Questions

This is a list of all the questions and their associated study carrel identifiers. One can learn a lot of the "aboutness" of a text simply by reading the questions.

identifier	question
cord-000871-ej0e1c4d	I molecules?
cord-013315-plptulfb	Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis cause Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis · · · and colorectal cancer?
cord-013590-pkm81fq1	The innate biologies of adaptive antigen receptors γδ TCR ligands: the quest to solve a 500-millionyear- old mystery γδ T cell responses: How many ligands will it take till we know?
cord-002463-qhtj1pef	: what should be done to combat the epidemic in 2014?
cord-005550-qrrdi667	Heterozygote excess in small populations and the heterozygote- excess effective population size MHC studies in nonmodel vertebrates: what have we learned about natural selection in 15 years?
cord-007275-emmoeuqd	How do major histocompatibility complex genes influence odour and mating preferences?
cord-021693-odfxkfu7	Considering the highly degenerative nature of TCR recognition and the presence of self- reactive T cells in a normal repertoire, why do only a small percentage of people suffer from MS after microbial infections?
cord-000479-u87eaaj8	The contributions of protein bisulfide isomerase and its homologues to oxidative protein folding in the yeast endoplasmic reticulum Protein disulfide isomerase Recycling of peroxiredoxin IV provides a novel pathway for disulphide formation in the endoplasmic reticulum Oxidative protein folding by an endoplasmic reticulum- localized peroxiredoxin Oxidative folding in the endoplasmic reticulum: towards a multiple oxidant hypothesis?
cord-028945-p3hhd5ed	: a global challenge Is toxoplasma Gondii infection related to brain and behavior impairments in humans?
cord-003472-ml4pbewf	Why should it be so?
cord-004518-jd1wxobz	Raška, Milan title: DNA vaccines: are they still just a powerful tool for the future?
cord-259669-fod4xkd7	The peripheral blood fibrocyte is a potent antigen- presenting cell capable of priming naive T cells in situ Peripheral blood fibrocytes: differentiation pathway and migration to wound sites Responsiveness of fibrocytes to Toll- like receptor danger signals Regulated production of type I collagen and inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood fibrocytes Interaction of Borrelia burgdorferi with peripheral blood fibrocytes, antigen- presenting cells with the potential for connective tissue targeting Dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance- do they display opposite functions?
cord-001674-tp4o7fxx	I molecules at all?
cord-010508-jtbxefm4	The distribution of henipaviruses in Southeast Asia and Australasia: is Wallace's line a barrier to Nipah virus?
cord-005330-4k7hc1ww	Antineuronal antibody that also reacts with the tumor Immunohistochemical analysis of the immune reaction in the nervous system in paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: neurological symptoms, immunological findings and tumour association in 50 patients Chronic encephalitis and epilepsy in adults and adolescents: a variant of Rasmussen's syndrome?
cord-007654-lchdm4xr	the blood- braln barrier and the measurement of de novo central nervous system of Ig synthesis Viral etiology of multiple sclerosis: where does the truth fie'?
cord-264401-9ogs55xr	Unusual influenza A viruses in bats Bats and zoonotic viruses: can we confidently link bats with emerging deadly viruses?
cord-007621-rapinodd	Prehybridization was performed at 42 °(7 in a solution containing 50%( v/ v) formamide, 5 x SSC, 1× Denhardt's solution, 50 p, g/ ml of denatured salmon sperm DNA, and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate( SDS) for 8- 24 h. Hybridization was carried out at 420(` for 48 h in prehybridization solution containing 10% dextran sulfate, 0.05 mM Na phosphate buffer and denatured?
cord-007301-5m269nzi	Predicting antigenic determinants in proteins: looking for unidimensional solutions to a three- dimensional problem?
cord-008523-avkgldnp	The development of hind- limb paralysis in B 10.A(18R) mice, in the absence of mutations in either CTL epitope, suggests that a factor expressed on the C57BL/6 background( decreased production of antibody?) may contribute to the increased amount of virus replication observed in these mice.
cord-008523-avkgldnp	What can be concluded from these studies about the role of CTL escape mutants in the pathogenesis of viral infections in the CNS?
cord-000695-g5sum116	Fast structure- based virtual ligand screening combining FRED, DOCK, and Surflex Effects of reticuloendotheliosis virus and Marek's disease virus infection and co- infection on IFN- gamma production in SPF chickens Refined structure of the human histocompatibility antigen HLA- A2 at 2.6?
cord-005953-5z89yeb6	Aortenklappenstenose auf den klinischen Langzeitverlauf nach Aortenklappenersatzoperation?
cord-005953-5z89yeb6	Nichtinvasive Bestimmung des Herzzeitvolumens mittels Inertgas- Rückatmung und CW- Doppler- Ultraschall-Sind die Ergebnisse vergleichbar?
cord-306308-zjq6cscm	what we know so far COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related?
cord-260485-o5wpcxdp	Although cheetahs have persisted despite low genetic variability, important questions arise from these findings: Does the cheetah have the ability to adapt to and evolve with future changes in environmental and infectious pressure?
cord-260485-o5wpcxdp	How would cheetahs cope with further loss of genetic diversity?
cord-269917-j0t8rjkc	The lack of anti- idiotypic antibodies, not the presence of the corresponding autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase, defines type 1 diabetes Anti- idiotypic antibodies prevent the serologic detection of antiribosomal P autoantibodies in healthy adults Maintenance of immunological memory: a role for CD5+ B cells?
cord-310252-0cdqhrcw	The role of IFN- alpha as homeostatic agent in the inflammatory response: A balance between danger and response?
cord-310194-f5jtufja	Diathese infolge Knochenmarkschädigung bei jungen Kälbern Calf- level factors associated with bovine neonatal pancytopenia-a multi- country case- control study Haemorrhagic diathesis in neonatal calves: an emerging syndrome in Europe Reproduction of bovine neonatal pancytopenia( BNP) by feeding pooled colostrum reveals variable alloantibody damage to different haematopoietic lineages Bone marrow depletion with haemorrhagic diathesis in calves in Germany: characterization of the disease and preliminary investigations on its aetiology Immunophenotyping and characterization of BNP colostra revealed pathogenic alloantibodies of IgG1 subclass with specifity to platelets, granulocytes and monocytes of all maturation stages Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia: is this alloimmune syndrome caused by vaccine- induced alloreactive antibodies?
cord-322575-3goj00ej	Does conservation of MHC class I haplotypes correspond to conservation of CD8+ T- cell immune responses?
cord-010500-ajmj2hyj	What is the causal basis for the low levels of MHC polymorphism among the moose analysed in this study?
cord-010500-ajmj2hyj	a tale of incest, pestilence and sexual preference DNA'fingerprinting'reveals high levels of inbreeding in colonies of the eusocial naked mole- rat Genetic variation and differentiation in Scandinavian moose( Alces alces): are large mammals monomorphic?
cord-344105-9bw9rm6e	How many different clonotypes do immune repertoires contain?
cord-340781-z348xbn0	Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type Estimate of the global burden of cervical adenocarcinoma and potential impact of prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccination HPV vaccination: the promise& problems Pros, cons, and ethics of HPV vaccine in teens- Why such controversy?
cord-013093-aa4cf44u	Defining HLA- II Ligand Processing and Binding Rules with Mass Spectrometry Enhances Cancer Epitope Prediction Is It Possible to Develop a"Universal"Influenza Virus Vaccine?
cord-013093-aa4cf44u	Protein structure shapes immunodominance in the CD4 T cell response to yellow fever vaccination Is It Possible to Develop a"Universal"Influenza Virus Vaccine?
cord-025523-6ttps1nx	Not all character n- grams are created equal: a study in authorship attribution Domain adaptation for authorship attribution: improved structural correspondence learning Cross- topic authorship attribution: will out- of- topic data help?
cord-025523-6ttps1nx	To ensure that the same specific aspect of the topic is followed, a short question was given to subjects( e.g., Do you think the Catholic Church needs to change its ways to adapt to life in the 21th Century?).
cord-018034-gx5c9mk8	The fate of skin monografts transplanted to the brain, to subcutaneous tissue and to the anterior chamber of the eye Tissue- specific migration of lymphocytes: a key role for Th1 and Th2 cells?
cord-018034-gx5c9mk8	brain edema or vascular engorgement?
cord-350772-fp5d9if0	in oligodendrocytes Purification and analysis of in vivo- differentiated oligodendrocytes expressing the green fluorescent protein Accessory molecules in the assembly of major histocompatibility complex class I/ peptide complexes: How essential are they for CD8(1) T- cell immune responses?
cord-334592-54dofkxh	This study provided the first evidence that the autophagy machinery can deliver endogenously synthesized antigens for presentation on MHC class II molecules to CD4+ T cells Antigen processing via autophagy- not only for MHC class II presentation anymore?
cord-355075-ieb35upi	inflammasome activation: the convergence of multiple signalling pathways on ROS production?
cord-350583-0t1kly3i	The trans- species hypothesis Trans- species polymorphism in immune genes: general pattern or MHC- restricted phenomenon?
cord-275608-joyan7ij	Why must T cells be cross- reactive?
cord-275608-joyan7ij	Why must T cells be cross- reactive?
cord-299786-wuve0tjz	Human skin Langerhans cells are targets of dengue virus infection Dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome: Are they tumour necrosis factor- mediated disorders?
cord-299786-wuve0tjz	I major histocompatibility complex antigens on infected cells Phenotypic changes in Langerhans'cells after infection with arboviruses: A role in the immune response to epidermally acquired viral infection?
cord-298169-2133gahl	Faster?
cord-298169-2133gahl	The HLA 8.1 ancestral haplotype in schizophrenia: dual implication in neuro- synaptic pruning and autoimmunity?
cord-292596-ulu5y140	Emerging evidence for a functional angiotensin- converting enzyme 2-angiotensin-(1- 7)-MAS receptor axis: more than regulation of blood pressure?
cord-292596-ulu5y140	Vascular protective effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and their relation to clinical events Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stress Liver fibrosis: a balance of ACEs?
cord-005400-50lmj4op	But why was the mortality rate so high?
cord-005400-50lmj4op	Would it be possible to repeat this outstanding success with another infectious disease?
cord-005400-50lmj4op	immunizations Is global measles eradication feasible?
cord-022395-rk31pwoa	Characterisation of microglia isolated from adult human and rat brain Astrocytes: Auxiliary cells for immune responses in the central nervous system?
cord-022395-rk31pwoa	Is the acetylcholine receptor a rabies virus receptor?
cord-022395-rk31pwoa	What's new in cerebral pathology in acquired immune deficiencies?
cord-285091-2i2v5ecg	Innate immune recognition Approaching the asymptote?
cord-285091-2i2v5ecg	The cell biology of receptor- mediated virus entry Changes in the conformation of influenza virus hemagglutinin at the pH optimum of virus- mediated membrane fusion Structure of the haemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein of influenza virus at 3 A resolution Structural basis for paramyxovirus- mediated membrane fusion Core structure of gp41 from the hiv envelope glycoprotein Atomic structure of the ectodomain from HIV-1 gp41 Endosomal proteolysis of the Ebola virus glycoprotein is necessary for infection Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers: Neglected tropical diseases?
cord-334603-yt2pmxi3	( CLEC4 M) plays a protective role in SARS coronavirus infection Black/ white differences in leukocyte subpopulations in men HLA studies in the context of coronavirus outbreaks Guillain- Barre syndrome associated with SARS- CoV-2 infection: causality or coincidence?
cord-334603-yt2pmxi3	Is ethnicity linked to incidence or outcomes of covid-19? Association of HLA class I with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Association of human- leukocyteantigen class
cord-289606-hypqpqs0	Costimulation signals for memory CD8 þ T cells during viral infections Alternative generation of MHC class II- restricted epitopes: not so exceptional?
cord-289606-hypqpqs0	I major histocompatibility complex On cross- priming of MHC class I- specific CTL: rule or exception?
cord-289606-hypqpqs0	The molecular basis of T- cell specificity Mini- review: regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses by dendritic cells: peaceful coexistence of cross- priming and direct priming?
cord-273906-s7l0yxc0	: How do classical and non- classical HLA alleles modulate immune response to human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections?
cord-273906-s7l0yxc0	Does this mean that the S protein might function as a double- edged sword- that is, being crucial for viral entry into the host cell, but also important for overstimulating the immune responses, causing severe inflammation that aids the spread of the virus to surrounding cells?
cord-273906-s7l0yxc0	The RCSB Protein Data Bank: New resources for research and education Rosetta FlexPepDock web server- High resolution modeling of peptide- protein interactions Deciphering the structural effects of activating EGFR somatic mutations with molecular dynamics simulation Improving the Accuracy of Protein Side Chain and Backbone Parameters from ff99SB Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water Visual Molecular Dynamics Software for processing and analysis of molecular dynamics trajectory data UCSF Chimera- A visualization system for exploratory research and analysis Friends or foes?
cord-352150-ey9kc7zj	A very high level of crossreactivity is an essential feature of the T- cell receptor Why must T cells be cross- reactive?
cord-352150-ey9kc7zj	its orientation in the TCR- MHC complex T cell antigen receptor recognition of antigen- presenting molecules Reconciling views on T cell receptor germline bias for MHC A T cell receptor V beta segment that imparts reactivity to a class II major histocompatibility complex product T cell receptor reversed polarity recognition of a self- antigen major histocompatibility complex Hypothesis: why do so many lymphocytes respond to major histocompatibility antigens?
cord-313138-y485ev30	-I by viral RNA Tetratrico peptide repeat interactions: to TPR or not to TPR?
cord-313138-y485ev30	The long view: a bright past, a brighter future?
cord-313138-y485ev30	The tetratricopeptide repeat: a structural motif mediating protein- protein interactions Structure, chromosome localization, and regulation of expression of the interferon- regulated mouse Ifi54/ Ifi56 gene family RING domains: master builders of molecular scaffolds?
cord-009570-djxoiytq	36 Does molecular mimicry play a role in activating autoreactive T cells?
cord-009570-djxoiytq	38, 39 What is the molecular basis of mimicry and what extent of sequence homology is required?
cord-009570-djxoiytq	A viral peptide with limited homology to a self peptide can induce clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis A cartilagemimicking T- cell epitope on a 65 K mycobacterial heat- shock protein: adjuvant arthritis as a model for human rheumatoid arthritis Molecular mimicry: can epitope mimicry induce autoimmune disease?
cord-009570-djxoiytq	How does this dissection of T- cell specificities help us to understand the induction of autoimmune diseases?
cord-267266-0lybzcz7	-A unifying concept of rheumatoid inflammation?
cord-267266-0lybzcz7	This is a feasible hypothesis, but a more important question is: what factors result in synovial DC activation?
cord-267266-0lybzcz7	What could the signal for DC activation be in autoimmune diabetes?
cord-267266-0lybzcz7	mechanism of immune evasion?
cord-347039-eap592i7	Are MHC proteins cellular receptors for CMV?
cord-347039-eap592i7	I fold a recognition- associated structure?
cord-347039-eap592i7	Important questions to be answered include:( 1) Do other activating NK- cell receptors have specialized functions in virus recognition?
cord-347039-eap592i7	What is the extent of the repertoire of target molecules for NK- cell- activating receptors?
cord-354030-8tfg881h	( http://unafold.rna.albany.edu/?
cord-354030-8tfg881h	Immunoinformatics approach The use of databases, data mining, and immunoinformatics in vaccinology: where are we?
cord-354030-8tfg881h	The restriction enzyme cutting sites of Xho?
cord-354030-8tfg881h	and BamH? were then appended to the N and C terminals, respectively.
cord-333309-21czobqy	Another E3 ligase( E3?)
cord-333309-21czobqy	Early events during BK virus entry and disassembly The ER translocon and retrotranslocation: is the shift into reverse manual or automatic?
cord-333309-21czobqy	I molecules determine their susceptibility to human cytomegalovirus US11-mediated down- regulation Interactions among the major and minor coat proteins of polyomavirus ADAMs and protein disulfide isomerase: the key to regulated cell- surface protein ectodomain shedding?
cord-333309-21czobqy	a"molecular gearbox"in the ubiquitin pathway?
cord-310395-ae2x2wpg	How can we use cross- reactivity to develop wide spectrum viral vaccines?
cord-310395-ae2x2wpg	If the same peptide can, potentially, trigger either a strong immune response or a barely detectable response, how can we talk about immunodominant peptides?
cord-310395-ae2x2wpg	In other words, how can the immune system detect a virus?
cord-310395-ae2x2wpg	we develop wide spectrum viral vaccines?
cord-310395-ae2x2wpg	– Can we develop wide spectrum viral vaccines?
cord-319993-er3sm4u8	A listeria- based vaccine that secretes the sand fly salivary protein LJM11 confers long- term protection against vector- transmitted Leishmania major Sand- Fly Saliva- Leishmania- Man: the trigger trio Tick salivary compounds: their role in modulation of host defences and pathogen transmission Making vaccines"on demand": a potential solution for emerging pathogens and biodefense?
cord-319993-er3sm4u8	A travel guide to Cytoscape plugins Human CD4+ T cell epitopes from vaccinia virus induced by vaccination or infection T cell epitope: Friend or Foe?
cord-319993-er3sm4u8	Due to their commensal nature and need to avoid human immune responses over many years of coexistence, it is even NTD/ EID: time for T?
cord-319993-er3sm4u8	Has the microbiota played a critical role in the evolution of the adaptive immune system?
cord-319993-er3sm4u8	key: cord-319993-er3sm4u8 authors: Terry, Frances E; Moise, Leonard; Martin, Rebecca F; Torres, Melissa; Pilotte, Nils; Williams, Steven A; De Groot, Anne S title: Time for T?
cord-275433-58unu79x	Does autophagic degradation of pathogens provide a source of antigens for loading into MHC class II compartments and/or does the autophagic machinery independently capture newly synthesized microbial peptides?
cord-275433-58unu79x	How are microbial( and self) antigens targeted for autophagic delivery to MHC- class- II- loading compartments?
cord-275433-58unu79x	How important are these pathways for adaptive immunity to intracellular pathogens?
cord-275433-58unu79x	beyond immunity against infection, what is the broader significance of autophagic antigen processing and presentation in an MHC- class- II- dependent manner?
cord-275433-58unu79x	regulators of immunity to intracellular pathogens Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
cord-275433-58unu79x	what is the relationship between autophagic elimination of intracellular pathogens and MHC class II presentation of microbial antigens?
cord-347298-7kqrl3rv	, why are such reactions not more common?
cord-347298-7kqrl3rv	LPS Flagellin/ Profilin ?
cord-347298-7kqrl3rv	Significant ROS include the superoxide anion( O 2-), hydrogen peroxide( H 2 O 2), the hydroxyl radical( HO?), nitric oxide( NO?), and the peroxynitrite anion( ONOO À).
cord-347298-7kqrl3rv	Significant ROS include the superoxide anion( O 2-), hydrogen peroxide( H 2 O 2), the hydroxyl radical( HO?), nitric oxide( NO?), and the peroxynitrite anion( ONOO À).
cord-347298-7kqrl3rv	The question then arises: if immune responses against exogenous and endogenous antigens are inhibited in the testis environment, does the testis display a reduced capacity to deal with infections and greater susceptibility to certain kinds of tumors?
cord-022888-dnsdg04n	/CRTAM on gd T cells?
cord-022888-dnsdg04n	As the results show, could there not be a direct relationship between the HLA system and the development of SA or TBC, or in contrast, was the first patient missdiagnosed of TBC being a good prognosis SA?
cord-022888-dnsdg04n	Could Carabin play a role of negative regulator of B cell function?
cord-022888-dnsdg04n	How is the IGSF4-CRTAM axis regulated in T cells?
cord-022888-dnsdg04n	a one- year prospective birth cohort study PC09/16 TO WHAT EXTENT T- SPOT.TB COULD BE USED IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO TB INFECTION?
cord-296347-fanlvxqs	Friend or foe in immunity to infection?
cord-296347-fanlvxqs	How, then, does mK3 access the luminal domain of HC molecules and trigger its ubiquitination?
cord-296347-fanlvxqs	I contains an invariant chain homologous sequence that binds to MHC class II molecules Gamma- secretase, Notch, Abeta and Alzheimer's disease: Where do the presenilins fit in?
cord-296347-fanlvxqs	I heavy chains involves a ubiquitin- conjugated intermediate PIAS proteins and transcriptional regulation- more than just SUMO E3 ligases?
cord-296347-fanlvxqs	Intracellular targeting of the proteasome A role for N- glycanase in the cytosolic turnover of glycoproteins Endoplasmic reticulum- associated protein degradation- one model fits all?
cord-296347-fanlvxqs	The substrate translocation channel of the proteasome Herp, a new ubiquitin- like membrane protein induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress Gamma- secretase: Proteasome of the membrane?
cord-349225-504kr50e	: what's the end game?
cord-349225-504kr50e	Are the functions of an individual viral gene modulated by its genetic context, and is there any evidence for cooperativity?
cord-349225-504kr50e	Is complexity and redundancy a viral strategy that enables viruses to infect individuals resistant to some functions?
cord-349225-504kr50e	Is there a hierarchy in terms of general importance or do some functions operate only in certain tissues?
cord-349225-504kr50e	Many questions therefore remain unanswered, including which genes are needed during primary infection to'conquer the territory'; which genes are required to support active replication; and which genes are required to ensure transmission to a new host in the face of a vigorous host immune response?
cord-349225-504kr50e	Moreover, why is there such complexity and functional redundancy?
cord-009567-osstpum6	( for women) and"How difficult is it for you to get or keep an erection?"
cord-009567-osstpum6	: Can We Afford It?
cord-009567-osstpum6	:"How difficult is it for your vagina to get or stay wet or moist?"
cord-009567-osstpum6	Roberto Hernandez- Alejandro, 1 Xusheng Zhang, 2 Dong Chen, 2 Xiufen Zheng, 2 Hongtao Sun, 2 Weihua Liu, 2 Marianne Beduhn, 2 Aminah Shunnar, 2 Motohiko Suzuki, 2 Norihiko Kubo, 2 Bertha Garcia, 2 Anthony Jevnikar, 1,2 Living kidney donation is rapidly increasing worldwide to offer a partial(?) solution for the numerous ESRD wait- listed pts.
cord-009567-osstpum6	These include the phosphorylation of PERK target eIF2?
cord-009567-osstpum6	or Not Enough?
cord-339091-3xk2w0d2	Are apparently high- scoring matches real or an artefact of search methodology?
cord-339091-3xk2w0d2	Are bacterial vaccine antigens T- cell epitope depleted?
cord-339091-3xk2w0d2	But how can we progress beyond this rather inexactly- specified philosophical standpoint to something which is practically useful when we select vaccine candidates?
cord-339091-3xk2w0d2	EPIMHC: a curated database of MHC- binding peptides for customized computational vaccinology AntiJen: a quantitative immunology database integrating functional, thermodynamic, kinetic, biophysical, and cellular data JenPep: a novel computational information resource for immunobiology and vaccinology JenPep: a database of quantitative functional peptide data for immunology Bacterial virulence: can we draw the line?
cord-339091-3xk2w0d2	Have we cut ourselves too short in mapping CTL epitopes?
cord-339091-3xk2w0d2	It would indeed be wonderful if the identification of candidate vaccines was really and consistently this simple and systematic?
cord-339091-3xk2w0d2	Obviously, all the same caveats that exist for any sequence search hold here also: which thresholds are appropriate?
cord-023143-fcno330z	*?
cord-023143-fcno330z	, Cara Wilsont, Kelledy Mansons, Michael Wyands, Bruce Walker?, Ronald C. Desrosiers
cord-023143-fcno330z	However, productive virus replication is minimized by antiviral CD8 T cells which suppress( kill?)
cord-023143-fcno330z	PrP genes were used to demonstrate that the"specie9 bank?'
cord-023143-fcno330z	The interferons( IFNs) a n? a family of cytokines whose functions include the protection of cells against viral infection.
cord-023143-fcno330z	Thes?
cord-023143-fcno330z	ofthe influenza HA protein from this second promoter in baby hamster kidney( BHK) cells was approximately 50??
cord-023143-fcno330z	ofthe influenza HA protein from this second promoter in baby hamster kidney( BHK) cells was approximately 50??
cord-023724-5at0rhqk	( Long- term) pathogenic consequences?
cord-023724-5at0rhqk	A high proportion of the human population has already been vaccinated- lifelong protection may result in poor response to recombinant vaccines(?).
cord-023724-5at0rhqk	Difficult to grow to high titer and purify for direct administration( patient cells must be cultured in vitro); can not infect nondividing cells- most somatic cells( except lentiviruses?); insertional mutagenesis/ activation of cellular oncogenes.
cord-023724-5at0rhqk	How do CRISPRs work?
cord-023724-5at0rhqk	How do plant viruses induce disease?
cord-023724-5at0rhqk	How do viruses avoid inhibition by endogenous cellular microRNAs?
cord-023724-5at0rhqk	Integrate into cell genome, giving long- lasting( lifelong?)
cord-023724-5at0rhqk	So how do bacteria survive against this constant onslaught?
cord-023724-5at0rhqk	So who( apart from bacteria) cares about CRISPRs?
cord-016594-lj0us1dq	Are high- scoring matches an artefact or are they real and meaningful?
cord-016594-lj0us1dq	But, is this practically useful for selecting candidate vaccines?
cord-016594-lj0us1dq	Have we cut ourselves too short in mapping CTL epitopes?
cord-016594-lj0us1dq	However, and say that we were offered a newly sequenced pathogen genome, is such a classification for AB toxins helpful when trying to identify a potential exotoxins?
cord-016594-lj0us1dq	The same old, familiar caveats apply here: are chosen thresholds appropriate?
cord-016594-lj0us1dq	This typically yields exact values for, say, the binding affinity of a peptide to a protein component of the immune system, or an unequivocal yes or no answer to the question: is this peptide sequence an epitope?
cord-016594-lj0us1dq	Using NERVE, the prioritisation of potential candidate antigens consists of several stages: prediction of subcellular localisation; is the antigen an adhesion?; identification of membrane- crossing domains; and comparison to pathogen and human proteomes.
cord-016594-lj0us1dq	Why should this be?
cord-016594-lj0us1dq	Why should this be?
cord-017819-85x0juiw	Are they indicators of ecosystem health?
cord-017819-85x0juiw	But do we really need the conservation of parasitic species?
cord-017819-85x0juiw	Differential species- specific ectoparasitic mite intensities in two intimately coexisting sibling bat species: Resource- mediated host attractiveness or parasite specialization?
cord-017819-85x0juiw	Does clutch size evolve in response to parasites and immunocompetence?
cord-017819-85x0juiw	Does inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity decrease disease resistance?
cord-017819-85x0juiw	Faster evolutionary rates in endosymbiotic bacteria than in cospeciating insect hosts Is parasitism a missing ingredient in model ecosystems?
cord-017819-85x0juiw	However, do you ever see a child squeezing a stuffed worm, flea or tick?
cord-017819-85x0juiw	Many roles at many levels?
cord-017819-85x0juiw	The former distribution and decline of the thylacine Heritable true fitness and bright birds: A role for parasites?
cord-017819-85x0juiw	What could be the consequences of maintaining hosts during many generations in a parasite- free environment?
cord-017819-85x0juiw	What is the Allee effect?
cord-005393-rhji4io9	As detected by immunohistochemical analysis, the addition of IFN-7 to brain cells in culture results in 9% of neurons expressing MHC class I, whereas direct injection into the CNS results in approx 15% of neurons expressing MHC class I. Moreover, the response of the OLB21 neuronal cell line to IFN-? has been investigated( Joly and Oldstone, 1992).
cord-005393-rhji4io9	IFN-?
cord-005393-rhji4io9	IFN-? also plays a role in regulating antibody production, promoting an IgG2a response through a direct effect on B- cells( Snapper and Paul, 1987).
cord-005393-rhji4io9	IFN-? is also a potent stimulator of the expression of the Fc receptors for IgG immunoglobins on macrophages( Erbe et al., 1990).
cord-005393-rhji4io9	IFN-? is also a powerful effector molecule of the inflammatory response( reviewed in Schreiber and Celada, 1985).
cord-005393-rhji4io9	Interferon- gamma( IFN-?) was originally discovered by Wheelock( 1965) as an activity that interfered with viral replication.
cord-005393-rhji4io9	Moreover, EAE can be transferred to naive animals using IFN-~,-secreting Tqymphocytes isolated from animals experiencing EAE( Zamvil and SteLnman, 1990), and a significant increase in the level of IFN-?,
cord-005393-rhji4io9	Reversible inhibitory effects of interferon- y and tumouar necrosis factor- o: on oligodendroglial lineage cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro Molecular cloning and expression of the human interferon-?
cord-005393-rhji4io9	Taken as a whole, these observations demonstrate that IFN-? can either directly or indirectly mediate many of the CNS pathological effects that are observed in disorders in which immune cell traffic in the CNS increases.
cord-005393-rhji4io9	The IFN-? work in Brian Popko's laboratory has been supported by the National Institutes of Health( NIH) research grant ROI NS34939, and
cord-005393-rhji4io9	The presence of Table 2 Effects of IFN-? on the CNS Disruption of myelination Exacerbation of reactive gliosis Disruption of the blood- brain barrier Recruitment of inflammatory cells from the periphery Induction of MHC expression Stimulation of macrophage/ microglial cells Disruption of cerebellar granule cell migration this cytokine in the CNS leads to an abundance of pathological effects, including decreased myelination, increased gliosis, disruption of blood- brain barrier func~ on, increased MHC expression, stimulation of macrophage/ microglial activation, and disruption of cerebellar granule cell migration.
cord-005393-rhji4io9	production of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor precedes clinical manifestation in multiple sclerosis: do cytokines trigger off exacerbations?
cord-023055-ntbvmssh	-%~~ specific?
cord-023055-ntbvmssh	D61 and D62 are 9 and 13 bp long, are frequently recombine as D,1/ D62? and reveal exonucleolytic trimning with extensive"N"segment addition.
cord-023055-ntbvmssh	In support of this possibility, thymectomized&+( a x b)F1 chimeras given strain J? marrow cells and a strain thymus graft( irradiated) show no detectable tolerance to host- type strain b determinants: the strain& CD4+ cells differentiating in these chimeras give strong MLR to strain b and do not show deletion of v 11+ cells.
cord-023055-ntbvmssh	The efect of these TCR differences on recognition was assessed using a pane?
cord-023055-ntbvmssh	The existence of"primed"T cells in phenotypically tolerant animals raises the possibility that precocious activation of TR1( by neonatal exposure to tolerogen?) suppresses the later emergence of T,,, which would be expected to contain the cells responsible for graft rejection.
cord-023055-ntbvmssh	The increase peaked at 2 min and returned almost to baseline by 10 mi?.
cord-023055-ntbvmssh	Us& this tecfinolosy we have begun to characterize the irmnUne reqonse to individual peptide antigens.?
cord-023055-ntbvmssh	Us& this& logy we have begun to characterize the innume response to individual Peptide antigens.?
cord-023055-ntbvmssh	We have extended these exper- to inta?
cord-023055-ntbvmssh	We reasoned that given the potential for direct peptide/ class?'&$% ation observed in vifro, OVA2s,-2ra may induce CTL after in vivo priming.
cord-023055-ntbvmssh	c a l l y autoreactive T cell:?
cord-023055-ntbvmssh	e human nutoinimiine tlisrases maintdin:?