10
were consistent with	10
response to the	10
significant differences in	10
and then the	10
the g gene	10
a simple method	10
to detect antibodies	10
the plates were	10
analyses were performed	10
length infectious cdna	10
peripheral blood mononuclear	10
the rates of	10
interactions of the	10
titers in the	10
years of age	10
barquero et al	10
deposited in genbank	10
is an important	10
and h o	10
the open reading	10
renault et al	10
seven novel mammalian	10
amplification of cdna	10
induce neutralizing antibodies	10
collected from the	10
cell monolayer was	10
a previous study	10
different from the	10
that had been	10
minimum essential medium	10
during viral infection	10
the establishment of	10
deduced amino acid	10
of mice orally	10
the cells released	10
in a humidified	10
present study was	10
sambucus formosana nakai	10
should be noted	10
shan et al	10
is sufficient to	10
were reported to	10
was performed at	10
the most conserved	10
the specificity of	10
and that the	10
was similar to	10
it is unclear	10
strains isolated in	10
the modulation of	10
variation in the	10
between nt and	10
on the virus	10
of porcine savs	10
between the i	10
of the avian	10
strains in the	10
viruses with the	10
in vitro cleavage	10
of middle east	10
even in the	10
it seems that	10
this type of	10
group ii coronaviruses	10
structural and nonstructural	10
suzuki et al	10
proved to be	10
the genus alphacoronavirus	10
the most common	10
of the amino	10
primer binding site	10
a final concentration	10
in comparison to	10
to the same	10
for disease control	10
is characterized by	10
linked to the	10
science foundation of	10
the genome organization	10
translation of the	10
were performed with	10
days after onset	10
will be needed	10
of rna and	10
to the family	10
was predicted to	10
identity with the	10
tissue culture infectious	10
lung epithelial cells	10
moi of tgev	10
alignment of the	10
the highly conserved	10
influenza a viruses	10
the recombination frequency	10
mock infected or	10
were washed twice	10
multiple sequence alignment	10
of the nucleotide	10
basic amino acids	10
comparison with the	10
the percentages of	10
immediately upstream of	10
pcr with primers	10
retrospective cohort study	10
this study is	10
c virus infection	10
by in vitro	10
in hong kong	10
released from the	10
in the course	10
and sg mrna	10
relative to the	10
within the family	10
rna viruses with	10
strain ck ch	10
of human respiratory	10
rest of the	10
of the pathogenic	10
seems to be	10
species in the	10
based secondary structure	10
details of the	10
total dna of	10
in the two	10
there were no	10
annamalai et al	10
of alphacoronavirus and	10
was identical to	10
and the s	10
were resuspended in	10
and development of	10
immune responses in	10
neutralizing antibodies in	10
as those of	10
zlateva et al	10
was subjected to	10
expression of ccr	10
human and animal	10
the proportion of	10
are responsible for	10
mm dishes were	10
at hpi and	10
during the first	10
structure of a	10
emergence of a	10
the ratio of	10
significant difference between	10
prior to infection	10
were washed three	10
studies are shown	10
may also be	10
synthesis of the	10
host immune response	10
length cdna clone	10
of the fusion	10
enrolled in these	10
tm and tm	10
binding of the	10
pcr product was	10
porcine apn transgene	10
boon et al	10
chen and olsthoorn	10
of reverse transcription	10
of synonymous codon	10
activity of ribavirin	10
to porcine epidemic	10
the current study	10
for h in	10
acid sequence of	10
in the analysis	10
of other coronaviruses	10
plates were incubated	10
proteins such as	10
supernatants were collected	10
change in the	10
is not known	10
of the major	10
a functional receptor	10
prrsv or pedv	10
to the virus	10
derived from a	10
during reverse transcription	10
internal ribosome entry	10
expression of mir	10
encoded by orf	10
titers were determined	10
to this end	10
the cap structure	10
an association between	10
a better understanding	10
in viral rna	10
the genus deltacoronavirus	10
a role for	10
at the indicated	10
porcine respiratory coronavirus	10
its interaction with	10
of sambucus formosananakai	10
aa identity with	10
by c pro	10
studies are needed	10
protective effect of	10
virus infection and	10
emergence of new	10
of seven novel	10
reverse genetic systems	10
initiation of translation	10
in a co	10
were higher in	10
of no donors	10
the mixture was	10
of the kna	10
are susceptible to	10
type i interferons	10
novel mammalian and	10
as a control	10
and genetic diversity	10
den boon et	10
the rate of	10
proteomic analysis of	10
resulted in the	10
may contribute to	10
the most promising	10
of viral dna	10
was purchased from	10
associated with a	10
were compared to	10
in the orf	10
described in our	10
previous studies have	10
present in all	10
and analysis of	10
involved in viral	10
side of the	10
are found in	10
were not observed	10
wickramasinghe et al	10
pdcov infection in	10
the isolation of	10
vaccines have been	10
and it is	10
at different times	10
defective interfering rna	10
the titer of	10
cleavage sites were	10
carried out using	10
bronchitis virus and	10
protein has been	10
b and b	10
acid chaperone activity	10
viruses isolated in	10
four structural proteins	10
of cells in	10
specificity of the	10
coronavirus rna replication	10
is a functional	10
interacts with the	10
a reverse genetics	10
the m and	10
regulation of type	10
venezuelan equine encephalitis	10
was generated by	10
incubated for min	10
not detected in	10
for each gene	10
zheng et al	10
in the nidovirales	10
of the stem	10
been described for	10
stages of the	10
consistent with previous	10
at the c	10
and the resulting	10
in the nucleus	10
of novel coronavirus	10
to the other	10
pp a and	10
and h post	10
patients with coronavirus	10
be attributed to	10
respiratory disease in	10
of the manuscript	10
supplementary material table	10
expressing prrsv antigens	10
control of the	10
be noted that	10
studies revealed that	10
was detected with	10
infected or infected	10
total dna from	10
the spontaneous mutations	10
was constructed by	10
after h incubation	10
in a mouse	10
activation of p	10
cell cycle progression	10
the exception of	10
the caribbean region	10
chouljenko et al	10
nsp to nsp	10
in coronavirus rna	10
proteins that are	10
in the liver	10
in the family	10
days after challenge	10
in the sars	10
spike protein gene	10
used to detect	9
santa cruz biotechnology	9
protein binds to	9
have been tested	9
is referred to	9
novel rna viruses	9
in brome mosaic	9
infection of pigs	9
and type i	9
in st cells	9
bovine ephemeral fever	9
of gammacoronavirus and	9
terminal part of	9
and fkbp b	9
u ml penicillin	9
compared with that	9
von brunn et	9
to a final	9
keyaerts et al	9
avian coronaviruses as	9
medium supplemented with	9
mouse model of	9
cells and in	9
porcine nidovirus replication	9
revealed the presence	9
to n protein	9
crucial role in	9
source of gammacoronavirus	9
method for the	9
rna secondary structures	9
the annealing reaction	9
no significant difference	9
of cdna ends	9
to be conserved	9
only in the	9
of nursing pigs	9
of viruses and	9
results demonstrate that	9
are similar to	9
experiments were performed	9
the field of	9
its ability to	9
n gene of	9
deletions in the	9
for production of	9
and nih t	9
protein gene of	9
coronavirus type i	9
is likely that	9
of three independent	9
of the mabs	9
eif gi and	9
structure prediction of	9
functions of the	9
alterations in the	9
syndrome coronavirus replication	9
ibv mass virus	9
viral spike protein	9
of the original	9
structure and function	9
used to generate	9
spread of the	9
of caffeic acid	9
strains of porcine	9
as shown by	9
in rna viruses	9
of bacteriophage ms	9
s proteins of	9
replicate in the	9
the vp protein	9
and the presence	9
apoptosis induced by	9
with primers and	9
essential for the	9
debouck et al	9
levels of viral	9
virus entry into	9
of sgrna a	9
the proteins were	9
cell sorting and	9
in host cells	9
rather than the	9
of a single	9
coomassie brilliant blue	9
evidence for a	9
are representative of	9
fraction of the	9
the rescued virus	9
elimination of the	9
animals inoculated with	9
they have no	9
protein of pdcov	9
we examined the	9
been used for	9
was not observed	9
to virus infection	9
the design of	9
was based on	9
of host cell	9
venuti et al	9
required for replication	9
n cells were	9
the application of	9
the differences in	9
disease control and	9
supplemented with fetal	9
lai et al	9
and betacoronavirus and	9
intensive care unit	9
length genome sequence	9
the membrane was	9
the same way	9
knoops et al	9
mass and conn	9
the first time	9
that it has	9
sense rna genome	9
the requirement of	9
to ensure that	9
use of a	9
in the replication	9
hypervariable region of	9
of the hmpv	9
annealing of the	9
at least two	9
up to days	9
mdbk or hmlu	9
cell cultures and	9
early stage of	9
was purified using	9
sites of mers	9
observed for the	9
infected with hcov	9
significance of the	9
significantly higher than	9
possible that the	9
it was shown	9
were derived from	9
to have a	9
betacoronavirus and avian	9
by using a	9
jones et al	9
eid of the	9
different types of	9
lim et al	9
our previous study	9
natural science foundation	9
at weeks after	9
recovered from the	9
of the genetic	9
their ability to	9
the s proteins	9
was washed with	9
the coronaviridae family	9
ms vlps are	9
ctrlpep and nc	9
of the enzyme	9
coronavirus mouse hepatitis	9
mapping of the	9
was higher than	9
was added and	9
of hcv infection	9
basic reproduction number	9
of viral antigens	9
key role in	9
cells were detected	9
feline coronavirus type	9
were removed by	9
in the last	9
of h n	9
a retrospective cohort	9
old weaned pigs	9
hospitalized patients with	9
codon usage of	9
initiation factor g	9
provided by the	9
in suckling piglets	9
mrna levels of	9
incubated overnight at	9
of silver nanoparticles	9
coronavirus replication in	9
hek t cells	9
choi et al	9
effect of ccr	9
control cells were	9
acute lung injury	9
of brome mosaic	9
in the study	9
of murine hepatitis	9
sequences for the	9
transfected with mir	9
ranged from to	9
to generate a	9
for viral rna	9
and protective efficacy	9
analyzed by sds	9
much lower than	9
avian coronavirus spike	9
of nucleic acid	9
the utr of	9
cells were lysed	9
the prevention and	9
in the following	9
immune responses and	9
on the use	9
the prrsv n	9
the orf b	9
birds that were	9
the sgrna a	9
twice with pbs	9
in hela cells	9
in nursing pigs	9
required for the	9
is composed of	9
relative synonymous codon	9
intrinsic mitochondrial pathway	9
syndrome coronavirus infection	9
gene and the	9
dilutions of qr	9
sequence in the	9
of obrv is	9
specific inhibition of	9
not observed in	9
domain and a	9
to the nucleolus	9
were not detected	9
us porcine epidemic	9
and determination of	9
increased risk of	9
of mutations in	9
secondary structure prediction	9
of zika fever	9
the inhibitory effect	9
were generated by	9
at the level	9
for each of	9
c in a	9
the etiological agent	9