bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
amino acid	258
codon usage	121
acid sequences	53
amino acids	53
avian influenza	53
porcine epidemic	51
virus genes	50
nucleotide sequence	50
nucleotide sequences	48
phylogenetic analysis	47
sequence analysis	47
acid sequence	46
cell culture	45
epidemic diarrhea	43
doc id	40
genes doi	40
cord uid	40
viral rna	40
gc content	39
deduced amino	37
influenza virus	37
diarrhea virus	36
leader rna	36
base usage	36
transmissible gastroenteritis	35
codon bias	35
structural proteins	34
usage bias	33
closely related	33
secondary structure	31
gastroenteritis virus	31
jmk strains	31
monoclonal antibodies	30
rna polymerase	30
open reading	29
complete genome	29
type ii	29
sour orange	28
fecal samples	27
sequence data	27
reading frame	26
mrna species	26
methyl transferase	25
infectious bronchitis	25
type i	25
pcr products	25
st cells	25
bank vole	24
supplementary material	24
reverse transcription	24
acid changes	23
cdv strains	23
infected cells	23
accession numbers	22
bronchitis virus	22
performed using	22
highly pathogenic	22
accession number	21
veroe cells	21
viral genome	21
influenza viruses	20
agarose gel	20
vp gene	20
highly conserved	20
clinical signs	20
binding site	20
virus isolation	20
receptor binding	19
bat species	19
reading frames	19
dependent rna	19
genetic diversity	19
bank voles	18
dna polymerase	18
stranded rna	18
entire genome	18
phosphorylation sites	18
lamp assay	18
acid differences	18
previously described	18
pedv strains	18
rna sequences	18
cell line	18
genome sequence	17
reverse transcriptase	17
host range	17
genome sequences	17
glycosylation sites	17
tgev infection	17
also found	17
rna viruses	17
respiratory syndrome	17
acid substitutions	17
genbank accession	17
genomic rna	17
attenuated virus	16
present study	16
sequence identity	16
viral rnas	16
case fatality	15
ga cwl	15
codon positions	15
polymerase gene	15
nucleocapsid protein	15
total rna	15
pathogenic avian	15
neutralizing antibodies	15
synonymous codon	15
ii fcov	15
structural protein	15
attenuated viruses	14
described previously	14
dinucleotide frequency	14
loop structure	14
mutational pressure	14
rna sequence	14
effective codon	14
viral genes	14
phylogenetic trees	14
south korea	14
pcr amplification	14
porcine transmissible	14
hypervariable region	14
immune response	14
cc strain	14
viral replication	14
porcine deltacoronavirus	14
cleavage site	14
positive samples	14
membrane protein	14
online version	14
ark ark	14
previous study	14
phylogenetic tree	14
contains supplementary	13
different strains	13
glycosylation site	13
retroviral rnas	13
genetic mutations	13
authorized users	13
mammalian cells	13
rna extraction	13
gene expression	13
constructed using	13
cpg dinucleotides	13
transient expression	13
transferase activity	13
located within	13
stop codon	13
phylogenetic analyses	12
consensus sequence	12
nucleic acid	12
results showed	12
bovine kobuvirus	12
mass viruses	12
signal peptide	12
fatality rate	12
allantoic fluid	12
pdcov replication	12
viral proteins	12
alemow plants	12
hepatitis virus	12
acid residues	12
puuv strain	12
tcid ml	12
genus viruses	12
ga viruses	12
viral mrna	12
pedv isolates	12
bat pyvs	12
leader sequence	12
electronic supplementary	11
ibv strains	11
detection limit	11
length genome	11
foster city	11
codon number	11
virus replication	11
among different	11
full genome	11
recombinant plasmids	11
tissue culture	11
linked glycosylation	11
published sequences	11
rd position	11
cells transfected	11
virulent strains	11
spike gene	11
genomic sequence	11
gene region	11
terminal domain	11
mg ml	11
nucleotides downstream	11
embryonated eggs	11
samples collected	11
conserved among	11
ibdv genome	11
applied biosystems	11
viruses isolated	11
sm gene	10
human adaptation	10
seven potential	10
negative control	10
coding sequences	10
genome organization	10
mass mass	10
severe acute	10
gel electrophoresis	10
receptor specificity	10
spike protein	10
rna interference	10
sequence alignment	10
old piglets	10
polymerase chain	10
specific primers	10
avirulent strains	10
insect cells	10
rna virus	10
domain iii	10
pathogenic virus	10
chain reaction	10
dna viruses	10
turkey hepatitis	10
final extension	10
host cell	10
frame shift	10
indel pedv	10
infected piglets	10
puuv isolates	10
epidemic diarrhoea	10
viral infection	10
protein kinase	10
gfcov fr	10
molecular characterization	10
like particles	10
cell lines	10
group i	10
codon optimization	10
tgev tmk	10
acute respiratory	10
molecular detection	9
vaccine strains	9
orf ab	9
acid deletion	9
puuv rna	9
stranded dna	9
cdna fragments	9
ethidium bromide	9
usage variation	9
virus isolates	9
aa changes	9
pedv infection	9
better understand	9
i fcov	9
yatapoxvirus genes	9
time rt	9
secondary structures	9
human coronavirus	9
mutation rate	9
lung tissue	9
ch gsjiii	9
previously reported	9
molecular epidemiology	9
well plates	9
rsv rna	8
serially diluted	8
samples tested	8
rna genome	8
even though	8
cave myotis	8
acid identity	8
virus infection	8
kinase ii	8
pcr assay	8
human infections	8
within nsp	8
short hairpin	8
frameshift site	8
stop codons	8
three times	8
pedv orf	8
analysis revealed	8
based elisa	8
fecal specimens	8
economic losses	8
first report	8
ark dpi	8
two different	8
porcine respiratory	8
causative agent	8
overlap region	8
infectious peritonitis	8
pedv variant	8
bovine coronavirus	8
primate cells	8
mediated elisa	8
natural host	8
orange seedlings	8
splice sites	8
ibdv strains	8
protein sequence	8
shrnas targeting	8
two distinct	8
transfected cells	8
determine whether	8
primer pair	8
cytopathic effect	8
cell cultures	8
genome consists	8
canine coronavirus	8
days post	8
casein kinase	8
fipv orf	8
coding region	8
disease virus	8
two viruses	8
high case	8
tmk strain	8
maximum likelihood	8
amber codon	8
genomic sequences	8
analysis indicated	8
cov isolates	8
plasmid dna	8
viral genomes	8
major structural	8
avian coronavirus	8
ark viruses	8
virus titers	7
structural genes	7
pcr product	7
glycoprotein gene	7
novel picornaviruses	7
sequence comparison	7
viral strain	7
two strains	7
peptide region	7
linked phosphorylation	7
sy symptoms	7
structural gene	7
mediated isothermal	7
tibetan mastiff	7
korean pedv	7
feline infectious	7
guanylyl transferase	7
orf gene	7
three different	7
mouse hepatitis	7
previous studies	7
human infection	7
new england	7
turkey samples	7
ii fcovs	7
predicted amino	7
may affect	7
pseudoknotted structures	7
pcr using	7
cells using	7
overlap regions	7
expression system	7
leukemia virus	7
post infection	7
efficient frameshifting	7
bat populations	7
hairpin rnas	7
insectivorous bats	7
detecting pedv	7
frameshift sites	7
cap methylation	7
leader complex	7
reaction volume	7
dinucleotide frequencies	7
specific monoclonal	7
late period	7
escherichia coli	7
close relationship	7
human cases	7
determined using	7
subgenomic mrna	7
international committee	7
infect humans	7
genetically engineered	7
using primers	7
attenuated strain	7
central european	7
england biolabs	7
respiratory tract	7
united states	7
rt reaction	7
cryptic splice	7
reaction mixture	7
antigenic variation	7
strand cdna	7
expression vectors	7
dna products	7
molecular evolution	7
phylogenetic relationships	7
intestinal contents	7
dinucleotide patterns	7
genetic differences	7
sequence analyses	7
spike glycoprotein	7
diarrhoea virus	7
polymerase complex	7
isothermal amplification	7
antigenic properties	7
litter extracts	7
cdna clones	7
complex binding	7
high mortality	7
sialic acid	7
tpa dinucleotides	7
bovine serum	7
pl protease	7
gray strain	7
lg ml	7
specific antibody	7
results indicated	7
astrovirus strains	7
whole genome	7
sy reaction	7
duck hepatitis	7
syndrome virus	7
dna sequencing	7
amber stop	7
north american	7
antigenic groups	7
infectious diarrhoea	7
myotis adv	7
porcine reproductive	7
designed based	7
protein genes	7
important role	7
vt strain	7
vt subisolates	7
poultry outbreaks	7
avian infectious	7
molecular markers	6
highly virulent	6
mm tris	6
important factor	6
kda orf	6
gene sequence	6
health organization	6
virus date	6
korean bastvs	6
relative abundance	6
csfv genomes	6
viral strains	6
clinical samples	6
supplementary table	6
culture adapted	6
also observed	6
overall gc	6
respiratory coronavirus	6
cycle sequencing	6
stool samples	6
reference strains	6
isothermal conditions	6
virus infections	6
phylogenetic relationship	6
sy reactions	6
conserved region	6
nt differences	6
related viruses	6
taq dna	6
pedv strain	6
two groups	6
fields virology	6
virus isolate	6
puumala virus	6
technical assistance	6
family coronaviridae	6
japanese bats	6
aligned using	6
pedv ljb	6
genbank database	6
transmembrane domains	6
cluster analysis	6
chest cavity	6
pcr buffer	6
substitutions within	6
restriction fragment	6
different species	6
sequence identities	6
newborn piglets	6
virus may	6
one amino	6
antigenic sites	6
whu strain	6
high specificity	6
subgenomic mrnas	6
gene deletion	6
molecular biology	6
viral dna	6
kinase phosphorylation	6
acid motifs	6
genetic changes	6
monoclonal antibody	6
hubei province	6
zoonotic viruses	6
extraction kit	6
primer set	6
first strand	6
cells infected	6
different serotypes	6
results indicate	6
predicted secondary	6
cdna synthesis	6
world health	6
analysis showed	6
nucleotide deletion	6
muench method	6
abi prism	6
sense rna	6
plants infected	6
purified using	6
rbcv strains	6
colloidal gold	6
type pseudoknot	6
aichi virus	6
litter samples	6
dmem fcs	6
nucleoprotein gene	6
bcv strains	6
gold test	6
evolutionary history	6
poxvirus genes	6
rna molecules	6
acute infectious	6
third position	6
guinea fowl	6
expression levels	6
vero cells	6
wild boar	6
agarose gels	6
stable hairpin	6
genes encoding	6
first two	6
antigenic drift	6
western blot	6
future studies	6
acid composition	6
may explain	6
room temperature	6
avian species	6
first reported	6
computer program	6
chicken embryo	6
leader sequences	6
reference sequences	6
results suggest	6
test strip	6
point mutations	6
chicken embryos	6
extracted rna	6
virus titer	6
may play	6
host adaptation	6
viral load	6
protein expression	6
cytopathic effects	6
avian coronaviruses	6
acid binding	6
southern china	6
stem loop	5
nucleotide identity	5
vaccine strain	5
mammalian expression	5
genetic characterization	5
liver samples	5
ebcv strains	5
derived sequences	5
mutated strain	5
bp amplicons	5
stem sl	5
domain ii	5
bat coronaviruses	5
polyprotein gene	5
dna synthesis	5
viral mrnas	5
antigenic characterization	5
mebus strain	5
ribosomal frame	5
enc values	5
structure prediction	5
bathev bs	5
clustered together	5
two antigenic	5
aa substitutions	5
also showed	5
th con	5
host cells	5
public databases	5
quantitative rt	5
pedv infections	5
single amino	5
sars outbreak	5
viruses within	5
mediated immunity	5
onderstepoort strain	5
described earlier	5
nonstructural protein	5
human hpai	5
using trizol	5
type cdv	5
proc nat	5
amplified dna	5
group iii	5
classical swine	5
brain tissue	5
virus assembly	5
ibdv genes	5
well conserved	5
molluscum contagiosum	5
target dna	5
serologically related	5
like viruses	5
infectious bursal	5
acid deletions	5
primers targeting	5
egyptian sequences	5
domestic pigs	5
sequence alignments	5
african green	5
two isolates	5
viral diarrhea	5
ptmk strains	5
transfection efficiency	5
nucleic acids	5
joining method	5
consensus sequences	5
novel bat	5
poxvirus members	5
swine industry	5
field strains	5
cap structure	5
puuv strains	5
i fcovs	5
kidney cell	5
sequences revealed	5
directed mutagenesis	5
dinucleotide pairs	5
inhibit pdcov	5
rna template	5
like proteases	5
ga attenuated	5
gene nucleotide	5
length genomes	5
puumala orthohantavirus	5
swine fever	5
two amino	5
structure predictions	5
genomic signature	5
multiple sequence	5
porcine coronavirus	5
quantitative real	5
aa deletion	5
target cells	5
qpcr analysis	5
orf genes	5
strains lsu	5
fujian samples	5
bootstrap values	5
degenerate primers	5
aa change	5
using mega	5
strain astrup	5
led us	5
nat acad	5
green monkey	5
diarrhea viruses	5
immunofluorescence assay	5
hong kong	5
swabs collected	5
antisense primer	5
novel adenovirus	5
tulv moravia	5
wild boars	5
tgev strain	5
detect pedv	5
creative commons	5
many cases	5
pathogenic viruses	5
cell fusion	5
distilled water	5
human adaptive	5
nucleotide positions	5
virus neutralizing	5
chicken eggs	5
purdue strain	5
high mutation	5
weeks old	5
ptmk strain	5
od value	5
neonatal piglets	5
key role	5
signal sequence	5
generated using	5
clinical specimens	5
third codon	5
kda orfs	5
field isolates	5
connecticut strains	5
selection pressure	5
human cells	5
wide range	5
common ancestor	5
comparisons among	5
uninfected mammalian	5
enteric disease	5
seven nucleotides	5
baculovirus expression	5
virus type	5
buffered saline	5
high frequency	5
puuv vranica	5
small membrane	5
coronavirus leader	5
rna recombination	5
shrna recombinant	5
codon position	5
genomic gc	5
base composition	5
differences among	5
virus taxonomy	5
vp protein	5
bursal disease	5
important roles	5
protease domain	5
time pcr	5
infected alemow	5
dna sequences	5
genetic information	5
tertiary structure	5
highly expressed	5
host species	5
acad sci	5
middle east	5
give rise	5
dna fragments	5
different organisms	4
reagent kit	4
six primers	4
significantly correlated	4
rnase inhibitor	4
fujian pedv	4
virus detected	4
double recombination	4
pcr amplifications	4
done using	4
potential pseudoknotting	4
cdna library	4
bovine rotavirus	4
transcription loop	4
nine nucleotides	4
will provide	4
mid period	4
multiplex rt	4
sendai virus	4
florida strain	4
type strains	4
primer sequences	4
korean bovine	4
genomic characterization	4
total reaction	4
large number	4
novel isolates	4
coaxial stacking	4
usa ok	4
different coronaviruses	4
differences observed	4
main factor	4
recombination event	4
blot analysis	4
samples using	4
complete nucleotide	4
potential glycosylation	4
neurological disease	4
sequence homology	4
nt sequence	4
finishing pigs	4
untranslated region	4
mm dntp	4
thaw cycles	4
contained two	4
replicase gene	4
sequences used	4
also contains	4
rna secondary	4
haemorrhagic enteritis	4
three viral	4
mini kit	4
verodogslam cells	4
shifty heptanucleotide	4
encephalomyelitis virus	4
cellular mrna	4
amantadine resistance	4
using clustalw	4
replicase genes	4
mm nacl	4
calves aged	4
recombination events	4
positive control	4
porcine astrovirus	4
acid mutations	4
gastroenteritis coronavirus	4
differential rrt	4
lactogenic immunity	4
csfv orfs	4
nucleotide composition	4
cdna sequencing	4
genome sequencing	4
three nucleotides	4
tgev genome	4
well plate	4
specimens collected	4
citrus tristeza	4
suckling piglets	4
porcine rotavirus	4
changes within	4
various countries	4
well expressed	4
high number	4
calculated using	4
genes showed	4
variola virus	4
results obtained	4
protein may	4
infectious diseases	4
cdna fragment	4
domain within	4
conserved amino	4
antigenic changes	4
recent years	4
different antigenic	4
type receptor	4
european puuv	4
conventional rt	4
acute haemorrhagic	4
associated coronavirus	4
replicase proteins	4
conserved within	4
miniopterus fuliginosus	4
domestic pig	4
viral envelope	4
acidic domain	4
binding activity	4
piglets infected	4
gene sequences	4
viral protein	4
antigenic cartography	4
phage display	4
agrose gel	4
tissue samples	4
bootstrap replicates	4
gamma distribution	4
bat adenoviruses	4
total variation	4
fcs ps	4
pb gene	4
large deletion	4
similar viruses	4
new genus	4
genetically different	4
sars cases	4
pol sequences	4
available sequences	4
correlation analysis	4
culture adaptation	4
trizol reagent	4
transferase assay	4
many countries	4
pcr system	4
monkey kidney	4
envelope protein	4
enveloped viruses	4
leader junction	4
nested set	4
single stranded	4
hepatitis viruses	4
species transmission	4
highly contagious	4
plant viruses	4
diagnostic tests	4
gc concentration	4
length polymorphism	4
pcr amplifying	4
antibody binding	4
cell entry	4
hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis	4
antigenic site	4
chronically infected	4
two cases	4
bat advs	4
rabbit anti	4
cause diarrhea	4
cpg deficiency	4
isolated viruses	4
beaudette strain	4
ii phosphorylation	4
essential medium	4
antigenic differences	4
sequence changes	4
endemic region	4
domestic ducks	4
might also	4
different regions	4
causative agents	4
human primate	4
sequence differences	4
final concentration	4
integral membrane	4
cpg motifs	4
reaction mix	4
tgev strains	4
see table	4
analyzed using	4
world bats	4
sequencing kit	4
rdrp sequences	4
new virus	4
adult cattle	4
optimal reaction	4
recombination sites	4
sars patient	4
csfv genotype	4
myodes glareolus	4
animal species	4
sh sequence	4
cdna libraries	4
applied biosystem	4
original clinical	4
shrna expression	4
conducted using	4
original lung	4
evolutionary relationships	4
virus strain	4
porcine coronaviruses	4
putative protein	4
empty plasmid	4
poxvirus genomes	4
newly isolated	4
current study	4
serum sample	4
infected animals	4
southern brazil	4
protein sequences	4
cysteine residues	4
i orf	4
fusion peptide	4
puuv isolate	4
thermal cycler	4
potential pseudoknot	4
strains isolated	4
ferret antisera	4
canadian geese	4
restriction enzyme	4
using standard	4
rscu values	4
partially purified	4
clinical symptoms	4
pfu ml	4
dntp mixture	4
much less	4
pcr kit	4
cavity lavage	4
pseudoknotted structure	4
serial dilutions	4
step rt	4
chain termination	4
genetic evolution	4
viral infections	4
cdna using	4
plays important	4
cells showed	4
natural selection	4
nsy subisolates	4
transferase domain	4
bayesian trees	4
sequencing reactions	4
coli dh	4
usage patterns	4
gene coding	4
novel puuv	4
diagnostic reagents	4
tree based	4
blast search	4
variable region	4
expected size	4
following transfection	4
myotis velifer	4
nonstructural proteins	4
accessory gene	4
kidney cells	4
three major	4
western blotting	4
order nidovirales	4
nucleotide changes	4
fusion protein	4
nested pcr	4
specific nucleotide	4
group ii	4
ml dmem	4
translational frameshifting	4
affect codon	4
proteins including	4
accessory genes	4
interference efficiency	4
genome analysis	4
pcr rflp	4
animal viruses	4
restriction enzymes	4
axis values	4
laboratory manual	4
mutations within	4
canine parvovirus	4
kobuvirus strains	4
early diagnosis	4
three groups	4
long deletion	4
new genera	4
confirmed human	4
chicken egypt	4
major antigenic	4
fragment length	4
antigenic map	4
lamp reaction	4
chinese strains	4
pedv samples	4
proteins vp	4
canine distemper	4
cells harboring	4
among strains	4
analysis based	4
i virus	4
also detected	4
whether shrna	4
junction sequence	4
new world	4
immune responses	4
adaptive markers	4
orange plants	4
variation among	4
gene products	4
kda protein	4
gene segment	4
coding regions	4
time quantitative	4
human health	4
clinical swine	4
nucleocapsid gene	4
primers used	4
immunodeficiency virus	4
known substitutions	4
recent studies	4
mock control	4
shifty sequence	4
software version	4
acid difference	4
poxvirus species	4
electron microscopy	4
significantly higher	4
mega version	4
tristeza virus	4
early region	4
stem region	4
faecal samples	4
cwl virus	4
life technologies	4
membrane glycoprotein	4
mrna cap	4
dinucleotide bias	4
dna sequence	4
fetal bovine	4
viruses including	4
interstructural gene	4
stable hairpins	4
pedv field	4
sm protein	4
tailed bats	4
rinderpest virus	4
puumala hantavirus	4
may indicate	4
dna extraction	4
turkey coronavirus	4
expression vector	4
sequences obtained	4
two porcine	4
cov genomes	4
genetic relationships	4
risk assessment	4
bat fecal	4
infected pigs	4
two open	4
uua aac	4
bovine viral	4
expressing plasmids	4
nucleoprotein mrna	4
one piglet	4
vitro transcription	4
binding sites	4
rapid detection	4
puuv sotkamo	4
two species	4
infectious dose	4
acute enteritis	4
heptad repeat	4
analyses based	3
prcv strains	3
moloney murine	3
sequences upstream	3
tgev abs	3
dpi strains	3
sequence revealed	3
fipv interstructural	3
ebcv mebus	3
genbank available	3
cloning kit	3
embryonated chicken	3
human viruses	3
component analysis	3
rpv viral	3
observed previously	3
coronavirus genome	3
different tissues	3
virus particle	3
nucleotide substitutions	3
serotype isolates	3
using two	3
evolutionary lineage	3
heptanucleotide sequence	3
fcov replication	3
statistical analysis	3
severe diarrhea	3
tyrosine kinase	3
vector system	3
medium containing	3
lesser extent	3
membrane fusion	3
assembly process	3
classical methylation	3
like protease	3
ibv using	3
base positions	3
water bath	3
rectal temperature	3
different csfv	3
differences amino	3
culture collection	3
host may	3
chicken rbc	3
sars coronavirus	3
sars epidemics	3
predicted mr	3
genbank egyptian	3
florida serotypes	3
tailed bat	3
roe deer	3
pedvs isolated	3
positive strand	3
atcc ccl	3
pcr positive	3
based assays	3
new sars	3
tgev orf	3
vaccine viruses	3
attenuated pedv	3
viral shedding	3
bovine astrovirus	3
per reaction	3
among sars	3
hantavirus outbreak	3
hi assay	3
virus gene	3
terminal portion	3
negative controls	3
sequences encoding	3
like pedv	3
intestinal tract	3
common vole	3
genetic clades	3
iii alone	3
six nucleotides	3
virus stocks	3
also present	3
forward primer	3
located near	3
orf lab	3
sequenase version	3
rna helicase	3
complete genomic	3
whu isolate	3
normal chicken	3
north carolina	3
immunodominant region	3
pedv vaccine	3
taiwan isolates	3
cap methyl	3
green fluorescent	3
kdke tetrad	3
small intestine	3
complete sequences	3
linked sia	3
inner primer	3
host immune	3
structural elements	3
china date	3
reaction temperature	3
acid variations	3
molecular weight	3
poxvirus genera	3
trees using	3
year old	3
immune system	3
binding domain	3
capped mrna	3
loop structures	3
causes many	3
culture supernatant	3
tumor virus	3
major core	3
pedv rna	3
coding sequence	3
old embryonated	3
syndrome coronavirus	3
genetic variation	3
nomenclature system	3
korean kobuvirus	3
per well	3
identification test	3
florida strains	3
slightly overlapping	3
viral nucleocapsid	3
taiwan tc	3
acid change	3
gain new	3
eld per	3
natural reservoirs	3
mismatches compared	3
clinical sample	3
novel pyv	3
alignment editor	3
genetic mutation	3
genus coronavirus	3
phosphorylated nucleocapsid	3
structure downstream	3
coronaviruses belonging	3
vaccinia virus	3
particularly useful	3
mammalian cell	3
tcov strains	3
theoretically effective	3
prompted us	3
serological test	3
transcriptional modification	3
sequences showed	3
sequence similarity	3
porcine kidney	3
using dna	3
overall genome	3
adv sequences	3
second sh	3
transient transfection	3
guano samples	3
takara bio	3
rnas targeting	3
mammalian viruses	3
thermo fisher	3
identified four	3
four structural	3
homologous regions	3
central europe	3
resources war	3
translational efficiency	3
coronavirus ibv	3
mass strain	3
commons licence	3
just downstream	3
different codon	3
goat anti	3
high similarity	3
transposable element	3
suckling pigs	3
effective number	3
based differential	3
gene cloning	3
entire viral	3
purification kit	3
murine leukemia	3
axis value	3
ay taiwan	3
high conservation	3
post mortem	3
possible explanation	3
partial orf	3
see discussion	3
examined using	3
visualized using	3
distemper virus	3
national center	3
using rt	3
mortality rates	3
volume using	3
genus mamastrovirus	3
emerging viruses	3
might affect	3
previously group	3
big dye	3
gene showed	3
recent study	3
using bioedit	3
dependent protein	3
pedv reference	3
indel pedvs	3
hokkaido virus	3
plasmid expression	3
relative dinucleotide	3
ctv strains	3
sequence representing	3
proteolytic cleavage	3
directly sequenced	3
antigenic change	3
terminal region	3
porcine hemagglutinating	3
primers based	3
hev strains	3
control pdcov	3
vvibdv isolates	3
containing rna	3
tgev rna	3
pandemic preparedness	3
sy gene	3
sequences available	3
ns protein	3
isolates originated	3
pcr primers	3
broiler chickens	3
yeast viruses	3
csfv strain	3
glycoprotein genes	3
biotechnology information	3
polymerase genes	3
study reported	3
primed transcription	3
two axes	3
genomic regions	3
higher viral	3
stomatitis virus	3
genomic properties	3
ten amino	3
rodent trapping	3
high prevalence	3
tissue tropism	3
genetic antigenic	3
ibdv isolates	3
two camp	3
sequence database	3
changes resulting	3
two piglets	3
pdcov infection	3
late region	3
life cycle	3
dsrna virus	3
described elsewhere	3
putative short	3
much higher	3
different pdcov	3
downer cattle	3
tgev replication	3
hi titer	3
differences within	3
sars coronaviruses	3
changes associated	3
viral entry	3
ntr sequences	3
recombinant plasmid	3
vaccine development	3
expressed genes	3
cumulative number	3
surface projections	3
binding motif	3
gene decreased	3
aligning non	3
specific shrnas	3
porcine hev	3
chinese field	3
rflp serotype	3
fatality rates	3
prior amplification	3
trizol ls	3
egyptian reference	3
data showed	3
binding protein	3
strain cv	3
site directed	3
virus genome	3
state university	3
actual codon	3
relative position	3
first detection	3
tadarida brasiliensis	3
takara biotechnology	3
previously published	3
three regions	3
percent gc	3
authors declare	3
genes encoded	3
porcine pseudorabies	3
bj ay	3
coronaviridae family	3
genetic analyzer	3
partially overlaps	3
highly divergent	3
amplification method	3
highly biased	3
gene open	3
open access	3
studies indicate	3
shift site	3
first identified	3
posterior probabilities	3
natural reservoir	3
full length	3
two shrnas	3
taken together	3
may reflect	3
vole reovirus	3
dk resources	3
i coronaviruses	3
specific amino	3
also influence	3
viral transmission	3
hydrophobic region	3
genomic dna	3
residues within	3
asian countries	3
cell cultureadapted	3
detailed sequence	3
clinical diagnosis	3
short orf	3
low levels	3
abundant component	3
complete sequence	3
based rrt	3
puuv infections	3
cm flasks	3
variable orf	3
envelope proteins	3
protein characterization	3
two rbcv	3
fecal swabs	3
small interfering	3
second axis	3
length genomic	3
virus pb	3
sea lion	3
lamp method	3
isolate will	3
aged days	3
susceptible cells	3
innate immune	3
different ibv	3
core protein	3
two novel	3
virulent ibdv	3
globular head	3
prcv may	3
turkey poults	3
samples including	3
ten dam	3
recently discovered	3
reported previously	3
family poxviridae	3
genetic analyses	3
constructed three	3
synthesis kit	3
two pairs	3
antigenic analyses	3
viruses circulating	3
conformational epitopes	3
noncoding regions	3
different viruses	3
csfv strains	3
urban area	3
reverse primer	3
iowa state	3
chimeric virus	3
coronavirus sequences	3
membered hl	3
viral particles	3
likelihood analysis	3
ay bj	3
molossus molossus	3
maternity roost	3
novel mammalian	3
feline coronavirus	3
situ hybridization	3
positive animals	3
serial passage	3
much lower	3
five nucleotides	3
xi dna	3
nine casein	3
genomic composition	3
sequence encoding	3
continuous surveillance	3
time points	3
canine cov	3
different bat	3
deep groove	3
genes also	3
protective immune	3
study suggested	3
reverse primers	3
transcription signal	3
envelope glycoproteins	3
boxes contain	3
sequenced using	3
typical experiment	3
virus growth	3
vector pgenesil	3
gel extraction	3
acid level	3
pdcov strain	3
length nucleotides	3
immediately adjacent	3
likelihood tree	3
financial support	3
evaluate risks	3
biological function	3
korean cattle	3
virus proteins	3
puuv gpc	3
relationships among	3
different animal	3
wild birds	3
antigenic clusters	3
based rt	3
placed genus	3
effective sequences	3
trapping sites	3
atcc crl	3
pig fecal	3
pseudorabies virus	3
recently described	3
genetic characteristics	3
virus strains	3
based adjuvant	3
fx neo	3
general correlation	3
terminal nt	3
corresponding sequences	3
distinct clusters	3
korean strains	3
potential protein	3
gga aac	3
assembled using	3
tgev leader	3
infected experimentally	3
previous report	3
located downstream	3
therapeutic applications	3
ha protein	3
rna copies	3
hantavirus infections	3
strain revealed	3
tracheal swabs	3
one tyrosine	3
disease caused	3
viral variants	3
available pre	3
astrovirus infection	3
polymerase protein	3
pig farming	3
cattle brain	3
human population	3
vp genes	3
adapted tgev	3
dna sequencer	3
coronaviruses sequenced	3
complete cds	3
four lineages	3
drug resistance	3
six viruses	3
viruses described	3
randomly selected	3
overall base	3
diagnostic cases	3
uua aau	3
pandemic risk	3
large spike	3
coronavirus infectious	3
attenuated form	3
embryo passage	3
plp motif	3
acid substitution	3
three clusters	3
phosphorylation site	3
virus neutralization	3
west java	3
potential secondary	3
groups based	3
extracts collected	3
human astrovirus	3
fever virus	3
san diego	3
puuv sequences	3
random codon	3
random primer	3
substitution model	3
mrna capping	3
bp probability	3
uuu uua	3
site upstream	3
ii feline	3
rna using	3
previously isolated	3
tested positive	3
found upstream	3
also related	3
polymerase activity	3
orf amino	3
system ii	3
vt genome	3
first axis	3
bovine coronaviruses	3
may cause	3
previously recognized	3
rna molecule	3
permanent cell	3
first step	3
cloacal swabs	3
characteristic ladder	3
infected cell	3
leader rnas	3
macrogen institute	3
mediates viral	3
novel viruses	3
velifer samples	3
i glycoprotein	3
strain hb	3
interspecies recombination	3
viruses closer	3
distinct groups	3
high efficiency	3
coli cells	3
stranded positive	3
electron microscope	3
study showed	3
complete genomes	3
kod fx	3
strand synthesis	3
bases upstream	3
cm flask	3
rna genomes	3
plasmids targeting	3
mm mgcl	3
morbillivirus genus	3
arkansas serotype	3
main factors	3
high degree	3
reservoir hosts	3
connecting loops	3
deltacoronavirus strain	3
mutations occurred	3
three shrnas	3
functional domains	3
high pure	3
significant variation	3
illumina platform	3
putative new	3
comprehensive analysis	3
period case	3
neuros strain	3
lg well	3
genetically diverse	3
sequence characteristics	3
guanine methyl	3
predicted orf	3
translational selection	3
swine influenza	3
data suggest	3
still causes	3
causal agent	3
four major	3
carpathian lineage	3
antigenic variants	3
viral antigen	3
gc rich	3
study identified	3
overlapping orfs	3
hk cow	3
potential pseudoknots	3
field samples	3
usage among	3
clinical materials	3
sublineages ii	3
serotype identification	3
mhv strain	3
analysis using	3
without prior	3
first time	3
significantly longer	3
wide analysis	3
visual inspection	3
novel polyomaviruses	3
bf sha	3
european countries	3
reaction conditions	3
ml phylogenetic	3
one viral	3
approximately kb	3
predicted stem	3
full genomic	3
peritonitis virus	3
originally isolated	3
overall nucleotide	3
unique sequence	3
tc ay	3
vole kidney	3
sy subisolates	3
sequence deviation	3
economically important	3
three amino	3
vitro methyl	3
kobuvirus infection	3
usage pattern	3
conserved genes	3
additional studies	3
display library	3
pig farms	3
synonymous mutations	3
obtained sequences	3
bromophenol blue	3
enteric viruses	3
tertiary interaction	3
viruses belonging	3
ibv gray	3
virulence might	3
pedv isolate	3
sequences indicating	3
dna replication	3
neutralization epitopes	3
jun title	3
palm civets	3
primers specific	3
vesicular stomatitis	3
competent cells	3
metagenomic analysis	3
bromide staining	3
serological analysis	3
major groups	3
feline coronaviruses	3
expensive equipment	3
rna isolation	3
per ml	3
negative strand	3
genome may	3
primary chicken	3
cell monolayer	3
unmethylated cpg	3
two positions	3
horseradish peroxidase	3
mrna synthesis	3
short sequence	3
culture infectious	3
antigenic characteristics	3
probe hybridized	3
fisher scientific	3
murine hepatitis	3
hi titers	3
also demonstrated	3
published sequence	3
pdcov strains	3
specific antibodies	3
virulence markers	3
turkey farms	3
single orf	3
influenza surveillance	3
virus entry	3
substitutions associated	3
following accession	3
fipv genome	3
membrane gene	3
trees infected	3
putative frameshift	3
methyltransferase activity	3
primer extension	3
dye terminator	3
tested negative	3
neutralization assay	3
marburg viruses	3
significant difference	3
program predicted	3
linked immunosorbent	3
conserved regions	3
co atmosphere	3
pedv based	3
ped outbreaks	3
virus shedding	3
two sequences	3
probably due	3
line derived	3
may also	3
reduced replication	3
biological characteristics	3
methylation pathway	3
respiratory bovine	3
feces using	3
examine codon	2
several vaccines	2
virus vaccine	2
bat adenovirus	2
swine viral	2
geographic regions	2
eight sy	2
subgenomic rna	2
ribose binding	2
capsid proteins	2
lowest homology	2
tgev gene	2
culture medium	2
ntr regions	2
genes associated	2
poultry sector	2
aged month	2
influenza control	2
spleen homogenate	2
protective immunity	2
motifs within	2
another important	2
cwl pathogenic	2
amv reverse	2
virus community	2
different studies	2
swine sample	2
virulent viruses	2
polymerase ii	2
epidemiological studies	2
old spf	2
novel type	2
replicase polyproteins	2
upper respiratory	2
following years	2
acid similarity	2
chain monte	2
viral loads	2
hcl ph	2
strain jhm	2
orf regions	2
wide geographical	2
yellow dwarf	2
distributed widely	2
transmission events	2
basic understanding	2
available data	2
restriction sites	2
corresponding overlap	2
different interactions	2
fort dodge	2
levels following	2
two theoretically	2
reverse complement	2
unique feature	2
similarity graphs	2
geographical location	2
strain derived	2
protease cleavage	2
american type	2
members within	2
multiple bat	2
mrna instability	2
published studies	2
major cause	2
sublineage ii	2
ii termination	2
virus evolutionary	2
assay using	2
trees based	2
whether cpv	2
spss version	2
two possible	2
agriculture organization	2
ca uthvd	2
frameshifting occurs	2
significant economic	2
peptide display	2
strain ch	2
functional analysis	2
unique amino	2
new coronavirus	2
major viral	2
misc sirna	2
coronavirus nucleocapsid	2
preferred nucleotide	2
catalyses cap	2
high nucleotide	2
pol overlap	2
high gc	2
express yatapoxvirus	2
sequencespecific shrnas	2
egg layers	2
attenuation process	2
parvovirus type	2
gcg package	2
high percentage	2
forward primers	2
secretory pathway	2
vero cell	2
showed high	2
deubiquitinating protease	2
calf serum	2
terminator cycle	2
transmembrane domain	2
family astroviridae	2
pooled intestinal	2
total volume	2
lysis method	2
larger numbers	2
nucleotide mismatches	2
recombination among	2
proportion gc	2
single stem	2
attenuated ibv	2
gel analyzer	2
viral isolation	2
represent antigenic	2
two main	2
viral attachment	2
positive fecal	2
identity observed	2
three cdna	2
rnai effect	2
high morbidity	2
within residues	2
last year	2
decreased dramatically	2
distinct species	2
selected viruses	2
lm filter	2
likelihood ratio	2
package version	2
three aa	2
monte carlo	2
amantadine treatment	2
proteolytically cleaved	2
bathev strains	2
mrna molecules	2
replicate exclusively	2
viral segments	2
master mix	2
see also	2
small mammal	2
mediated rna	2
phylogenetic classification	2
strains within	2
vole mgn	2
codon sequences	2
particular mrna	2
quick decline	2
virus factories	2
rna kit	2
ibdv dinucleotide	2
bioedit software	2
protein stability	2
ml reaction	2
hairpin loop	2
airborne transmission	2
indonesian ministry	2
postulated rna	2
associated coronaviruses	2
cloned using	2
ibv serotypes	2
scale bar	2
first base	2
valuable tool	2
produced using	2
qiaquick gel	2
korean field	2
final class	2
mfpyv genome	2
total rnas	2
mass attenuated	2
amplifying pedv	2
three genomes	2
rna pseudoknots	2
peculiar base	2
aligned based	2
rabbit igg	2
enteric cases	2
investigated whether	2
family adenoviridae	2
two reports	2
reactions using	2
acid mismatches	2
blind passages	2
subunit sequence	2
genome replication	2
prcv infection	2
cattle infected	2
inhibited pdcov	2
causal relationship	2
revealed several	2
molecular techniques	2
infectious disease	2
zoonotic infections	2
sample contains	2
similar structure	2
genetic distances	2
onderstepoort vaccine	2
bww vx	2
sequences fell	2
organization world	2
human puumala	2
diagnostic potential	2
four potential	2
causing considerable	2
science foundation	2
swine samples	2
mediated disease	2
japanese strain	2
experimental animals	2
virulent pedv	2
domestic animals	2
zoonotic rna	2
peptide ligands	2
polyclonal antibody	2
porcine tgev	2
i members	2
genetic lineages	2
felv genome	2
reverse transcribed	2
human transmission	2
single species	2
unused reading	2
sequence deletion	2
nokd kmx	2
viral capsid	2
nipah virus	2
structural homology	2
culture supernatants	2
sequence conservation	2
virus particles	2
potential sites	2
windows nt	2
different time	2
truncated transcripts	2
feces samples	2
although pedv	2
revealed two	2
new strains	2
heilongjiang province	2
reactive antibodies	2
sv large	2
inoculated cells	2
binding specificity	2
transferred onto	2
topo vector	2
vole monoclonal	2
among subisolates	2
additional role	2
adapted strain	2
fattening pigs	2
cos cells	2
homogenized samples	2
mucosal immunity	2
surface glycoprotein	2
fujian province	2
avg bp	2
variability among	2
gene junction	2
specific poxvirus	2
coronavirus genomes	2
displacement dna	2
lavage samples	2
swine testicular	2
genomic portion	2
different location	2
using oligo	2
manually edited	2
sample collection	2
strains chk	2
od values	2
gel using	2
usually isolated	2
corresponding sequence	2
transfection reagent	2
group strains	2
color coding	2
equally detected	2
future investigations	2
identify sequence	2
ann arbor	2
analyses indicated	2
including humans	2
qpcr analyses	2
isolates found	2
acid variation	2
negative standard	2
jmk strain	2
pest control	2
thailand strains	2
least two	2
sequences deposited	2
dna amplification	2
host transmission	2
human host	2
suspected frameshift	2
chip buds	2
viral protease	2
resulting cdna	2
disease status	2
neuraminidase stalk	2
fcov ntu	2
strand rna	2
fold dilutions	2
circulating viruses	2
early stages	2
sequencing indicated	2
rneasy mini	2
agricultural science	2
various regions	2
os kyvvf	2
changes inventory	2
primary target	2
encode proteins	2
atrophic enteritis	2
multibasic cleavage	2
three recombinant	2
two orfs	2
divergence point	2
substitutions related	2
various viruses	2
amino changes	2
antigenic distance	2
cellular transformation	2
active site	2
biotechnology co	2
cells resulted	2
resulting hairpin	2
containing codons	2
heat shock	2
acid homology	2
two subunits	2
picornavirus sequences	2
increase virulence	2
corresponding region	2
wide mutation	2
three restriction	2
blast analysis	2
deer astroviruses	2
functional motifs	2
also provided	2
small envelop	2
using reverse	2
avian covs	2
pathogenic mass	2
showed severe	2
region may	2
encoded within	2
primer sets	2
two stem	2
detect bathev	2
least similarity	2
free trypsin	2
turkey erythrocytes	2
viruses host	2
virus life	2
highly dependent	2
infection studies	2
highly sensitive	2
shrna targeting	2
one proposed	2
dead wild	2
four strains	2
using specific	2
less codon	2
coding rnas	2
result indicated	2
high levels	2
strand viruses	2
higher concentrations	2
strikingly different	2
stem regions	2
avg covariation	2
enteropathogenic coronavirus	2
selective forces	2
baculoviruses expressing	2
rna concentration	2
statistically significant	2
mj research	2
pairwise comparison	2
br viruses	2
three plasmids	2
geographically distinct	2
replication transcription	2
comparative studies	2
populations may	2
six potential	2
viral progeny	2
cells treated	2
positive selection	2
frame shifting	2
ns genes	2
two large	2
ggc ccc	2
dodge laboratories	2
induce neutralizing	2
mm mgc	2
enzyme linked	2
expression systems	2
among multiple	2
igg antibody	2
different pedv	2
superscript ii	2
specific epitopes	2
including hiv	2
selected phages	2
cellular membranes	2
nt deletion	2
velifer guano	2
mfpyv tag	2
affinity chromatography	2
nucleotide segment	2
feces sample	2
speed centrifugation	2
institutional affiliations	2
adenosyl methionine	2
diarrheic pig	2
diagnostic method	2
i tkdgy	2
qiazol lysis	2
five species	2
guano pellets	2
expected enc	2
gene also	2
sense primer	2
orf products	2
countries around	2
encodes non	2
strain oc	2
geographic characteristics	2
distant regions	2
duplex rt	2
viruses sequenced	2
individual genes	2
original one	2
ntu might	2
cap structures	2
published maps	2
extracted viral	2
heat block	2
rna polymerases	2
human influenza	2
sequence aactaaac	2
higher case	2
using antigenic	2
onto biodyne	2
mrbay es	2
using high	2
regions showing	2
axes represent	2
light chain	2
egyptian isolates	2
mutation analysis	2
regulatory sequences	2
activities required	2
young ducklings	2
uninfected ducks	2
turkey gut	2
acid positions	2
american bats	2
infection inhibition	2
different porcine	2
contrast microscopy	2
poultry species	2
contained seven	2
immunosorbent assay	2
pig population	2
sequences found	2
induced cpe	2
virus detection	2
lamp amplifying	2
nucleotides around	2
linear epitopes	2
epitopes may	2
isolator availability	2
specific gene	2
tmk strains	2
bayesian inference	2
rnase activity	2
fip cat	2
several yatapoxvirus	2
avirulent bcv	2
ml per	2
less asparagine	2
disease outbreaks	2
novel gpc	2
experimental evidence	2
northern blot	2
bastv associated	2
blot test	2
following primer	2
also included	2
genetic analysis	2
virus families	2
virus vaccines	2
leucine zipper	2
mammal species	2
actual enc	2
replication origin	2
zoonotic dis	2
bastk strain	2
rbcv isolates	2
authors also	2
eleven monoclonal	2
conserved sequence	2
watery diarrhea	2
three stop	2
antibody secreting	2
tgev nucleoprotein	2
class includes	2
primer explorer	2
plasma membrane	2
gene arose	2
also computed	2
isolates lsu	2
red deer	2
frame deletion	2
present upstream	2
transfection complexes	2
elisa plates	2
remains neutral	2
strain differed	2
fluorescent protein	2
seems likely	2
regulatory region	2
bat hev	2
conventional antibody	2
field mouse	2
size bp	2
completely sequenced	2
cov strain	2
two genetically	2
shangai qxc	2
successful virus	2
brain tissues	2
like sequences	2
sequences generated	2
lymphocyte infiltration	2
coronavirus mouse	2
elicit cellular	2
sequencing analysis	2
multiple bands	2
ten nucleotides	2
additional orf	2
entire nucleocapsid	2
genomic region	2
laboratory strain	2
two serotypes	2
major epidemic	2
high identities	2
viral structural	2
may differ	2
piglets either	2
chinese pedv	2
mm hepes	2
putative orf	2
indirect elisa	2
nucleotides long	2
orange tissues	2
rna structure	2
bathev rna	2
cov genetics	2
joining analysis	2
like coronavirus	2
corresponding author	2
viral diseases	2
long fragment	2
porto alegre	2
pedv specific	2
heilongjiang provincial	2
primers pol	2
within orf	2
high fidelity	2
gc composition	2
growth factor	2
three independent	2
tgev polyclonal	2
typical experimental	2
previously frozen	2
measured spectrophotometrically	2
using gap	2
strains differed	2
two virus	2
loop dnas	2
results either	2
resistance substitutions	2
distance matrix	2
initiator atg	2
organization similar	2
small orf	2
capped rna	2
genus alphacoronavirus	2
evolutionary relationship	2
subsequent years	2
relative abundances	2
british isolate	2
common basis	2
enteric bovine	2
high bootstrap	2
three genotypes	2
collected samples	2
key residues	2
potential pathogens	2
pastv lineages	2
gene silencing	2
approximately nm	2
hypothetical translated	2
epithelial hyperplasia	2
contagious disease	2
five different	2
polyprotein ab	2
overlapping reading	2
different coronavirus	2
outbreaks since	2
sars epidemic	2
potent inhibition	2
adenosine residue	2
hemagglutination assay	2
protein deletion	2
uuc ccc	2
two vaccine	2
degrade rna	2
among respiratory	2
four transmembrane	2
sequences examined	2
lesser susceptibility	2
jurisdictional claims	2
similar base	2
ay shangai	2
substitutions present	2
diarrheal disease	2
clinical liver	2
first days	2
aa sequences	2
mm kc	2
two aa	2
passaged three	2
usa key	2
disease first	2
phylogenetic characterization	2
published coronavirus	2
stable stem	2
effective inhibition	2
severe sy	2
swine genome	2
observation indicates	2
human immunodeficiency	2
gene contains	2
newly emerged	2
pedv particles	2
challenged piglets	2
approximately thirty	2
hantavirus gn	2
engineered diagnostic	2
vp regions	2
sequence diversity	2
inhibit tgev	2
sci proc	2
two separate	2
qxc ay	2
may enhance	2
virion envelope	2
pcr results	2
geographic region	2
identify viruses	2
infected cattle	2
consensus full	2
ct motif	2
detection rate	2
west germany	2
regions identified	2
rna primer	2
diverse lineages	2
respir viruses	2
watery diarrhoea	2
tgev remains	2
genus orthohepevirus	2
endoplasmic reticulum	2
competing interests	2
virus outbreaks	2
citrus virology	2
fluorescence microscopy	2
cell adapted	2
original author	2
recorded daily	2
resistance mutations	2
newly determined	2