bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
porcine epidemic	3109
epidemic diarrhea	2727
diarrhea virus	2233
vero cells	822
pedv infection	780
pedv strains	554
transmissible gastroenteritis	436
epidemic diarrhoea	396
amino acid	369
united states	368
cell culture	355
spike protein	341
clinical signs	337
infected cells	335
respiratory syndrome	331
gastroenteritis virus	320
pedv strain	317
type i	292
diarrhoea virus	281
viral rna	281
virus infection	266
time rt	237
epithelial cells	222
suckling piglets	216
weaned pigs	203
complete genome	191
pedv rna	186
phylogenetic analysis	183
nucleocapsid protein	175
innate immune	175
small intestine	175
immune response	174
doc id	169
cord uid	169
serum samples	169
acute respiratory	167
genome sequence	166
suckling pigs	164
neutralizing antibodies	164
virus strains	160
severe acute	159
western blot	159
immune responses	158
pedv replication	157
described previously	154
syndrome coronavirus	154
tcid ml	153
south korea	150
ch jx	147
molecular epidemiology	147
vero cell	146
present study	139
amino acids	138
negative control	138
porcine deltacoronavirus	137
virus strain	137
structural proteins	136
porcine reproductive	135
three times	133
fecal samples	132
infected pigs	131
neonatal piglets	130
pedv nsp	129
syndrome virus	128
performed using	127
sequence analysis	127
previously described	127
economic losses	126
spike gene	125
antiviral activity	125
results showed	125
room temperature	124
reverse transcription	123
control group	122
watery diarrhea	121
diarrhea viruses	121
virulent pedv	120
vaccine strains	118
western blotting	117
well plates	116
gene expression	113
viral replication	113
orf gene	113
goat anti	112
indirect elisa	111
pedv isolates	111
significantly higher	110
cell line	110
field strains	108
swine enteric	108
viral infection	104
pig farms	102
coronavirus spike	101
high mortality	101
tissue culture	100
pl pro	98
enteric coronavirus	98
pedv antigen	98
positive control	96
fcov type	96
bovine serum	96
swine industry	96
time pcr	95
monoclonal antibody	95
highly virulent	94
infected piglets	94
porcine apn	94
porcine respiratory	93
genbank accession	93
attenuated vaccine	92
field isolates	91
virus replication	90
virus shedding	89
culture medium	89
pedv vaccine	89
pregnant sows	89
i interferon	88
virus isolation	88
strain cv	88
intestinal epithelial	88
family coronaviridae	88
infected vero	87
respiratory coronavirus	87
cell lines	86
previous studies	85
vaccine strain	85
days post	84
antibody responses	84
positive cells	83
host cell	83
pcr assay	82
molecular characterization	82
human coronavirus	82
hepatitis virus	82
genomic sequences	82
buffered saline	81
i ifn	81
crude extract	81
signaling pathway	80
nucleotide sequence	80
cell cultures	80
ped outbreaks	80
indel pedv	79
viral genomic	79
cell surface	79
enteric disease	79
severe diarrhea	78
phylogenetic tree	78
us pedv	78
important role	78
type iii	78
membrane fusion	77
pedv genome	76
porcine aminopeptidase	76
cell fusion	76
mg ml	75
porcine enteric	75
pedv entry	75
total rna	75
host cells	75
protein expression	74
old piglets	73
samples collected	73
newborn piglets	73
electron microscopy	72
korean pedv	72
viral proteins	71
new coronavirus	71
indel strain	70
statistically significant	70
villous atrophy	70
us porcine	69
open reading	69
acid sequences	69
cells infected	69
closely related	69
nursing piglets	68
nursing pigs	68
us strains	68
authors declare	67
like protease	67
mouse hepatitis	67
experimental infection	67
porcine circovirus	67
pedv variants	67
sars coronavirus	66
neutralizing antibody	66
lymph nodes	66
washed three	66
ec cells	66
gn pigs	66
pcr products	66
previous study	66
strain pc	65
like particles	65
pedv infected	65
results indicated	65
virus entry	65
cellular receptor	64
linked immunosorbent	64
sialic acid	64
monoclonal antibodies	63
rna virus	63
fusion protein	63
rectal swabs	63
particle associated	63
cell entry	63
fisher scientific	63
pedv spike	63
intestinal contents	62
cell death	62
mouse igg	62
comprehensive review	62
like particle	61
secondary antibody	61
genome sequences	61
mesenteric lymph	61
ped virus	61
enteric coronaviruses	61
time points	61
gnotobiotic pigs	61
multiplex real	61
membrane protein	60
pedv field	60
expression levels	60
nk cell	60
spike glycoprotein	60
analyzed using	60
thermo fisher	60
swine farms	59
small intestinal	59
acid sequence	59
attenuated pedv	59
genus alphacoronavirus	59
pedv cv	59
protein genes	59
fetal bovine	59
small intestines	59
pedv outbreak	58
indel strains	58
copies ml	58
virus spike	58
positive samples	58
new variants	58
significant differences	58
per ml	57
negative controls	57
viral protein	57
gene sequences	57
pedv infections	57
immune system	56
cv strain	56
state university	56
rna viruses	56
immunosorbent assay	56
viral shedding	55
new ica	55
independent experiments	55
mortality rate	55
clinical disease	55
lactogenic immunity	55
gastroenteritis coronavirus	54
receptor binding	54
accession number	54
signaling pathways	54
stranded rna	54
three independent	54
interferon production	54
innate immunity	54
host innate	53
vaccine candidate	53
porcine nidovirus	53
cell cycle	53
nucleotide sequences	53
infectious pedv	53
porcine intestinal	53
chain reaction	53
polymerase chain	53
pedv vaccines	53
viral infections	53
igg antibody	52
clinical symptoms	52
terminal domain	52
genomic rna	52
endoplasmic reticulum	52
acute diarrhea	52
porcine plasma	51
causative agent	51
results suggest	51
pigs inoculated	51
pedv isolate	51
attenuated porcine	51
ifn production	51
spedv virus	51
significantly lower	51
mortality rates	51
orally inoculated	51
pedv antibodies	51
per well	51
escherichia coli	51
variant strains	50
genetic diversity	50
viral genome	50
taken together	50
specific antibodies	50
current study	50
spray drying	50
inhibitory effects	50
blot analysis	50
pedv pl	50
significantly different	49
cell monolayers	49
pedv non	49
pig industry	49
cells treated	49
viruses isolated	49
alexa fluor	49
old pigs	49
disease virus	49
log ge	48
variant pedv	48
neutralizing epitopes	48
nucleic acid	48
mm tris	48
pedv specific	48
papn ectodomain	48
culture supernatants	48
syncytium formation	48
animal care	48
pedv positive	48
neutralizing epitope	48
monkey kidney	48
korean field	48
north america	48
pedv challenge	47
rna shedding	47
intracellular extracts	47
circovirus type	47
phylogenetic trees	47
fecal shedding	47
results indicate	47
order nidovirales	46
infectious bronchitis	46
mediated endocytosis	46
nonstructural protein	46
medium containing	46
pedv particles	46
virus neutralization	45
determine whether	45
clinical samples	45
significant difference	45
sequence identity	45
green monkey	45
pedv variant	45
calculated using	45
cd cd	45
thermo scientific	45
contaminated feed	45
whether pedv	45
inoculated orally	45
infected suckling	45
new variant	44
dependent manner	44
inoculated pigs	44
igg antibodies	44
cell lysates	44
specific igg	44
serially diluted	44
experimentally infected	44
classical attenuated	44
inoculated piglets	43
variant porcine	43
neonatal pigs	43
antibody titers	43
conventional pigs	43
conjugated goat	43
sequence alignment	43
viral entry	43
reading frame	43
blfp crude	43
swine herds	43
determined using	43
rapid detection	43
mm nacl	42
nucleic acids	42
chinese strains	42
culture plates	42
dr strain	42
functional receptor	42
african green	42
recombinant pedv	42
rna genome	42
virus titer	42
mouse anti	42
antibody response	42
random forest	42
three groups	42
lamina propria	42
may also	42
sense rna	41
piglets born	41
ml trypsin	41
genome copies	41
new porcine	41
viral particles	41
detection limit	41
final concentration	41
statistical analysis	41
orf genes	41
viruses associated	41
significant economic	41
murine coronavirus	41
life technologies	40
treated cells	40
asian countries	40
porcine transmissible	40
bronchitis virus	40
emergent porcine	40
pig farm	40
highly conserved	40
protein gene	40
reference strains	40
transfected cells	40
horseradish peroxidase	40
rna synthesis	40
fluorescence microscope	39
porcine kobuvirus	39
european countries	39
east respiratory	39
spike proteins	39
among swine	39
live attenuated	39
acid binding	39
highly contagious	39
standard deviation	39
accession numbers	39
virus porcine	39
intestinal tissues	38
pigs infected	38
blood samples	38
graphpad prism	38
chlamydia pecorum	38
inhibitory effect	38
postinoculation day	38
mrna levels	38
diarrhea coronavirus	38
cytopathic effects	38
gel electrophoresis	38
infectious virus	38
specific siga	38
nucleolar localization	38
disease outbreak	38
infected weaned	38
pedv orf	38
two groups	38
lymphoid tissues	38
differentially expressed	38
coronavirus infection	38
visualized using	38
pedv antigens	37
complex evolution	37
intestinal mucosa	37
distinct characteristics	37
first time	37
middle east	37
cells per	37
lysis buffer	37
epitope region	37
avian coronaviruses	37
gene source	37
log copies	37
protective immunity	37
enteric viruses	37
dendritic cells	37
tgev infection	37
virus production	37
dried porcine	37
growth kinetics	37
conventional rt	36
positive ec	36
atrophic enteritis	36
novel porcine	36
detect pedv	36
phylogenetic analyses	36
day post	36
data indicate	36
host immune	36
different time	36
viral antigen	36
villous enterocytes	36
outbreak among	36
feline infectious	36
infectious peritonitis	36
control pigs	36
serum albumin	36
pedv outbreaks	36
virulent strain	36
immunofluorescence assay	36
strains isolated	36
transgenic mice	36
gds strains	35
animal health	35
high levels	35
kindly provided	35
nonstructural proteins	35
large deletion	35
cytopathic effect	35
first reported	35
highly pathogenic	35
infected animals	35
porcine rotavirus	35
iec cells	35
different pedv	35
i ifns	35
structural protein	35
adapted porcine	35
polyclonal antibody	35
antibody levels	35
crystal structure	35
cells expressing	35
genome sequencing	34
well tissue	34
virus stock	34
like strain	34
rna extraction	34
confocal microscopy	34
effective vaccines	34
us swine	34
specific antibody	34
target cells	34
post infection	34
ge healthcare	34
vaccine development	34
coronavirus nucleocapsid	34
cell frequencies	34
iga antibodies	34
use committee	34
different concentrations	34
significantly increased	34
growth factor	34
central china	34
washed twice	34
plasma membrane	34
adapted pedv	34
piglets infected	33
gcn pii	33
log tcid	33
swine virus	33
multiplex rt	33
gene sequence	33
nuclear translocation	33
two different	33
serial dilutions	33
korean strains	33
inactivated vaccine	33
pedv virus	33
agarose gel	33
viral titers	33
specific primers	33
field pedv	32
binding protein	32
evolutionary genetics	32
fecal viral	32
real time	32
iii ifns	32
passive immunity	32
results demonstrated	32
duplex rt	32
bovine plasma	32
antiviral innate	32
ifn signaling	32
low ph	32
inducing neutralizing	32
crypt depth	32
ion channel	32
like receptors	32
pcr positive	32
two pedv	32
mucosal immunity	32
virus titers	32
even though	32
competing interests	32
institutional animal	32
chlamydia abortus	32
four groups	31
first detected	31
porcine coronaviruses	31
naturally infected	31
viral titer	31
simultaneous detection	31
villous epithelium	31
reverse genetics	31
wild type	31
vaccinated animals	31
recombinant protein	31
purified pedv	31
new pedv	31
epizootic swine	31
cellular cholesterol	31
gastrointestinal tract	31
virulent strains	31
four structural	31
strain isolated	31
deduced amino	31
empty vector	31
applied biosystems	31
dq cells	31
severe watery	31
mononuclear cells	31
influenza virus	31
infectious diseases	31
mucosal immune	31
binding activity	31
severe clinical	30
also found	30
original us	30
measured using	30
inhibited pedv	30
essential medium	30
recombination events	30
enveloped viruses	30
serum neutralization	30
live vaccine	30
nk cells	30
inflammatory cytokines	30
prc cmv	30
animal experiments	30
standard deviations	30
intestinal villous	30
tgev miller	30
north american	30
well plate	30
pedv infectivity	30
subcellular localization	30
ge ml	30
viral load	30
bile acids	30
pedv shedding	30
virus type	30
reading frames	30
multiple sequence	30
serial passages	29
feed ingredients	29
rectal swab	29
protein kinase	29
diagnostic laboratory	29
porcine nidoviruses	29
secondary antibodies	29
pedv belgorod	29
supplementary material	29
also showed	29
genetic characterization	29
additional file	29
pcr using	29
pcr assays	29
states porcine	29
two viruses	29
belgorod dom	29
pedv reference	29
southern china	29
pcr kit	29
type ii	29
virus nucleocapsid	29
cells grown	29
kidney cells	29
fold higher	29
attenuated vaccines	29
viral envelope	29
investigate whether	29
lg ml	29
pedv detection	29
villous height	29
analysis based	29
virus date	29
master mix	29
complete feed	29
flow cytometry	29
study showed	29
natural host	29
approximately kb	28
swine diarrhea	28
ifn response	28
iii interferon	28
induced apoptosis	28
spray dried	28
growing pigs	28
length genome	28
fecal sample	28
infectious dose	28
papn wt	28
binding domain	28
pigs showed	28
intestinal samples	28
significantly reduced	28
nidovirus infection	28
colostrum samples	28
proinflammatory cytokine	28
per cent	28
acid changes	28
positive serum	28
antiviral response	28
large intestine	28
infected groups	28
mouth disease	28
study demonstrated	28
virus isolate	28
free water	28
fattening pigs	28
ica kit	27
attenuated dr	27
old weaned	27
widely used	27
acute pedv	27
expression vector	27
villous epithelial	27
cells transfected	27
diarrheic pigs	27
res doi	27
recent years	27
pig herds	27
extracted using	27
virus genome	27
control groups	27
days old	27
pig population	27
recent study	27
distilled water	27
variant strain	27
pedv dr	27
pcr method	27
pedv activity	27
pedv hljby	27
pigs porcine	27
week intervals	27
expression level	27
considered statistically	27
dpv dpc	27
proteolytic cleavage	27
epithelial cell	27
oral vaccine	27
analysis showed	27
santa cruz	27
also observed	27
trizol reagent	26
type pedv	26
reverse primer	26
minimum essential	26
optical density	26
antiviral effects	26
related porcine	26
antiviral activities	26
nucleotide identity	26
differential detection	26
terminal region	26
cultured cells	26
pedv group	26
protective efficacy	26
length polymorphism	26
first identified	26
error bars	26
creative commons	26
dna damage	26
virulent virus	26
high morbidity	26
porcine group	26
immunodeficiency virus	26
polyclonal antibodies	26
live vaccines	26
reemerging korean	26
different types	26
like receptor	26
using monoclonal	26
rna titers	26
peritonitis virus	26
vaccinated sows	26
microscopic lesions	26
treatment group	26
control piglets	26
glycoprotein gene	26
tgev strains	26
test strip	26
molecular evolutionary	26
apoptotic cell	26
cell membrane	26
immune evasion	26
cells via	26
based real	26
culture isolation	26
fragment length	26
pcr product	26
inoculated gn	26
may play	26
field samples	26
indirect immunofluorescence	26
primers used	26
significantly inhibited	25
acid mutations	25
expressing cells	25
region capable	25
swine fever	25
restriction fragment	25
orf protein	25
iii ifn	25
cbp degradation	25
secreting cells	25
commonly used	25
oral route	25
pedv transmission	25
porcine coronavirus	25
quantitative real	25
gut microbiota	25
pfu ml	25
alveolar macrophages	25
apn transgenic	25
reverse transcriptase	25
fecal consistency	25
fusion activity	25
relationships among	25
statistical significance	25
porcine enterocytes	25
commercial inactivated	25
apn positive	25
cl protease	25
negative cells	25
veroe cells	25
genetics analysis	25
glycosylation sites	25
quantitative rt	25
lipid raft	25
mini kit	25
cell epitopes	25
pedv may	25
expressed genes	24
pedv antibody	24
crypt epithelium	24
phylogenetic relationships	24
new syndrome	24
field conditions	24
pedv sequences	24
virus rna	24
plaque assay	24
united kingdom	24
aa substitutions	24
coronaviridae family	24
huge economic	24
dmem containing	24
cells showed	24
using trizol	24
extract containing	24
accessory protein	24
viral diarrhea	24
inoculated group	24
cell adapted	24
pork industry	24
pigs compared	24
cell attenuated	24
intestinal epithelium	24
significantly decreased	24
infected cell	24
live pedv	24
swab samples	24
inactivated vaccines	24
particles associated	24
novel strain	24
enter cells	24
cell epitope	24
cov nsp	24
sequence alignments	24
using graphpad	23
spread rapidly	23
apn expression	23
culture infectious	23
class i	23
strains identified	23
emerging epizootic	23
china complete	23
antigenic relationships	23
sybr green	23
among pedv	23
st cells	23
nucleocapsid gene	23
high sensitivity	23
among different	23
attenuated virus	23
whole genome	23
field pedvs	23
critical role	23
infected nursing	23
veterinary diagnostic	23
strains including	23
copies per	23
fever virus	23
entire genome	23
bacillus subtilis	23
feed samples	23
infected group	23
previously reported	23
sequence data	23
recent studies	23
pfu per	23
od values	23
antigenic indexes	23
luciferase activity	23
spike genes	23
data indicated	23
causes acute	23
fecal pedv	23
feeder pigs	23
beta interferon	23
large intestines	23
dynamin ii	23
type strains	23
growth medium	23
serum igg	23
pedv igg	23
step rt	23
herpes simplex	23
versus weaned	23
cycle arrest	23
classical pedv	23
strain ch	23
future studies	23
remains unclear	22
within days	22
virus isolates	22
fecal virus	22
ffu ml	22
genus deltacoronavirus	22
cell activity	22
phosphorylation sites	22
joining method	22
inactivated pedv	22
rnase treated	22
fluorescence microscopy	22
watery diarrhoea	22
like agent	22
detection method	22
available vaccines	22
maternal antibodies	22
simplex virus	22
first report	22
intestinal tissue	22
feline coronavirus	22
infectious cdna	22
rna polymerase	22
growth performance	22
ped outbreak	22
technical assistance	22
pedv viral	22
quantitative pcr	22
virus field	22
apn cells	22
del pedv	22
serial propagation	22
growth adaptation	22
incubation period	22
forward primer	22
coronavirus infections	22
porcine small	22
although pedv	22
conjugated secondary	22
nh cl	22
com scientificreports	22
molecular biology	21
strains similar	21
life cycle	21
molecular weight	21
genetically diverse	21
polyacrylamide gel	21
type associated	21
epidemic strains	21
cleavage site	21
virus particles	21
pedv coronavirus	21
infectious disease	21
muench method	21
cellular receptors	21
cytoplasmic tail	21
bat coronaviruses	21
orf ab	21
time point	21
pcr results	21
internal control	21
samples stored	21
using mega	21
apn negative	21
infection induces	21
examined using	21
ohio state	21
pedv classical	21
currently circulating	21
vaccinated pigs	21
immunofluorescence staining	21
sg mrna	21
natural killer	21
monitored daily	21
genetic variation	21
severe ped	21
stranded positive	21
intact pedv	21
coronavirus replication	21
trimeric coe	21
weaned piglets	21
amplified using	21
purified using	21
south china	21
rna recombination	21
ng ml	21
vitro prophylactic	21
classical strains	21
ml penicillin	21
studies showed	21
tested positive	21
results revealed	21
functional characterization	21
neural nets	21
associated lymphoid	21
early stage	21
cells using	21
us strain	21
recombinant plasmids	21
evaluated using	21
vaccine candidates	21
situ hybridization	21
differences among	21
differential diagnosis	21
viral pathogens	21
japanese field	20
piglets inoculated	20
cov pl	20
current epidemiology	20
fluorescence intensity	20
mock infected	20
serum dilution	20
diverse us	20
large number	20
induces apoptosis	20
two novel	20
virus detection	20
crypt epithelial	20
apparently new	20
invasion rates	20
cell responses	20
specific iga	20
conjugate pad	20
virus fusion	20
stool samples	20
korean strain	20
different groups	20
target gene	20
genome organization	20
supplementary table	20
culture supernatant	20
ml streptomycin	20
stat signaling	20
swine coronaviruses	20
socs expression	20
virus variant	20
plaque assays	20
sdpp samples	20
recombinant porcine	20
infectious clone	20
cell infection	20
sialic acids	20
analysis indicated	20
respiratory tract	20
host antiviral	20
since pedv	20
recombinant lactobacillus	20
polymorphism analysis	20
group i	20
pcr analysis	20
large deletions	20
intestinal crypt	20
cm flasks	20
porcine alveolar	20
sodium dodecyl	20
cell proliferation	20
neutralizing activity	20
regulatory factor	20
modulatory effect	20
tissue tropism	20
tgev purdue	20
strain dr	20
cell viability	20
western blots	20
mesenteroides ypk	20
field strain	20
final manuscript	20
oral administration	20
nucleotide substitutions	20
attenuated strains	20
human immunodeficiency	20
hek cells	20
agricultural university	20
recombinant virus	20
cell types	20
cells compared	20
tissue sections	20
trypsin treatment	19
primary antibody	19
deadly pig	19
phosphate broth	19
mammalian cells	19
using vero	19
kidney cell	19
results suggested	19
high level	19
adapted strain	19
like pedv	19
pdcov strains	19
extraction kit	19
contaminated complete	19
human coronaviruses	19
large numbers	19
analysis revealed	19
weight loss	19
cell frequency	19
human rotavirus	19
conducted using	19
blocking elisa	19
generation sequencing	19
samples using	19
natural feeding	19
channel protein	19
pig model	19
iga asc	19
fold serial	19
feed pellets	19
fecal swabs	19
eagle medium	19
modified eagle	19
maximum likelihood	19
virus neutralizing	19
among groups	19
species transmission	19
pedv negative	19
qpcr assay	19
cells well	19
supplementary file	19
forming units	19
nucleocapsid proteins	19
targeted rna	19
recombinant viruses	19
isothermal amplification	19
oral inoculation	19
sample buffer	19
data suggest	19
virus dr	19
orally immunized	19
endoribonuclease activity	19
serum antibodies	19
positive villous	19
pedv nucleocapsid	19
infection medium	19
protein nsp	19
viral loads	19
nc membrane	19
usa colorado	19
standard curve	19
using pedv	19
acid residues	19
rna levels	19
pdcov infection	19
virus transmission	19
constructed using	19
severe atrophic	19
coronavirus porcine	19
mouse model	19
finishing pigs	19
research institute	19
equal volume	19
intestinal tract	19
uninfected suckling	19
healthy groups	19
nitrocellulose membrane	19
genome analysis	19
diarrhoea coronavirus	19
pedv iga	19
neutralization assay	19
swine porcine	19
detection methods	19
one week	18
gene modulation	18
similar results	18
suckling piglet	18
enteric viral	18
inhibitory activity	18
genbank database	18
pedv pgar	18
jurisdictional claims	18
primary antibodies	18
exogenous cholesterol	18
beta receptor	18
novel mammalian	18
recombinant plasmid	18
localization signals	18
cytokine responses	18
intestinal villi	18
large amounts	18
vet res	18
causes severe	18
containing trypsin	18
reticulum stress	18
pigs tested	18
feed additives	18
pedv using	18
new insights	18
disease control	18
pattern recognition	18
also reported	18
activated protein	18
challenge virus	18
coronavirus nsp	18
mm edta	18
major structural	18
porcine cell	18
published maps	18
taqman real	18
nature remains	18
viral nucleic	18
mdck cells	18
statistical analyses	18
chlamydia trachomatis	18
antiviral responses	18
rpa method	18
authors read	18
faecal samples	18
endocytosis signal	18
binding affinity	18
dodecyl sulfate	18
cytokine production	18
partial characterization	18
duplex real	18
recombinant proteins	18
recognition receptors	18
three pedv	18
enveloped virus	18
lactobacillus casei	18
disease severity	18
institutional affiliations	18
feeding behavior	18
lipid rafts	18
arch virol	18
swine viruses	18
springer nature	18
one piglet	18
substantial economic	18
virus concentration	18
strain usa	18
antiviral effect	18
infection status	18
murine hepatitis	18
expression plasmid	18
bars represent	18
pseudorabies virus	18
analysis using	18
virol doi	18
serological assays	18
data showed	18
naive pigs	18
open access	18
fusion proteins	18
study revealed	18
control measures	18
veterinary medicine	18
global porcine	18
stem cells	18
remains neutral	18
pedv neutralizing	18
piglets less	18
complete genomes	18
subunit vaccine	18
serum pedv	18
pdcov oh	18
cdna synthesis	18
nt identity	18
tryptose phosphate	18
renilla luciferase	18
conjugated anti	18
interferon regulatory	18
transmembrane domain	18
genetic characteristics	18
blotting analysis	17
porcine enterovirus	17
od value	17
dna sequencing	17
days later	17
randomly divided	17
elisa kit	17
cell adaptation	17
showed high	17
inhibit pedv	17
ct values	17
conventional nursing	17
orf encodes	17
ifn responses	17
specific nucleotide	17
strand cdna	17
field isolate	17
average daily	17
specific mab	17
coronavirus genome	17
including pedv	17
dub activity	17
virus vaccine	17
viral antigens	17
commercial vaccine	17
healthy piglets	17
experimentally induced	17
viral membrane	17
bd biosciences	17
transcription factor	17
nsp protein	17
inflammatory cytokine	17
deltacoronavirus supports	17
viral genomes	17
cytotoxic effects	17
complete genomic	17
severe outbreaks	17
microtiter plates	17
animal disease	17
disease characterized	17
crypt cells	17
inhibits pedv	17
infected gn	17
swine operation	17
various concentrations	17
challenged piglets	17
progeny virus	17
lactic acid	17
pdcov rna	17
virus attachment	17
protein levels	17
assay using	17
previous reports	17
live virus	17
skim milk	17
washed times	17
baby rabbits	17
indel infection	17
reported previously	17
pedv pc	17
older pigs	17
transferred onto	17
domestic pigs	17
mediated ifn	17
commercial spray	17
virus stocks	17
weaning mortality	17
least one	17
strain oh	17
supports bat	17
yc pedv	17
i virus	17
using anti	17
partial spike	17
calf serum	17
humoral immune	17
herd type	17
day pi	17
pp ab	17
seven novel	17
plasmid dna	17
also detected	17
china isolation	17
postchallenge day	17
per group	17
phosphate buffered	17
mean values	17
different ages	17
dmem supplemented	17
three different	17
considered positive	17
chlamydial persistence	17
proteolytic processing	17
three days	17
ms ms	17
post inoculation	16
receptor density	16
core complex	16
four genera	16
virus associated	16
point mutations	16
colonic mucosa	16
based elisa	16
another study	16
coe protein	16
blocking buffer	16
way anova	16
described elsewhere	16
immune cells	16
culture adapted	16
virus variants	16
supporting information	16
proteolytic activation	16
time reverse	16
two types	16
sn test	16
considered significant	16
erk phosphorylation	16
like proteases	16
nt deletions	16
sample pad	16
fusion core	16
also tested	16
hela cells	16
serial dilution	16
pk cells	16
variant tgev	16
tree based	16
purified recombinant	16
cellular processes	16
untranslated region	16
also identified	16
mammary gland	16
coronavirus nl	16
signalling pathway	16
enteric tropism	16
hemolytic activity	16
severe disease	16
plasma samples	16
intestine samples	16
via natural	16
plasmids expressing	16
specific pathogen	16
novel swine	16
corresponding author	16
complete orf	16
aa deletion	16
key role	16
pedv inoculated	16
nuclear localization	16
taqman probe	16
coronavirus hku	16
entry process	16
serum ifn	16
conventional pcr	16
jeju island	16
diarrheic piglets	16
pedv pathogenesis	16
detecting pedv	16
control cells	16
shedding titers	16
acid positions	16
pedv proteins	16
piglet mortality	16
following consumption	16
diarrhoea caused	16
previous report	16
seven open	16
medium supplemented	16
culture infective	16
recombinant pedvs	16
pleural effusion	16
elisa using	16
siga positive	16
ct value	16
confluent vero	16
industry worldwide	16
iowa state	16
major receptor	16
adaptive immune	16
virus nsp	16
mm hepes	16
coronavirus related	16
host range	16
psr assay	16
gnotobiotic pig	16
veterinary research	16
piglets within	16
viral spike	16
protein assay	16
replication cycle	16
newly emerged	16
mm sodium	16
vaccine efficacy	16
maintenance medium	16
day old	16
intestinal lesions	16
old nursing	16
bound tgev	16
signal peptide	16
study also	16
porcine parvovirus	16
microbiol doi	16
positive scores	16
encephalitis virus	16
kefir grains	16
thank dr	16
regulates virus	16
clinical presentation	16
protein may	16
polyclonal antisera	16
transcription polymerase	16
gn pig	16
japanese strains	16
npm protein	16
serial passage	16
epidermal growth	16
first case	16
luciferase reporter	16
mouse monoclonal	16
severe dehydration	16
based vaccines	15
serum sample	15
recombinant strains	15
global pedv	15
sows showed	15
inducing factor	15
novel pedv	15
south dakota	15
expression plasmids	15
gds strain	15
observed daily	15
rapidly spread	15
total number	15
pedv isolation	15
natural infection	15
japanese pedv	15
envelope protein	15
inoculated onto	15
lymphoproliferative responses	15
challenged orally	15
neutralization test	15
conformational change	15
pigs per	15
bca protein	15
see table	15
attenuated strain	15
type specific	15
recombination analysis	15
swine stool	15
first week	15
cold pbs	15
positive sera	15
porcine ifn	15
pcr system	15
tgev pedv	15
pedv subtypes	15
early stages	15
rabbit igg	15
classical swine	15
sequence identities	15
significant increase	15
using rt	15
conventional neonatal	15
acute enteritis	15
southern germany	15
interferon signaling	15
nanopore sequencing	15
several coronaviruses	15
antigenic index	15
acid substitutions	15
pedv clpro	15
genomic equivalents	15
vaccine virus	15
rna replication	15
responses induced	15
chinese pedv	15
milk samples	15
protective immune	15
sequence similarity	15
primer sets	15
pedv inoculation	15
nt deletion	15
antigenic cross	15
standard curves	15
expression system	15
effective vaccine	15
nuclear factor	15
yeast extract	15
protein interacts	15
pi medium	15
weaning piglets	15
nucleocapsid genes	15
first line	15
two distinct	15
enteric alphacoronavirus	15
prism software	15
genetically engineered	15
transport vehicles	15
elisa results	15
sample collection	15
recombination event	15
virulent us	15
brush border	15
pedv co	15
ifn antagonists	15
protease inhibitor	15
mrna expression	15
results confirmed	15
sanger sequencing	15
study period	15
us iowa	15
economic loss	15
per reaction	15
eastern china	15
pig farming	15
sequence analyses	15
cv vaccine	15
us outbreak	15
syncytia formation	15
accessory proteins	15
enteric covs	15
hong kong	15
positive results	15
experimental groups	15
expressing pedv	15
length spike	15
iga antibody	15
genomic sequence	15
group mean	15
rna isolation	15
first described	15
final extension	15
outbreaks occurred	15
cycle threshold	14
infected enterocytes	14
late stage	14
treated group	14
length pedv	14
positive semen	14
serially passaged	14
natural science	14
sample preparation	14
early endosomes	14
biological characteristics	14
accessory gene	14
replication kinetics	14
online version	14
caused huge	14
highest dilution	14
science foundation	14
three washes	14
antimicrobial peptides	14
commons attribution	14
detection limits	14
suckling infected	14
virus may	14
induced ifn	14
sow herds	14
cruz biotechnology	14
feed intake	14
reproductive performance	14
culture plate	14
study using	14
tbk ikk	14
mixed infections	14
high pathogenicity	14
immunized sows	14
inoculated groups	14
negatively regulates	14
virus induces	14
cell lysate	14
iga levels	14
also used	14
negative serum	14
results demonstrate	14
strain knu	14
immune signaling	14
type virus	14
innate antiviral	14
vaccines based	14
positive pigs	14
oral immunization	14
acute watery	14
pedv icpc	14
infective dose	14
american type	14
important viral	14
based multiplex	14
remains unknown	14
detected using	14
close relationship	14
porcine sera	14
viral enteric	14
cell signaling	14
contact piglets	14
strains showed	14
antibody conjugated	14
randomly assigned	14
genetic relatedness	14
negative samples	14
effusion disease	14
farms located	14
crystal violet	14
attenuated live	14
hcl ph	14
genomic analysis	14
co incubator	14
foster city	14
young pigs	14
four farms	14
confocal microscope	14
membrane glycoprotein	14
porcine viruses	14
two major	14
uninfected weaned	14
many countries	14
irf signaling	14
coronavirus nonstructural	14
us pig	14
animal species	14
wnt agonist	14
biological processes	14
experimental conditions	14
regulates interleukin	14
clinical cases	14
rotavirus infection	14
alphacoronavirus genus	14
coronavirus mouse	14
samples tested	14
modified live	14
specific monoclonal	14
concentrated plasma	14
body weight	14
i interferons	14
cellular entry	14
gene rrt	14
substitution model	14
two weeks	14
swine disease	14
cv coronavirus	14
higher levels	14
epitope regions	14
data revealed	14
expressing porcine	14
see supplementary	14
pedv genomes	14
acid bacteria	14
irf phosphorylation	14
beijing area	14
mice group	14
spectrum antiviral	14
feed material	14
usa iowa	14
downstream signaling	14
oral efficacy	14
viral enteritis	14
wt vol	14
siga antibodies	14
high dose	14
nidovirus replication	14
mice orally	14
evolutionary rate	14
isolation kit	14
adapted virus	14
coronavirus receptor	14
diagnostic methods	14
days cultivation	14
diarrheal disease	14
assessed using	14
investigated whether	14
recombinant regions	14
protein level	14
rna copies	14
dengue virus	14
pcr amplification	14
pedv real	14
regulatory effect	14
potentially contaminated	14
retrieval signal	14
five times	14
may lead	14
weaned infected	14
herd immunity	14
protein induces	14
seven days	14
coronavirus enteritis	14
indicated times	14
large white	14
log reduction	14
breeding herds	13
coronavirus papain	13
using real	13
experimentally inoculated	13
infection experiments	13
nsp gene	13
glass slides	13
adapted aram	13
swine population	13
protein bands	13
gene encoding	13
virus identification	13
eliminate pedv	13
old suckling	13
late endosomes	13
icc staining	13
ch gdzq	13
typical clinical	13
fold serially	13
irradiated vaccine	13
restriction site	13
virus prototype	13
virus propagation	13
infected sows	13
mesenteroides subsp	13
viral surface	13
conventional piglets	13
ig cells	13
worth noting	13
survival rate	13
fomite materials	13
primary enterocytes	13
washing three	13
infected versus	13
showed clinical	13
plasmid ppg	13
blot assay	13
software version	13
virus survival	13
tgev strain	13
pbs containing	13
sporadic outbreaks	13
protein translation	13
sangon biotech	13
cdna clone	13
commercially available	13
first detection	13
multifunctional protein	13
etiological agent	13
phosphate buffer	13
antibodies induced	13
indicated time	13
pcr detection	13
rapid spread	13
mainland china	13
domain complexed	13
randomly selected	13
phosphate dehydrogenase	13
using primers	13
data analysis	13
causative agents	13
positive colostrum	13
immune status	13
stably expressing	13
spread throughout	13
absorbent pad	13
rpa assay	13
factors associated	13
strand rna	13
protein antagonizes	13
interferon response	13
recombinant swine	13
pigs orally	13
se protein	13
confluent monolayers	13
detected outbreaks	13
pedv virions	13
culture collection	13
protein concentration	13
interspecies transmission	13
novel recombinant	13
fluorescein isothiocyanate	13
physicochemical properties	13
histological lesions	13
graphpad software	13
control animals	13
study reported	13
pigs exhibited	13
cholesterol depletion	13
prcv strain	13
insertion deletion	13
liquid antimicrobial	13
ifn antagonist	13
new cases	13
pedv samples	13
disease caused	13
infect pigs	13
results obtained	13
pedv plp	13
prrsv nsp	13
large genomic	13
high specificity	13
site year	13
weeks prior	13
type porcine	13
vital role	13
pig flow	13
water bath	13
negative sera	13
mild strain	13
structural basis	13
passage level	13
rabbit anti	13
high titers	13
dna fragmentation	13
kor knu	13
two isolates	13
gene ontology	13
containing mm	13
mediated pathway	13
rna present	13
dakota state	13
nucleotide deletion	13
deletion porcine	13
mean ct	13
nsp inhibits	13
protein interaction	13
feed additive	13
tested using	13
transcription factors	13
cell survival	13
vaccine group	13
mucosal surfaces	13
strains prevailing	13
viral pathogenesis	13
target cell	13
serine proteases	13
retinoic acid	13
classification trees	13
proinflammatory cytokines	13
swine production	13
epidemic pedv	13
homologous challenge	13
buffer containing	13
positive signal	13
dependent pathway	13
economic impact	13
post transfection	13
coronavirus infectious	13
analysis version	12
containing fetal	12
antibody production	12
inducible gene	12
showed staining	12
mammalian orthoreovirus	12
vitro stimulation	12
cell receptors	12
genomic dna	12
neutralization epitopes	12
th passage	12
pedv proliferation	12
artificial neural	12
done using	12
specific sera	12
severe villous	12
lower antigenic	12
specific primer	12
eukaryotic expression	12
porcine delta	12
explanatory variables	12
virulent porcine	12
large amount	12
total volume	12
fluorescent focus	12
igg asc	12
nucleotide substitution	12
mild clinical	12
pedv elimination	12
one pig	12
inoculated nursing	12
pigs following	12
laboratory animal	12
primer pair	12
papn dvii	12
full length	12
pedv rt	12
pedv showed	12
analyses based	12
tgev infections	12
mediated isothermal	12
among porcine	12
porcine kidney	12
host response	12
ghent university	12
vh cd	12
isolate pedv	12
whole virus	12
strain js	12
virus vaccines	12
fecal swab	12
culture adaptation	12
diarrheic fecal	12
pigs experimentally	12
enteric diseases	12
transfection reagent	12
positive rate	12
commons license	12
piglet serum	12
viral gene	12
cell receptor	12
three weeks	12
protein synthesis	12
highest serum	12
detection kit	12
reference strain	12
protein plays	12
pedv exposure	12
enhanced chemiluminescence	12
histologic lesions	12
potential role	12
ethics committee	12
immunosorbent assays	12
two motifs	12
using specific	12
crypt interface	12
two genotypes	12
studies using	12
virus inactivation	12
fecal material	12
recent outbreaks	12
fold dilutions	12
better understand	12
drying process	12
transgenic mouse	12
units ml	12
epithelium showed	12
production system	12
dorf gfp	12
cellular membranes	12
target proteins	12
enteric infection	12
green fluorescence	12
infected herds	12
infectious doses	12
diagnostic testing	12
kvhvq motif	12
fluorescent protein	12
protective effects	12
field cases	12
pedv pigs	12
mass spectrometry	12
fatty acid	12
endocytic pathway	12
infection causes	12
long time	12
humidified co	12
flag antibody	12
reduced pedv	12
virus spread	12
coronavirus cell	12
pedv egf	12
type culture	12
treatment groups	12
protein sequences	12
caused severe	12
aligned using	12
two independent	12
encephalomyelitis virus	12
serum il	12
us pdcov	12
using imagej	12
american strains	12
different cell	12
vaccine groups	12
serological survey	12
trees based	12
antiviral immune	12
severe economic	12
swine serum	12
strains used	12
important roles	12
different strains	12
fresh dmem	12
containing coe	12
distal jejunum	12
fold lower	12
incident cases	12
pedv avct	12
gradient centrifugation	12
rapid differential	12
infection induced	12
monoclonal anti	12
generated using	12
ped epidemics	12
contagious enteric	12
field virus	12
well culture	12
results show	12
showed strong	12
high degree	12
replicase polyproteins	12
nursery pigs	12
simple method	12
swine feed	12
reference pedv	12
dna polymerase	12
er stress	12
colloidal gold	12
virulent genotype	12
pedv titer	12
sequence homology	12
induced gene	12
recombination detection	12
high prevalence	12
scale bars	12
indirect contact	12
consumption via	12
biosecurity measures	12
virus growth	12
many viruses	12
plate reader	12
fecal suspension	12
highly susceptible	12
canine coronavirus	12
antibody sandwich	12
scale outbreak	12
infectious titer	12
restriction enzyme	12
ontario swine	12
using two	12
invasion efficiency	12
entry receptor	12
strains based	12
pt strain	12
electron microscopic	12
cd ratios	12
substitutions site	12
less severe	12
may contribute	12
coronaviruses porcine	12
probably due	12
viral disease	12
per microscopic	12
us spike	12
serine protease	12
transmission electron	12
likelihood method	12
egg yolk	12
experimental data	12
microscopic area	12
mock group	12
weeks old	12
nm using	12
converting enzyme	12
guinea pig	12
among suckling	12
gold nanoparticles	12
localization signal	12
per litter	12
nd nd	11
strain sm	11
weanling pigs	11
culture passage	11
final concentrations	11
adult pigs	11
ch gsjiii	11
ped vaccine	11
hljby strain	11
compared using	11
dendritic cell	11
cellular immune	11
china molecular	11
persistent diarrhoea	11
different covs	11
chlamydial inclusions	11
microplate reader	11
associated molecular	11
copy numbers	11
immunohistochemical investigation	11
immune protection	11
culture media	11
sequencing analysis	11
human embryonic	11
england biolabs	11
immunohistochemical detection	11
sows mated	11
inoculated boars	11
genetically distinct	11
new england	11
cells stably	11
geometric mean	11
molecular mass	11
pedv propagation	11
cells may	11
mean numbers	11
domain vii	11
san diego	11
taiwan pedv	11
highly effective	11
laser scanning	11
immunofluorescence assays	11
embedded tissues	11
pathogen free	11
length infectious	11
group coronaviruses	11
van cott	11
virus infectivity	11
pedv cotopaxi	11
atcc ccl	11
egf piglets	11
receptor recognition	11
different species	11
asian strains	11
also known	11
protein sequence	11
tagged pedv	11
stainless steel	11
hours post	11
structural genes	11
chinese porcine	11
two main	11
binding site	11
recombinant expression	11
antibody secreting	11
correlation coefficient	11
stained cells	11
transcription pcr	11
national veterinary	11
previously published	11
intestinal mucosal	11
cfc cells	11
cat sera	11
nuclear export	11
previous infection	11
national natural	11
pid compared	11
cell growth	11
gut associated	11
based vaccine	11
prevent pedv	11
daily gain	11
inhibits type	11
surfactin analogues	11
cell clones	11
us borders	11
heterogeneous nuclear	11
dead piglets	11
analysis tools	11
antagonizes beta	11
sequencing data	11
sterile pbs	11
swine bioassay	11
host protein	11
vet microbiol	11
host proteins	11
coronavirus transmissible	11
inverted microscope	11
several studies	11
scientificreports www	11
two large	11
virus slips	11
moisture content	11
reduced expression	11
infection model	11
different farms	11
endou activity	11
ileal mncs	11
well microtiter	11
intestine epithelial	11
showed severe	11
small mammals	11
dried plasma	11
prevailing recently	11
pedv binding	11
may cause	11
membrane cholesterol	11
leader sequence	11
deltacoronavirus strain	11
experimental cv	11
young piglets	11
financial losses	11
embryonic kidney	11
original sample	11
tissue samples	11
loading control	11
findings suggest	11
tcid per	11
risk feed	11
virus outbreaks	11
pii protein	11
intron biotechnology	11
plaque formation	11
porcine viperin	11
infected rabbits	11
two vaccine	11
spiked plasma	11
porcine bocavirus	11
treated virus	11
feed sample	11
tested negative	11
novel outbreak	11
using lipofectamine	11
step hydrolysis	11
affected pigs	11
old conventional	11
harbin veterinary	11
detection rate	11
viral pathogenicity	11
cell membranes	11
way analysis	11
mice immunized	11
primary sites	11
pig virus	11
pedv might	11
free medium	11
antiviral signaling	11
molecular diversity	11
method described	11
commercial vaccines	11
cellular membrane	11
onestep rt	11
will provide	11
five piglets	11
pedv epidemic	11
acidic ph	11
international committee	11
antibody titer	11
mouse proximal	11
mcherry expression	11
heat treatment	11
systemic immune	11
pedv enters	11
pivotal role	11
pedv genomic	11
il i	11
bovine coronavirus	11
immunochromatographic strip	11
retrospective study	11
plasmid encoding	11
proximal apn	11
gene indel	11
prototype cv	11
dorf rluc	11
pig epidemic	11
economic impacts	11
three replicates	11
ad libitum	11
located within	11
including viral	11
genome loads	11
us non	11
economically important	11
neutralization titer	11
cell staining	11
detect antibodies	11
downstream mediators	11
target protein	11
host gene	11
kvhvq motifs	11
fetal calf	11
enzyme digestion	11
antigenic relationship	11
challenge exposure	11
harvest facilities	11
possibly due	11
repeated three	11
high nucleotide	11
storage conditions	11
gene deletion	11
mediated immunity	11
test using	11
two proteins	11
producing countries	11
affect pedv	11
receptor usage	11
different coronaviruses	11
single infection	11
lymphocyte proliferative	11
highly cell	11
virus compared	11
qpcr analysis	11
feline coronaviruses	11
vesicular stomatitis	11
coli bl	11
susceptible cells	11
interferon induction	11
apn promoter	11
neural networks	11
evolutionary relationship	11
virulent parental	11
oral vaccines	11
yn strain	11
causing severe	11
pcr methods	11
bmc vet	11
devastating enteric	11
envelope glycoprotein	11
spread across	11
influenza viruses	10
weaned uninfected	10
coe domain	10
recombinase polymerase	10
intestinal epithelia	10
wild birds	10
affinity chromatography	10
host interactions	10
highly sensitive	10
jejunum tissues	10
genomic deletion	10
acute infection	10
coronavirus entry	10
antiviral agents	10
seronegative sows	10
without blfp	10
goblet cells	10
labeled antibodies	10
elisa positive	10
positive clones	10
virus infected	10
feline sera	10
infectious titers	10
two subgroups	10
antimouse igg	10
negative results	10
last years	10
prokaryotic expression	10
forest model	10
restriction enzymes	10
leopard cats	10
virus inoculation	10
genome using	10
swine intestinal	10
enriched medium	10
two porcine	10
european strains	10
fold changes	10
mouse mab	10
genetic analysis	10
reaction mixture	10
cells cultured	10
two methods	10
gfp nsp	10
recently reported	10
first examined	10
roche diagnostics	10
pedv siga	10
designed using	10
mouse secondary	10
national university	10
type interferon	10
associated coronavirus	10
containing fbs	10
fusion peptide	10
like virus	10
health status	10
virus coronavirus	10
reduce pedv	10
sm gene	10
asian leopard	10
double antibody	10
different levels	10
mrna transcription	10
group piglet	10
cause severe	10
causes endoplasmic	10
molecular probes	10
study provides	10
prcv strains	10
pregnant gilts	10
relatively low	10
performed according	10
virus genomes	10
sequences revealed	10
challenge experiment	10
apn transgene	10
primer sequences	10
studies will	10
many studies	10
global swine	10
one day	10
software package	10
truncated pedv	10
three washings	10
prophylactic effects	10
risk factor	10
polymerase amplification	10
relative gene	10
cell samples	10
lymphocyte proliferation	10
strains porcine	10
histopathological examination	10
significantly enhanced	10
differential expression	10
experimental animals	10
mice vaccinated	10
viral modulation	10
ihc staining	10
online technical	10
samples contained	10
protease inhibitors	10
necrosis factor	10
virus challenge	10
barrier integrity	10
isolation titration	10
nuclear ribonucleoprotein	10
virus binding	10
heparan sulfate	10
producing nk	10
week old	10
two strains	10
tissue specimens	10
lgr cells	10
inoculated cells	10
duplicate wells	10
exogenous proteases	10
cell attachment	10
may provide	10
iga response	10
fluorescent microsphere	10
suckling mice	10
pcr negative	10
isolated strains	10
bat coronavirus	10
pedv pathogenicity	10
old gn	10
prepared using	10
study design	10