bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
vero cells	999
cell lines	385
infected cells	280
respiratory syndrome	264
acute respiratory	238
severe acute	219
cell line	214
porcine epidemic	194
viral rna	184
epidemic diarrhea	178
antiviral activity	177
cell culture	169
vero cell	161
diarrhea virus	146
virus infection	140
infected vero	139
syndrome coronavirus	137
cell death	105
amino acid	105
infectious bronchitis	101
cell fusion	101
spike protein	95
membrane fusion	92
sars coronavirus	89
zika virus	89
well plates	87
viral replication	87
virus entry	82
virus replication	82
bronchitis virus	81
cells infected	81
dengue virus	79
pedv infection	79
tcid ml	77
cov infection	75
herpes simplex	75
novel coronavirus	74
cdna clone	74
three times	73
plaque assay	71
simplex virus	70
room temperature	67
viral infection	67
epithelial cells	66
zikv infection	66
cell types	63
cytopathic effect	63
mg ml	62
viral entry	61
rna viruses	61
doc id	61
cord uid	61
human coronavirus	60
described previously	58
pedv entry	58
cell monolayers	58
bovine serum	56
virus type	56
recombinant ibvs	55
rna synthesis	55
present study	53
tissue culture	53
african green	53
total rna	52
protein expression	51
time rt	51
signaling pathways	51
virus titers	51
monkey kidney	50
plasma membrane	50
fusion activity	50
western blotting	50
growth kinetics	49
previously described	49
mediated endocytosis	49
chikv ls	49
transmissible gastroenteritis	49
western blot	49
intracellular extracts	47
viral titers	47
crude extract	47
per well	47
green monkey	47
time points	47
protein kinase	46
gene expression	46
viral genome	46
mutant virus	45
gd protein	45
cleavage site	45
cells treated	45
signaling pathway	45
infectious virus	45
days post	45
performed using	45
cell viability	44
fetal bovine	44
cells expressing	44
length cdna	44
viral proteins	44
cultured cells	44
reverse genetics	43
blfp crude	43
post infection	43
wild type	43
washed twice	43
rna polymerase	43
culture supernatants	42
different cell	42
cell cultures	42
infectious clone	42
monoclonal antibody	42
mers pseudovirions	41
negative control	41
pedv strains	41
type i	41
culture medium	41
goat anti	41
virus titer	40
coronavirus infectious	40
chikungunya virus	40
low ph	40
ammonium chloride	40
viral protein	40
host cell	39
united states	39
antiviral effect	39
clinical trials	39
viral titer	39
host cells	39
copies ml	39
ck ch	38
sars patients	38
time point	38
ch ldl	38
amino acids	38
chlamydia pecorum	38
coronavirus infection	38
coronavirus spike	38
hepatitis virus	38
neutralizing antibodies	38
infectious cdna	37
cells well	37
pfu ml	37
influenza virus	37
cell surface	37
fever virus	37
inhibitory effect	37
results showed	37
murine coronavirus	36
determined using	36
cotton rats	36
huh cells	36
gds strains	35
ebola virus	35
sabin poliovirus	35
stranded rna	35
nh cl	35
washed three	35
mouse hepatitis	35
nucleocapsid protein	35
spike glycoprotein	35
cdna clones	35
antiviral activities	35
viral particles	34
structural proteins	34
medium containing	34
control cells	33
cytopathic effects	33
gastroenteritis virus	33
poliovirus type	33
syncytia formation	33
cells transfected	33
neutralizing antibody	33
genomic rna	33
cell entry	32
middle east	32
different concentrations	32
ped virus	32
independent experiments	32
beaudette strain	32
chlamydia abortus	32
replication kinetics	32
also observed	31
viral load	31
expression levels	31
nucleotide sequence	31
previous studies	31
west nile	31
virus isolation	31
results suggest	31
dq cells	31
may also	30
myricetin may	30
life cycle	30
induce apoptosis	30
antiviral drugs	30
body weight	30
copy number	29
genome sequence	29
well plate	29
serially diluted	29
clinical signs	29
trypsin treatment	29
bile acids	29
immune responses	29
mouse igg	29
reverse transcription	28
significantly higher	28
determine whether	28
approved drugs	28
immunofluorescence assay	28
nitric oxide	28
monoclonal antibodies	28
ffu ml	28
three independent	28
culture supernatant	27
sequence analysis	27
vaccine strain	27
previously reported	27
treated cells	27
antiviral agents	27
cov replication	27
time pcr	27
adapted ibv	27
immune response	27
vaccine development	27
east respiratory	27
blot analysis	27
escherichia coli	26
protease inhibitors	26
aurintricarboxylic acid	26
statistically significant	26
nile virus	26
rna levels	26
reverse transcriptase	26
control group	26
mutant viruses	26
syncytium formation	26
coronavirus replication	26
conformational changes	25
produced virus	25
significant difference	25
vitro prophylactic	25
infected mice	25
horseradish peroxidase	25
parental virus	25
results indicated	25
rna interference	25
receptor binding	25
increasing concentrations	25
virus yield	25
induced cell	25
plaque assays	25
open reading	24
virus stock	24
cells via	24
inhibitory activity	24
animal models	24
kidney cells	24
virus adsorption	24
rna replication	24
crystal violet	24
public health	24
chikv infection	24
hela cells	24
synthetic viruses	24
fisher scientific	23
antiviral compounds	23
dynamin ii	23
secondary antibody	23
plaque phenotype	23
helicase protein	23
genbank accession	23
fusion protein	23
conjugated goat	23
virus production	23
virus particles	23
buffered saline	23
log copies	23
infectious diseases	23
thermo fisher	23
induces apoptosis	23
japanese encephalitis	22
cell infection	22
ml streptomycin	22
plate reader	22
measured using	22
taken together	22
porcine nidovirus	22
porcine reproductive	22
fresh medium	22
nucleic acid	22
avian infectious	22
alexa fluor	22
length transcripts	22
enter cells	22
gene mutants	22
innate immune	22
coronavirus associated	22
late endosomes	22
new coronavirus	22
ml penicillin	22
binding site	22
lipid raft	22
pi medium	22
serial dilutions	21
antiviral effects	21
important role	21
rna virus	21
different time	21
toremifene citrate	21
syndrome virus	21
graphpad prism	21
encephalitis virus	21
replication cycle	21
cell monolayer	21
rescued virus	21
gasseri cmul	21
del pedv	21
mdck cells	21
chikv replication	21
inhibitory effects	21
antiviral drug	21
intact pedv	21
ml trypsin	21
virus strain	21
viral shedding	21
viral infections	20
kidney cell	20
invasion rates	20
induced apoptosis	20
mesenteroides ypk	20
iu ml	20
flow cytometry	20
proteolytic cleavage	20
swine fever	20
intracellular viral	20
dependent rna	20
significant differences	20
cell lysates	20
significantly reduced	20
ic values	20
two viruses	20
virus rna	19
applied biosystems	19
authors declare	19
genome sequences	19
virus stocks	19
vaccine candidate	19
primary antibodies	19
vaccinia virus	19
vesicular stomatitis	19
virus strains	19
quantitative rt	19
associated coronavirus	19
avian coronavirus	19
essential medium	19
error bars	19
analyzed using	19
sialic acid	19
viral vaccines	19
viral stock	19
genetics system	19
atcc ccl	19
african swine	19
genome copy	19
pcr analysis	19
electron microscopy	19
activated protein	18
pcr products	18
commercially available	18
kindly provided	18
epidemic diarrhoea	18
spectrum antiviral	18
human immunodeficiency	18
enveloped viruses	18
type iii	18
cells using	18
syncytial virus	18
respiratory syncytial	18
supplementary file	18
vaccine production	18
respiratory tract	18
statistical significance	18
two cell	18
coronavirus disease	18
strand rna	18
treatment group	18
growth medium	18
antisense oligonucleotide	18
rabbit igg	18
hemorrhagic fever	18
sam binding	18
fluorescence microscope	18
i interferon	18
cells grown	18
confluent vero	18
junin virus	18
chlamydial persistence	17
entry process	17
reporter gene	17
mouse monoclonal	17
transcription factor	17
envelope protein	17
cells per	17
tumor cell	17
antiviral efficacy	17
induced cytopathic	17
chlamydia trachomatis	17
weight loss	17
selectivity index	17
recombinant virus	17
target cells	17
sars vaccine	17
subgenomic rna	17
cell spread	17
mouse model	17
widely used	17
lactic acid	17
fold serial	17
distilled water	17
immunodeficiency virus	17
two different	17
infected patients	17
complete genome	17
old pigs	17
signal transduction	17
primary antibody	17
diarrhoea virus	17
endocytic pathway	17
dendritic cells	17
cells exposed	17
infected cell	16
rabbit anti	16
day old	16
early stages	16
untreated cells	16
forming assay	16
infection experiments	16
life technologies	16
lung epithelial	16
polyclonal antibodies	16
ace cells	16
agarose gel	16
plaque size	16
kefir grains	16
binding domain	16
watery diarrhea	16
san diego	16
focus forming	16
host interactions	16
measles virus	16
using vero	16
subgenomic mrnas	16
biosafety level	16
stomatitis virus	16
virus control	16
recent studies	16
standard deviations	16
virus neutralization	16
human cell	16
virus binding	16
consensus sequence	16
respiratory disease	16
growth properties	16
proteolytic processing	16
cell membrane	16
cell cycle	16
plaque reduction	15
positive control	15
expressing cells	15
highly pathogenic	15
per cell	15
passage virus	15
standard deviation	15
porcine aminopeptidase	15
significantly lower	15
vitro antiviral	15
plaque formation	15
containing trypsin	15
viral spike	15
hantavirus replication	15
growth factors	15
egfr pi	15
virus titration	15
serine protease	15
results demonstrate	15
vero jcrb	15
dependent manner	15
virus growth	15
disease virus	15
viral fusion	15
virus produced	15
empty vector	15
point mutation	15
detection limit	15
pfu cell	15
mock group	15
thermofisher scientific	15
subgenomic mrna	15
statistical analysis	15
results suggested	15
reduction assay	15
acidic ph	15
cells showed	15
clinical symptoms	15
mm tris	15
ng ml	15
neutral ph	15
high titers	15
molecular biology	14
related coronavirus	14
protein synthesis	14
mammalian cells	14
virus input	14
polyclonal antibody	14
norway trondheim	14
protease inhibitor	14
fluorescent protein	14
spike proteins	14
accessory proteins	14
pcr assay	14
serine proteases	14
mice infected	14
neutralizing activity	14
yellow fever	14
bars represent	14
rabbit polyclonal	14
persistent infection	14
whole genome	14
positive cells	14
virus infections	14
cytotoxic effect	14
way anova	14
calf serum	14
culture plates	14
insect cells	14
apoptosis via	14
viral envelope	14
endoplasmic reticulum	14
lung cells	14
guinea pigs	14
parental rmv	14
viral antigen	14
hsv infection	14
dmem supplemented	14
transfected cells	14
phylogenetic analysis	14
gds strain	14
intestinal epithelial	14
bat flies	14
pedv strain	14
host factors	14
novel human	14
leukocytic interferon	14
closely related	13
cell survival	13
cells may	13
forming units	13
serum albumin	13
medium alone	13
reverse primer	13
drug repurposing	13
various concentrations	13
quantified using	13
fold dilutions	13
restriction sites	13
infectious disease	13
viral genomic	13
reading frame	13
drug candidates	13
analysis showed	13
bacillus subtilis	13
ifitm cells	13
virus inoculum	13
coronavirus nl	13
peak titer	13
also found	13
mm nh	13
rna transcription	13
small intestine	13
three cell	13
inhibit sars	13
jev production	13
antiviral therapy	13
acid substitutions	13
transcripts containing	13
sindbis virus	13
mouse anti	13
suckling piglets	13
data suggest	13
animal model	13
per ml	13
reading frames	13
cellular rna	13
lm snap	13
genome sequencing	13
small intestinal	13
disease control	13
hong kong	13
virus gd	13
secondary antibodies	13
ibv beaudette	13
visualized using	13
duplex rt	13
severe diarrhea	13
turkey eragem	13
infectious clones	13
pedv icpc	13
pfu well	13
experimental infection	13
growth curves	13
human respiratory	13
mesenteroides subsp	13
endosomal acidification	12
pcr using	12
porcine nidoviruses	12
indicated times	12
blocking buffer	12
human primate	12
cell lineage	12
lg ml	12
human lung	12
vaccine candidates	12
functional receptor	12
monitored daily	12
reference genome	12
akt pathway	12
incubation period	12
endosomal compartments	12
mini kit	12
clinical trial	12
cell tropism	12
culture media	12
previous study	12
also shown	12
sera samples	12
well tissue	12
economic losses	12
neutral red	12
aedes albopictus	12
leader sequence	12
virus propagation	12
hu mutants	12
nonstructural protein	12
like protease	12
real time	12
virus infectivity	12
invasion efficiency	12
final concentration	12
ic value	12
inoculated piglets	12
protein gene	12
nonstructural proteins	12
dmem containing	12
epithelial cell	12
three replicates	12
antisense oligonucleotides	12
vaginal lactobacilli	12
new world	12
linked immunosorbent	12
terminal domain	12
nucleotide sequences	12
dna fragments	12
human cytomegalovirus	12
early endosomes	12
guinea pig	12
lysosomotropic agents	12
media containing	12
also showed	12
enteric coronavirus	12
health organization	12
nns rna	12
reverse genetic	12
gastroenteritis coronavirus	12
graphpad software	12
block hsv	12
cathepsin inhibitors	12
fecal viral	12
high level	12
two independent	12
stat signaling	12
immune cells	11
rna copies	11
ge healthcare	11
dengue activity	11
mem containing	11
world health	11
fda approved	11
inhibitory activities	11
infect vero	11
single infection	11
parental pedvpt	11
live attenuated	11
genomic sequence	11
enzymatic activities	11
cell substrates	11
human airway	11
rna transcripts	11
pedv infected	11
based assay	11
acid binding	11
catalog number	11
molecular docking	11
green fluorescent	11
culture collection	11
mutant transcripts	11
mrna cap	11
rna genome	11
family coronaviridae	11
direct interaction	11
cells overexpressing	11
quality control	11
infectious viral	11
acid bacteria	11
based assays	11
data sets	11
animal experiments	11
whether pedv	11
forward primer	11
also used	11
chlamydial inclusions	11
investigated whether	11
akt signaling	11
virus attachment	11
log pfu	11
high viral	11
ct value	11
week old	11
patients recovered	11
pcr fragments	11
antibody response	11
nd nd	11
results demonstrated	11
vitro transcription	11
primary human	11
antibody titers	11
porcine enteric	11
chlorocebus sabaeus	11
ifitm proteins	11
cell layer	11
commonly used	11
cytotoxic concentration	11
highly conserved	11
cell type	11
cells ml	11
discontinuous transcription	11
pedv isolate	11
recombinant viruses	11
gel electrophoresis	11
national institute	11
prism software	11
clinical use	11
mapk signaling	11
confluent monolayers	11
virus life	11
suckling mice	11
airway epithelial	11
investigate whether	11
future studies	11
binding activity	11
seven recombinant	11
least three	11
spike gene	11
viral progeny	11
viral infectivity	11
supplementary table	11
considered statistically	11
high levels	11
rna extracted	11
dna viruses	11
much lower	11
sterile pbs	11
associated virus	11
fixed concentration	11
specific primers	11
four days	11
acid sequences	11
assay using	11
sequence data	11
epi isl	11
using graphpad	11
minimum essential	11
il i	11
pfu per	11
human ace	10
calculated using	10
acidophilus cmul	10
cells containing	10
viral antigens	10
cfu ml	10
first step	10
apoptosis induced	10
neutralization assay	10
cov spike	10
buffer containing	10
virulent pedvpt	10
virus release	10
data presented	10
minimal essential	10
cellular receptor	10
biological processes	10
prophylactic effects	10
vero ccl	10
cell membranes	10
ms ms	10
conjugated anti	10
immunosorbent assay	10
like particles	10
conformational change	10
extracellular viral	10
free virions	10
interferon alpha	10
genetically stable	10
host immune	10
elevated levels	10
swine enteric	10
sample buffer	10
multiple comparison	10
endosomal pathway	10
interferon production	10
sg mrna	10
kidney epithelial	10
nidovirus replication	10
cellular receptors	10
carrying mutations	10
plantarum cmul	10
significantly inhibited	10
free mem	10
nidovirus infection	10
inhibition assay	10
recombinant human	10
time course	10
coding region	10
ec values	10
peak titers	10
bac cdna	10
egfp reporter	10
cov genome	10
equal volume	10
endosomal membrane	10
acid sequence	10
type culture	10
swine industry	10
serum samples	10
ibv genome	10
chicken embryo	10
genetic stability	10
fold higher	10
comparative analysis	10
growth factor	10
virus vaccine	10
fusion domain	10
natural isolates	10
mm hepes	10
two recombinant	10
without trypsin	10
rna level	10
directed mutagenesis	10
genome landscape	10
dual infections	10
different stages	10
detected using	10
extracted using	10
infectious peritonitis	10
coronavirus nucleocapsid	10
heterogenous hvrs	10
dengue viruses	10
virus isolates	10
bat origin	10
clinical isolate	10
wash buffer	10
cold pbs	10
zikv replication	10
animal care	10
per group	10
embryonated eggs	10
considered significant	10
feline infectious	10
sequence alignment	10
protein induces	10
llcmk cells	10
metabolic activity	10
without blfp	10
concentration ranging	10
side effects	10
american type	10
mixed infections	10
mv vaccine	10
cov rna	10
low toxicity	10
peak viral	10
novel anti	10
asfv infection	10
human cells	10
respiratory distress	10
single amino	10
coronavirus genome	10
adventitious agents	9
expression level	9
cell receptor	9
highly permissive	9
points post	9
mediated entry	9
phosphate broth	9
viruses including	9
penicillin streptomycin	9
washing three	9
downstream targets	9
lymphocytic choriomeningitis	9
cells electroporated	9
host range	9
full genome	9
human betacoronavirus	9
biological functions	9
protein mab	9
day post	9
represent standard	9
virus internalization	9
zikv rna	9
coronavirus receptor	9
three washings	9
emerging viral	9
ebov activity	9
i ifn	9
distress syndrome	9
transferred onto	9
specific mab	9
subgenomic promoter	9
continuous cell	9
maintenance medium	9
coated pit	9
cdna synthesis	9
exogenous proteases	9
thank dr	9
potential antiviral	9
virus assembly	9
gd proteins	9
drug administration	9
dimethyl sulfoxide	9
similar results	9
mrna transcription	9
institutional animal	9
denv replication	9
tryptose phosphate	9
cells stably	9
vitro studies	9
attenuated vaccine	9
acid substitution	9
molecular probes	9
copy numbers	9
early stage	9
significant inhibition	9
progeny yield	9
porcine cell	9
also assessed	9
plaque forming	9
sabin type	9
cellular entry	9
choriomeningitis virus	9
neutralization capacity	9
neutralization test	9
results obtained	9
entire genome	9
accession number	9
viral diseases	9
inhibit viral	9
sense rna	9
ribavirin treatment	9
mammalian cell	9
synthesized transcripts	9
blotting assay	9
virus expressing	9
differentially expressed	9
polyclonal sera	9
log tcid	9
generation sequencing	9
mrna capping	9
co atmosphere	9
luciferase activity	9
human coronaviruses	9
effective concentration	9
swine acute	9
specific antibody	9
mortality rates	9
cells pretreated	9
units ml	9
may interact	9
urgent need	9
envelope glycoprotein	9
type virus	9
indirect immunofluorescence	9
current study	9
data indicate	9
high mortality	9
mtt assay	9
dmem rpmi	9
mg kg	9
blind passages	9
endocytic pathways	9
spinal cord	9
pedv co	9
point mutations	9
supplementary data	9
plate format	9
quantitative real	9
sequencing analysis	9
study demonstrated	9
important roles	9
nafamostat mesylate	9
antigen expression	9
essential role	9
also identified	9
sybr green	9
reduced virus	9
well microplates	9
cells produced	9
hours post	9
converting enzyme	9
res doi	9
length infectious	9
vitro model	9
pcr amplification	9
coronavirus entry	9
confocal microscope	9
group showed	9
viral stocks	9
complete inhibition	9
fusion process	9
also significantly	9
replicated efficiently	9
virus showed	9
throughput screening	8
use committee	8
hsv binding	8
endothelial cells	8
functional characterization	8
suspension cell	8
lethal dose	8
coinfection group	8
new cell	8
ultrastructural changes	8
determined relative	8
dependent endocytosis	8
expression vector	8
infect cells	8
viral loads	8
mediated inhibition	8
significant reduction	8
nelfinavir mesylate	8
cycle threshold	8
may affect	8
recently emerged	8
two replicates	8
screening assay	8
viral rnas	8
free dmem	8
stably expressing	8
entry via	8
significantly decreased	8
studies showed	8
clinical management	8
type specific	8
reporter virus	8
complete protection	8
broome virus	8
rna shedding	8
apoptotic cell	8
proteolytic activation	8
viral spread	8
blotting analysis	8
antiviral response	8
entry inhibitors	8
cell metabolic	8
genome replication	8
inoculated group	8
drug repositioning	8
inoculated onto	8
persistently infected	8
viral life	8
bronchitis coronavirus	8
like proteinase	8
chemical inhibitors	8
head syndrome	8
plasmid pcdna	8
control wells	8
peritonitis virus	8
information processing	8
fecal consistency	8
cells cultured	8
mediated antiviral	8
enteric alphacoronavirus	8
stock virus	8
confocal microscopy	8
methyl cellulose	8
virus envelope	8
swollen head	8
potent antiviral	8
viral pathogenesis	8
first time	8
mock infected	8
using lipofectamine	8
lines tested	8
assay showed	8
viral pathogens	8
transcribed rna	8
porcine deltacoronavirus	8
like cleavage	8
noncoding rna	8
pedv rna	8
second transfection	8
dendritic cell	8
science foundation	8
virus glycoprotein	8
respiratory coronavirus	8
chikv strains	8
direct virucidal	8
cell proliferation	8
french polynesia	8
tissue tropism	8
using trizol	8
mediated membrane	8
using anti	8
international committee	8
virus genome	8
dominant negative	8
previous reports	8
specific monoclonal	8
culture flask	8
plos one	8
optical density	8
new variants	8
traditional chinese	8
results confirmed	8
cycle progression	8
infectious sars	8
coronavirus infections	8
cleavage products	8
rubella virus	8
containing fbs	8
susceptible cell	8
incubated overnight	8
likely due	8
study showed	8
different treatment	8
total number	8
clinically approved	8
transcription mechanism	8
also demonstrated	8
type ii	8
mutant rzikv	8
rhvr i	8
one day	8
pcr kit	8
various time	8
infected monolayers	8
hydrogen bond	8
mediated endocytic	8
representative experiment	8
antiviral research	8
equal amounts	8
developmental cycle	8
borne encephalitis	8
mutation frequency	8
subgenomic rnas	8
forming unit	8
co incubator	8
polymerase chain	8
asterisks indicate	8
ribosomal rna	8
clinical studies	8
anova followed	8
fusion proteins	8
lysis buffer	8
st cells	8
clinical samples	8
isolate knu	8
various types	8
molecular characterization	8
blood samples	8
serum concentration	8
regulated deps	8
master mix	8
antiviral ability	8
sus scrofa	8
treated vero	8
light microscopy	8
class i	8
leuconostoc mesenteroides	8
without myricetin	8
ebov mak	8
treatment groups	8
lipid rafts	8
serial passages	8
nucleotide substitutions	8
sialic acids	8
pedv infectivity	8
reverse primers	8
inverted microscope	8
chlamydial infection	8
transcripts generated	8
fresh vero	8
effective antiviral	8
vitro transcribed	8
induce cell	8
five fragments	8
cellular membranes	8
hsv gd	8
curve analysis	8
cells date	8
growth performance	8
coronavirus ibv	8
cysteine protease	8
kda protein	7
probably due	7
dengue infection	7
us strains	7
continuous treatment	7
chikv rna	7
fluorescent focus	7
hematopoietic cell	7
infectious particles	7
highest concentration	7
transcription factors	7
conjugated secondary	7
orally inoculated	7
terminal region	7
described elsewhere	7
several coronaviruses	7
pcr system	7
infected groups	7
myricetin treatment	7
first case	7
treatment stage	7
treated virus	7
animal cells	7
fruit bats	7
bhk cells	7
transmission electron	7
immune system	7
dna fragmentation	7
inhibits zika	7
baboon orthoreovirus	7
tissue sections	7
wide range	7
endocytosis pathway	7
data analysis	7
statistical analyses	7
wt sequence	7
neutralization tests	7
like particle	7
rpoa gene	7
response curve	7
inhibit cell	7
high virus	7
purified using	7
effectively inhibit	7
bac clone	7
five days	7
data indicated	7
antibody responses	7
biological properties	7
step rt	7
induced cpe	7
better understanding	7
mapk activation	7
mortality rate	7
sequencing reads	7
virus isolate	7
membrane protein	7
cells compared	7
different types	7
analysis revealed	7
human hepatoma	7
standard error	7
detection kit	7
similar kinetics	7
recent study	7
technical assistance	7
cells also	7
mm nacl	7
chemical synthesis	7
production processes	7
may cause	7
mm edta	7
therapeutic strategies	7
protein production	7
graph pad	7
accession numbers	7
bars indicate	7
response curves	7
first reported	7
outer capsid	7
additional file	7
virus present	7
cloning strategy	7
course analysis	7
vehicle control	7
agarose gels	7
induced membrane	7
hsv entry	7
matrix protein	7
passage number	7
novel therapeutic	7
research center	7
broad spectrum	7
viral foci	7
synthesized full	7
available antiviral	7
virus penetration	7
generated using	7
similar growth	7
acid position	7
internalized pedv	7
cell nucleus	7
via endocytosis	7
negative strand	7
chain reaction	7
inhibitory concentration	7
may block	7
rna mini	7
days two	7
see supplementary	7
second passage	7
extracellular supernatants	7
viral activity	7
bacterial cells	7
chicken eggs	7
much smaller	7
transmembrane serine	7
jev plaque	7
hela cell	7
step growth	7
bei resources	7
qiaamp viral	7
using two	7
capsid protein	7
coronavirus hku	7
associated protein	7
acid identity	7
rna copy	7
nuclear factor	7
cell adhesion	7
reduction assays	7
virus particle	7
competing interests	7
newcastle disease	7
free medium	7
indian ocean	7
pedv isolation	7
citrate buffer	7
recombinant mv	7
immunofluorescent staining	7
sars pseudovirions	7
heptad repeat	7
zikv group	7
southern china	7
protease tmprss	7
lopinavir ritonavir	7
fluorescence intensity	7
infectious dose	7
cultured vero	7
avian influenza	7
genital herpes	7
gene sequences	7
assay conditions	7
many viruses	7
factor receptor	7
loading control	7
subsequently incubated	7
virus activity	7
pcr results	7
passaged virus	7
binding assay	7
igg antibody	7
via clathrin	7
mean values	7
one representative	7
ibv strains	7
tissue samples	7
isolated virus	7
perinuclear region	7
virus spike	7
effective vaccines	7
terminal amino	7
structural protein	7
fecal pedv	7
method described	7
map kinase	7
later time	7
culture model	7
adhesion molecule	7
small molecule	7
semliki forest	7
trypsin inhibitor	7
chloroquine treatment	7
recognizes residues	7
quasispecies diversity	7
research community	7
fold diluted	7
primer sequences	7
mouth disease	7
genus alphacoronavirus	7
cellular proteins	7
viral quasispecies	7
also inhibited	7
culture infective	7
korean pedv	7
forest virus	7
binding protein	7
influenza viruses	7
bronchial epithelial	7
line vero	7
jcrb cells	7
fusion activities	7
virus ns	7
may lead	7
entry step	7
rna production	7
ifn treatment	7
natural isolate	7
viral genomes	7
one hour	7
well clusters	7
dependent kinase	7
gene copies	7
also confirmed	7
sanofi pasteur	7
susceptible cells	7
overlay medium	7
eagle medium	7
emerging viruses	7
virus passage	7
scale bars	7
genomic characterization	7
chloroquine derivatives	7
old spf	7
one doi	7
data obtained	7
pathway groups	7
permissive cell	7
emerging coronaviruses	7
bac approach	7
severe disease	7
isg genes	7
experimental conditions	7
trypsin cleavage	7
diploid cell	7
order nidovirales	7
infected tissues	7
severe covid	7
hydrogen peroxide	7
oxide synthase	7
microbiol doi	7
female balb	7
cdna fragments	7
etiological agent	7
several studies	7
rhesus macaque	7
host response	7
following infection	7
also known	7
template dna	7
viral membrane	7
primer pairs	7
pigs infected	7
egfp expression	7
plasmids encoding	7
pedv activity	7
structural basis	7
transcription kit	7
australia vic	6
rabies virus	6
ion channels	6
inhibitory action	6
derived cell	6
relatedness values	6
two times	6
marburg virus	6
compared using	6
culture infectious	6
serine proteolysis	6
like coronavirus	6
cycle arrest	6
group coronaviruses	6
bacterial expression	6
inclusion size	6
yield inhibition	6
efficient replication	6
syncytial cells	6
also determined	6
four different	6
see also	6
mediated fusion	6
probiotic bacteria	6
protein may	6
highly contagious	6
intestinal contents	6
genes involved	6
kg ton	6
gn piglets	6
neutralization assays	6
chronic hepatitis	6
foetal calf	6
gene ontology	6
paulo city	6
means control	6
dodecyl sulfate	6
drug concentrations	6
south korea	6
muench method	6
glass coverslips	6
deleted region	6
internalization assay	6
chlorogenic acid	6
infected host	6
comparison tests	6
sequence comparison	6
studies will	6
kg cells	6
sequencing data	6
crystal structure	6
higher virus	6
time reverse	6
serially passaged	6
using specific	6
performed according	6
phage display	6
virol doi	6
three different	6
plaque sizes	6
ypk possessed	6
horseshoe bats	6
left panel	6
inclusions consisting	6
cr vi	6
polyacrylamide gel	6
currently available	6
coronavirus mhv	6
viral binding	6
cho cells	6
homozygous deletion	6
hcv infection	6
abc kit	6
virus disease	6
using primers	6
heavy chain	6
well culture	6
protein samples	6
antiviral strategies	6
jcrb cell	6
mrna levels	6
human papillomavirus	6
highly virulent	6
new porcine	6
inoculated pigs	6
blood cell	6
log ffu	6
passaged sabin	6
previous findings	6
rneasy mini	6
block viral	6
mesylate hydrate	6
genome segments	6
showed higher	6
direct fusion	6
relative cell	6
fusing activity	6
flavivirus infection	6
plaque purification	6
much less	6
bacterial artificial	6
grand island	6
nitrocellulose membrane	6
vitro using	6
relatively low	6
daily gain	6
coronavirus oc	6
binding sites	6
viable cells	6
repeat region	6
virus fusion	6
diluted virus	6
rna helicase	6
pedv may	6
single infections	6
infected pigs	6
seed virus	6
arg residue	6
main proteinase	6
reduced viral	6
fluorescent assay	6
first transfection	6
randomly assigned	6
observational study	6
mm chloroquine	6
receptor protein	6
pedv invasion	6
coinfection groups	6
establishing persistent	6
capsid layer	6
first passages	6
recombinant rmv	6
including sars	6
infectious viruses	6
unless otherwise	6
cellular proteases	6
porcine transmissible	6
therapeutic drugs	6
sucrose cushion	6
state university	6
related viruses	6
light microscope	6
fecal shedding	6
yfv plaques	6
infective dose	6
confirmed covid	6
higher levels	6
standard curve	6
signal transducer	6
chlamydia pneumoniae	6
onto fresh	6
pedv enters	6
serial dilution	6
parental rzikv	6
positive controls	6
protective efficacy	6
convalescent sera	6
jev infection	6
feed additive	6
fusion peptide	6
phosphate buffered	6
cellular processes	6
pedv particles	6
existing drugs	6
selected passages	6
days later	6
pedv activities	6
viral control	6
higher cell	6
pfu pig	6
software version	6
repurposing library	6
significant antiviral	6
kda polypeptide	6
results indicate	6
newborn piglets	6
minor variants	6
mouse secondary	6
nucleotide changes	6
mild diarrhea	6
may play	6
previous results	6
coronavirus rna	6
dependent pathway	6
linear fit	6
fold reduction	6
pcr product	6
infection model	6
plasma igg	6
undefined functions	6
gene sequence	6
antibody titer	6
short reads	6
puerto rico	6
human leukocyte	6
grey lines	6
immunostaining using	6
lab isolates	6
phase ii	6
parental vaccine	6
without fbs	6
stimulated genes	6
viral plaques	6
apoptosis induction	6
indicated time	6
prophylactic effect	6
results confirm	6
dengue hemorrhagic	6
neonatal piglets	6
viral inhibition	6
spot number	6
common cold	6
biorxiv doi	6
ring finger	6
primers used	6
gastrointestinal tract	6
immunofluorescence microscopy	6
gut microbiota	6
pedv blfp	6
causative agent	6
cells without	6
fecal samples	6
human cd	6
epidermal growth	6
later stages	6
fusogenic orthoreovirus	6
saudi arabia	6
negative mutant	6
small interfering	6
thermo scientific	6
north america	6
inhibit hsv	6
detect viral	6
invasion rate	6
medium supplemented	6
conducted using	6
average daily	6
cov receptor	6
blocking solution	6
cercopithecus aethiops	6
pedv infections	6
molecular mechanisms	6
using human	6
replicase polyproteins	6
biogenic amines	6
ace expression	6
soybean trypsin	6
well known	6
vitro models	6
neutralization titer	6
recently reported	6
virus yields	6
two fragments	6
synergistic effect	6
therapeutic agents	6
antibody conjugated	6
regulated kinase	6
progeny virus	6
indicated concentrations	6
experiments performed	6
red lines	6
limb paralysis	6
natural host	6
sequence identity	6
variable response	6
entry assay	6
vaccine design	6
first passage	6
viral titration	6
five times	6
prevent zikv	6
strongly inhibited	6
determined whether	6
organismal systems	6
breast cancer	6
orf gene	6
nested set	6
field strains	6
viral mrna	6
ifitm expression	6
akt proteins	6
foci formation	6
right panel	6
initiate internalization	6
old world	6
early infection	6
fluorescence microscopy	6
human diploid	6
hu carrying	6
high degree	6
necrosis factor	6
entry mechanism	6
sb cells	6
possessed anti	6
effective anti	6
neighboring cells	6
rgn infectious	6
infected animals	6
many studies	6
pretreated cells	6
polyclonal serum	6
experimentally infected	6
ifa assay	6
two groups	6
zikv strains	6
approved drug	6
mm ammonium	6
inhibiting sars	6
artificial chromosome	6
replication properties	6
phylogenetic analyses	6
species transmission	6
van dinten	6
stimulated gene	6
attenuated vaccines	6
entry pathway	6
virology doi	6
actin reorganization	6
conserved among	6
cpe reduction	6
total cellular	6
cm tissue	6
genetic diversity	6
ongoing clinical	6
intraperitoneal therapy	6
hsv infected	6
endogenous ifitm	6
blocks cell	6
del pedvs	6
previously shown	6
swine pedv	6
pedv specific	6
ebov infection	6
rabbit antiserum	6
reactive oxygen	6
derived virus	6
cells together	6
qpcr using	6
ph environment	6
infection media	6
negative mutants	6
resistant viruses	6
lymph nodes	6
chlamydial developmental	6
internalized virus	6
green monkeys	6
highly expressed	6
ctrl means	6
cytokine chemokine	6
old female	6
variant strains	6
species severe	6
enveloped virus	6
differ significantly	6
pedv polyclonal	6
genome size	6
particle associated	6
severe clinical	6
disease caused	6
embryonated chicken	6
cells three	6
natural science	6
cov proteins	6
assigned values	6
covinfected cells	6
coding sequence	6
hind limb	6
cut fragment	6
three hvrs	6
clinical isolates	6
late stage	6
also tested	6
significantly different	6
glo assay	6
may help	6
potent inhibitor	6
respiratory illness	6
human metapneumovirus	6
peripheral blood	6
effective vaccine	6
positive serum	6
genome organization	6
previous report	6
new insights	6
zinc binding	6
health concern	6
animal species	6
induced cytotoxicity	5
clinical manifestations	5
lung tissue	5
cpe inhibition	5
entry followed	5
antiviral defense	5
transcription complexes	5
dose dependent	5
higher concentrations	5
orthoreovirus genus	5
good candidate	5
unique restriction	5
i ii	5
scale bar	5
therapeutic potential	5
membrane permeability	5
used cell	5
nonessential amino	5
transduction pathways	5
log rna	5
incubation times	5
target cell	5
test compared	5
gastric adenocarcinoma	5
bl mice	5
tne buffer	5
using different	5
additional mutations	5
two interferons	5
significant increase	5
blast analysis	5
potential anti	5
internalized virions	5
experimental groups	5
acid changes	5
poultry industry	5
multiple sequence	5
hl cells	5
innate antiviral	5
loaded onto	5
ibv rna	5
using spss	5
lab species	5
shedding titers	5
wide variety	5
specific viral	5
reverse transcribed	5
developing countries	5
primate cells	5
derived vero	5
five female	5
polybasic cleavage	5
cotton rat	5
central nervous	5
aberrant chlamydial	5
amplified using	5
massively parallel	5
two piglets	5
ml per	5
cm flask	5
type infection	5
pedv inoculation	5
genes coding	5
viral glycoproteins	5
length genome	5
glass slides	5
additional files	5
contact piglets	5
cancer cell	5
infected piglets	5
pedv positive	5
sodium hypochlorite	5
reduces viral	5
also probed	5
vectastain abc	5
cell genome	5
limited number	5
universal type	5
induces membrane	5
entry occurs	5
pure chemical	5
overlapping dna	5
aberrant bodies	5
full protection	5
world bats	5
displayed peptides	5
infectious rna	5
regulatory factor	5
national taiwan	5
successful isolation	5
neutralizing mabs	5
pedv spike	5
phosphorothioate protection	5
virus detection	5
approved antiviral	5
production process	5
modified eagle	5
isolate pedv	5
pcr reactions	5
protective immunity	5
cell supernatants	5
infectious titer	5
intranasal interferon	5
active compounds	5
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treated control	5
read alignment	5
bovine viral	5
genetic assembly	5
assays indicated	5
delta virus	5
mediated death	5
cells incubated	5
mrna species	5
relatively high	5
england biolabs	5
infection might	5
biomedical sciences	5
bsl facilities	5
nitrogen intermediates	5
entry depends	5
deduced amino	5
dual infection	5
lower viral	5
units per	5
economic loss	5
treated group	5
completely inhibited	5
fermented products	5
three blind	5
content imaging	5
coronavirus sars	5
human use	5
large deletion	5
new england	5
two types	5
genomic sequences	5
plates seeded	5
cancer cells	5
mm dtt	5
generated two	5
terminal kinase	5
mouse antibody	5
analysis indicated	5
interfering rna	5
reduce viral	5
late endosome	5
fold lower	5
cells induces	5
acid extraction	5
us porcine	5
low levels	5
calculated based	5
incubation time	5
celisa results	5
specific antibodies	5
biological replicates	5
lab strains	5
sample collection	5
bacterial intracellular	5
induced syncytia	5
vitro inhibition	5
less infectious	5
binding stage	5
rna sequence	5
mast cells	5
higher neutralizing	5
buffered formalin	5
cholesterol accumulation	5
nm harringtonine	5
nucleoside analogues	5
exhibited anti	5
ngs reads	5
inactivated virus	5
mediated virus	5
gii subtype	5
persistent infections	5
vivo studies	5
gene synthesis	5
log reduction	5
inhibits influenza	5
two mutant	5
naturally infected	5
rousettus aegyptiacus	5
nakayama strain	5
viral particle	5
national key	5
aligned using	5
acute diarrhea	5
antiviral potential	5
sequence alignments	5
persistent sars	5
viability assay	5
phase i	5
antiviral immune	5
productive infection	5
washing twice	5
infectious center	5
enzymes involved	5
hu strain	5
infected individuals	5
protein cleavage	5
days old	5
south american	5
fetal calf	5
cause respiratory	5
polyclonal nsp	5
maximum likelihood	5
tumor cells	5
antibody staining	5
specific neutralizing	5
mycophenolic acid	5
viruses enter	5
rational design	5
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quantitative pcr	5
viral material	5
maximal inhibitory	5
mv mutants	5
blood mononuclear	5
molecular function	5
experimentally inoculated	5
lentiviruses pseudotyped	5
specific igg	5
chemically synthesized	5
genetic marker	5
infection induces	5
hsv effects	5
virus inhibition	5
stably cloned	5
adsorption assay	5
myricetin possessed	5
jansen van	5
four times	5
potential inhibitors	5
emerging virus	5
protect cells	5
novel orthoreovirus	5
neuraminidase inhibitors	5
van vuren	5
cells appeared	5
betacov australia	5
immune evasion	5
infectious titers	5
similar manner	5
inactivated poliovirus	5
piglets supplemented	5
mammalian orthoreovirus	5
published sequence	5
human population	5
inhibited sars	5
cpz treatment	5
recombinant coronavirus	5
vitro assembly	5
results clearly	5
cov virus	5
concurrent treatment	5
overlapping fragments	5
amersham biosciences	5
phase progression	5
viral effects	5
ml ifn	5
core sequence	5
vaccine platform	5
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mosquito cells	5
cov diluted	5
pegylated interferon	5
quantitative proteomics	5
mrna synthesis	5
restriction site	5
cultured overnight	5
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inhibited virus	5
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cells seeded	5
national research	5
phase clinical	5
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imaging system	5
cov may	5
furin cleavage	5
broad range	5
mumps virus	5
hantavirus infection	5
studies using	5
cap analog	5
seven sars	5
crucial role	5
formation assay	5
specific pathogen	5
chlamydia psittaci	5
prepared using	5
yeast extract	5
cellular transcription	5
human health	5
mv challenge	5
pfu ratio	5
complete genomic	5
side effect	5
cov activity	5
relative gene	5
initial screening	5
activator protein	5
viral susceptibility	5
pigs inoculated	5
like receptor	5
peptide concentrations	5
one experiment	5
internal reference	5
primary chicken	5
charged amino	5
chloroquine effectively	5
protein bands	5
spectrum antivirals	5
virucidal activity	5
new virus	5
sequence encoding	5
rna isolated	5
chlamydial infections	5
cells yielded	5
lassa virus	5
cytotoxic dose	5
human disease	5
cell lysis	5
leukocyte interferon	5
drug combinations	5
significantly increased	5
salivary iga	5
inverted light	5
restriction factors	5
nucleotide position	5
clearly showed	5
growth characteristics	5
assembly system	5
sodium dodecyl	5
acid region	5
low level	5
fusion core	5
findings suggest	5
rgn strain	5
respiratory viruses	5
post inoculation	5
support viral	5
high concentrations	5
initial infection	5
obtained using	5
cell banks	5
clone using	5
vector laboratories	5
isolate nl	5
intracellular replication	5
ihc staining	5
interferon subtypes	5
antiviral genes	5
mean spot	5
human pathogen	5
overlay media	5
ncrna generation	5
bush viper	5
host proteins	5
receptor ace	5
lm sin	5
induce fusion	5
independent clones	5
susceptible vero	5
membrane vesicles	5
mmessage mmachine	5
particular ic	5
bat species	5
cleavage motif	5
aberrant inclusions	5
recombinant ibv	5
pad prism	5
gradually increased	5
endocytic vesicles	5
cl pro	5
gradient centrifugation	5
groups treated	5
apoptotic cells	5
another study	5
flaviviridae family	5
environmental information	5
pig farms	5
kinase inhibitors	5
vaccine preparations	5
may provide	5
free media	5
human pulmonary	5
mediated enhancement	5
different species	5
proven protease	5
mouse sera	5
influence ebola	5
provide valuable	5
clinically proven	5
big plaques	5
combined therapies	5
among others	5
vitro ligation	5
viper reovirus	5
hamster cell	5
glycogen synthase	5
mononuclear cells	5
randomly chosen	5
chikv activity	5
vitro inhibitory	5
platelets activation	5
cell damage	5
microtiter plates	5
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murine leukemia	5
cell lysate	5
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diarrhea syndrome	5
recombinant strains	5
cov vaccine	5
protein ns	5
virus spread	5
serotype strain	5
systematic review	5
time intervals	5
prb pathway	5
antiviral screening	5
induce phosphorylation	5
focus assay	5
ped outbreaks	5
recombinant seacov	5
plaque purified	5
may facilitate	5
cellular egfr	5
humoral immune	5
negative controls	5
genus flavivirus	5
block sars	5
inhibited entry	5
inhibit zikv	5
coronavirus induces	5
cellular lysates	5
cytotoxic effects	5
porcine intestinal	5
viral suspension	5
slightly lower	5
seacov infectious	5
gene pulser	5
hepatitis delta	5
double infected	5
functions within	5
identify novel	5
mature virions	5
endosomal compartment	5
pbs containing	5
ibv strain	5
viruses produced	5
two washes	5
surface glycoproteins	5
functional information	5
sequencing kit	5
fluorescent cells	5
order genetic	5
confocal fluorescence	5
next generation	5
pedv degs	5
transcription using	5
kbp cdnas	5
pcr assays	5
pedv replication	5
two isolates	5
orf ab	5
parallel sequencing	5
ebola antiviral	5
inactivated fetal	5
least one	5
adapter sequences	5
ultrathin sections	5
several different	5
oral administration	5
tumor necrosis	5
four post	5
entry receptor	5
mediated cell	5
viral release	5
ac pab	5
spf chickens	5
duplicated subgenomic	5
rna samples	5
reporter plasmid	5
oxygen atom	5
virus induced	5
si value	5
successful entry	5
will provide	5
violet staining	5
taiwan university	5
flavivirus production	5
medical center	5
viral gene	5
sized plaques	5
mucosal immunity	5
many different	5
bat coronavirus	5
human monoclonal	5
normal control	5
well microtiter	5
entry mediated	5
pneumonia outbreak	5
potential antivirals	5
hu vaccine	5
large polymerase	5
plaque morphology	5
severe respiratory	5
high titer	5
associated proteins	5
two decades	5
two plasmids	5
transcriptase inhibitors	5
without gentamycin	5
emerged novel	5
zikv infectious	5
standard curves	5
cellular protein	5
intracellular rna	5
cell receptors	5
spot size	5
synthase kinase	5
chikv cdna	5
left indicate	5
morphological changes	5
internal control	5
readily detected	5
qpcr targeting	5
high throughput	5
inactivated fbs	5
first patient	5
length sequence	5
sgrna encoding	5
antigen level	5
critical role	5
leukemia virus	5
experiments using	5
drug screen	5
virus date	5
hsv replication	5
blfp group	5
origin cov	4
coronavirus mouse	4
infected control	4
known coronaviruses	4
acid ph	4
clostridium perfringens	4
changed every	4
may occur	4
encephalitis reporter	4
xlog ffu	4
small intestines	4
replicative cycle	4
fatal case	4
antivirals tested	4
accessory protein	4
conserved core	4
nearby clusters	4
specific primary	4
fluorescein isothiocyanate	4
cause severe	4
innate immunity	4
medically important	4
antiviral mechanism	4
type ifn	4
dbt cells	4
coli strains	4
antibodies used	4
genetic systems	4
containing myricetin	4
chikungunya viruses	4
cap methylation	4
encode nonessential	4
first report	4
cell nuclei	4
molecular targets	4
body junction	4
virus surface	4
chikv genomes	4
also evaluated	4
particles associated	4
randomised placebo	4
cellular protease	4
borne flaviviruses	4
host translation	4
examined using	4
proteomic analysis	4
large intestine	4
similar ic	4
containing mm	4
dna fragment	4
genome expression	4
zikv ns	4
efficacious vaccines	4
three washes	4
reciprocal serum	4
bacillus licheniformis	4
maximal cytotoxic	4
developing new	4
six drugs	4
pit assembly	4
induces phosphorylation	4
mhv infection	4
zoster virus	4
five pigs	4
allowed us	4
dna synthesis	4
human tumor	4
trypsin activity	4
containing tcid	4
great economic	4
existing chikv	4
intestinal tissues	4
constitutive activation	4
protein similar	4
pedv isolates	4
inoculated vero	4
endocytic marker	4
viral receptors	4
culture system	4
effective inhibitor	4
viral cores	4
outbreak associated	4
cecum tonsils	4
low toxic	4
corresponding fragments	4
original feces	4
gd mrna	4
sensor chip	4
surface receptors	4
different steps	4
south africa	4
glycosylation sites	4
ml sbti	4