bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
type i	1067
innate immune	864
i ifn	527
immune response	406
viral rna	382
innate immunity	372
stranded rna	365
i interferon	331
virus infection	293
like receptor	288
rna viruses	287
like receptors	274
immune responses	273
viral infection	266
antiviral response	252
infected cells	226
viral replication	220
ifn production	210
influenza virus	204
signaling pathway	189
respiratory syndrome	182
virus replication	177
antiviral responses	177
antiviral signaling	167
ubiquitin ligase	166
dendritic cells	165
nucleic acid	163
protein kinase	163
immune system	155
i signaling	153
signaling pathways	153
innate antiviral	150
ns protein	147
ifn signaling	144
mediated antiviral	142
nucleic acids	141
i ifns	136
regulatory factor	134
i activation	132
antiviral innate	131
viral proteins	129
immune signaling	128
ifn response	127
virus ns	125
ifn induction	123
gene expression	121
respiratory syncytial	117
inducible gene	117
syncytial virus	117
interferon regulatory	116
retinoic acid	113
syndrome coronavirus	112
rna virus	109
antiviral immunity	108
rna helicase	106
acute respiratory	106
antiviral activity	105
severe acute	103
pattern recognition	96
strand rna	93
structural basis	93
signal transduction	90
recognition receptors	89
downstream signaling	89
adaptor protein	89
host innate	87
interferon production	86
stress granules	84
transcription factors	83
immune cells	83
epithelial cells	82
like protease	82
negatively regulates	82
dengue virus	81
viral infections	81
cell death	81
mitochondrial antiviral	80
mediated signaling	80
rna polymerase	80
immune evasion	77
binding protein	77
i ubiquitination	76
cell lines	74
interferon signaling	73
cytosolic dna	73
herpes simplex	72
signaling protein	72
west nile	71
stress granule	71
rna recognition	71
endoplasmic reticulum	71
inflammatory cytokines	70
sendai virus	70
nonstructural protein	70
rna replication	69
nile virus	68
rna binding	68
rna species	67
transcription factor	67
simplex virus	67
type iii	66
antiviral immune	65
terminal domain	64
hcv replication	64
dependent manner	64
rlr signaling	64
interferon induction	64
disease virus	63
viral rnas	63
helicase domain	63
cell types	63
linked polyubiquitination	62
plasmacytoid dendritic	62
mammalian cells	62
stimulated genes	62
nuclear translocation	62
polyubiquitin chains	62
translation initiation	62
encephalitis virus	61
protein synthesis	61
i interferons	60
rna sensor	58
cells infected	58
amino acid	58
dna viruses	58
interferon response	58
card domains	58
stimulated gene	57
positive selection	57
viral nucleic	57
crystal structure	57
signaling cascade	56
porcine epidemic	56
irf activation	56
beta interferon	55
ebola virus	55
sensor rig	55
poly i	55
linked ubiquitination	54
may also	54
melanoma differentiation	54
adaptive immune	53
east respiratory	53
cell line	53
middle east	53
measles virus	53
host cell	52
spry domain	52
viral genome	52
hcv infection	51
epidemic diarrhea	51
i pathway	51
important role	51
doc id	50
cord uid	50
proteasomal degradation	50
dna sensing	50
host immune	50
molecular patterns	50
signaling cascades	49
ub chains	49
antiviral defense	49
genomic rna	49
rna sensing	48
host antiviral	48
tripartite motif	48
host defense	48
deficient mice	48
triphosphate rna	48
adaptive immunity	48
rsv infection	48
virus rna	47
host cells	47
encephalomyocarditis virus	47
gene i	47
diarrhea virus	47
also known	46
viral dsrna	46
japanese encephalitis	46
tumor necrosis	45
rna sensors	45
associated molecular	45
negative regulation	45
tlr signaling	45
ifn responses	45
dub activity	44
granule formation	44
oligoadenylate synthetase	44
activated protein	44
antiviral state	44
activate rig	44
receptor signaling	44
necrosis factor	44
polymerase iii	44
like proteins	43
scientific texts	43
ifn system	43
cell surface	43
mediated rig	43
cellular proteins	43
protein inhibits	43
class i	42
rna interference	42
sars coronavirus	42
ligase trim	42
sg formation	42
critical role	42
rabies virus	42
mediated type	42
ns proteins	41
dependent innate	41
mediated degradation	41
structural protein	41
virus type	41
proinflammatory cytokines	41
amino acids	41
vaccinia virus	41
pedv nsp	40
pathogen recognition	40
alpha beta	40
inflammasome activation	40
kinase pkr	40
many viruses	40
mhc class	40
nlrp inflammasome	40
viral protein	40
inhibits type	39
like protein	39
virus infections	39
coronavirus papain	39
induce ifn	39
signaling molecules	39
sitosterol treatment	39
virus vp	38
virus nonstructural	38
long double	38
dsrna binding	38
effector functions	38
fever virus	38
i expression	38
host proteins	37
viral evasion	37
single nucleotide	37
essential role	37
target proteins	37
specific protease	37
iii ifns	37
rna synthesis	36
acid immunity	36
immune sensing	36
repressor domain	36
ifn activation	36
card domain	36
immune sensor	36
stranded dna	36
dna sensor	36
negative regulator	36
finger protein	36
associated protein	36
barr virus	36
viral genomes	36
vesicular stomatitis	36
i card	36
cytokine production	36
core protein	36
stat signaling	35
ubiquitin ligases	35
nuclear factor	35
adaptor proteins	35
type lectin	35
viral mrna	35
mediated ifn	35
highly pathogenic	35
isg conjugation	34
i recognition	34
family members	34
informative words	34
previous studies	34
sensing receptors	34
dnase ii	34
ligase activity	34
hcv rna	34
restriction factor	34
receptor rig	33
expression levels	33
nonstructural proteins	33
containing protein	33
initiation factor	33
cytosolic rna	33
tbk ikk	33
stomatitis virus	33
linked polyubiquitin	33
irf phosphorylation	33
iii ifn	32
doublestranded rna	32
attenuated rabv	32
genes encoding	32
independent manner	32
recent studies	32
binding proteins	32
syndrome virus	32
human respiratory	32
iav infection	32
inhibitory effect	31
virus entry	31
associated gene	31
binding kinase	31
cellular antiviral	31
stat phosphorylation	31
porcine reproductive	31
host rna	31
mediated innate	31
viral dna	31
i mda	31
molecular mechanisms	31
induced ifn	31
cytokine signaling	31
cov nsp	31
immunodeficiency virus	31
respiratory viruses	31
essential function	30
antiviral signal	30
associated factor	30
mediated activation	30
cyclic gmp	30
influenza viruses	30
host interactions	30
trim proteins	30
rna helicases	30
cap structure	30
mavs signaling	30
antiviral protein	30
ppp rna	30
trim trim	30
cancer risk	30
structural proteins	30
recent study	29
second messenger	29
conformational change	29
taken together	29
induce type	29
long dsrna	29
immune sensors	29
ubiquitin chains	29
mda signaling	29
cell lysates	29
protein expression	29
human immunodeficiency	29
protein levels	29
trim family	29
activates nf	28
mrna translation	28
molecular mechanism	28
induced activation	28
highly conserved	28
ifn antiviral	28
nucleocapsid protein	28
recognition receptor	28
negatively regulate	28
interferon antiviral	28
dependent rna	28
negative feedback	27
box rna	27
cellular rna	27
ssrna viruses	27
rna genome	27
terminal region	27
rna structures	27
binding domain	27
rsv ns	27
tir domain	27
vp protein	27
ring finger	27
meaning space	27
jak stat	27
induced innate	27
isg expression	27
rna bearing	27
replication cycle	27
lectin receptors	27
stat pathway	27
i like	26
newcastle disease	26
deubiquitinating enzyme	26
western blotting	26
life cycle	26
direct interaction	26
family member	26
immune receptors	26
i antiviral	26
interacting protein	26
pkr activation	26
ifn expression	26
foreign nucleic	26
evasion strategies	26
cellular functions	26
antiviral defenses	25
i helicase	25
rna molecules	25
interferon responses	25
helicase rig	25
wt rabv	25
hepatitis virus	25
oligomerization domain	25
closely related	25
adenosine deaminase	25
nucleotide polymorphisms	25
tlr activation	25
induces type	25
promoter activity	25
intracellular dna	25
subject categories	25
cell signaling	25
antiviral pathway	25
signal transducer	25
antiviral effects	25
i detects	25
cellular mrnas	25
inflammatory responses	25
hela cells	25
factor activation	24
viral entry	24
mediated recognition	24
natural killer	24
host protein	24
virus protein	24
i production	24
bat cell	24
inhibit rig	24
i gene	24
caspase activation	24
uninfected cells	24
atp hydrolysis	24
dendritic cell	24
host restriction	24
immune receptor	24
linked poly	24
atpase activity	24
trim alpha	24
restriction factors	24
cell responses	24
ifn regulatory	24
induced nf	23
induced apoptosis	23
inducing ifn	23
coronavirus nsp	23
dependent signaling	23
activated rig	23
amp synthase	23
cell type	23
mediated inhibition	23
ring domain	23
associated herpesvirus	23
accessory proteins	23
protein interactions	23
ns targets	23
type ii	23
mammalian species	23
cells via	23
isg conjugates	23
immune cell	23
adaptor molecule	23
tegument protein	23
inflammatory response	23
well plates	22
functional genomics	22
bacterial dna	22
adaptor mavs	22
signal activation	22
human cells	22
nsp protein	22
small interfering	22
arms race	22
mouth disease	22
inhibits ifn	22
inhibits rig	22
tlr ligands	22
host mrna	22
respiratory tract	22
studies suggest	22
mrna cap	22
remains unclear	22
box helicases	22
i cards	22
mitochondrial membrane	22
inhibit ifn	22
mrna expression	21
filament formation	21
ft cells	21
several studies	21
self rna	21
cpg motifs	21
category rig	21
induced type	21
stat activation	21
cpg dna	21
i mavs	21
vitro transcription	21
recruitment domains	21
expression level	21
mediated nf	21
double stranded	21
class ii	21
deubiquitinating activity	21
expressing plasmid	21
regulatory factors	21
results indicate	21
er stress	21
linked ubiquitin	21
viral pathogens	21
positive regulator	21
differential roles	21
short dsrna	21
antiviral effect	21
chronic hepatitis	20
signaling adaptor	20
virus inhibits	20
immune recognition	20
binding site	20
human cytomegalovirus	20
dependent antiviral	20
yellow fever	20
cell activation	20
i ligand	20
cytoplasmic dna	20
mediated restriction	20
rna ligand	20
stress response	20
rig matrix	20
interfering rna	20
containing adaptor	20
beta production	20
i helicases	20
virus particles	20
activate ifn	20
knockout mice	20
adapter protein	20
box helicase	20
enzymatic activity	20
thereby inhibiting	20
front immunol	20
dna binding	20
constitutively expressed	20
several viruses	19
trim ring	19
via rig	19
immune activation	19
i protein	19
cell culture	19
autoimmune diseases	19
accessory protein	19
gene induction	19
targeting rig	19
conformational changes	19
avian influenza	19
novel mechanism	19
forest virus	19
cell cycle	19
antiviral effector	19
data suggest	19
defective interfering	19
stress responses	19
unmethylated cpg	19
tlr recognizes	19
dependent translation	19
infected patients	19
antiviral functions	19
family proteins	19
dna virus	19
signaling complex	19
mediated cleavage	19
first line	19
mouse hepatitis	19
viral pathogenesis	19
ifit family	19
reverse transcription	19
deubiquitinating enzymes	19
activate nf	19
ng ml	19
terminal card	19
triggered ifn	19
rna editing	18
future studies	18
dna damage	18
cells transfected	18
results showed	18
protease cleaves	18
helicases rig	18
jev infection	18
stranded rnas	18
cytoplasmic viral	18
cutting edge	18
ifn pathway	18
selective pressure	18
described previously	18
information gain	18
luciferase reporter	18
target genes	18
eukaryotic translation	18
i ligands	18
rna degradation	18
irf signaling	18
interferon antagonism	18
interferon pathway	18
interferon alpha	18
different types	18
hcv ns	18
interferon antagonist	18
ifn genes	18
small rnas	18
tyrosine kinase	18
irf irf	18
mass spectrometry	18
important roles	18
monoclonal antibody	18
evade recognition	18
coronavirus replication	18
evasion mechanisms	18
protein ns	18
membrane vesicles	18
cell proliferation	18
authors declare	18
sensing pathways	17
zika virus	17
cleavage products	17
transcribed rna	17
rlr pathway	17
regulatory domain	17
antiviral effectors	17
antiviral stress	17
like proteases	17
informational space	17
bacterial rna	17
kappab activation	17
host response	17
hek cells	17
novel antiviral	17
unanchored polyubiquitin	17
cellular rnas	17
mediated induction	17
protein binds	17
mouse model	17
binding activity	17
signaling complexes	17
beta induction	17
triggering rig	17
genetic material	17
also reported	17
also found	17
structural insights	17
infectious diseases	17
signaling via	17
crucial role	17
activate antiviral	17
ligand binding	17
host factors	17
another study	17
rna prrs	17
transmembrane domain	17
inducible protein	17
helicase lgp	17
present study	17
kappab signaling	17
tetratricopeptide repeats	17
empty vector	17
semliki forest	17
translational control	17
viral capsid	17
antiviral activities	17
antiviral function	17
viral mrnas	17
proteins involved	17
replication factories	17
evade innate	17
cellular mrna	17
control group	17
ifn receptor	17
crispr cas	17
trigger ifn	16
nsp inhibits	16
neighboring cells	16
oas rnase	16
induced antiviral	16
early phase	16
deficient cells	16
sensor mda	16
dsrna molecules	16
immune pathways	16
binding sites	16
studies will	16
host viral	16
new insights	16
sensors rig	16
protein nsp	16
cov infection	16
dna sensors	16
receptor complex	16
viral genomic	16
induced protein	16
rna exosome	16
membrane protein	16
acid inducible	16
cancer cells	16
antagonize ifn	16
interferon action	16
infected mice	16
performed using	16
word clouds	16
rna cleavage	16
influenza infection	16
tight junction	16
antigen presentation	16
unfolded protein	16
genome replication	16
adaptor triggering	16
small rna	16
vitro transcribed	16
specific recognition	16
sense rna	16
ifn treatment	16
dsrna recognition	16
ikappab kinase	16
human rig	16
also involved	16
human trim	16
growth factor	16
sindbis virus	16
feedback regulation	16
ifit proteins	16
alpha induction	16
human coronavirus	16
activates antiviral	16
short double	16
myeloid dendritic	15
nk cells	15
functional consequences	15
viruses also	15
primary human	15
dependent protein	15
cytokine expression	15
rna polymerases	15
virus assembly	15
binding domains	15
trim interacts	15
downstream adaptor	15
murine cells	15
two distinct	15
high levels	15
tumor suppressor	15
large tegument	15
mapk signaling	15
box protein	15
leicester scientific	15
determine whether	15
target protein	15
substrate recognition	15
molecular signature	15
high affinity	15
i mediated	15
infected cell	15
ns may	15
replication complex	15
ectopic expression	15
host rbps	15
promyelocytic leukemia	15
like aggregates	15
terminal domains	15
ifn antagonist	15
results suggest	15
i forms	15
total rna	15
interferon stimulated	15
human monocytes	15
serine threonine	15
nuclear localization	15
transfected cells	15
bacterial infection	15
unclear whether	15
essential modulator	15
dependent rig	15
mediated ubiquitination	15
word meaning	15
mavs forms	15
intestinal epithelial	15
ligase rnf	15
gene family	15
dependent recognition	15
viral particles	15
dnase i	15
open reading	15
infectious virus	15
findings suggest	15
interferon system	15
immune pattern	15
also called	14
interferon genes	14
conjugating enzyme	14
listeria monocytogenes	14
dependent activation	14
selective pressures	14
short blunt	14
type mice	14
lysis buffer	14
viral titers	14
coronavirus infection	14
promoter activation	14
protein response	14
inclusion bodies	14
expression profiling	14
iav control	14
viral pamps	14
proinflammatory cytokine	14
isg induction	14
replication organelles	14
top words	14
different viruses	14
tnf receptor	14
lung epithelial	14
i ctd	14
immune signalling	14
infectious agents	14
signaling role	14
helicase ddx	14
factors irf	14
study showed	14
recruitment domain	14
receptor domain	14
peripheral blood	14
self dna	14
polyubiquitin chain	14
factor alpha	14
finger antiviral	14
myeloid differentiation	14
text belongs	14
cytoplasmic rna	14
antiviral signalling	14
virus production	14
different cell	14
irf transcription	14
recently reported	14
different mechanisms	14
positive feedback	14
dead box	14
hcv ires	14
treated cells	14
cellular protein	14
cbdi genomes	14
tumor cells	14
mediated immune	14
protein translation	14
mda activation	14
card tetramer	14
binding oligomerization	14
promote viral	14
production induced	14
site model	14
myeloid cells	14
human dendritic	14
activated irf	14
protein interacts	14
dsrna structures	14
host gene	14
isg modification	14
reactive oxygen	14
epithelial cell	14
airway epithelial	14
pathway reveals	14
ribonucleic acids	14
ikk complex	14
negative regulators	14
acid sensors	14
interfering rnas	14
specific manner	14
human isg	13
rlr activation	13
helicase requires	13
strand virus	13
gene transcription	13
parainfluenza virus	13
tightly regulated	13
potential role	13
emcv infection	13
proteins regulate	13
coronavirus nonstructural	13
protein isgylation	13
dna replication	13
ubiquitinates rig	13
interferon expression	13
cellular processes	13
activated stat	13
viral ns	13
lysine residues	13
antiviral factor	13
eukaryotic cells	13
ubiquitin system	13
cellular stress	13
lung cancer	13
protein phosphatase	13
endogenous rna	13
mediated apoptosis	13
endosomal compartment	13
unique functions	13
antiviral pathways	13
human tlr	13
also inhibits	13
zinc finger	13
nonself rna	13
i bp	13
host shut	13
panhandle structures	13
regulates tlr	13
dsrna viruses	13
immune genes	13
nk cell	13
signaling proteins	13
protease ns	13
antiviral rig	13
requires short	13
terminal kinase	13
factor irf	13
valley virus	13
escherichia coli	13
murine coronavirus	13
feedback loop	13
oxygen species	13
ifn promoter	13
shared repressor	13
processing bodies	13
like structures	13
like modifier	13
proinflammatory mediators	13
acute promyelocytic	13
innate response	13
thereby preventing	13
protein induces	13
viral innate	13
trims play	13
suppress rig	13
previously described	13
induced genes	13
enveloped viruses	13
viruses encode	13
mavs protein	13
sh domain	13
time points	13
plasma membrane	13
seneca valley	13
sequences alignment	13
pivotal role	13
fusion protein	13
factor receptor	13
heat shock	13
mediated interferon	13
virus kato	13
i molecules	13
actin polymerization	13
transcriptional activation	13
length rig	13
encode proteins	13
inhibits tlr	13
subcellular localization	13
immunol doi	13
microbial rna	13
infection induces	13
expressing cells	13
receptor activation	13
viral restriction	13
synthetic sirna	13
lentiviral vector	13
brain barrier	13
beta signaling	13
respiratory infections	13
proteasome system	13
initiation factors	13
i response	13
endothelial cells	13
using anti	13
conventional dcs	12
independent mechanisms	12
different rna	12
human ifit	12
rna structural	12
iii interferons	12
ubiquitin chain	12
genomic analyses	12
protein required	12
i binding	12
coding region	12
mrna degradation	12
nervous system	12
prr signaling	12
mouse embryonic	12
genome sequence	12
secondary antibodies	12
inhibit irf	12
inhibits host	12
viral polymerase	12
proteins may	12
bbb permeability	12
capped rna	12
directly interacts	12
dependent pathway	12
effector proteins	12
cytosolic dsdna	12
activating enzyme	12
play important	12
bat species	12
response via	12
gene silencing	12
ubiquitously expressed	12
defense mechanisms	12
i atpase	12
iii interferon	12
signaling transduction	12
lgp inhibits	12
actin cytoskeleton	12
ribosomal rna	12
killer cells	12
viruses use	12
reading frame	12
multiple mechanisms	12
trim negatively	12
induced proteins	12
rna ligands	12
promoter stimulator	12
membrane association	12
polymerase activity	12
virus core	12
rna via	12
terminal cards	12
virus protease	12
structures generated	12
protein antagonizes	12
self nucleic	12
molecular pattern	12
three times	12
antagonize type	12
catalytic activity	12
cells treated	12
adaptor molecules	12
ifn therapy	12
may contribute	12
mrna decay	12
mitochondrial targeting	12
cellular pathways	12
like domain	12
protein mavs	12
kinase activity	12
tyrosine kinases	12
monolayer cells	12
virus genome	12
embryonic fibroblasts	12
protein interaction	12
borne encephalitis	12
serine protease	12
vsv infection	12
denv ns	12
positive regulation	12
unusual viral	12
previously reported	12
complex formation	12
lymph nodes	12
inducible genes	12
different species	12
induced proinflammatory	12
cov orf	12
specific inhibition	12
replication intermediates	12
nucleotide polymorphism	12
increasing evidence	12
induced signaling	12
systemic lupus	12
srna viruses	12
hcv core	12
sting activation	12
avoid rig	12
wide range	12
differentiation primary	12
primary response	12
virus vaccine	12
indicated antibodies	12
gene products	12
infected astrocytes	12
virus recognition	12
splice variant	11
nss protein	11
exonuclease activity	11
host immunity	11
cap evades	11
blunt double	11
suppress ifn	11
initiate signaling	11
via toll	11
traf family	11
cell survival	11
matrix protein	11
detects cytosolic	11
viral immune	11
bind dsrna	11
analysis revealed	11
binding pocket	11
regulate rig	11
scientific thesaurus	11
data indicate	11
phage polymerase	11
chicken cells	11
induced expression	11
room temperature	11
leukemia virus	11
forms functional	11
human coronaviruses	11
atp binding	11
transcriptional activity	11
caspase recruitment	11
box domain	11
ebov vp	11
protein family	11
protein blocks	11
protective immunity	11
central nervous	11
dependent interferon	11
recently identified	11
semantic space	11
protein sequences	11
ligase riplet	11
immunity trim	11
swine fever	11
wild type	11
dependent degradation	11
propagate antiviral	11
traf complex	11
goat anti	11
acid sensing	11
whether ns	11
protein mita	11
endolysosomal compartment	11
secondary structure	11
functional prion	11
sequence information	11
deconjugase activity	11
least three	11
emerging human	11
signal transducers	11
nucleotide sequence	11
rna structure	11
proteins ns	11
lung injury	11
tbk complex	11
induced inflammation	11
biological functions	11
genome rna	11
derived macrophages	11
terminal caspase	11
virus nucleoprotein	11
pl pro	11
derived dendritic	11
recognize viral	11
coil domain	11
induced oligomerization	11
cell entry	11
ifn synthesis	11
human lung	11
without affecting	11
trim inhibits	11
human macrophages	11
i structural	11
vector space	11
including type	11
ul usp	11
related genes	11
isg products	11
increased susceptibility	11
cyclic di	11
activation mechanism	11
i overexpression	11
base pair	11
pathogenic rna	11
specific antiviral	11
immune defense	11
two lists	11
detects viral	11
alpha interferon	11
retroviral restriction	11
molecular weight	11
response element	11
recent findings	11
nucleoside modifications	11
cellular translation	11
janus kinase	11
order rna	11
independent antiviral	11
viral double	11
large number	11
even though	11
rsv replication	11
trim promotes	11
i editing	11
antiviral type	11
evades host	11
inhibits interferon	11
scientific corpus	11
signaling events	11
lymphocytic choriomeningitis	11
human sting	11
suppresses ifn	11
virus non	11
lupus erythematosus	11
three rlr	11
cyclic dinucleotide	11
adaptor inducing	11
higher levels	11
cytosolic dsrna	10
mechanisms used	10
immune detection	10
protein complexes	10
helicase domains	10
essential component	10
cleaves mavs	10
short interfering	10
regulates rig	10
targets trim	10
myeloid immune	10
stimulated response	10
recent report	10
low levels	10
i stimulation	10
single stranded	10
coronavirus nucleocapsid	10
many viral	10
culture supernatants	10
protease activity	10
i rig	10
lassa virus	10
polyribocytidylic acid	10
persistent infection	10
acid sequence	10
capsid protein	10
ovarian tumor	10
iii detects	10
also binds	10
different viral	10
eif alpha	10
recent years	10
pathway via	10
rna detection	10
previous study	10
ncbi databases	10
nlr family	10
immune suppression	10
untranslated region	10
dependent type	10
hairpin rna	10
clustalw implemented	10
protein trif	10
sensing tlrs	10
spike protein	10
evidence suggests	10
productive infection	10
host interaction	10
also play	10
toll il	10
cov plpro	10
infection models	10
receptor family	10
antiviral defence	10
factor kappa	10
viral propagation	10
expression analysis	10
tank binding	10
proteins encoded	10
induces ifn	10
also activate	10
inhibiting rig	10
see box	10
gene factor	10
pedv plp	10
another example	10
mitochondrial rna	10
dependent sensing	10
intracellular membrane	10
results demonstrate	10
functional genomic	10
ended dsrna	10
differentiation associated	10
negative regulatory	10
sensing mechanism	10
specific proteases	10
type interferon	10
viral gene	10
avian species	10
antiviral action	10
antiviral rna	10
effective antiviral	10
ifitm proteins	10
phosphatase pp	10
exact mechanism	10
immune functions	10
alexa fluor	10
sting signaling	10
cellular innate	10
mice infected	10
proteins interact	10
deduced protein	10
molecular level	10
restrict viral	10
dependent rnase	10
whether trim	10
genomic dna	10
methyltransferase activity	10
rna intermediate	10
cancer development	10
rlr genes	10
ns interacts	10
also encode	10
distinct rig	10
rlr family	10
rgnnv infection	10
intracellular bacteria	10
invading pathogens	10
kinase complex	10
mrna dependent	10
viral detection	10
rd regions	10
also contribute	10
subsequent studies	10
encoded proteins	10
cov papain	10
viral translation	10
viral enzymes	10
viruses may	10
may play	10
regulates type	10
associated kinase	10
lectin receptor	10
cytokine receptor	10
gc qr	10
translational modifications	10
antiviral gene	10
also able	10
spectrometry analysis	10
self mrna	10
fc receptor	10
human antiviral	10
death domain	10
tlr deficiency	10
viral clearance	10
ifn antagonists	10
irf activity	10
spry domains	10
rna genomes	10
signaling platform	10
similar results	10
major histocompatibility	10
signaling components	10
different families	10
creative commons	10
rna processing	10
protease domain	10
posttranslational modifications	10
receptor signalling	10
riplet rnf	10
phylogenetic analysis	10
poliovirus infection	10
blood mononuclear	10
terminal regulatory	10
ubiquitin modification	10
suppresses rig	10
mediated phosphorylation	10
panhandle structure	10
nsd complex	10
including irf	10
essential components	10
mononuclear cells	10
virus induces	10
prrsv replication	10
rna sequence	10
encephalomyocarditis picornavirus	10
recent work	10
choriomeningitis virus	10
stranded ribonucleic	9
protein involved	9
viral deubiquitinase	9
rna generated	9
cell growth	9
methylation provides	9
random variable	9
bacterial infections	9
rabv infection	9
including rig	9
current knowledge	9
sensing pathway	9
modulates type	9
form dna	9
trim expression	9
cells identification	9
bkt cells	9
mammalian rig	9
luminex assay	9
studies showed	9
i recognizes	9
noncoding rna	9
activate mavs	9
study suggests	9
key components	9
key role	9
viral transcription	9
interferon receptor	9
protein ligase	9
ns also	9
mapk pathway	9
prrsv infection	9
antiviral actions	9
motif protein	9
transduction pathways	9
across species	9
constitutively active	9
bronchial epithelial	9
reporter plasmid	9
following infection	9
activating rig	9
tolllike receptor	9
signaling activity	9
may explain	9
specific words	9
transmembrane protein	9
secreted ifn	9
major role	9
immunity via	9
deaminase acting	9
i repressor	9
isg mrna	9
murine hepatitis	9
virus nsp	9
conjugation system	9
dna hybrids	9
sense viral	9
gene encoding	9
cd cd	9
i induction	9
dna repair	9
induced isg	9
protein suppresses	9
lung homogenates	9
factor family	9
human primary	9
inhibits nf	9
containing adapter	9
cytoplasmic sensors	9
infected epithelial	9
significantly increased	9
study demonstrated	9
also plays	9
cells stimulated	9
tandem card	9
triphosphate sensor	9
described earlier	9
i degradation	9
small nuclear	9
cell function	9
rna silencing	9
pedv infection	9
immunity induced	9
broad spectrum	9
tbk ikkepsilon	9
novel coronavirus	9
mouse anti	9
producing cells	9
mycobacterium tuberculosis	9
hepatocellular carcinoma	9
entry site	9
tlr family	9
rich repeats	9
suppresses type	9
phosphorylated stat	9
sev infection	9
many different	9
replicative intermediate	9
pandemic influenza	9
directly target	9
remains unknown	9
cells including	9
cov plp	9
variant allele	9
translational arrest	9
akt pathway	9
cultured cells	9
results indicated	9
base pairing	9
promote interferon	9
stat degradation	9
di particles	9
induced gene	9
reverse transcriptase	9
blocks ifn	9
deaminase adar	9
binds double	9
remain unclear	9
duck rig	9
borna disease	9
targeting chaperone	9
current study	9
replication level	9
hemorrhagic fever	9
will discuss	9
distinct role	9
inflammatory diseases	9
rna modifications	9
evolutionarily conserved	9
inflammatory cytokine	9
innate recognition	9
structural features	9
protein also	9
molecular basis	9
protease inhibits	9
via interaction	9
immune modulation	9
sting pathway	9
host cellular	9
zbe cells	9
covalently linked	9
rna viral	9
mda activates	9
might also	9
reference sequence	9
related kinases	9
alveolar macrophages	9
lung tissue	9
mda ligands	9
substrate specificity	9
common cold	9
multiple levels	9
viruses like	9
triggered type	9
many rna	9
leukocyte receptor	9
will focus	9
cell subsets	9
multiple roles	9
many trims	9
intracellular antiviral	9
attenuated live	9
cleaves mitochondrial	9
host type	9
mammalian innate	9
sensor cgas	9
dsrna length	9
viral life	9
unknown mechanism	9
degradation products	9
receptor lgp	9
recognize dsrna	9
fbkt cells	9
human disease	9
pathogenic viruses	9
corresponding category	9
cells revealed	9
cellular factors	9
microbial rnas	9
oxidative stress	9
terminal tandem	9
rnase iii	9
i rna	9
many cellular	9
primary astrocytes	9
secondary structures	9
protein orf	9
nitric oxide	9
molecular cloning	9
cytosolic receptor	9
studies using	9
triphosphorylated rna	9
positive strand	9
dependent phosphorylation	9
ppp rnas	9
terminal ed	9
domain containing	9
mrna stability	9
cytoplasmic structures	9
multiple sclerosis	9
cap structures	9
trim ubiquitinates	9
representation technique	9
detect viral	9
significantly higher	9
mice lacking	9
multiple proteins	9
yeast two	9
lower respiratory	9
regulates ifn	9
marburg virus	9
i trim	9
usp inhibits	9
terminal fragment	9
subcellular distribution	8
emerging roles	8
sequence motifs	8
promotes rig	8
linker region	8
beta promoter	8
usp iso	8
cellular substrates	8
map kinase	8
activated kinase	8
tbk ikke	8
i function	8
sitosterol ameliorates	8
electron microscopy	8
viral proteases	8
rabbit anti	8
di genomes	8
protein complex	8
virus also	8
information gains	8
exonuclease trex	8
human health	8
igy fc	8
induce expression	8
ii ifn	8
early stages	8
kinase domain	8
strategy used	8
also identified	8
rna containing	8
i senses	8
flaviviridae family	8
specific involvement	8
binding cleft	8
higher order	8
virus identification	8
mutant viruses	8
rna decay	8
different strategies	8
genes involved	8
interferon gene	8
vertebrate species	8
isgylation system	8
causative agent	8
polymerase complex	8
replication complexes	8
emerging viruses	8
rna oligonucleotides	8
cell biology	8
transgenic mice	8
broad range	8
mutually exclusive	8
cytosolic nucleic	8
activate transcription	8
facilitates viral	8
dsrna bp	8
activator protein	8
human rnase	8
mavs complex	8
one study	8
induce apoptosis	8
versus non	8
mrna level	8
stat levels	8
based model	8
goutieres syndrome	8
hcv activity	8
proinflammatory response	8
eukaryotic initiation	8
also used	8
virus suppresses	8
antiviral mechanism	8
interferon beta	8
dsrna intermediates	8
tlr expression	8
dsrna end	8
bystander cells	8
th cells	8
mda requires	8
sequester viral	8
dependent ifn	8
ko mice	8
distinct mechanisms	8
investigate whether	8
first described	8
viruses discussed	8
dependent gene	8
regulates virus	8
phosphorylated irf	8
zebra finch	8
catalytic domain	8
direct antiviral	8
classical swine	8
molecular biology	8
tyrosine residues	8
domain protein	8
chains may	8
gene polymorphisms	8
viral factors	8
article distributed	8
degrades stat	8
central role	8
target cells	8
will help	8
cell recruitment	8
irf pathway	8
helicase dhx	8
triggering antiviral	8
activate immune	8
time pcr	8
flavivirus rna	8
also influence	8
also shown	8
coronavirus open	8
enhance rig	8
interfering particles	8
trim ubiquitin	8
may affect	8
receptors activate	8
independent experiments	8
ppp end	8
also induced	8
inhibit viral	8
associated nf	8
associated factors	8
tyrosine phosphatase	8
i agonists	8
promoting rig	8
facilitates innate	8
liver disease	8
suppress innate	8
valley fever	8
finger domain	8
evade host	8
protein function	8
cysteine protease	8
mediated irf	8
i translocon	8
mavs ubiquitination	8
united states	8
coding rna	8
homotypic interaction	8
toll interleukin	8
cells cultured	8
extrinsic effects	8
activates sting	8
translational modification	8
structural analysis	8
lesser extent	8
endonucleolytic cleavage	8
cytomegalovirus infection	8
recognizes bacterial	8
myeloid dcs	8
hcv genome	8
studies indicate	8
host mrnas	8
protease usp	8
human papillomavirus	8
acid recognition	8
mavs aggregation	8
histocompatibility complex	8
cleaves nemo	8
rift valley	8
recent progress	8
functional domains	8
directly interact	8
tlr myd	8
spectrum antiviral	8
mavs traf	8
also targets	8
mef cells	8
nuclear import	8
mediated translation	8
takes place	8
production via	8
coronavirus rna	8
viral persistence	8
cov pl	8
active site	8
transforming growth	8
inflammatory signaling	8
mda detects	8
barrier function	8
stop codon	8
may induce	8
tlr senses	8
access article	8
trim modulates	8
including il	8
stimulate rig	8
cgas sting	8
effector mechanisms	8
antiviral cytokines	8
kb activation	8
functional analysis	8
host ifn	8
isg may	8
three independent	8
induced rig	8
commons attribution	8
ribosomal protein	8
chronic infection	8
irf degradation	8
ns binds	8
interferon promoter	8
foreign rna	8
glucocorticoid receptor	8
virus titers	8
outer membrane	8
single amino	8
infection triggers	8
antiviral genes	8
viral components	8
mavs pathway	8
tlr pathway	8
trim overexpression	8
i activity	8
mouse models	8
induced interferon	8
danger signals	8
cd gene	8
reticulum adaptor	8
secretory pathway	8
linear ubiquitin	8
translation termination	8
iav ns	8
detectable amounts	8
tissue damage	8
triphosphate group	8
strongly induced	8
non self	8
proteolytic cleavage	8
rotavirus nsp	8
human monocyte	8
rhesus macaques	8
active caspase	8
rich repeat	8
mrna levels	8
common mechanism	8
isg genes	8
infection also	8
bacterial nucleic	8
tlr detects	8
via direct	7
requires higher	7
rabv produces	7
antiviral role	7
protease ul	7
kappab pathway	7
bone marrow	7
cytokine response	7
genomic rnas	7
mda may	7
rlr cascade	7
may result	7
complex containing	7
isre activity	7
well known	7
protein kinases	7
question whether	7
ligand recognition	7
cytoplasmic tail	7
defense system	7
newly identified	7
protein encoded	7
capsid binding	7
inhibitory effects	7
necrosis virus	7
vital role	7
human pathogens	7
great number	7
monophosphate dsrna	7
jnk signaling	7
agarose beads	7
polyclonal antibody	7
may provide	7
plp domain	7
rna interaction	7
positive granules	7
several groups	7
several trim	7
lys residue	7
also promotes	7
mda alignment	7
independent sensing	7
human peripheral	7
protein targets	7
ubiquitin modifications	7
picornavirus infection	7
trim protein	7
inflammasome assembly	7
activates rig	7
intracellular parasites	7
pol iii	7
rna motifs	7
influenza ns	7
acid substitution	7
functional insights	7
editing enzyme	7
like helicases	7
common target	7
cards fragment	7
viral envelope	7
rational design	7
synthetic dsrna	7
basal expression	7
virus strains	7
pathogen infection	7
like helicase	7
phosphate backbone	7
critically involved	7
suppress type	7
rna transcripts	7
mediated cell	7
electron tomography	7
copyright notices	7
unmethylated capped	7
isg molecules	7
physiological significance	7
cytosolic sensors	7
also induce	7
nervous necrosis	7
several reports	7
pml trim	7
gene regulation	7
possible explanation	7
along dsrna	7
immunological activity	7
commonly used	7
effector domain	7
rel method	7
cell membrane	7
terminal rd	7
containing proteins	7
covalent binding	7
kb signaling	7
virus evades	7
ii cytokine	7
several rna	7
certain cell	7
polymorphisms may	7
factors including	7
activate irf	7
leader proteinase	7
recent advances	7
biological function	7
cytoplasmic stress	7
also activates	7
site rel	7
bovine serum	7
expression patterns	7
autoimmune disease	7
ii deficiency	7
ameliorates iav	7
i rd	7
may indicate	7
molecular mimicry	7
rabv induces	7
viral spread	7
tyrosine phosphorylation	7
scaffold protein	7
kidney cells	7
numb protein	7
ns suppresses	7
mock infected	7
ligases trim	7
heavy chain	7
contains two	7
pathogen invasion	7
also functions	7
rhesus trim	7
cyclic dinucleotides	7
significantly decreased	7
dnase iii	7
anas platyrhynchos	7
activating protein	7
svv infection	7
first identified	7
human plasmacytoid	7
proteins function	7
receptors rig	7
lysosomal degradation	7
critical reading	7
respiratory virus	7
suppresses innate	7
i filament	7
species branches	7
receptor genes	7
stat tyr	7
i decoys	7
viral antagonists	7
may account	7
suppresses host	7
stimulating activity	7
host shutoff	7
genomic analysis	7
cells derived	7
also showed	7
self versus	7
rna binds	7
maximum likelihood	7
viral core	7
ectopically expressed	7
diverse range	7
protein modification	7
rna adenosine	7
type diabetes	7
nucleocapsid inhibits	7
several viral	7
various immune	7
stimulated jak	7
shock protein	7
flow cytometry	7
provide new	7
dna degradation	7
pathogenassociated molecular	7
ali bx	7
genomic screen	7
proteins inhibit	7
traf domain	7
mediates membrane	7
reporter assay	7
assembly complex	7
mitochondrial dna	7
cytoplasmic bodies	7
rsv strains	7
virus genomes	7
ankyrin repeat	7
blunt end	7
distinct pathways	7
alpha production	7
mavs interaction	7
will provide	7
response elements	7
may serve	7
viral strategies	7
response gene	7
bx zhou	7
bp dsrna	7
cleave viral	7
also associated	7
usp knockout	7
adaptor trif	7
turn activates	7
coronavirus spike	7
western blot	7
virus restriction	7
truncated ns	7
human metapneumovirus	7
negatively regulated	7
potential conflict	7
herpesvirus deconjugases	7
also recognize	7
ubiquitinated proteins	7
endogenous ligands	7
specific cd	7
defense mechanism	7
longer dsrna	7
i stimulating	7
also important	7
novel type	7
computational analysis	7
porcine deltacoronavirus	7
blocking ifn	7
financial relationships	7
immunity structural	7
one potential	7
protein vp	7
reticulum stress	7
tumor domain	7
rubella virus	7
form filaments	7
na sensing	7
forms signaling	7
abortive infection	7
mediated stat	7
kap trim	7
crystal structures	7
hcv replicon	7
pml rar	7
kda protein	7
unanchored poly	7
cellular machineries	7
scientific dictionary	7
efficient replication	7
arenavirus genomes	7
i molecule	7
human oasl	7
virus ubiquitin	7
two caspase	7
alpha phosphorylation	7
receptor expression	7
light chain	7
pyrin domain	7
inhibit type	7
positively selected	7
confocal microscope	7
rna pattern	7
cells may	7
tbk irf	7
produce ifn	7
forms filaments	7
significantly reduced	7
induces host	7
gene activation	7
replicative form	7
inhibits influenza	7
hexagonal lattice	7
virus nucleocapsids	7
encode viral	7
acute lower	7
better understanding	7
induced rna	7
replicase complex	7
physiological conditions	7
protease regulates	7
molecular evolution	7
full length	7
stat protein	7
human toll	7
dna recognition	7
molecules involved	7
hin domain	7
deisgylating activity	7
cell response	7
threonine kinase	7
ub chain	7
next section	7
i regulation	7
three members	7
texts containing	7
intracellular nucleic	7
acid binding	7
mutant virus	7
antiviral protection	7
endogenous trim	7
competent filaments	7
sensor retinoic	7
lattice formation	7
several trims	7
binding motifs	7
chicken genome	7
inhibit host	7
thereby blocking	7
immunoblot analysis	7
multiple functions	7
two independent	7
primary cells	7
death pathways	7
gene product	7
higher affinity	7
transfer rna	7
overexpression plasmid	7
tlr stimulation	7
primers used	7
rna prr	7
recent publication	7
cpg oligodeoxynucleotides	7
reporter activity	7
may function	7
sequence homology	7
i knockdown	7
luciferase assay	7
truncated igy	7
human cell	7
virally infected	7
different covs	7
protein isg	7
viral interferon	7
cytokine responses	7
stat proteins	7
cov replication	7
triggered signaling	7
mitochondrial outer	7
translation machinery	7
word meanings	7
traf expression	7
cellular immune	7
rna modification	7
endogenous retroelements	7
gene sequences	7
accumulating evidence	7
antiviral rnai	7
microbial dna	7
infection switches	7
largely unknown	7
high interferon	7
sensing viral	7
cellular signaling	7
cancer cell	7
raf mek	7
multiple ways	7
traf traf	7
mita links	7
inhibits alpha	6
time point	6
infected group	6
conventional dc	6
see table	6
sting regulates	6
numerous cellular	6
small molecule	6
viral inhibition	6
two ubiquitin	6
also observed	6
receptor recognizes	6
inducible rna	6
atg conjugate	6
huh cells	6
inhibits viral	6
well established	6
emerging role	6
bacterial pathogens	6
negative control	6
innate receptors	6
determined using	6
rabv replication	6
live cells	6
increased expression	6
inhibits stress	6
datamonkey web	6
mice deficient	6
tlr dependent	6
different steps	6
cpg dinucleotides	6
cleaving nemo	6
kinase epsilon	6
unique strategy	6
biological role	6
mitochondrial adaptor	6
human embryonic	6
nipah virus	6
virus growth	6
endogenous dsrna	6
six mammalian	6
protein pb	6
observations suggest	6
infected host	6
poorly understood	6
also target	6
immune proteins	6
key regulators	6
aim activates	6
retinoic acidinducible	6
subgenomic rna	6
protein degradation	6
cytosolic sensing	6
analysis reveals	6
signalling pathway	6
also demonstrated	6
virus release	6
expression via	6
prostate cancer	6
functional characterization	6
ifn type	6
european rabbit	6
will also	6
two studies	6
study also	6
also contains	6
er membrane	6
second messengers	6
related pathway	6
master regulators	6
staphylococcus aureus	6
significantly inhibited	6
rnai pathway	6
mortality rate	6
proteins via	6
also promote	6
tlr rig	6
give rise	6
regulating intracellular	6
luciferase activity	6
mediated anti	6
golgi apparatus	6
also directly	6
trim also	6
prevent rna	6
protein plays	6
receptors involves	6
intracellular double	6
dependent inflammasome	6
immunity regulation	6
recent evidence	6
intracellular signaling	6
human homolog	6
different cellular	6
derived rna	6
facilitate viral	6
tlr signals	6
genome activate	6
transmissible gastroenteritis	6
effector molecule	6
mediated suppression	6
duplex rna	6
available online	6
cancer progression	6
antiviral therapy	6
particle assembly	6
supplementary material	6
coding rnas	6
viral protease	6
vaccine adjuvants	6
ctt domain	6
target viral	6
i receptor	6
incoming rna	6
recently reviewed	6
unlike rig	6
antiviral proteins	6
inhibit interferon	6
infection activates	6
factor nf	6
human parainfluenza	6
inhibits hcv	6
rna lacking	6
tlr recruits	6
mediated rna	6
stem cells	6
short viral	6
nucleocapsids containing	6
significantly lower	6
mouse cytomegalovirus	6
terminal effector	6
mouse tlr	6
mek erk	6
studies show	6
least partially	6
cgas activation	6
acid residues	6
repeat domain	6
cells grown	6
directly bind	6
fish species	6
helicase family	6
ifn antagonism	6
lipid droplets	6
deubiquitination activity	6
recognizes long	6
viral challenge	6
infectious bronchitis	6
potential mechanism	6
initially identified	6
i promotes	6
interacting proteins	6
conserved among	6
irf translocation	6
viruses employ	6
trim ringfinger	6
mitochondrial mavs	6
antagonizes type	6
specific detection	6
intrinsic antiviral	6
receptor adaptor	6
hematopoietic cells	6
enhances ifn	6
dsdna sensor	6
cells resulted	6
space model	6
experiments using	6
mediated trim	6
dsrna sensing	6
web server	6
intracellular bacterial	6
scientifically specific	6
paired structures	6
regulatory mechanisms	6
may lead	6
detects infection	6
otu protease	6
fc receptors	6
cellular environment	6
ribosome entry	6
chir genes	6
including isg	6
subsequent degradation	6
ribosome profiling	6
activation mechanisms	6
self na	6
transmembrane proteins	6
replication via	6
disparate antiviral	6
antiviral strategies	6
helicobacter pylori	6
studies demonstrated	6
karyopherin alpha	6
activating ifn	6
pedv orf	6
pathway rig	6
binding pockets	6
via isg	6
activate pkr	6
lgp gene	6
viruses inhibit	6
host translation	6
activate tlr	6
thereby enhancing	6
viral antagonism	6
detailed analysis	6
activating nf	6
lymphotropic virus	6
i interferonopathy	6
whereas tlr	6
provide insights	6
impairs translation	6
recently shown	6
per group	6
recognize different	6
signalling pathways	6
rna elements	6
capped mrna	6
endoribonuclease activity	6
acting antiviral	6
severely impaired	6
dependent immune	6
common ancestor	6
cells sense	6
virus mrna	6
cell receptors	6
hel i	6
lethal infection	6
protein signaling	6
alveolar epithelial	6
precision autophagy	6
pp ab	6
mechanisms underlying	6
thereby promoting	6
i genes	6
world monkeys	6
human hepatocytes	6
translational shutoff	6
mediated amplification	6
regulatory role	6
usp negatively	6
data showed	6
cellular response	6
membrane structures	6
potent induction	6
hantaan virus	6
phosphate group	6
reviewed elsewhere	6
inhibits hepatitis	6
independent pathways	6
catalytic cys	6
transmembrane domains	6
mammalian orthoreovirus	6
type specific	6
endosomal tlr	6
cypb expression	6
ion channel	6
terminal regions	6
decapping enzymes	6
vero cells	6
block ifn	6
reticulum membranes	6
dominant negative	6
stranded viral	6
binding properties	6
specific sirnas	6
protein myd	6
requires base	6
regulate ifn	6
switches non	6
mediated pathway	6
receptor mda	6
tir domains	6
human melanoma	6
trim function	6
crucial roles	6
targeting traf	6
induced inflammasome	6
rna transcription	6
viral particle	6
tested whether	6
early antiviral	6
factor eif	6
interferon signal	6
subsequent activation	6
kindly provided	6
immune systems	6
sequence specificity	6
trim enhances	6
related gene	6
melanoma cells	6
cells using	6
limited number	6
mediate ifn	6
suppressive effect	6
viral recognition	6
immune components	6
evolved strategies	6
although several	6
protein pul	6
downstream molecules	6
trim gene	6
tight junctions	6
i activating	6
stat expression	6
suppressing rig	6
antagonism activities	6
phosphorylates irf	6
developed strategies	6
associated death	6
manifests disparate	6
may alter	6
several human	6