bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
infected cells	1166
respiratory syndrome	875
amino acid	716
hepatitis virus	631
mouse hepatitis	567
acute respiratory	486
viral rna	481
severe acute	475
amino acids	438
syndrome coronavirus	374
viral replication	370
virus infection	358
vero cells	350
genomic rna	345
type i	339
virus replication	334
rna synthesis	325
murine coronavirus	319
rna polymerase	311
influenza virus	310
cells infected	301
spike protein	297
gene expression	295
porcine reproductive	294
cell surface	293
previously described	285
rna viruses	281
cell lines	279
infectious bronchitis	277
di rna	273
wild type	272
syndrome virus	265
strand rna	259
rna replication	256
bronchitis virus	255
viral proteins	253
cell line	253
transmissible gastroenteritis	251
nucleocapsid protein	251
western blot	239
cord uid	229
virology doi	229
monoclonal antibodies	229
doc id	229
mosaic virus	221
open reading	216
cell fusion	215
structural proteins	215
immune response	212
virus type	200
room temperature	195
cell culture	195
vaccinia virus	195
immunodeficiency virus	194
host cell	192
sequence analysis	192
human coronavirus	191
cell lysates	189
di rnas	188
human immunodeficiency	187
cleavage site	187
described previously	185
rna species	182
nucleotide sequence	182
reading frame	176
three times	175
immune responses	169
molecular weight	169
monoclonal antibody	168
mm tris	167
herpes simplex	167
infectious virus	165
cells expressing	164
blot analysis	164
gastroenteritis virus	162
viral infection	162
simplex virus	159
sars coronavirus	158
gel electrophoresis	157
reverse genetics	157
membrane fusion	154
dbt cells	153
protein expression	152
innate immune	151
plasma membrane	150
membrane protein	149
neutralizing antibodies	148
envelope protein	148
virus entry	148
transfected cells	146
cdna clones	145
tissue culture	143
pcr products	143
virus particles	142
performed using	141
cells transfected	140
kda protein	140
sg rna	137
virus rna	136
porcine epidemic	132
subgenomic mrna	132
rna virus	131
cl pro	130
coronavirus spike	130
hela cells	129
plaque assay	129
viral genome	129
ion channel	126
vesicular stomatitis	125
nervous system	125
infected mice	123
cdna clone	122
acid sequence	122
bovine serum	121
lipid rafts	120
mm nacl	120
stranded rna	120
viral protein	119
time points	119
nonstructural protein	118
mhv infection	118
determine whether	117
subgenomic rna	116
central nervous	116
capsid protein	116
viral envelope	116
cell cultures	116
mg ml	115
agarose gel	115
cell death	114
present study	114
acid residues	112
recombinant viruses	111
middle east	111
infected cell	111
cell cycle	110
epithelial cells	110
epidemic diarrhea	110
diarrhea virus	109
stomatitis virus	109
leader sequence	108
endoplasmic reticulum	108
rna recombination	107
structural protein	107
mm edta	106
results suggest	106
total rna	106
rna transcription	105
cell monolayers	105
well plates	105
envelope glycoprotein	105
dna polymerase	104
fusion protein	104
important role	104
independent experiments	103
reverse transcription	103
electron microscopy	103
murine hepatitis	102
east respiratory	101
novel coronavirus	101
binding protein	100
reading frames	100
dependent rna	99
highly conserved	99
mutant viruses	99
disease virus	98
start site	98
washed three	97
subgenomic mrnas	97
coronavirus infectious	97
sg rnas	97
mice infected	96
plasmid dna	95
expression levels	95
host cells	95
cleavage sites	95
results indicate	93
viral particles	93
taken together	93
virus strain	93
previous studies	92
binding site	92
acid sequences	92
coronavirus infection	92
leader rna	91
reverse transcriptase	91
jhm virus	91
virus production	91
pfu ml	90
coat protein	90
sindbis virus	90
like protease	89
days post	89
coding region	89
cell responses	89
protein synthesis	89
cultured cells	88
respiratory tract	88
dengue virus	88
fever virus	87
rna genome	87
class i	87
consensus sequence	86
rabbit anti	86
bovine coronavirus	86
like proteinase	85
data suggest	85
binding domain	85
transmembrane domain	85
spike glycoprotein	84
feline infectious	84
viral titers	84
infectious peritonitis	83
mhc class	83
target cells	83
pg ml	83
dendritic cells	82
goat anti	82
crystal structure	82
gastroenteritis coronavirus	82
sample buffer	81
western blotting	81
polyacrylamide gel	81
vitro translation	81
virus titers	81
secondary structure	80
coronavirus rna	80
i cells	79
cytoplasmic tail	79
fetal bovine	79
neutralizing antibody	79
life cycle	78
directed mutagenesis	78
recombinant virus	77
overlapping genes	76
host factors	76
closely related	75
mammalian cells	75
mammary tumor	75
pedv infection	75
cov plpro	75
time point	74
cells using	74
subgenomic rnas	74
washed twice	74
may also	74
viral entry	74
influenza viruses	73
three independent	73
expression vector	73
lysis buffer	72
negative control	72
proteolytic processing	72
proteolytic cleavage	72
virus assembly	72
length cdna	71
defective interfering	71
buffered saline	71
replication complex	71
northern blot	71
simian virus	70
nonstructural proteins	70
flow cytometry	70
low ph	70
cleavage products	69
nucleic acid	69
surface expression	69
terminal domain	69
encephalitis virus	69
two different	69
coronavirus replication	68
type ii	68
prrsv infection	68
i i	68
treated cells	68
murine coronaviruses	68
cell types	68
virus genome	68
intracellular rna	68
sucrose gradient	67
receptor binding	67
previously reported	67
transcription initiation	67
like particles	67
i interferon	67
rabies virus	66
even though	66
secondary antibody	66
recombinant vaccinia	66
cov infection	66
cell epitopes	66
coronavirus mhv	65
uninfected cells	65
coronavirus mouse	65
calf serum	65
spinal cord	65
coronavirus nucleocapsid	65
balb cv	65
mrna synthesis	64
cell membrane	64
mrna species	64
ion channels	64
analysis using	64
equine arteritis	64
signaling pathway	63
arteritis virus	63
viral infections	63
jhm strain	63
chain reaction	62
enveloped viruses	62
inhibitory effect	62
mock infected	62
core protein	62
viral rnas	62
active site	61
nsp dc	61
alb ts	61
results showed	61
fusion peptide	61
vitro transcription	61
pcr product	61
class ii	61
respiratory disease	60
polymerase chain	60
terminal region	60
dependent manner	60
avian infectious	60
molecular biology	60
immune system	60
genetics system	60
infectious clone	60
culture medium	60
coronavirus genome	60
bl mice	60
data indicate	60
polyclonal antibody	60
west nile	59
bhk cells	59
acid substitutions	59
sense rna	59
ammonium chloride	59
infectious cdna	59
fusion proteins	59
plaque assays	59
atpase activity	59
virion rna	58
i ifn	58
human coronaviruses	58
sequence similarity	58
may play	58
type virus	58
specific primers	58
hr postinfection	58
untranslated region	57
phylogenetic analysis	57
specific cd	57
subgenomic di	57
cysteine residues	57
membrane vesicles	57
persistently infected	57
tumor virus	57
sialic acid	56
subcellular localization	56
high levels	56
following infection	56
mv vac	56
ts mutants	56
protein gene	56
dna sequencing	56
initiation site	56
specific antibodies	56
binding sites	56
cdna synthesis	56
kindly provided	55
kb rnas	55
nt sequence	55
ribosomal frameshifting	55
alexa fluor	55
cov nsp	55
glycoprotein gene	55
united states	55
many viruses	55
pcr amplification	55
translation initiation	55
time pcr	55
confocal microscopy	55
mrna transcription	55
mouse anti	55
days postinfection	54
mouse igg	54
two proteins	54
expressing cells	54
persistent infection	54
cell entry	54
membrane association	53
coding sequence	53
length ri	53
cell extracts	53
envelope proteins	53
human cytomegalovirus	53
cavv cl	53
growth kinetics	53
ts icv	53
genome sequence	53
measles virus	53
side chains	53
rabbit igg	52
interfering rna	52
horseradish peroxidase	52
golgi apparatus	52
viral antigen	52
genbank accession	52
mrna levels	52
conjugated goat	52
signaling pathways	52
using anti	51
recent studies	51
associated coronavirus	51
golgi complex	51
time rt	51
mutant virus	51
life technologies	51
protein may	51
van der	51
heptad repeat	51
rna transcripts	51
expression system	51
fusion activity	50
stop codon	50
time course	50
final concentration	50
ebola virus	50
cell activation	50
initiation codon	50
significantly higher	50
coronavirus envelope	50
channel activity	50
green fluorescent	50
escherichia coli	50
mhv replication	50
positive cells	49
alveolar type	49
integral membrane	49
pfu cell	49
viral gene	49
determined using	49
jhmv infection	49
santa cruz	49
nile virus	49
gene encoding	49
negative strand	49
restriction sites	49
protein levels	49
human cells	48
viral nucleocapsid	48
hemorrhagic fever	48
cell type	48
specific rna	48
containing mm	48
rna helicase	48
porcine transmissible	48
significant difference	48
sequence alignment	48
nucleic acids	48
secretory pathway	48
control cells	48
like proteases	48
replication complexes	47
per well	47
buffer containing	47
significantly reduced	47
terminal half	47
peritonitis virus	47
northern territory	47
expression plasmids	47
binding activity	47
avian influenza	47
accessory proteins	47
gene products	47
rna interference	47
fluorescent protein	47
mouse mammary	47
cl cells	47
infected vero	47
technical assistance	47
culture supernatants	46
nn cells	46
specific antibody	46
virus strains	46
polymerase activity	46
viral dna	46
lymph nodes	46
brain virus	46
multiple sclerosis	46
also observed	46
wt jhmv	46
adaptive immune	46
previous study	46
pcr using	46
protein interactions	46
nucleotide sequences	46
cells via	46
new world	46
medium containing	46
mouth disease	46
secondary antibodies	45
similar results	45
growth factor	45
statistically significant	45
protein kinase	45
viral glycoprotein	45
huh cells	45
animal model	45
ns protein	45
membrane proteins	45
side chain	45
replicase complex	45
antiviral activity	45
genome replication	45
luciferase activity	45
derm cells	45
sequence data	45
gene product	45
supplementary table	44
polymerase gene	44
swine fever	44
feline coronavirus	44
rna mutants	44
pedv non	44
viral mrna	44
deletion mutants	44
oc nv	44
prrsv helicase	44
protein ion	44
molecular cloning	44
innate immunity	44
gp fr	44
applied biosystems	44
indirect immunofluorescence	43
serine protease	43
matrix protein	43
flanking sequences	43
point mutations	43
ps rna	43
induced apoptosis	43
polyacrylamide gels	43
polyclonal antibodies	43
virus envelope	43
lung tissue	43
cellular receptor	43
infected animals	43
porcine circovirus	43
glial cells	43
agarose gels	43
cytopathic effect	43
african swine	42
primer extension	42
highly pathogenic	42
well plate	42
rna extracted	42
cell spread	42
cov spike	42
veroe cells	42
untreated cells	42
hcv infection	42
semliki forest	42
promoter activity	42
influenza infection	42
rna binding	42
conformational changes	42
complete genome	42
cellular rna	42
intergenic region	42
plaque formation	42
cell epitope	42
hcl ph	42
mrna expression	42
ph gradient	42
host range	42
transcription start	42
mutational analysis	42
cellular proteins	42
nb activation	41
mouse model	41
start codon	41
complement system	41
serum samples	41
mdck cells	41
linked glycosylation	41
membrane permeability	41
rich motif	41
dmem supplemented	41
virion assembly	41
cells treated	41
hydrogen bond	41
protease inhibitor	41
fetal calf	41
mhv strains	41
primers used	41
replicase proteins	41
virus infectivity	41
endothelial cells	40
clinical signs	40
virion envelope	40
ibv strains	40
accession number	40
cord virus	40
african green	40
complete nucleotide	40
envelope glycoproteins	40
leukemia virus	40
virus binding	39
avian coronavirus	39
demyelinating disease	39
stranded dna	39
like domain	39
monkey kidney	39
terminal amino	39
bean mosaic	39
antibody response	39
results demonstrate	39
di particles	39
forest virus	39
mhv rna	39
cek cells	39
bd biosciences	39
sw rotor	39
molecular weights	39
gene sequence	39
cells grown	39
pp ab	39
capsid proteins	39
protein expressed	39
essential medium	39
primary cultures	39
pedv replication	38
viral pathogenesis	38
pk cells	38
mrna degradation	38
lymph node	38
national institutes	38
functional domains	38
st cells	38
conformational change	38
primary antibodies	38
order nidovirales	38
low levels	38
day pi	38
analyzed using	38
respiratory coronavirus	38
enteric coronavirus	38
animal models	38
japanese encephalitis	38
nuclear translocation	38
glycosylation sites	38
cypa ko	38
kda proteins	38
genome organization	38
stem cell	38
primary structure	37
virus titer	37
distantly related	37
cotton rats	37
also present	37
syncytia formation	37
tumor cells	37
sg start	37
unpublished data	37
vlp formation	37
ag ml	37
immunized mice	37
small rnas	37
ts mutant	37
spike gene	37
pbs containing	37
permissive temperature	37
three different	37
ripa buffer	37
mm hepes	37
day post	36
apoptotic cells	36
virus glycoprotein	36
bnip gene	36
signal peptide	36
kidney cells	36
infected possums	36
deduced amino	36
purified virions	36
also found	36
conserved among	36
fatty acid	36
pfbm cells	36
viral antigens	36
transcription factor	36
protease domain	36
complement activation	36
protein palmitoylation	36
discontinuous transcription	36
restriction enzyme	36
southern bean	36
parental virus	36
present within	36
sarcoma virus	36
infectious diseases	35
expression plasmid	35
rabbit polyclonal	35
critical role	35
parental jhm	35
results indicated	35
genomic sequence	35
primer pairs	35
mouse cells	35
spike proteins	35
murine leukemia	35
fipv black	35
protein genes	35
virus release	35
vaccine candidates	35
host defense	35
cu cells	35
pcag nsp	35
serum albumin	35
dmem containing	35
inflammatory cytokines	35
ma cells	35
molecular basis	35
protein encoded	35
plus strand	35
cells may	35
likely due	35
analysis revealed	35
replicon rna	35
viral genomic	35
vero cell	35
sgrna promoters	34
virus nucleocapsid	34
expression level	34
public health	34
differentially expressed	34
wide range	34
gp protein	34
reverse primer	34
virus hemagglutinin	34
main chain	34
molecular mass	34
strain jhm	34
dna viruses	34
type mice	34
expression vectors	34
rna sequence	34
mice immunized	34
insect cells	34
strand synthesis	34
plant viruses	34
helicase activity	34
pdcov nsp	34
primary antibody	34
porcine deltacoronavirus	34
positive strand	34
tgev infection	33
dna vaccine	33
results obtained	33
dead box	33
coronavirus assembly	33
functional receptor	33
antibody titers	33
coronavirus oc	33
culture cells	33
coronavirus associated	33
previously shown	33
positive control	33
assay using	33
replication cycle	33
sequence homology	33
tertiary structure	33
dlsse rna	33
nonpermissive temperature	33
internal initiation	33
mg cells	33
like receptors	33
minor cp	33
rna sequences	33
detected using	33
studies using	33
least three	33
pdm infection	33
signal transduction	33
plant virus	33
specific mab	33
pedv nsp	33
nucleotide substitutions	33
mediated endocytosis	33
protein sequence	32
using primers	32
equine encephalitis	32
viral titer	32
investigate whether	32
data presented	32
genome segments	32
virus adsorption	32
rabbit reticulocyte	32
leader sequences	32
lactate dehydrogenase	32
infection induces	32
group ii	32
charged residues	32
host proteins	32
thermo scientific	32
cells within	32
sucrose cushion	32
barr virus	32
nested set	32
host immune	32
coronavirus gene	32
viral load	32
least two	32
asymmetric evolution	32
viral structural	32
coding sequences	32
new england	31
mm mgcl	31
host response	31
per cell	31
respiratory syncytial	31
enzymatic activity	31
bsr cells	31
intergenic sequence	31
culture supernatant	31
data indicated	31
dna replication	31
enteric tropism	31
erk signaling	31
also detected	31
nsp mutant	31
plasmids encoding	31
bamboo mosaic	31
viral replicase	31
host shutoff	31
genome sequences	31
genome segment	31
cold pbs	31
reticulocyte lysate	31
results show	31
ge healthcare	31
messenger rna	31
translation products	31
rna genomes	31
pcv infection	31
peste des	31
takes place	31
naturally occurring	31
dnase i	31
cellular receptors	31
low level	31
rna packaging	31
viral infectivity	31
forming units	31
may represent	31
protective immunity	31
conjugated anti	31
tm domain	31
fisher scientific	31
mhv nsp	31
petits ruminants	31
different time	31
src inhibition	31
crystal violet	31
cytopathic effects	31
cruz biotechnology	31
phenol chloroform	31
syncytial virus	31
des petits	31
previously identified	31
vitro transcripts	30
packaging signal	30
group coronaviruses	30
genomic organization	30
viral membrane	30
protein forms	30
viral fusion	30
antibodies specific	30
virus expressing	30
two independent	30
pcr analysis	30
iltv infection	30
cells showed	30
significant differences	30
orf protein	30
two distinct	30
helper virus	30
infected bhk	30
sb cells	30
feline calicivirus	30
nuclear localization	30
pcr fragments	30
cell lysate	30
mouse brain	30
semv protease	30
jhmv replication	30
protease inhibitors	30
probably due	30
hcv core	30
protein sequences	30
intracellular transport	30
secondary structures	30
antigenic sites	29
converting enzyme	29
ribosome entry	29
surface antigen	29
mononuclear cells	29
persistent infections	29
apoptotic cell	29
multiple sequence	29
may contribute	29
progenitor cells	29
i ml	29
mouse monoclonal	29
antiviral response	29
sequence identity	29
described elsewhere	29
cytokine production	29
fluorescence microscopy	29
dodecyl sulfate	29
tissue tropism	29
forward primer	29
associated protein	29
protease activity	29
mhv genome	29
viral genomes	29
coronavirus jhm	29
recombination frequency	29
sgrna synthesis	29
accessory protein	29
tobacco mosaic	29
current study	29
newly synthesized	29
complete sequence	29
reporter gene	29
reference virus	28
genomic rnas	28
virus ns	28
cell proliferation	28
two viruses	28
virus isolation	28
helicase protein	28
also shown	28
transgenic mice	28
viral glycoproteins	28
expected size	28
cytoplasmic rna	28
like viruses	28
proteasomal degradation	28
total number	28
confluent monolayers	28
whole cell	28
higher levels	28
binding proteins	28
restriction endonuclease	28
american type	28
murine cells	28
antibody responses	28
sybr green	28
located within	28
nsp protein	28
previous reports	28
protein ic	28
internal ribosome	28
cell response	28
lipid bilayers	28
dromedary camels	28
left panel	28
apparent molecular	28
electrophoretic mobility	28
entry site	28
cxc chemokines	28
green monkey	28
generated using	28
sequences flanking	28
virus spread	28
base pairing	28
type mhv	28
standard deviation	28
viral mrnas	28
cell debris	28
nucleocapsid proteins	28
interfering rnas	28
signal sequence	28
primer pair	27
vitro transcribed	27
ifn response	27
isolated using	27
prrsv replication	27
epidermal growth	27
functional analysis	27
coiled coil	27
intracellular viral	27
genome rna	27
i ifns	27
target cell	27
alveolar macrophages	27
terminal fragment	27
beta interferon	27
reaction mixture	27
virus nonstructural	27
zika virus	27
peripheral blood	27
culture collection	27
regulatory factor	27
first time	27
functional characterization	27
convalescent sera	27
binding affinity	27
hydrogen bonds	27
purified using	27
infect cells	27
virus infections	27
sodium dodecyl	27
serine proteases	27
interferon regulatory	27
permeabilized cells	27
large di	27
wistar furth	27
experimental infection	27
enveloped virus	27
intracellular rnas	27
infectious particles	27
type culture	27
thank dr	27
lipid raft	27
coronavirus transcription	27
nsp mutants	26
productive infection	26
endou activity	26
causative agent	26
gene polyprotein	26
donkey anti	26
infected patients	26
kb rna	26
also showed	26
gradient centrifugation	26
serial dilutions	26
sars virus	26
enter cells	26
electron density	26
chemokine expression	26
may reflect	26
noncoding region	26
catalytic residues	26
heterologous gene	26
gradient electrophoresis	26
per group	26
ii cells	26
inflammatory response	26
oligonucleotide primers	26
temperature sensitive	26
nucleotide sequencing	26
wt virus	26
red clover	26
potato virus	26
indicated time	26
mm sodium	26
cell tropism	26
pam cultures	26
mm dtt	26
post infection	26
clover necrotic	26
wt vsv	26
contains two	26
rubella virus	26
necrotic mosaic	26
san diego	26
benthamiana plants	26
virus proteins	26
viral life	26
homologous recombination	26
rous sarcoma	26
virus particle	26
ex vivo	26
atllf cord	26
culture plates	26
activated protein	26
blocking buffer	26
purified virus	26
neutralizing epitopes	26
hypervariable region	26
vaccine strain	26
neutralizing activity	25
terminal sequence	25
canine coronavirus	25
cell receptor	25
pcr amplified	25
clinical isolates	25
ethidium bromide	25
high frequency	25
least one	25
ifn signaling	25
mve virus	25
rna template	25
dna fragment	25
rna secondary	25
agarose beads	25
cdna cloning	25
immune evasion	25
important roles	25
point mutation	25
cellular protein	25
transfection reagent	25
ng ml	25
terminal sequences	25
obtained using	25
future studies	25
initiation sites	25
viral polymerase	25
water molecule	25
firefly luciferase	25
epithelial cell	25
quantitative real	25
length infectious	25
molecular masses	25
substrate specificity	25
sensitive mutants	25
sars cov	25
following mhv	25
necrosis factor	25
helicase domain	25
premature termination	25
proteins may	25
tumor necrosis	25
hcv replication	25
proteins expressed	25
cell viability	25
host innate	25
large number	25
statistical analysis	25
large rna	25
bamv replicase	25
induced disease	25
coronavirus ibv	25
bone marrow	25
two groups	25
total cellular	25
cysteine protease	25
rna polymerases	25
early stages	25
proteins encoded	25
rv infection	25
fold increase	25
synthetic peptides	25
rna levels	25
essential role	25
deletion mutant	25
transmembrane protein	25
minimal essential	25
virus subgenomic	25
structural basis	25
see materials	25
linked oligosaccharides	25
natural host	25
five times	25
entire genome	24
replicase polyprotein	24
total protein	24
penton base	24
protein coding	24
virus nsp	24
adenovirus type	24
also thank	24
virus capsid	24
induces apoptosis	24
virus maturation	24
progeny virus	24
containing fbs	24
mhv receptor	24
significantly lower	24
cell signaling	24
viral genes	24
rabbit antiserum	24
small envelope	24
cv tumor	24
equal volume	24
interferon production	24
renilla luciferase	24
dna fragments	24
deficient mice	24
small amount	24
cellular membranes	24
high level	24
consensus sequences	24
wt sars	24
major cp	24
virus protein	24
ruminants virus	24
brome mosaic	24
virus stocks	24
cat activity	24
cbp degradation	24
blood cells	24
ev infection	24
dendritic cell	24
family coronaviridae	24
right panel	24
major histocompatibility	24
confocal microscope	24
viral stocks	24
white matter	24
aspartic acid	24
detectable levels	24
widely used	24
movement protein	24
two strains	24
rna elements	24
approximately kda	24
internal entry	24
erk phosphorylation	24
virus stock	24
membrane glycoprotein	24
cell infection	24
incubated overnight	24
like receptor	24
coding regions	24
dna binding	24
recombination events	24
coronavirus strain	24
luciferase activities	24
codon position	24
gene sequences	24
vaccine candidate	23
acid binding	23
atllf brain	23
prrsv gp	23
plasmids expressing	23
evidence suggests	23
ddx knockdown	23
protein interacts	23
sgrna promoter	23
protein ns	23
experimentally infected	23
interfering particles	23
venezuelan equine	23
transcription factors	23
glass coverslips	23
aa substitutions	23
leaky scanning	23
statistical significance	23
encephalomyelitis virus	23
gc qr	23
rna templates	23
triphosphatase activity	23
cdna fragments	23
frameshift mutations	23
porcine respiratory	23
amplified using	23
replication kinetics	23
multisystemic wasting	23
complex formation	23
infectious viral	23
polymerase promoter	23
dependent endocytosis	23
loop structure	23
yeast two	23
mrna decay	23
copy numbers	23
copy number	23
protein vp	23
studies suggest	23
pa segment	23
immune complexes	23
infectious virions	23
thermo fisher	23
infected ccl	23
coronavirus replicase	23
animal care	23
two major	23
basic amino	23
much lower	23
weight loss	23
acute encephalitis	23
acid identity	23
muns processing	23
bsmv sgrna	23
clinical disease	23
hiv entry	23
molecular mechanisms	23
serial passages	23
protein interaction	23
ribosomal entry	23
molecular probes	23
north american	23
medium supplemented	23
cell infiltration	23
may provide	23
co i	23
also used	23
cleavage product	22
commercially available	22
pcr kit	22
supplementary data	22
tyrosine kinase	22
using two	22
free dmem	22
laboratory manual	22
small plaque	22
two regions	22
recombinant protein	22
growth properties	22
virus isolates	22
analysis showed	22
hybrid cells	22
comparative analysis	22
infected neurons	22
polypyrimidine tract	22
modulatory effect	22
old world	22
genetic analysis	22
immunofluorescence microscopy	22
surface glycoprotein	22
neural progenitor	22
transgenic plants	22
culture fluid	22
laemmli sample	22
anpep ko	22
hydrophobic residues	22
small molecule	22
host factor	22
internal control	22
immunized animals	22
horse sickness	22
stem cells	22
mini kit	22
situ hybridization	22
yellow fever	22
plasmids containing	22
type jhm	22
findings suggest	22
sense primer	22
tissue samples	22
lelystad virus	22
different times	22
coronavirus nsp	22
binding pocket	22
inactivated virus	22
fusion peptides	22
equal amounts	22
selection pressure	22
rd cells	22
loading buffer	22
various times	22
viral particle	22
sorting signal	22
cell membranes	22
distilled water	22
peplomer protein	22
largest rna	22
luciferase reporter	22
core sequence	22
proteolytic activation	22
mapk pathway	22
nude mice	22
cell adhesion	22
protein function	22
ns proteins	22
examined whether	22
viral growth	22
fluorescence microscope	22
basic residues	22
systemic infection	22
associated virus	22
rna extraction	22
yellow mosaic	22
intestinal mucosa	22
linked glycoproteins	22
immune cells	22
biological properties	22
calculated using	21
african horse	21
reduced viral	21
anthrax pa	21
sendai virus	21
terminal tail	21
conjugated secondary	21
may affect	21
standard deviations	21
acid changes	21
viral families	21
protein binds	21
small intestine	21
also possible	21
protein structure	21
coronavirus group	21
antiviral effects	21
three groups	21
excellent technical	21
high degree	21
indel strain	21
arterivirus nsp	21
virus neutralization	21
furth rats	21
error bars	21
primary sequence	21
labeled rna	21
host interactions	21
molecular characterization	21
virus characterization	21
results presented	21
like cells	21
viral capsid	21
poliovirus rna	21
test whether	21
possible explanation	21
neutral ph	21
replication within	21
different mechanisms	21
positively charged	21
cap structure	21
phosphate buffer	21
hk protein	21
upper respiratory	21
wasting syndrome	21
efficient replication	21
beckman sw	21
pathogenic avian	21
fold higher	21
dhori virus	21
alkaline phosphatase	21
channel conductance	21
previous findings	21
circovirus type	21
red blood	21
nuclear factor	21
terminal end	21
sequence comparison	21
cellular immune	21
high titers	21
hcv rna	21
van dinten	21
studies demonstrated	21
chloroalkyl ketones	21
solution containing	21
antisense primer	21
containing rna	21
coronavirus nonstructural	21
two separate	21
prrsv nsp	21
rna structure	21
pcr assay	21
avian reovirus	21
virus gene	21
weight markers	21
metabolically labeled	21
i interferons	21
fresh medium	21
genome expression	21
gene block	21
culture media	21
protein translation	21
rub genome	21
containing viruses	21
one hour	21
variant viruses	21
chemokine receptor	21
standard virus	21
early stage	21
two amino	21
hemagglutinin esterase	21
adhesion molecule	20
rna fragments	20
hong kong	20
protein might	20
viral components	20
feline coronaviruses	20
cells without	20
containing vesicles	20
lethal infection	20
protein products	20
polyclonal anti	20
cov replicon	20
noncoding rna	20
full length	20
recent study	20
inhibitor cocktail	20
replicase gene	20
signaling cascade	20
negatively charged	20
mediated cleavage	20
cell movement	20
shrna expression	20
cov replication	20
acid substitution	20
barley stripe	20
partially purified	20
virus large	20
proinflammatory cytokines	20
genetics systems	20
adaptive immunity	20
specific mrna	20
virus fusion	20
mm na	20
human herpesviruses	20
ko pigs	20
viruses including	20
strand cdna	20
repeat region	20
plaque purified	20
cmv promoter	20
potential role	20
body junction	20
triple gene	20
structural genes	20
data demonstrate	20
associated proteins	20
ibv infection	20
neurotropic coronavirus	20
viral spread	20
adenoviral vaccine	20
mhv strain	20
monoclonal anti	20
slippery sequence	20
viruses containing	20
dna fragmentation	20
mhv transcription	20
proteolytic activity	20
coronavirus infections	20
saudi arabia	20
binding motif	20
direct interaction	20
pol zn	20
virus species	20
precursor protein	20
histocompatibility complex	20
two additional	20
lymphocytic choriomeningitis	20
purified genome	20
also known	20
plasmid containing	20
sepharose beads	20
small interfering	20
nb pathway	20
intracellular membranes	20
like protein	20
coronaviridae family	20
virion proteins	20
tomrsv rna	20
cells per	20
guinea pig	20
rat alveolar	20
encoded proteins	20
membrane rearrangement	20
negative controls	20
intergenic regions	20
quantitative rt	19
relatively low	19
ko cell	19
hepatitis viruses	19
cells well	19
measured using	19
strain bcv	19
polyadenylation activity	19
transient expression	19
protein contains	19
peplomer gene	19
mouse cd	19
well understood	19
jev replication	19
significantly increased	19
may occur	19
media containing	19
infectious rna	19
fold change	19
enteric disease	19
rna molecules	19
uranyl acetate	19
much less	19
coronavirus cl	19
national institute	19
specific proteins	19
inhibitory activity	19
mhvr cells	19
facs analysis	19
neuronal cells	19
immunofluorescence assays	19
mutations within	19
residues within	19
mm pmsf	19
ergic golgi	19
carcinoembryonic antigen	19
pattern recognition	19
primer sequences	19
fcwf cells	19
dimensional gel	19
specific rnas	19
citrus tristeza	19
dna synthesis	19
tcid ml	19
oc tc	19
group coronavirus	19
human adenovirus	19
system based	19
ha protein	19
length transcripts	19
acting rna	19
nucleocapsid gene	19
amino terminal	19
significantly inhibited	19
previous report	19
peptidyl chloroalkyl	19
substrate binding	19
increased expression	19
stably expressing	19
two domains	19
tegument protein	19
significantly different	19
negative staining	19
helicase ddx	19
significant reduction	19
internal ribosomal	19
using monoclonal	19
also reported	19
serial passage	19
reprint requests	19
enzymatic activities	19
cells labeled	19
ribosomal frameshift	19
protein induces	19
stripe mosaic	19
i cell	19
cells isolated	19
dna sequence	19
different regions	19
antigen presentation	19
kb fragment	19
pandemic influenza	19
primed transcription	19
single amino	19
cysteine proteases	19
permeabilizing activity	19
containing fetal	19
bal fluid	19
using trizol	19
vaccine vectors	19
gp ep	19
olfactory bulb	19
porcine aminopeptidase	19
syncytium formation	19
replicase polyproteins	19
glycosylation site	19
atlie brain	19
specific intracellular	19
remains unclear	19
indicated times	19
pdcov infection	19
mhv di	19
dna vaccines	19
disease progression	19
plaque reduction	19
rk cells	19
host gene	19
virus vectors	19
marburg virus	19
cells inoculated	19
conserved sequence	18
virus recovery	18
state university	18
virus taxonomy	18
subgenomic ris	18
possible role	18
major structural	18
alpha beta	18
previously published	18
pigs infected	18
pivotal role	18
rna containing	18
cellular factors	18
induced cell	18
infected cultures	18
infectious viruses	18
predicted cleavage	18
gp ecto	18
viral variants	18
mm dishes	18
sodium deoxycholate	18
result suggests	18
nucleotide positions	18
coronavirus transmissible	18
ci mmol	18
zinc finger	18
phylogenetic analyses	18
virus isolated	18
bovine enteric	18
predicted amino	18
body trs	18
one possible	18
similar levels	18
nt fragment	18
also contains	18
antiviral responses	18
expressing plasmids	18
restriction site	18
england biolabs	18
expressing sars	18
erk activation	18
mek erk	18
pcv replication	18
rna products	18
data associated	18
human rhinovirus	18
biologically active	18
weeks post	18
specific sequences	18
assay kit	18
alveolar epithelial	18
cells seeded	18
nsp may	18
pathogenic properties	18
ifn antagonists	18
electron microscopic	18
nuclear pore	18
critical roles	18
derived vectors	18
ntpase activity	18
golgi membranes	18
using lipofectamine	18
different species	18
pdm influenza	18
serially diluted	18
cell lysis	18
performed according	18
influenza hemagglutinin	18
bhk mceacam	18
jackson immunoresearch	18
recombinant plasmids	18
like virus	18
human cd	18
rna segment	18
stunt virus	18
infected sb	18
electron microscope	18
viral assembly	18
also examined	18
intracellular localization	18
independent translation	18
replicase products	18
conserved regions	18
online version	18
direct evidence	18
infected dbt	18
plaque purification	18
cloned cdna	18
fluorescence intensity	18
human papillomavirus	18
tumor antigen	18
nitric oxide	18
nuclear import	18
living cells	18
length negative	18
virus yields	18
polyprotein processing	18
growth curves	18
high titer	18
virus growth	18
specific primer	18
separate experiments	18
cell clones	18
polymerase ii	18
planar lipid	18
host protein	18
human monoclonal	18
protein complexes	18
chemokine receptors	18
nitrocellulose membrane	18
cell attachment	18
cov infected	18
transformed cells	18
infectious entry	18
experiments using	18
cytoplasmic tails	18
precursor proteins	18
human herpesvirus	18
induce apoptosis	18
rneasy mini	18
ul usp	18
domain architecture	18
low pathogenic	18
plasmid encoding	18
like particle	18
liquid scintillation	18
ri rna	18
two sites	18
mosaic potexvirus	18
coronavirus tgev	18
intestinal epithelial	18
biological functions	18
results suggested	18
facs buffer	18
mononuclear cell	18
determined whether	18
viral proteinases	18
final extension	18
sam binding	18
group i	18
severe disease	17
trichosurus vulpecula	17
egfp expression	17
assembly sites	17
van marle	17
carboxy terminus	17
minus strand	17
divalent cations	17
virion production	17
atiif cord	17
induced ifn	17
mass spectrometry	17
catalytic activity	17
virus core	17
chicken embryo	17
neutralization assay	17
virus preparations	17
encoded proteinases	17
clinical symptoms	17
common marmosets	17
infectious agents	17
coterminal nested	17
four hours	17
examined using	17
trizol reagent	17
sucrose gradients	17
blood samples	17
expression strategy	17
containing subgenomic	17
infected plants	17
sf cells	17
free medium	17
using specific	17
viral progeny	17
virus date	17
onto nitrocellulose	17
transmission electron	17
large tumor	17
cells present	17
indel infection	17
binding region	17
polymerase proteins	17
intermediate cleavage	17
infectious disease	17
results demonstrated	17
postweaning multisystemic	17
cc chemokine	17
late times	17
antibodies directed	17
structural studies	17
cells co	17
real time	17
expressing egfp	17
specific monoclonal	17
gel containing	17
kinase activity	17
induce cell	17
intracellular ifn	17
mutagenesis kit	17
like proteinases	17
blot hybridization	17
cell hybrids	17
lysates prepared	17
contact pigs	17
protective antigen	17
mice deficient	17
transiently transfected	17
acid metabolism	17
various concentrations	17
hiv infection	17
trypsin treatment	17
glycoprotein gp	17
lower respiratory	17
antibody conjugated	17
fusion assay	17
virus induces	17
play important	17
ic activity	17
ross river	17
specific interaction	17
uv irradiation	17
infectious dose	17
mapk activation	17
genomic sequences	17
tg mice	17
genomic di	17
unpublished observations	17
phase transition	17
ifn production	17
bushy stunt	17
predicted molecular	17
mammalian expression	17
hcv entry	17
live cells	17
intact cells	17
among coronaviruses	17
vaccine vector	17
major capsid	17
considered significant	17
rat serum	17
minimum essential	17
protein stability	17
human respiratory	17
endocytic pathway	17
unpublished results	17
nucleotide differences	17
fusion site	17
enveloped rna	17
control possums	17
binding motifs	17
standard curve	17
kcal mol	17
porcine alveolar	17
crossover sites	17
two sets	17
crystal structures	17
virus attachment	17
infection cycle	17
tristeza virus	17
codon usage	17
tomato bushy	17
speed centrifugation	17
control group	17
gene coding	17
cymv grna	17
choriomeningitis virus	17
rnadependent rna	17
pveer expression	17
cells stably	17
cells incubated	17
viral clearance	17
pcr fragment	17
nicotiana benthamiana	17
neutralizing mabs	17
following viral	17
heptad repeats	17
replicon cell	17
reverse genetic	17
inactivated fetal	17
plaque forming	17
live attenuated	17
inducing factor	17
specific cellular	17
rna interactions	16
subsequent experiments	16
expressed alone	16
membrane rearrangements	16
rna helicases	16
novel human	16
genetic recombination	16
baby hamster	16
virus families	16
may contain	16
template rna	16
cell proteases	16
prepared using	16
pseudoknot structure	16
might also	16
virulent strain	16
viral proteases	16
surface protein	16
ko clones	16
igg antibody	16
jhm infection	16
two large	16
translational control	16
hepatitis coronavirus	16
repeat regions	16
specific cdna	16
positive samples	16
dominant negative	16
plaque morphology	16
also contribute	16
membrane cholesterol	16
glutamic acid	16
wt vol	16
immunofluorescence assay	16
well tissue	16
glycoprotein el	16
cns cells	16
hela cell	16
viruses formed	16
producing cells	16
den boon	16
different cell	16
may explain	16
experiments showed	16
cycle progression	16
coronavirus genomes	16
dub activity	16
puuv gn	16
arterivirus replicase	16
i fipv	16
chick embryo	16
cell survival	16
antibodies used	16
rna recombinant	16
protein families	16
nuclear export	16
biochemical characterization	16
virus movement	16
rat anti	16
hcv ns	16
detection system	16
lymphocyte responses	16
neutralizing monoclonal	16
days pi	16
rabbit antibody	16
six subgenomic	16
two times	16
protein domains	16
cat gene	16
host antiviral	16
nte buffer	16
hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis	16
virus infected	16
petri dishes	16
buoyant density	16
rna degradation	16
antiviral protein	16
viral multiplication	16
regulated genes	16
rna silencing	16
noncoding rnas	16
ccl mice	16
indel strains	16
cycling conditions	16
phosphorylation sites	16
mhv particles	16
also demonstrated	16
cl cell	16
inhibitory effects	16
previously demonstrated	16
enteric ad	16
two copies	16
virus cell	16
based peptides	16
inoculated onto	16
rna molecule	16
different concentrations	16
pfu per	16
prrsv strain	16
mem containing	16
demyelination induced	16
gene modulation	16
translation product	16
vectors expressing	16
mhv polymerase	16
infection may	16
cov vlps	16
innate antiviral	16
times postinfection	16
dependent sorting	16
targeting shrna	16
elevating virus	16
dc virus	16
first step	16
amersham biosciences	16
intranasal inoculation	16
membrane fraction	16
cells identification	16
protein nsp	16
lmh cells	16
specific antisera	16
protein antibody	16
human liver	16
enhanced green	16
strand rnas	16
acidic ph	16
epidemic diarrhoea	16
rnase protection	16
acting element	16
immediately downstream	16
replication transcription	16
sg mrna	16
see table	16
previous results	16
cynomolgus monkeys	16
lower levels	16
washed times	16
targeted rna	16
bd pharmingen	16
hr helix	16
may result	16
recently reported	16
several viruses	16
eagle medium	16
grand island	16
ucuaa repeats	16
transcription consensus	16
cxc chemokine	16
protein inhibits	16
high mortality	16
immediately upstream	16
times post	16
human bst	16
virus spike	16
equal amount	16
conserved motifs	16
gfp expression	16
foster city	16
viral production	16
prion protein	16
oc infection	16
recombination frequencies	16
human embryonic	16
ddx shrna	16
direct sequencing	16
foreign gene	16
virus nucleoprotein	16
amersham pharmacia	16
host species	16
mv bulk	16
protein bands	16
compare lanes	16
one possibility	16
various time	16
kda polypeptide	16
egfp orf	16
oligonucleotide probes	16
deletions within	16
per milliliter	16
independent infection	16
cellular processes	16
one set	16
constructed using	16
antibody specific	16
viral yield	16
antiviral effect	16
parental viruses	16
new insights	15
quantitative pcr	15
modified eagle	15
sequence requirements	15
sars patients	15
previous work	15
viral sequences	15
vitro assembly	15
vector expressing	15
mice undergoing	15
boehringer mannheim	15
results strongly	15
conserved region	15
recombinant ad	15
vitro studies	15
approximately kb	15
host mrna	15
neurological disease	15
plaque size	15
protein processing	15
using either	15
animal viruses	15
four times	15
frameshift mutation	15
driven cell	15
kind gift	15
leader trs	15
structural polypeptides	15
surface receptors	15
mhv genomic	15
nucleotide changes	15
unique restriction	15
jhm variants	15
heterologous genes	15
second orf	15
blot using	15
regulatory proteins	15
taq polymerase	15
transcription mechanism	15
acid residue	15
pharmacia biotech	15
protein trafficking	15
factor receptor	15
evidence indicates	15
fusion core	15
standard jhm	15
readily detected	15
nucleotide identity	15
pseudotyped vsvs	15
density gradient	15
laser scanning	15
relative amount	15
inflammatory cytokine	15
co incubator	15
coronavirus avian	15
preliminary experiments	15
beaudette strain	15
methionine cysteine	15
apoptosis induced	15
rna complex	15
metabolic labeling	15
infected glial	15
di vector	15
sucrose density	15
severe respiratory	15
structural features	15
two overlapping	15
mhv mrnas	15
neutralizing epitope	15
convalescent serum	15
moloney murine	15
intermediate compartment	15
salt bridges	15
sg mrnas	15
linked immunosorbent	15
nsp dmid	15
virus family	15
flag antibody	15
ts phenotype	15
gene fragments	15
flow cytometric	15
data shown	15
virus budding	15
transferrin receptor	15
mice lacking	15
rna isolated	15
labeled cells	15
vol vol	15
virus inoculum	15
bromophenol blue	15
recombinant proteins	15
new zealand	15
one nucleotide	15
transcripts derived	15
irf phosphorylation	15
reverse transcribed	15
polyethylene glycol	15
deficient covs	15
loading control	15
sequence alignments	15
fecal samples	15
silent mutations	15
data obtained	15
comparative sequence	15
type envelope	15
membrane structures	15
pcv viral	15
antiviral drugs	15
viral vectors	15
thymidine kinase	15
rna probe	15
passage virus	15
cholesterol depletion	15
data suggested	15
virus genomic	15
serine residues	15
green fluorescence	15
also binds	15
alpha production	15
microarray analysis	15
extracellular signal	15
recombinant ibv	15
polyclonal rabbit	15
adapted ibv	15
based vaccine	15
viral cell	15
nt downstream	15
effector cells	15
single nucleotide	15
two primers	15
minor ectodomain	15
preferential requirement	15
jev ns	15
mutagenesis studies	15
stable expression	15
susceptible cells	15
ucuaa copies	15
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride	15
immune signaling	15
neural stem	15
nude mouse	15
synthetic peptide	15
stem loop	15
selection pressures	15
hamster kidney	15
type strain	15
acetic acid	15
previously characterized	15
cov neutralizing	15
systemically infect	15
phylogenetic trees	15
rna intermediates	15
synthetic oligonucleotide	15
orf iv	15
rna pseudoknot	15
site within	15
virus virulence	15
sequenced using	15
international committee	15
ribonucleic acid	15
ts recombinants	15
virus containing	15
plasmid dnas	15
cycle arrest	15
crispr cas	15
log pfu	15
four major	15
phosphate buffered	15
susceptible mice	15
dependent phosphorylation	15
infected protoplasts	15
phosphorylation status	15
slippery sequences	15
putative rna	15
strongly suggest	15
different viral	15
muns cleavage	15
replicative intermediate	15
acting elements	15
primary infection	15
coronavirus mrnas	15
economic losses	15
three cysteine	15
line dbt	15
transmembrane domains	15
transferred onto	15
protein suppresses	15
structural elements	15
tgev orf	15
regulating sequences	15
antiviral drug	15
dna sequences	15
virus expression	15
coronavirus defective	15
zoster virus	15
lower panel	15
subgenomic negative	14
vectors based	14
binding domains	14
arterivirus replication	14
small amounts	14
medial golgi	14
transmembrane glycoprotein	14
virus replicase	14
recombinant mbp	14
three washes	14
sham inoculated	14
restriction enzymes	14
viral pathogenicity	14
central role	14
mg kg	14
vitro system	14
points post	14
ibv genome	14
polyribosomal rna	14
optical density	14
protease cleavage	14
coomassie blue	14
within orf	14
signaling molecules	14
recombinant rna	14
disease control	14
antigenic domains	14
vsvs pseudotyped	14
ringspot virus	14
within nsp	14
i ii	14
recombinant baculovirus	14
terminal heptad	14
based vectors	14
rhesus monkeys	14
induces cell	14
associated ha	14
complex class	14
sds lysis	14
produce infectious	14
selective ion	14
dna ligase	14
cornell university	14
major determinant	14
terminal signal	14
salivary glands	14
cells also	14
efficient virus	14
infectious centers	14
immunofluorescence staining	14
coronavirus mrna	14
cdna probes	14
strictly conserved	14
mosquito cells	14
molecular mechanism	14
rna vector	14
enters cells	14
viruses may	14
cd expression	14
cell proteins	14
encephalomyocarditis virus	14
interstitial pneumonia	14
reporter system	14
mhv mrna	14
research institute	14
hydrophobic domain	14
recently identified	14
world arenaviruses	14
phage clones	14
days postinoculation	14
led us	14
viral factories	14
well characterized	14
chimeric viruses	14
nsp dfl	14
coronavirus isolates	14
specific genes	14
protein concentration	14
sequence encoding	14
vaccine development	14
restrictive temperature	14
nitrocellulose membranes	14
containing rnas	14
plasmid expressing	14
derived ahsv	14
cdna library	14
study demonstrated	14
influenza vaccine	14
viral cdna	14
glass slides	14
promoter sequences	14
viral transcription	14
uv target	14
mabs specific	14
small di	14
box rna	14
potential cleavage	14
reporter assay	14
induced demyelination	14
days later	14
kidney cell	14
pvdf membrane	14
benthamiana protoplasts	14
transcripts containing	14
virus specific	14
also determined	14
regulated kinase	14
mhv clpro	14
vaccinia viruses	14
key role	14
take place	14
bnip promoter	14
immunosorbent assay	14
sequence motifs	14
pulse labeling	14
systematic assembly	14
long noncoding	14
master mix	14
tgev genome	14
binding properties	14
fold dilutions	14
induced demyelinating	14
reaction products	14
fold reduction	14
significant decrease	14
kozak context	14
respiratory viruses	14
veterinary medicine	14
family arteriviridae	14
strain vr	14
assays using	14
dependent pathway	14
virus yield	14
result indicates	14
control animals	14
pcr reaction	14
tgev particles	14
biological activities	14
world alphaviruses	14
mechanisms underlying	14
experimental conditions	14
feline enteric	14
tam receptors	14
poliovirus infection	14
suckling mouse	14
standard procedures	14
coronavirus papain	14
memory cd	14
also indicated	14
simian hemorrhagic	14
two novel	14
brain homogenates	14
helpful discussions	14
oligonucleotide fingerprinting	14
data show	14
units ml	14
murine cns	14
functional class	14
scanning confocal	14
transcribed rna	14
primary human	14
left indicate	14
rough endoplasmic	14
highly attenuated	14
interferon response	14
wheat germ	14
studies showed	14
sars vaccine	14
two rna	14
infectious clones	14
efficient ribosomal	14
different viruses	14
different strains	14
early infection	14
humoral immune	14